Trends in the Wireless Industry
Dennis A. Roberson
WiNCom - Wireless Network & Communications Research Center Illinois Institute of Technology Illinois Institute of Technology 1 Fundamental Challenge
Spectrum Scarcity!
Illinois Institute of Technology 2 Illinois Institute of Technology 3 Conundrum! Most of the Spectrum…
Illinois Institute of Technology 4 Conundrum!
Most of the Spectrum… In most of the Places…
Illinois Institute of Technology 5 Conundrum!
Most of the Spectrum… In most of the Places… Most of the Time…
Illinois Institute of Technology 6 Conundrum!
Most of the Spectrum… In most of the Places… Most of the Time…
is completely unused!
Illinois Institute of Technology 7 Conundrum!
Most of the Spectrum… In most of the Places… Most of the Time… is completely unused! For your purposes, So far, so good!
Illinois Institute of Technology 8 New York City (August 2004 - during Republican Convention)
Illinois Institute of Technology 9 High Utilization (Public Safety Band)
High Bandwidth, Spread SpectrumHigh Bandwidth, Signal Spread High Bandwidth,Spectrum SpreadSignal Spectrum Signal
17% Duty Cycle 17% Duty17% Duty Cycle Cycle
Upper Bound (Frequency Resolution 65 MHz/501=130Upper Bound kHz/bin) (Frequency Resolution 65 50% Duty Cycle is too High, 19% Utilization Measured Using Small UpperMHz/501=130 Bound (Frequency kHz/bin) Resolution 65 Frequency Bins (450-455 MHz) MHz/501=130 kHz/bin) Courtesy of Mark McHenrry, Shared Spectrum Illinois Institute of Technology 10 Measured Spectrum Occupancy At Seven Locations
Riverbend Park, Great Falls, VA
Tysons Corner, VA
NSF Roof, Arlington, VA
New York City 13.1%
NRAO, Greenbank, WV
SSC Roof, Vienna, VA
Chicago, IL 17.4%
Average <10.0%
0.0% 25.0% 50.0% 75.0% 100.0% Illinois Institute of Technology 11 NSF Spectrum Occupancy As the Wireless Industry would see it, the Fundamental Challenge is: Regulated Spectrum Scarcity!
Illinois Institute of Technology 12 Environment
• Regulated Spectrum Scarcity • “Real” Spectrum Abundance – Space / Time -Couple with - • “The Quadruple Whammy!” => Exponential Growth in Spectrum Use
Illinois Institute of Technology 13 Fundamental Challenge • The Quadruple Whammy – Number of Applications – Penetration – Duty Cycle – Performance Demands • “Application per band” no longer works!
Illinois Institute of Technology 14 Most Successful Wireless Application (to date): • Easily the Cell phone!
Illinois Institute of Technology 15 Cell Phone Statistics* • Global Cell Phone Users > 2 Billion • New Cell Phone Sales > 1 Billion (2006) • #1 Cell Phone Country – China > 400M • European Union > 450M • U.S. > 200M • Recorded usage in 221 Countries • SMS Messages - 235M (36/user/month) *2006 (or earlier) statistics all numbers are larger today Illinois Institute of Technology 16 Radios per Cell Phone Increasing! • Six Cellular Bands (.8, .9, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.1 GHz) • GPS Receiver • Bluetooth • Wi-Fi • Family Radio • Wi-Max?
Illinois Institute of Technology 17 Other Wireless Technologies
• Wi-Fi Sales ~200M (2006) => > 250+M (2007) • Wi-Fi Hotspots > 150K (U.S.) => FREE • Bluetooth ~ 600M (2006) • Microwave Ovens ~ 90M (U.S.) • Garage Door Openers ~ 3M / year • Zigbie – 1M (2005) -> Ubiquity (e.g. Fire Extinguishers) • WiMAX – Just Starting - $550M -> $5.5 (2010)
Illinois Institute of Technology 18 Still Other Consumer Wireless Technologies / Devices
• AM / FM / Satellite • Car Door Openers / Radio Starters • Television • Automotive Radar • Cordless Phones • Wireless Pay Fobs • RFID • Baby Monitors • Game Controllers • Television “Clickers” • Wireless Last Mile • Citizen Band Radio • Ultrawideband • Family Radio Interconnections Illinois Institute of Technology 19 Illinois Institute of Technology 20 Number of Applications Growing / Dramatic Pace of Enhancements • IEEE 802 – LAN / MAN Standards Committee formed February 1980 • Active 802 Wireless Working Groups include: .11, .15, .16, .20, .21, .22 • Current 802.11 (Wi-Fi) Wireless LAN standards include: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, T, u, v, w, y (plus 802.11.2007) Illinois Institute of Technology 21 Government & Emergency Services Wireless Drivers
• Same “Quadruple Whammy” Trend • Enhancing Efficiency & Safety of Personnel is a Mantra • Public Safety “911 Drive” • Advanced Warfighter Initiatives • From interference perspective lower impact only based on numbers of participants and geographic specificity of engagements
Illinois Institute of Technology 22 Environment
• Regulated Spectrum Scarcity! • “Real” Spectrum Abundance – Space / Time - Couple with - • “The Quadruple Whammy!” - Rapid Applications Growth, Deployments, Duty Cycle, Performance ⇒ Exponential Growth in Spectrum Usage ⇒ Application / Band no longer viable Illinois Institute of Technology 23 Three Regulatory Solutions
1. Creation of Unlicensed Bands (esp. ISM / UNII – 0.9, 2.4, 5 GHz) 2. Underlays (e.g. Ultrawideband – UWB – min. 500 MHz bandwidth) 3. Overlays (e.g. Cognitive Radio – Frequency Agile / Smart Radios / Software Defined Radio)
Illinois Institute of Technology 24 Unlicensed Band
16% Duty Cycle
Courtesy of Mark McHenrry, Shared Spectrum Illinois Institute of Technology 25 Interference
Courtesy of Wilbur Vincent, Illinois Institute of TechnologyNaval Post Graduate School 26 The “New” No. 1 Problem!
Interference!
Illinois Institute of Technology 27 Problem Statement • Wireless Interference is radically increasing - trend accelerating! – Density of radiating devices (esp. ISM / UNII) – Spectrum sharing (diverse waveforms) • Wireless Interference threatens – Capacity – Performance – Connectivity
Illinois Institute of Technology 28 The “New” No. 1 Problem! Interference both the Good News and the Bad News!
Illinois Institute of Technology 29 Environment
• Regulated Spectrum Scarcity! • “Real” Spectrum Abundance – Space / Time - Couple with - • “The Quadruple Whammy!” => Exponential Growth in Spectrum Usage / Interference Impacts => Dramatic Opportunities for Dynamic Spectrum Re-use – i.e. Cognitive Radio Illinois Institute of Technology 30 The Challenges
• Where to apply cognitive radio technology? (Spectrum / Space / Time) • What information can be made available to facilitate this usage? • What technique to use to optimally apply the technology?
Illinois Institute of Technology 31 Information Needs • Transmit Power – Power Spectral Density – Unique – Directionality / Orientation • Timing – Duty Cycle – Time of Day / Day of Week • Transmitter / Receiver – Modulation Scheme(s) – Intelligence – Power Mgmt. / Directionality… – Receiver Selectivity • Applications Characteristics / Criticality Illinois Institute of Technology 32 Cognitive Radio – Four Opportunity Classes 1. Unused – i.e. unoccupied spectrum 2. Well-used with Holes – i.e. fixed signals, with defined time and/or space gaps 3. Randomly Used – i.e. utilized bands with time / space based capacity available 4. Use with Care! – i.e. infrequently used “critical” use spectrum (military / emergency services) Illinois Institute of Technology 33 Spectrum Observatory Characteristics
• Unobstructed line of sight to area under investigation (e.g. Chicago Loop) • Adequate power, antennas / mounting space and appropriate lightening protection • Available “Radio Room” to house spectrum capture / analysis equipment and researchers • High Speed Internet connection
Illinois Institute of Technology 34 Spectrum Occupancy Studies Chicago – November 2005 and July 2007 – October 2010
Illinois Institute of Technology 35 Downtown Chicago
Chicago Measurement Site
3 miles
Measurement location - IIT Illinois Institute of Technology 36 Illinois Institute of Technology 37 IIT Tower – Top View
Antenna location
Illinois Institute of Technology 38 DisconeDiscone AntennaAntenna 3030 MHzMHz toto 11 GHzGHz
Illinois Institute of Technology 39 DisconeDiscone AntennaAntenna –– ChicagoChicago SkylineSkyline // IITIIT CampusCampus
Illinois Institute of Technology 40 Spectrum Observatory Control Room
Illinois Institute of Technology 41 Class 2 (also 1) TV Band (2-6) - 24 hour scan
71%
2 2 1 22
Illinois Institute of Technology 42 Class 3 900 MHz Unlicensed Band
9%
Illinois Institute of Technology 43 Class 3 (Chicago) 2.4 GHz Unlicensed Band
31%
Illinois Institute of Technology 44 Class 3 (New York) 2.4 GHz, Unlicensed Band
16% Duty Cycle
Illinois Institute of Technology 45 Courtesy of Mark McHenrry, Shared Spectrum Class 3 (Dublin) 2.4 GHz, Unlicensed Band
Illinois Institute of Technology 46 Class 4 (&1? - Chicago) Civilian / Military Government Bands
<1%
Illinois Institute of Technology 47 Classes 1 and 3 (Chicago) Sirius and XM Satellite Radio
Illinois Institute of Technology 48 Class 2 (also 1 - Chicago) Broadcast Television
Illinois Institute of Technology 49 Measured Spectrum Occupancy in Chicago and New York City
PLM, Amateur, others: 30-54 MHz TV 2-6, RC: 54-88 MHz Air traffic Control, Aero Nav: 108-138 MHz Fixed Mobile, Amateur, others:138-174 MHz TV 7-13: 174-216 MHz Maritime Mobile, Amateur, others: 216-225 MHz Fixed Mobile, Aero, others: 225-406 MHz Amateur, Fixed, Mobile, Radiolocation, 406-470 MHz TV 14-20: 470-512 MHz TV 21-36: 512-608 MHz TV 37-51: 608-698 MHz TV 52-69: 698-806 MHz Cell phone and SMR: 806-902 MHz Unlicensed: 902-928 MHz Paging, SMS, Fixed, BX Aux, and FMS: 928-906 MHz IFF, TACAN, GPS, others: 960-1240 MHz Amateur: 1240-1300 MHz Chicago Aero Radar, Military: 1300-1400 MHz Space/Satellite, Fixed Mobile, Telemetry: 1400-1525 MHz New York City Mobile Satellite, GPS, Meteorologicial: 1525-1710 MHz Fixed, Fixed Mobile: 1710-1850 MHz PCS, Asyn, Iso: 1850-1990 MHz TV Aux: 1990-2110 MHz Common Carriers, Private, MDS: 2110-2200 MHz Class 1/4 Opportunities Space Operation, Fixed: 2200-2300 MHz Amateur, WCS, DARS: 2300-2360 MHz Telemetry: 2360-2390 MHz U-PCS, ISM (Unlicensed): 2390-2500 MHz ITFS, MMDS: 2500-2686 MHz Surveillance Radar: 2686-2900 MHz
0.0% 25.0% 50.0% 75.0% 100.0% Spectrum Occupancy NSF Illinois Institute of TechnologyAug 2004 / Nov 2005 50 Academic Opportunities
• Wireless comm. and networking classes – Introduction to “Real” Spectrum Usage – Numerous Homework Opportunities – In-depth Occupancy Analysis • Research – Data sets – Directed research • Basis for Cognitive Radio / adv. studies
Illinois Institute of Technology 51 Government / Policy Benefits • Baseline + trends information by band (including noise floor) • “Open Source / Wiki” enhancements for information capture techniques • Open / available unbiased information • Provides basis for decision-making • Opportunity for detailed investigations • Variety of “Open” studies to enhance confidence in information
Illinois Institute of Technology 52 Next Steps
• “Perfect” measurement techniques / system • Characterize urban environments - baseline and trends (starting in Chicago) – Spectrum / Space / Time - Noise Floor! • Initiate Sensor Network investigations • Establish efficient means of communicating captured information (web +) • Understand networking stack relationships
Illinois Institute of Technology 53 Opportunities • Apply knowledge to Cognitive Radio development, deployment & operation – Spectrum Observatory / Sensor System – Fully Characterize Opportunity Classes – Interference Source Spatial Positioning – Application Signatures – Enhanced Simulation Capability • Noise Studies for Research Community Illinois Institute of Technology 54 Questions?
Illinois Institute of Technology 55 The Proposed Solution
A national (global) system of Spectrum Observatories combined with sensor networks and a dedicated broadcast control channel.
Illinois Institute of Technology 56 Vision:Vision: EstablishEstablish aa U.S.U.S. NationalNational SystemSystem ofof SpectrumSpectrum ObservatoriesObservatories andand SensorSensor ArraysArrays toto monitormonitor andand predictpredict spectralspectral activityactivity • Map of US with Spectrum Observatories
Illinois Institute of Technology 57 Beginning with the Major Urban Centers
Illinois Institute of Technology 58 Multi-faceted Views • Devices – Transmitters • Intentional – Homo / Heterogeneous • Unintentional – Receivers • Protocol layers • Performance implications • Cognitive strategies Illinois Institute of Technology 59