Santorini Field Guide
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Santorini the Unique World ...Land of Lava!!
Santorini the unique world ...land of lava!! Santorini is one of the best places on earth as far as sunset viewing is concerned. In fact few places can match the sheer beauty of Santorini’s sunset views. Visitor to the island fallen in love with bewitchingly beautiful sunsets that can be savored from many vantage positions in the island, such as Imerovigli. Santorini Sunsets over Caldera are the best in the world!! Santorini is perhaps the most fascinating and most talked about island of Greece in the Aegean. Only the name of the island is enough to unfold in mind pleasurable connotations, volcanic landscape, gray and red beaches, dazzling white houses, terraces with panoramic sea views, stunning sunsets, wild fun. All this, together with remnants of lost civilizations discovered in the volcanic ash justify the epithets with which visitors identify Santorini and fairly is called, magical, indescribable, astonishing. The volcano is still active, and the last eruption was in 1950, causing an earthquake which destroyed many villages on the island. The island's official name is Thira and its main town, Fira, is also the capital of the Cyclades islands. Santorini became from the local “Santa Irini”. Oia (Ia) Village is one of the most beautiful villages of the island, carved out of the cliffs and clinging to the edge. The architecture is amazing and is highlighted by the stark white of the buildings and the contrasting colorful doors and window shutters. It has often been compared to the eagle's nest! Enjoy the panoramic view of caldera, the volcano, Thirassia Island, and the rest of Santorini looking back toward the capital, Fira. -
Correlating the Electrification of Volcanic Plumes With
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 492 (2018) 47–58 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth and Planetary Science Letters www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Correlating the electrification of volcanic plumes with ashfall textures at Sakurajima Volcano, Japan ∗ Cassandra M. Smith a, , Alexa R. Van Eaton b, Sylvain Charbonnier a, Stephen R. McNutt a, Sonja A. Behnke c, Ronald J. Thomas d, Harald E. Edens d, Glenn Thompson a a University of South Florida, School of Geosciences, Tampa, FL, United States of America b U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, WA, United States of America c Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America d New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Department of Physics, Socorro, NM, United States of America a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Volcanic lightning detection has become a useful resource for monitoring remote, under-instrumented Received 7 September 2017 volcanoes. Previous studies have shown that the behavior of volcanic plume electrification responds to Received in revised form 26 March 2018 changes in the eruptive processes and products. However, there has not yet been a study to quantify the Accepted 27 March 2018 links between ash textures and plume electrification during an actively monitored eruption. In this study, Available online 11 April 2018 we examine a sequence of vulcanian eruptions from Sakurajima Volcano in Japan to compare ash textural Editor: T.A. Mather properties (grain size, shape, componentry, and groundmass crystallinity) to plume electrification using Keywords: a lightning mapping array and other monitoring data. -
Durham Research Online
Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 26 May 2015 Version of attached le: Published Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Nomikou, P. and Parks, M.M. and Papanikolaou, D. and Pyle, D.M. and Mather, T.A. and Carey, S. and Watts, A.B. and Paulatto, M. and Kalnins, L. M. and Livanos, I. and Bejelou, K. and Simou, E. and Perros, I. (2014) 'The emergence and growth of a submarine volcano : the Kameni islands, Santorini (Greece).', GeoResJ., 1-2 . pp. 8-18. Further information on publisher's website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.grj.2014.02.002 Publisher's copyright statement: c 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY license. Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk GeoResJ 1–2 (2014) 8–18 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect GeoResJ journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/GRJ The emergence and growth of a submarine volcano: The Kameni islands, Santorini (Greece) ⇑ P. -
Systems Analysis of Social Resilience Against Volcanic Risks: Case Studies of Mt
Systems Analysis of Social Resilience against Volcanic Risks: Case Studies of Mt. Merapi, Indonesia and Mt. Sakurajima, Japan by Saut Aritua Hasiholan Sagala A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Engineering Supervised by Prof. Norio Okada DEPARTMENT OF URBAN MANAGEMENT GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING Kyoto University August, 2009 Acknowledgements This thesis has benefitted from collaboration with and contribution by many people. Therefore, I want to thank a number of people for their assistance while I was preparing for this thesis and completing my doctoral study in Kyoto University (KU). First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Prof Norio Okada, my PhD advisor, who has provided a lot of important ideas for the completion of my PhD research. His excellent experiences in research fields and ways of building networks have become my source of inspiration. Finally, Prof Okada has also kindly recommended me to the scholarship provided by Monbukagakusho under Kyoto University - International Doctoral Program which funded my study in Kyoto. The next person I would like to thank is Dr. Muneta Yokomatsu, who are very kind and friendly, but at the same time has been the role model of how a real researcher should be. I have gain many insight during our discussion time. In particular I would like to thank Dr. Yokomatsu for helping me during the field visit to Mt. Sakurajima. Prof Douglas Paton of University of Tasmania has provided an enormous help for my research and has been a great discussion partner in which we have written some research articles which are parts of this thesis. -
Case Study Notes
Hazardous Earth: Sakurajima and Nyiragongo Volcano in a Developed Country: Sakurajima, Japan Sakurajima is a composite volcano (also called a stratovolcano) located in southern Japan. The volcano has been extremely active since the 1950s; some years, up to 200 eruptions have taken place! Sakurajima is on a convergent plate boundary, where the Pacific plate subducts beneath the Eurasian plate. (Source:www.flickr.com/photos/kimon/4506849144/) This type of plate boundary causes Sakurajima eruptions to be explosive, producing lots of ash, pyroclastic flows, volcanic bombs and poisonous gases. The lava is andesitic, which has a high gas content and is very viscous (thick). Japan is a developed country, with a GDP of 4.97 trillion USD (2018). Location of Sakurajima (orange icon). h Volcano in a Developing Country: Mount Nyiragongo, DRC Mount Nyiragongo is a composite volcano located in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The volcano consists of a huge (2km wide) crater usually filled with a lava lake, and is only 20km away from the city of Goma. Nyiragongo is currently classed as active (2020). (Source: wiki) Nyiragongo is on a divergent plate boundary: the African plate is being pulled apart into the Nubian plate (east) and Somali plate (west), causing lava to rise between. This results in non-explosive eruptions with basaltic lava which has a low viscosity (runny & fast-flowing - up to 37 mph). Location of Nyiragongo (orange icon). This work by PMThttps://bit.ly/pmt-edu-cc Education is licensed under https://bit.ly/pmt-ccCC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Impacts of Volcanoes in Contrasting Areas Impacts in Japan Developed country Primary impacts ● Around 30km3 of ash erupts from the volcano each year, damaging crops and electricity lines. -
Seasonal Variations of Volcanic Ash and Aerosol Emissions Around Sakurajima Detected by Two Lidars
atmosphere Article Seasonal Variations of Volcanic Ash and Aerosol Emissions around Sakurajima Detected by Two Lidars Atsushi Shimizu 1,* , Masato Iguchi 2 and Haruhisa Nakamichi 2 1 National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan 2 Sakurajima Volcano Research Center, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kagoshima 891-1419, Japan; [email protected] (M.I.); [email protected] (H.N.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-29-850-2489 Abstract: Two polarization-sensitive lidars were operated continuously to monitor the three-dimensional distribution of small volcanic ash particles around Sakurajima volcano, Kagoshima, Japan. Here, we estimated monthly averaged extinction coefficients of particles between the lidar equipment and the vent and compared our results with monthly records of volcanic activity reported by the Japan Meteorological Agency, namely the numbers of eruptions and explosions, the density of ash fall, and the number of days on which ash fall was observed at the Kagoshima observatory. Elevated extinction coefficients were observed when the surface wind direction was toward the lidar. Peaks in extinction coefficient did not always coincide with peaks in ash fall density, and these differences likely indicate differences in particle size. Keywords: volcanic ash; aerosol; lidar; extinction coefficient; horizontal wind Citation: Shimizu, A.; Iguchi, M.; 1. Introduction Nakamichi, H. Seasonal Variations of Volcanic eruptions are a natural source of atmospheric aerosols [1]. In the troposphere Volcanic Ash and Aerosol Emissions and stratosphere, gaseous SO2 is converted to sulfate or sulfuric acid within several around Sakurajima Detected by Two days, which can remain in the atmosphere for more than a week. -
Living with the Volcano – Darrell A. Norris
LIVING WITH THE VOLCANO LIVING WITH THE VOLCANO Danell A. Norris Professorof Geography SLINY at Geneseo Geneseo.NY 14454 ABSTRACT: The volcanic peninsulaSakurajima dominates Kagoshima Bay in southem Kyushu, Japan. A major eruption in l9l4 devastatedthe city of Kagoshima. For decades,eruptions have been minor but frequent,occurring with daily frequencyin recentyears. In 1991 Sakurajimaerupted 440 times. Sakurajima'slandscape affords abundantevidence of its cataclysmicpast and of ongoing efforts to minimize the impactsof future eruptions. In one sensethe precautionarymeasures are very much what one would expect of an affluent society's responseto a major hazard. Japancan afford to protect its 5245 Sakurajimanresidents. Yet closer scrutiny revealsa pattern of adaptationand responsewhich is centeredon core valuesand their expressionin Japaneseculture. In some respects these values have been relinquishedor modified to accommodatethe harsh environment. In other respects they show almost cavalier disregard for Sakurajima's destructive potential, and astute recognition of its economic benefits. And in a wider senseSakurajima is Japan itself in uneasy microcosm, an emblematic and endlesssaga of environmentalchallenge and human response. One glancesa lot in Kagoshima. The city lies low and vulnerable,four kilometers and an exhalation away from Sakurajima,a volcano slowly reclaiming its old patrimony in the caldera expanseand ancientcrater walls of KagoshimaBay. Sakurajimais a busy volcano. Two years ago it erupted440 times. Like so much else in Japan,Sakurajima's numbers shroud its reality. precise integers pepper the Visitors' Center and the downtown Natural ScienceMuseum's volcano room. Like lava, the numbers are overpowering,inexorable, and numbing. Numbers and volcanoesfind an uneasytruce. The small eruptions,440 one year, 290 another,seem seamless and uncountable. -
September 2017 • Price: 2€
The Responsible Travelers’ Newspaper • #19 • September 2017 • Price: 2€ SEPTEMBER CULTURAL AGENDA SAVE AKROTIRI DR. WALTER FRIEDRICH: STRATIGRAPHY OF THE VOLCANO PASSENGERS RIGHTS MAP OF SANTORINI NEW GUIDE TO AKROTIRI HIDDEN GEMS SEPTEMBER 2017 Read & keep, recycle or pass it on to another traveler... L A A I R O O T T I D E E 02 CONTENTS Santo Traveler September 2017 Picture of the month Hidden in plain site PAGE 04 Old villages of Santorini, like Pyrgos, Em - The best way to discover them is on foot, poreio and Megalochori, located not at the using your camera and your intuition! A Major Change in the Stratigraphy PAGE of the Santorini Volcano in Greece 06 Caldera but on the hinterland, can show you the traditional architecture of Cy - PAGE SANTORINI VIDEO TOUR 2017 An Australian in Greece: Why i clades: small and narrow paths, medieval keep coming back to Greece 10 santotraveler.com/tv castles and houses with several colour PAGE Map of Santorini combinations. 12 ODYSSEYS: The new exhibition of PAGE the National Archaeological 14 Museum PAGE Passengers rights 16 SantoTraveler _The Responsible Travelers’ Newspaper Save Akrotiri: PAGE Publisher & Director: Nikos Psarros 50 yeras of excavations 18 Editorial group: Carolina Rikaki, Yannis Papafiggos, Danae Bosler, Lefteris Zorzos, Walter L. Friedrich, Annette H jen S rensen, J. Richard Wil - PAGE son, Michael Fytikas, Spyridon Pavlides, Samsoøn Katsøipis, Vangelis I. Paravas, New guide to Akrotiri Yannis Pananakis, Christos Alexandris. 20 P.O. BOX E109, Emporio, Santorini, Greece 84703 • t: +30 22860 83481 E: [email protected] • E: [email protected] September in Santorini: PAGE Cultural agenda & events santofriends 21 © 2017- 2018. -
Insights Into Global Explosive Volcanic Eruptive Activity Through Analysis of Volcanic Ash Advisories
Bulletin of Volcanology (2021) 83: 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-020-01419-y RESEARCH ARTICLE Near-real-time volcanic cloud monitoring: insights into global explosive volcanic eruptive activity through analysis of Volcanic Ash Advisories S. Engwell1 & L. Mastin2 & A. Tupper3,4 & J. Kibler5 & P. Acethorp6 & G. Lord7,8 & R. Filgueira1,9 Received: 29 April 2020 /Accepted: 29 October 2020 / Published online: 21 January 2021 # The Author(s) 2020 Abstract Understanding the location, intensity, and likely duration of volcanic hazards is key to reducing risk from volcanic eruptions. Here, we use a novel near-real-time dataset comprising Volcanic Ash Advisories (VAAs) issued over 10 years to investigate global rates and durations of explosive volcanic activity. The VAAs were collected from the nine Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAACs) worldwide. Information extracted allowed analysis of the frequency and type of explosive behaviour, including analysis of key eruption source parameters (ESPs) such as volcanic cloud height and duration. The results reflect changes in the VAA reporting process, data sources, and volcanic activity through time. The data show an increase in the number of VAAs issued since 2015 that cannot be directly correlated to an increase in volcanic activity. Instead, many represent increased observations, including improved capability to detect low- to mid-level volcanic clouds (FL101–FL200, 3–6 km asl), by higher temporal, spatial, and spectral resolution satellite sensors. Comparison of ESP data extracted from the VAAs with the Mastin et al. (J Volcanol Geotherm Res 186:10–21, 2009a) database shows that traditional assumptions used in the classification of volcanoes could be much simplified for operational use. -
Post-Eruptive Flooding of Santorini Caldera and Implications for Tsunami Generation
Edinburgh Research Explorer Post-eruptive flooding of Santorini caldera and implications for tsunami generation Citation for published version: Nomikou, P, Druitt, TH, Hübscher, C, Mather, TA, Paulatto, M, Kalnins, L, Kelfoun, K, Papanikolaou, D, Bejelou, K, Lampridou, D, Pyle, DM, Carey, S, Watts, AB, Weiß, B & Parks, MM 2016, 'Post-eruptive flooding of Santorini caldera and implications for tsunami generation', Nature Communications, vol. 7, 13332. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13332, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13332 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1038/ncomms13332 10.1038/ncomms13332 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Nature Communications Publisher Rights Statement: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. -
Explosive Earth
Natural Hazards Explosive Earth One of the most beautiful pictures taken of the Earth is known as the Blue Marble. Taken from space, it is the epitome of serenity. The Earth really looks like a small marble with swirls of blue, white, green and brown, as it floats placidly in the vastness of space. However, the Volcano Variety picture is misleading, for Mother Earth is geologically restless and Based on history of activity often explodes in acts so violent that we call them, natural hazards. Active: These volcanoes are currently erupting, or exhibiting unrest through earthquakes and/or gas emissions. Natural hazards are defined as, “those Volcano Architecture Dormant: These volcanoes are inactive, but have not been so long elements of the physical environment, harmful A volcano constitutes a vent, a pipe, a enough to be declared extinct. to man and caused by forces extraneous to crater, and a cone. him.” The prefix “natural” shows that these Vent: This is the opening through which Extinct: These volcanoes have been exclude phenomenon that are a result of volcanic material is ejected. A central vent inactive in all of recorded history. human action. An event that causes large underlies the summit crater of the volcano. Based on shape numbers of fatalities and/or tremendous loss It is connected to a magma chamber, of property is a “natural disaster.” which is the main storage area for material Volcanic cone: Volcanic cones are among that is finally ejected. the simplest volcano formations. These are Violent Volcano Pipe: This is a passageway through which built up of ejected material around a volcanic One of the most explosively violent events the ejected magma rises to the surface. -
Mercury Emissions from Soils and Fumaroles of Nea Kameni Volcanic Centre, Santorini (Greece)
Geochemical Journal, Vol. 47, pp. 437 to 450, 2013 Mercury emissions from soils and fumaroles of Nea Kameni volcanic centre, Santorini (Greece) EMANUELA BAGNATO,1* GIANCARLO TAMBURELLO,1 ALESSANDRO AIUPPA,1,2 MARIO SPROVIERI,3 GEORGE E. VOUGIOUKALAKIS4 and MICHELLE PARKS5 1DiSTeM, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, Palermo, Italy 2Istituto di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via U. La Malfa 153, Palermo, Italy 3IAMC-CNR, Via del Mare 3, Torretta Granitola, Fraz. Campobello di Mazzara (TP), Italy 4Institute for Geology and Mineral Exploration, 3rd exit Olympic village, 13677, Aharne, Athene, Greece 5Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, U.K. (Received August 21, 2012; Accepted May 13, 2013) There have been limited studies to date targeting mercury emissions from volcanic fumarolic systems, and no mercury flux data exist for soil or fumarolic emissions at Santorini volcanic complex, Greece. We present results from the first geochemical survey of Hg and major volatile (CO2, H2S, H2O and H2) concentrations and fluxes in the fumarolic gases released by the volcanic/hydrothermal system of Nea Kameni islet; the active volcanic center of Santorini. These data were obtained using a portable mercury spectrometer (Lumex 915+) for gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) determina- tion, and a Multi-component Gas Analyzer System (Multi-GAS) for major volatiles. Gaseous Elemental Mercury (GEM) concentrations in the fumarole atmospheric plumes were systematically above background levels (~4 ng GEM m–3), rang- ing from ~4.5 to 121 ng GEM m–3. Variability in the measured mercury concentrations may result from changes in atmos- pheric conditions and/or unsteady gas release from the fumaroles.