FURJFordham Undergraduate Research Journal Volume IX The Fordham Undergraduate Research Journal

Spring 2019 Volume IX, Issue I

ISSN 2377-8482 STAFF Letter from the Editor

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Dear Fordham Community, FEATURES Onjona Hossain MANAGING EDITOR It is with great pleasure that I present Issue I of Volume IX of A 15-Minute Journey Jack Franke Venezuela’s Road to the Fordham Undergraduate Research Journal. This Issue is the 6 COPY EDITOR Beyond Atoms Collapse: Using Hayek’s first of two to be published in print for Volume IX. This is the Teddy Schoneman Angie Kawanishi 22 Road to Serfdom to first year that FURJ will be putting out two print issues with the COPY EDITING STAFF Explain the Venezuelan Maria Aliberti Meghan Kelly hopes of showcasing even more outstanding original research Frank Buono Anastasia McGrath conducted by undergraduate students than ever before. The Filming through Forty U.S. Crisis Briana Dicostanza Sean Murphey Theodore Schoneman Elizabeth Galbo Laura Reno research presented in this journal showcases various disciples Public Lands with a Tess Gutenbrunner Ava Roche including economics, history, literature, sociology, anthropolo- 8 Jack Brennan Emily Hollenbaugh Meghan Schaffner Catherine Imossi gy, and computer engineering. Fordham holds a tradition of ac- Conservation Lens PEER REVIEW EDITORS ademia and encourages students to be fierce in their pursuit of Elizabeth Carr Joshua Anthony knowledge. FURJ aims to present the incredible research that is Olivia Del Vecchio Environmental Yianni Flouskakos conducted on our campuses on an expressive platform. 27 Conservation in the Era of PEER REVIEW STAFF Ineffective Governance Kenzie Allen Nusrat Mahajabin The publishing of this issue would not have been possible with- RESEARCH Briana Boland Joshua O’Dell out the tireless efforts of our talented Editorial-Board and their Nicole Drepaul Amanda Chen Alex Rallo Colleen Cochran Diana Reynoso staff members, encompassing our double-blind peer review pro- Becoming an Agent for Ashley Conde Ava Roche cess, several rounds of copy editing, multiple interviews with Brianna DiConstanzo Ally Ryan Positive Change: Youth Lizzy Galbo Stephanie Sabido our news staff, and artistic vision of our design team. In addi- Evaluation of the Tess Gutenbrunner Megan Schaffer Development of Self Efficacy Drew Haste Margjele Shala tion to the students involved in all aspects of putting this issue 34 ACQ1001-FMC Digitizer Brielle Intorcia Yang Xu together, I would like to express my immense gratitude for the 10 and Agency through Social Ming Jing Maria Zarcone Abby Tse Faculty Advisory Board and faculty members who volunteered and Emotional Dance BOOK REVIEW EDITOR Yong Hu Kaila Boyer their time to review articles and share their expertise. Our fac- Education In Aguas Frías, ulty and peer reviewers ensure our submissions are held to the BOOK REVIEW STAFF Colombia Johanna Cyran highest standards. Caroline Shriver Rohini Ramabadran BOOK REVIEW NEWS & FEATURES EDITOR Lastly, the Fordham Undergraduate Research Journal would not Elizabeth Carr be possible without the continued support and guidance of Dean Jane Jacobs saves NEWS & FEATURES STAFF Annunziato from Fordham College Rose Hill and Dean Gregoire Fletcher, Jeannine Hill. Elizabeth Bogaard Anastasia McGrath Washington Square Park: from Fordham College Lincoln Center. The Sin of White Gabriella Carioscia Jaclyn Perhati 14 Activism and Postwar Amanda Chen Michelle Yoon Supremacy: Christianity, Ashley Conde Tianshi Zhang Womanhood April Gore Pro Scientia Atque Sapientia. FURJ hopes to continue its tradi- Racism, and Religious tion of excellence and continue to capture our students’ zest for BUSINESS MANAGERS Emma Quinn Diversity in America. Sienna Park knowledge and wisdom. I urge students to become comfortable 38 Salma Youssef with being uncomfortable, to question the world around them, to Orbis Books, 2017 BUSINESS STAFF engage in interdisciplinary discourse, and to not only participate A Political, Economic, and Rohini Ramabadran Nicholas Bafundo in research, but to also share their findings with the world. This Social Analysis of “Crisis” Abigail Shtekler may be through a poster or oral presentation, or through publi- in the Dutch Republic of FACULTY REVIEW EDITOR cation in a journal like FURJ. 17 Rafael Saplala the late Sixteenth Century and Seventeenth Century FACULTY REVIEW STAFF Yours Truly, Olivia Morrissey Abigail Pratt Shelby Stinson DESIGN EDITOR Hailey Morey DESIGN STAFF Onjona Hossain Stephanie Galbraith Editor-in-Chief Joshua O’Dell Michelle Yoon nomena have different dominant char- why photons reflect only at equal an- believes its topics and explanation acteristics and are described in differ- gles (which is why we see ourselves may stay with the reader for a long ent ways at different physical scales. in a mirror), why radioactive decays time due to the questions, the answers Take light for example,” Dr. Efthimi- happen with specific probabilities, as and curiosity it will inspire within the ades says. “Light is described by light well as how the electron produces the reader. This book succeeds in manag- rays on the macroscopic scale, by light “electron cloud” around the nucleus. ing to maximize the effectiveness and waves on the microscopic scale, and Furthermore, we will see that the elec- conciseness of every single sentence by particles (photons) that have wave tric forces arise from the exchanges of and description with its short length. properties on the particle scale.” The transient photons produced with bor- Since the introduction of quantum unveiling of light’s wave-particle du- rowed energy.” theory, countless studies have been ality is what became the inspiration Dr. Efthimiades’ statement that done on the subject. The biggest chal- for quantum mechanics, because up to physics is based on only a few prin- lenge of writing this book, according A 15-Minute 1905 A.D., scientists believed that light ciples applies to quantum mechanics to Dr. Efthimiades, was compressing is a wave phenomenon. “They should as well. Looking at the particle scale the knowledge we gained over the have known better,” Dr. Efthimiades of physical phenomena, it is truly re- last one hundred years, extracting the Journey jokingly remarks, “because photog- markable what quantum mechanics essence of it, and formulating it into a raphy had been used since the 1820s. suggests about the nature of human book that can be read in about 15 min- Beyond Atoms If they were careful, they would have existence, Dr. Efthimiades says, “Light utes. Unlike many other books of noticed that photographs consist of lit- in the form of transient photons is the similar titles that claim to be a brief tle dots, and with a little experimenta- glue that holds matter together. We are introduction to complex scientific the- tion, they would have confirmed that made of electrons, nuclei, and light!” ories, only to overwhelm the readers By Angie Kawanishi, FCLC ’21 Dr. Efthimiades explaining one of the concepts he covers in his books. light is carried by particles very ear- Quantum mechanics is a complex sub- with either wordiness or oversimpli- ly on. Instead, it took a very long and ject, but it doesn’t change Dr. Efthimi- fication, Dr. Efthimiades emphasizes Atoms, the basic entities that build up and inseparable as people thought cle scale, “Like how electrons ‘move’ torturous theoretical road to discover ades’ incredible passion and optimism that his book will keep the promise our world, were believed to be indi- they were, but they also consisted of around the nuclei, the way photons that at the beginning of the 20th cen- about the future of this field. He be- of its title without downplaying the visible until the beginning of the 20th smaller components that function in reflect off the atoms of a mirror, and tury.” lieves that as people in the past three depth and intricacy of this fascinating century. In fact, the name itself is de- a strange and utterly unanticipated many other phenomena, almost ev- Probability, another immensely centuries through classical mechanics subject. rived from the Greek word “atomo,” way. According to Dr. Efthimiades, erything... that could not be explained intriguing concept in quantum me- and the theory of electromagnetism In the last page of the book Quan- which means “without cut.” Linked by these discoveries led to the realization with classical physics.” Dr. Efthimia- chanics, is also addressed in the book. realized that the physical world is not tum Mechanics in 15 Minutes, the read- the same root in their country of ori- that the truth of the universe is hid- des continues. “From the times of an- In opposition to knowledge prior to a pattern but a dynamic arena of inter- ers will find a suggested further read- gin, Greece, is FCLC physics professor den below the macroscopic and micro- cient Greece, it was realized that na- quantum theory, which assumed that acting bodies, in our time people will ing: Quantum Mechanics in 30 Minutes, Spyros Efthimiades, who shares his scopic world and beyond the scale of ture hides its secrets. This turned out electrons revolved around the nuclei undoubtedly achieve a deeper under- which leads to Quantum Mechanics in passion for the world beyond atoms in individual atoms. So, we have entered to be more so regarding how particles as planets revolve around the sun, standing of physical reality through 60 Minutes. Written by Dr. Efthimiades his new book, Quantum Mechanics in a new phase of scientific exploration, interact. However, nature is open to each electron actually forms an “elec- the theory of quantum mechanics. over the course of last five years, this 15 Minutes. the description of the fundamental questions. In particular, every time we tron cloud” which describes the prob- “Any phenomenon that looks mysteri- series of books offers an introduction “Physics is based on just a few particle-scale phenomena through conduct an experiment, we ask nature ability that the electron will be found ous to us is because we have not found and overview of this subject in dif- properties and principles through quantum mechanics, which is what a question. The result of the experi- at any one location. As stated by Dr. the missing links, the missing proper- ferent scopes and depth, but they all which we explain the simplest and Dr. Efthimiades’ book investigates. ment is nature’s answer.” Efthimiades, one of the most signif- ties and principles which matter at its share the effectiveness, captivation, the most complex phenomena,” states Dr. Efthimiades has been fascinated In his book, Dr. Efthimiades aims icant distinctions between quantum scale. We have to look at the particle and excitement about quantum me- Dr. Efthimiades. In the macroscop- by this subject all his life. After com- to provide an up-to-date and com- mechanics and classical physics is that scale without preconceived notions chanics. Both Quantum Mechanics in 15 ic world, or, the world that is visible pleting his education in physics at the prehensive overview of our under- while in classical physics processes and discover the missing keys. And it Minutes and Quantum Mechanics in 30 to our naked eyes, two quantities Aristotelian University of Thessaloni- standing of the theory of quantum (e.g., the trajectory of a falling body), is not all that difficult.” Minutes can be found and download- determine the outcome of any physi- ki in Greece, he moved to New York mechanics. Starting with the wave there is only one definite outcome, in “One of the goals of my book is ed from iBooks. The reader can also cal event: mass and force. It was lat- and received a Ph.D. in physics and an properties of particles, the concept the quantum world, however, alterna- to make the fundamental principle of contact the author at sefthimiades@ er discovered that electric charges MA degree in computers from the City that builds the foundation of quantum tive outcomes may happen with spe- quantum mechanics familiar to the fordham.edu. and forces dominate the microscopic University of New York. His research theory, Quantum Mechanics in 15 Min- cific probabilities, which makes the readers through different examples. One thing that could not be rep- world, the world of atoms that is too includes quantum electrodynamics utes covers the unique characteristics detecting and studying of subatomic And once we get familiar with it, we resented in the books is Dr. Efthimi- small to observe with our bare eyes. as well as the derivation of the Schro- of photons, electrons, and nuclei, and particles like electrons more compli- will not only understand how success- ades’ sense of humor, which is well Just when scientists thought they had dinger equation, both of which are presents groundbreaking scientific cated but more compelling at the same ful, exact, and understandable quan- known among his students. When explained everything around the end defining parts of quantum mechanics. questions and experiments that have time. tum mechanics is, but it will also shift asked how would he summarize his of the 19th century, from how electric Having just received the honor of Bene pushed forward the development of The effect of quantum mechanics our perception and attitude toward approach to writing these books, Dr. forces bind atoms to how electric and Merenti medal from Fordham Univer- quantum mechanics along the way. can be seen in our everyday lives. We the nature of physical reality. After Efthimiades quotes an unofficial say- magnetic phenomena are interrelated, sity last year, he marked his 40th year “For example, in the first chapter of are in constant interaction with the all, the origin of physical phenomena, ing by Einstein: “If you cannot explain a few discoveries at the beginning of a of teaching at Fordham. His passion the book, by looking at the outcome of quantum world without realizing. is quantum.” something in simple terms, then you new century shook the core of classi- for physics and promoting a better a simple experiment we realize that, “Have you ever wondered, why do we Dr. Efthimiades’ book uses de- have not understood it well enough,” cal physics. understanding of quantum mechanics at small scales, particles exhibit wave only see one reflection when we look scriptions rather than mathematics and laughs. It all began with the discoveries extends beyond the classrooms, which properties. Our interpretation of the into the mirror while there could be to elucidate the principles of quan- that light consists of particles called evidently served as his motivation for wave properties of particles becomes millions of alternate paths the photon tum mechanics. He wants to put the photons (1905) and that atoms are writing this book. the fundamental principle of quantum waves could have taken? Why do we emphasis not on calculations, but on composite particles made of negative- Quantum mechanics is about look- mechanics through which in the rest observe the whole spectrum of col- understanding the fundamental con- ly charged electrons moving around ing at the world from the perspectives of the book we apply to explain a se- ors reflecting on the surface of a CD cepts and the way they can be applied much heavier positive atomic nuclei of the smallest quantities and under- ries of outstanding quantum phenom- disk? Or simply why doesn’t an atom and give answers to scientific ques- (1911). This meant that atoms were not standing the most fundamental origin ena.” collapse?” Dr. Efthimiades promises tions. As suggested by its name, Quan- only not the smallest piece of matter of physical phenomena on the parti- “You see, different physical phe- that this book will give an answer to tum Mechanics in 15 Minutes is a short all those questions. “We will explain book. Nevertheless, Dr. Efthimiades

6 | FEATURES FEATURES | 7 Filming through Forty U.S. Public Lands with a Conservation Lens

By Elizabeth Carr, FCRH ‘19 Photos by Emily Argiro

Left Joshua Tree National Park .

Below Fenter preparing to hit the road again outside the Grand Canyon.

tarian Studies major, Fenter has always had an interest in social justice and the world around her. Yet simultaneously, she’s always been interested in the arts, taking film classes while pursu- ing humanitarian studies. “Arts have always been embedded in me,” she ex- plained, noting that she was involved in the arts throughout high school as well. Later in her Fordham career, she decided to change her major to Visu- al Arts with a concentration in Film and Video. “Natural Runaways” acts as clear evidence of her tying the two fields together. While receiving funding to go on national park road trip seems like any- one’s dream, Audrey explained how difficult it was to focus on conserva- tion during her travels. She noted that Black Hills, South Dakota was one of the many stops on Fenter’s tour of the United States. the relationship between her goal of sharing her artistic vision while re- to keep our landscapes from changing Numerous studies have discussed that FCLC senior Audrey Fenter took off road-trip travels, where she consis- maining environmentally conscious in the near future; it is on everyone 97 percent of climate scientists agree during June 2018 on a national parks tently created short films document- was complex, and harder than she ...we can’t just be to alter the way we live now in order that human activity is the most like- road trip to document lands protect- ing her journeys. With the passion for had imagined. “It was especially im- spectators of the world and parks. to mitigate the negative effects of our ly cause of climate warming trends. ed by the U.S. government across the film and environmental conservation, portant for us to consider the environ- habits as much as possible.“As much Further data shows that a warming country. Visiting a total of forty pro- Fenter applied for and received two ment because there is a base level of We have to be active participants fun as the trip was, it was also moti- climate means inevitable effects on tected public lands over a month long grants from Fordham for her project: hypocrisy that comes from emitting in its conservation and move vated by the a serious issue. It’s im- weather patterns, global health, the period, Fenter “wanted to capture the the Dean’s Undergraduate Research thousands of dollars of gas into the forward ethically, if we want these portant to recognize that we can’t just economy, and of course, the natural natural landscape on film to give peo- grant and the Lipani Grant, a grant atmosphere, whilst also visiting con- places to last. be spectators of the world and parks. environment of our planet. Numerous ple in NYC a portal into places differ- specifically for Visual Arts students. servation areas.” She also discussed We have to be active participants in its organizations and individuals alike ent than here in hopes to show why With these grants, former road trip ex- the struggles of creating as little waste are working to combat these issues conservation is important, in hopes to perience, and her goal of sharing some conservation and move forward ethi- as possible – noting the wastefulness Again, if you visit these places, you fall through conservation efforts such as inspire them.” of our country’s most beautiful land- cally, if we want these places to last.” of staying in hotels, where towels are in love with them. It is unavoidable to switching to clean energy when pos- The project, titled “Natural Run- scapes, she was able to make “Natural To learn more about Fenter’s project washed every day, and how she and feel connected to their salvation, be- sible, eliminating single-use plastics, aways,” doubles as her senior thesis, Runaways” come to life. Fenter notes and process, visit NaturalRunaways. her team avoided eating out or buying cause you want to keep going back. and reducing meat consumption. which will be on display in May 2019. that she could not have had such suc- com. “Natural Runaways” will be on foods packaged in plastic. Even simple Maybe it’s a selfish motivation, but the It is no secret that New Yorkers are It consists of a documentary film and cess without her team of three friends: display at Fordhams Undergraduate efforts, such as having reusable cups, visitors will reap the benefits if we all not often exposed to the natural envi- photographs taken by her and her Emily, who handled photography for Research Symposium on April 10th, proved inefficient when they lacked a change our habits sooner, rather than ronment which our planet has to offer team, including post-trip interviews the trip, Chris, who served as assistant as well as May 1st through May 11th place to wash them out. “Going straw- later.” Whether it’s for selfish motiva- - it is known, after all, as the “concrete of numerous New Yorkers’ thoughts director for the film, and Ben, who at the Butler Gallery at Fordham’s Lin- less is easy, until you’re trying to drink tions or not, studies have shown that jungle.” This is why, with an environ- on sustainability. Her videography handled the logistics along the way. coln Center campus. on a bumpy road. Little things like Audrey is correct – the time has come mentally-friendly mission in mind, success is the result of her former Coming to Fordham as a Humani- that, things you would never think of.

8 | FEATURES FEATURES | 9 DANCE EDUCATION

While FARC has been disbanded and in certain cultures can limit agency, Examples of Physicalized Social and the civil war has ended, Colombia’s culture can also serve as a “vehicle Emotional Learning Becoming an Agent for Positive Change: violent machismo culture is still en- for agency.”13 While personal agency Youth Development of Self Efficacy and Agency through Social grained in Colombia’s social order. refers to a theoretical ability, cultural The positive impacts of physicalized In their World Policy article, Sara Lisa agency goes a step further, identifying social and emotional education and and Emotional Dance Education In Aguas Frías, Colombia Orstavik and Andrés Lizcano note a physical “public action” or “social its ability to contribute to the devel- that “Colombia ranks 91 out of 186 contribution.”14 Ultimately, both per- opment of agency are evident in the countries in gender equity, which puts sonal and cultural agency are needed following examples of youth devel- By Caroline Shriver, Department, Department of Latin American and Latino Studies and Department of Dance it below the Latin American and Ca- to affect positive change for oneself opment programs both within and ribbean regional average.”8 While this and for one’s community. outside of Colombia. These examples Around the world, young people seek article dates back to 2013, the more employ Sommer’s approach to de- confidence, relationship and leader- recent 2015 United Nations Gender In- How and Why Do We veloping cultural agency: building a ship skills, and the self-efficacy nec- equality Index rates Colombia at 95 out Develop Agency? community based in a specific culture essary to gain personal and cultural of 188, highlighting a lack of progress.9 with specific goals.20 agency in their communities and be- While I did not witness extreme gen- In Wiggle Room, Sommer describes At the Escola de Dança in the poor yond. In under-resourced, post-con- der violence while in Colombia, I was various examples of cultural norms, Afro-Brazilian community in Bahía, flict communities, a young person’s exposed to the clear divide between values, and structures and explains Brazil, Lucia M. Suarez brings to light fight for agency, both personal and men and women and adherence to re- how they can impact communities in how high-level dance training serves cultural, is all the more challenging. strictive gender roles. During my first both positive and negative ways. “The as a form of cultural agency while Colombia offers a powerful example week in Medellin, my host father told area in which humanist values are simultaneously offering students the of this challenge. The nation’s history me that he was incredibly ashamed to created and established” is Sommer’s facilities needed to develop cultural of violence, political division, distrust, be a stay-at-home dad while his wife description of culture. She goes on to agency. The school prides itself on its and poverty pervades Colombia’s worked in an office from 8 to 8. I found illustrate the ways in which humanist development of technically trained identity and social order. Consequent- that this male shame is common and cultures can include the promotion dancers, but also socially and emo- ly, Colombia is welcoming creative carries long-term consequences. In of change-making as a value but can tionally educated young people who strategies for providing young people her article, “Colombia’s ‘New Men’ also thwart it.15 In cultures where the are “intellectually prepared to play a with the opportunity to achieve the Confront Machismo and Gender Vio- value of change-making and the agen- sensitive and conscious role in soci- personal and cultural agency neces- lence,” Anastasia Moloney notes that cy required for it are not promoted, ety.”21 Although Brazil holds a differ- sary to break down these historic bar- in Colombia, there is “pressure to interventions are necessary both to ent history and identity than Colom- riers. conform to macho ideals” in which empower individuals and to change bia, Brazil has suffered and continues In this paper, I seek to demonstrate the man is the “breadwinner who im- destructive social orders.16 Therefore, to suffer from violence, poverty, and how Colombia’s tumultuous histo- poses his will.” This “macho ideal” is according to Sommer, the develop- corruption, such as the military dicta- ry and identity of conflict affect the Students preparing to perform their final piece in front of peers, friends, and family. characterized as “the bully,” who uses ment of a culture with values that pro- torship that lasted from 1964 to 1985.22 country’s youth today, and therefore women to prove his dominance in so- mote positive change-making is the Within Bahía, “there is no shortage of demand an emphasis on social and ciety and is feared by many.10 Evident- vehicle for the development of cultur- social biases and fears,” which demon- emotional learning. This came to light scribes Colombia as “famed for its that there is enormous division in ly, the macho culture not only encour- al agency.17 strates a need for young people with during my travels to the rural com- revolutions and dictatorships,” with people’s perceptions of the murders. ages violence against women, but also Through my dance-based social personal and cultural agency who can munity of Aguas Frías, in the Andes “violence as an unyielding constant” Some place blame upon Álvaro Uribe enforces a social order that praises and emotional learning project as well break down the destructive social or- Mountains surrounding Medellín, in the nation’s political and social pro- and Iván Duque Márquez, the past 1 dominance, power, and violence. as my review of research on studies ders.23 Escola de Dança combats the Colombia. After teaching dance-based gression. In a detailed analysis of the and current Colombian presidents, re- How can Colombia combat these similar to mine, I found that engaging social order embedded in poverty and social and emotional learning classes life of Colombian political figure Al- spectively, while others accuse FARC destructive social orders and cultur- young people in various social and offers students a multitude of skills in Aguas Frías, I found that a physi- berto Camargo Lleras (1906-1990), Karl or the 2018 liberal presidential candi- al norms of violence, gender equali- emotional learning experiences that through dance-based physicalized calized form of social and emotional unveils “inherited hatreds” between date, Gustavo Petro Urrego. Evidently, ty, and division? I believe Colombia focused on confidence and self-effica- social and emotional education. Su- learning gave students the opportu- liberals and conservatives, a division the violence and division that coursed needs a new generation of confident, cy develops the cultural agency neces- arez hones in on one all-encompass- nity to develop a degree of self-effica- now engrained in the “parties’ identi- through Colombia’s history remains 2 empathetic unifiers with a developed sary for change.18 Social and emotion- ing tool for the development of agen- cy. By employing my own research in ties.” a factor in the current social order, a sense of personal and cultural agency al learning can take many forms, and cy: the idea of “social citizenship.” Aguas Frias and that of others in the  While Karl illustrates divisions from social order in desperate need of inno- who can lead the country out of con- a physicalized social and emotional In this dance school, students are of- field, I draw two conclusions on the the past, Santiago Villaveces-Izquier- vative social and emotional learning flict. learning program can offer a poten- fered a sense of “belonging,” which positive effects of physicalized social do highlights the presence of Colom- projects to break down the culture of tially powerful strategy, because as is a frequent reminder that “they are and emotional learning. Physicalized bia’s violent history in the mindset violence in Colombia. What Does It Mean to Have Sommer notes, “reason is not enough” human” above all.24 Following Som- social and emotional learning offers of Colombians today. Izquierdo notes In addition to political conflict, Co- Personal and Cultural Agency? to affect change.19 I further conclude mer’s model, this dance school de- an effective strategy to combat Co- that “our [Colombians] heaviest bur- lombia’s violent social order is char- that the creative energy developed in velops specific “humanist values,”25 lombia’s social order of conflict and den, but also our major constructor of acterized by a machismo culture and Psychologists Barry J. Zimmerman specific examples of physicalized so- nurturing students’ self-efficacy and provides a vehicle for young people to national identity” is “a legacy of vio- gender violence. In her Vanity Fair 3 6 and Timothy J. Cleary define person- cial and emotional learning can not confidence. The school develops a cul- develop personal and cultural agency. lence” based in division. This identi- article, Maureen Orth interviews a ty of violence is evident in the recent female FARC commander and exposes al agency as “one’s ability to act inde- only shift personal experiences, but ture where young people can devel- History of Conflict and Its murders of social leaders in Colombia. the extreme cases of gender violence pendently,” which can be determined also social norms. In order to bring op agency and provides a social and 4 Resonance Today In a July 2018 Colombia Reports article, in FARC, a guerilla group that fought or limited by gender, race, and class young people into a culture of em- emotional education that goes beyond Adriaan Alsema mourns the assassi- in the Colombian Civil War and prid- customs and norms.11 One’s person- powered change-making that is ori- “reason,” employing the mind and al agency, therefore, is informed by ented towards peace, gender equality the body. Suarez concludes that while To understand the need to transform nations of 311 human rights activists ed itself on equality. “There was a one’s self-efficacy, or one’s confidence and self-efficacy, I chose a physical- the school has not broken the cycle aspects of Colombia’s current social that have taken place since the “the toxic double standard,” says FARC in one’s abilities. In Wiggle Room, Doris ized social and emotional learning in- of poverty in Bahia, it has created an order, it is necessary first to under- government signed peace with FARC commander Elda Neyis Mosquera, or 5 Sommer defines cultural agency as “a tervention designed to achieve those institution that “facilitates [students’] stand Colombia’s history and how it guerrillas” in 2016. While there is in- “Karina.” FARC established a system range of social contributions through outcomes. ability to question and alter the status affects the country today. Robert A. conclusive evidence as to who is mur- of “misogynistic abuse” with “rapes, the creative process.”12 According to quo.”26 This newfound agency allows Karl, a Latin American historian, de- dering these individuals, after speak- forced abortions, and the execution of ing with various Colombians, I found women judged to be promiscuous.”7 Sommer, while the structures with- students to develop “cultural practic-

10 | RESEARCH RESEARCH | 11 DANCE EDUCATION DANCE EDUCATION es that constitute vehicles for change.” of how the MMC was able to use the tion portion of class, I continued to velopment of three distinct skills and ed,” “more free,” “believe in myself,” participated in the Movement Inven- 27 Suarez sheds light on the experience body as a vehicle for social and emo- use physicalized social and emotion- attributes of the class culture: a sense and “fun.” Evidently, there is a clear tion exercise as well as in the Partner- of one dance teacher at the school who tional learning, resulting in positive al education to instill agency. In this of belonging, self-efficacy, and respect, correlation between the mastery of a ing section. One of my most powerful discovered “dance as a language that personal change. section, students developed a single which research suggests leads to the physical skill and a heightened emo- learning experiences in Colombia took has allowed her to become an individ- move that they each taught to the rest development of personal and cultural tional states and self-efficacy. Further- place when I participated in the Part- ual who can assert her political pres- My Research of the class. Each student’s movement agency. more, two students noted a link be- nering section. I looked straight into a ence and participation.”28 Through built upon the previous movement to Eight students articulated the de- tween executing the dance or specific student’s eyes, told him that I trusted this example, one can observe that Both the dance school and the MMC generate a short dance, choreographed velopment of a sense of belonging. exercises on their own and a greater him, and had him say it back with a physicalized social and emotional ed- are long-term programs that work entirely by the students themselves. Four noted that they “lov[ed]” being sense of confidence in their own abil- smile before we danced with each oth- ucation facilitates personal and social with young people and demonstrate While Movement Invention’s main with or dancing with me, their teach- ities. From this, I speculate that the er. After speaking with students about empowerment. how physicalized social and emotion- goal was to foster creativity, it also er. One eighth grade boy noted that he ability to execute a skill independent- this part of class, I learned that they While Suarez analyzes how high- al learning can offer young people a worked indirectly to foster self-efficacy “doesn’t get along well” with most of ly offers young people a clear sense of similarly felt the energy shift when leel dance education uses the body unique set of skills from which they and agency by reinforcing my class as his teachers and that he enjoyed being confidence in their own abilities, and those words were exchanged. Just as to develop agency, the Men and Mas- can develop personal and cultur- a culture in itself with specific values, in class because “Caroline helped me in turn, a sense of personal agency. being a part of the Welcome Circle culinity Collective (MMC) serves in al agency. Because my dance-based goals, and expectations.35 In challeng- with the steps […] she is a good ex- Finally, my own participant obser- reminded students that I was part of poor communities throughout Co- classes in Aguas Frías lasted only one ing their creative abilities, students ample to follow.” Because I was both vation during classes suggests that the dance class community, my par- lombia and combines role play, body month, it is difficult to expect signif- practiced “acting independently,”36 the teacher and the investigator, stu- students began to develop a height- ticipation in the Partnering section painting, camping, dance, and theater icant impact on young people’s sense honing their self-efficacy and person- dents’ comments about my role could ened sense of respect for their peers. established an even more powerful to combat gender violence. As men- of personal and cultural agency. None- al agency. Furthermore, by learning be considered biased. Nonetheless, The interviews produced little evi- sense of community among my stu- tioned earlier, machismo culture con- theless, I designed three specific exer- to teach, lead, and respect their peers, I share these findings because they dence of students’ development of re- dents. This community was built on a tinues to plague Colombian society.29 cises to create gateway experiences for students were reminded of the specific were given unprompted, and I believe spect for the physical dignity of others culture with a collective set of values. However, using these various forms my students to develop the skills that values present in the class community are evidence of a power of a strong beyond the developments mentioned Sommer writes that “Culture is a vehi- of physicalized social and emotional research suggests will lead to agen- and culture, and that they were strong teacher-student relationship. These above. However, in sections of the cle for agency.”38 With these students, education, the MMC has changed the cy, specifically a sense of belonging, enough to lead the class, putting their comments suggest the central role that class such as Movement Invention and I found a culture of unity, respect, lives of young people, offering them a self-efficacy, and respect. personal agency into action. connecting with the teacher plays in Partnering, students’ ability to work and passion for movement. I now re- new sense of non-violent personal and First, throughout my teaching, I Third, in the Partnering section, developing a community of belong- with others and learn the movements alize that I personally developed a cultural agency in their community. began each class with the Welcome which began after the second week ing. Furthermore, this sense of a com- that others had created changed sig- new and unparalleled sense of con- While the MMC does not use the term Circle. In the Welcome Circle, each because it required a basis of trust and munity and belonging was identified nificantly throughout the four weeks. fidence, and self-efficacy. Evidently, ‘agency’ in the direct sense as Sommer student and I shared our names community, students learned to say by one elementary school girl who At the start of the program, in the being both a student and a teacher of- and Zimmerman do, it is evident that paired with a simple movement which “tengo confianza en ti” (“I trust you”) noted that she enjoyed class because it Movement Invention section of class, fers its own set of skills and paves the the MMC works directly to develop was then repeated by the whole class. prior to any physical contact. Paired allowed her “to be with [her] friends students did not take seriously the way for a profoundly strong personal agency, both personal and cultural. While students were hesitant and with other physical trust exercises, who [she] love[s] so much,” while an movements of their peers and refused and cultural agency. In communities, This development can be seen seemingly unwilling at first, over time this use of words as a reminder of trust older student described how the class to learn them. However, by the last countries, and a world that seems en- through the life of Camilo Bohorquez, both younger and older students be- prior to touch enforced the value that offered her a new, unexpected com- week, students remained engaged trenched in conflict, a young person’s who once perfectly embodied machis- gan to say their names and execute trust and respect are needed for peo- munity: “I thought I already knew the during this section of class, seeming to fight for a strong sense of self-efficacy mo culture. After witnessing gender a movement with more confidence ple to have healthy interactions. Just people in the class really well…but I understand that their peers deserved and agency is at risk. This paper seeks violence at home and attempting sui- and conviction. The Welcome Circle as Bohorquez says his MMC classes didn’t realize how much love the oth- the same respect as any teacher and to demonstrate how creative solutions, cide multiple times, Bohorquez joined allowed students to link their voices offered an opportunity for “someone er students had and how much love I as themselves. Furthermore, when I such as physicalized social and emo- the Collective and now, at age 22, with their bodies while acknowledg- to touch your body with respect,”37 would have for them.” incorporated the Partnering section tional learning, can offer young peo- helps lead workshops and continue ing their peers. As I noted previously, this exercise served to strengthen the My interviews also explored the into class, students initially showed ple the necessary skills to break the the movement. In his interview with Sommer writes that “culture is a ve- value of respect present in my dance second theme of the class: self-efficacy. discomfort in touching one another constructs of negative social orders. Anastasia Moloney, Bohorquez notes hicle for agency.”32 As with the MMC classes and therefore the culture that In the interviews, students’ comments and in saying “tengo confianza en ti” that “changing machismo starts with and the Escola Dança Escolar, my my students could use to develop their illustrated that, more than any other (I trust you) to their peers. However, your body…it’s about giving some- dance class strove to develop a culture personal and cultural agency. skill, the class effectively developed after just one week, students seemed Notes one permission to touch your body with a “confer[ed] a sense of belong- self-efficacy, due to a clear link be- to execute both exercises with no with respect.” While it is important ing”33 that was designed to offer the Results tween physical mastery and feelings discomfort. By the final classes they 1-2 Karl, Robert A. Forgotten Peace: Reform, Violence, and the Making of Contemporary Colombia. Oakland, CA: University of to use words and logic to combat de- development of agency. The Welcome of positive self-image. While eight of showed excitement for the Partnering California Press, 2017 3 Villaveces-Izquierdo, Santiago. “The Crossroads of Faith.” Cultur- structive social order, “reason is not Circle served as a way for students to To evaluate the effectiveness of my the nine students described a new- section, asking me what time it was, al Agency in the Americas, 2005, 305-25. doi:10.1215/9780822387480- 30 018. enough” to effect change in a society recognize and solidify the community class, I chose to conduct group inter- found mastery over movement, seven and when they would get to partner 4-5 Alsema, Adriaan. “’They Are Killing Us’: Colombia’s Social Leaders Cry for Help.” Colombia News | Colombia Reports. July with an engrained machismo culture. present for that particular dance class, views at the midpoint and conclusion students described the development dance with their friends. Based on the 06, 2018. Accessed August 24, 2018. 6-7 Orth, Maureen. “She Was Colombia’s Most-Feared Female Revo- Bohorquez tells Moloney that bodily and reminded students that they were of my project. All in all, approximately of positive feelings, and five students personal developments articulated in lutionary. Can She Help It Find Peace?” Vanity Fair, August 2, 2018. practices of the MMC enabled him to entering a new space with unique and 60 students participated in the class- linked their mastering of movement their interviews as well as my class 8 Orstavik, Sara Lisa, and Andrés Lizcano R. . “Colombia’s Gender Problem.” World Policy, 2 Feb. 2018, worldpolicy.org/2013/11/25/ 34 become “a new man,” who can cry, specific goals and values. Further- es but only nine students, ages 8-14, to their positive feelings. Students observations, students seemed to de- colombias-gender-problem/. 9 “Human Development Reports.” Human Development Reports, show emotion, and acknowledge the more, as I was a part of the Welcome participated in the interviews. Of the illustrated a sense of mastery: “I” velop a greater understanding of their hdr.undp.org/en/composite/GII change humanity of women and men. He told Circle, it reminded students that I was students interviewed, two were males learned to “motivate and drive my- own bodies and in turn, a respect for 10, 29, 31, 37 Moloney, Anastasia. “Colombia’s ‘new Men’ Confront Machismo and Gender Violence.” The Christian Science Monitor. his mother to “be courageous and val- part of their class, that I was learning and seven were females. I taught a to- self,” “I can move my body in certain themselves and others. October 30, 2015. Accessed August 24, 2018. 11, 36 Zimmerman, Barry J., and Timothy J. Cleary. “Adolescents’ ue [her]self,” giving her the strength alongside them, and that I was open tal of 18 classes and all nine students ways,” “I learned a lot of steps…and Development of Personal Agency.” In Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Ado- to stand up to his abusive father and to growing and learning just as they interviewed missed two or fewer of to express myself with my body,” “I Conclusion lescents, 45-69. Information Age Publishing, 2006. 12-17, 19-20, 25, 30, 32-35, 38 Sommer, Doris. “Introduction: Wiggle Room.” change the lives of herself and her were. In offering them experiences of the classes and participated in the fi- doubted myself a lot at first…but I was In Cultural Agency in the Americas, 1-28. Durham, NC: Duke 31 University Press, 2005. family. It is challenging to gauge each other’s humanity, I hoped they nal show. Because of the unstructured able to learn,” “we were able to dance In conclusion, participation in physi- 21-24, 26-28 Suárez, Lucía M, “Inclusion in Motion: Cultural Agency Through Dance in Bahia, Brazil,” Journal of the Association of how a specific program or school can would internalize this value and, us- and voluntary nature of participation, by ourselves” (without my direction). calized social and emotional learning Black Anthropologists, Vol. 21, (2013), pp 133-168. generate personal and cultural agents ing their personal and cultural agen- I chose to capture the data from the Students linked this sense of mastery classes can offer students the potential who can improve destructive social cy, spread it as a means of combatting interviews using qualitative meth- to improved self-efficacy using the to develop agency and combat de- orders on a national scale. However, violence, conflict, and division. ods. The questions in the interviews following words: “confident,” “calm,” structive social orders. Just as I par- Bohorquez offers a clear illustration Second, in the Movement Inven- centered on exploring students’ de- “tranquility,” “happy,” “rejuvenat- ticipated in the Welcome Circle, I also

12 | RESEARCH RESEARCH | 13 JANE JACOBS

like many generations of women be- sons for their opposition to Moses’ Mrs. Duane McKinney, the chairman fore. For example, the temperance plan for Washington Square Park. An- of Downtown Community School’s Jane Jacobs saves Washington Square Park: movements of the latter half of the alyzing what these women wrote il- Parent Representatives Committee, nineteenth century, spearheaded by lustrates the correlation between their agreed with the women from P.S. 8, Activism and Postwar Womanhood the Women’s Christian Temperance arguments in support of the park and saying that the new road would “cre- Union, denounced the legality of al- their roles as mothers. ate an intolerable traffic hazard for the By Emma Quinn, Department of History, Fordham University, New York, NY. cohol. Thousands of women involved Women writing in favor of Wash- children in the community.”15 Other across the country argued that alco- ington Square Park often used rhetoric leaders from parents associations at Jane Jacobs claimed that she once holism, primarily seen as a male char- that was connected to their motherly Elizabeth Irwin High School and P.S. overheard Robert Moses complain, acter flaw, led to domestic violence, roles. Part of this likely stemmed from 41 also used child safety as their main “There is nobody against this … but poverty, immorality, and even de- critique.16 The majority of women’s 1 a bunch of, a bunch of MOTHERS.” sertion. Their grievances were heard voices against the Moses plan utilized Moses was allegedly referring to the at the federal level in 1919, when the the same rhetoric that emphasized the activist movements that were fighting 18th Amendment was ratified, making safety of their children. against the development of Washing- the sale of alcoholic beverages illegal. While Jane Jacobs used her role as ton Square Park into a throughway By framing the issue of alcoholism a mother in her criticism of the proj- that would extend Fifth Avenue fur- as a threat to the American family, ect, her rhetoric was not limited to ther downtown. A monolithic and the WCTU and temperance activists just that point. Both in letters and in controversial presence, Moses funda- were able to create change on a con- publications, Jacobs tended to favor a mentally restructured New York and stitutional level. Jane Jacobs, Shirley more general argument that rejected its public spaces in the mid-twentieth Hayes, and the other women who city planning altogether, a philosophy century. Traditionally, the 1950s and fought against Moses’ plan for Wash- that remained central to her writing early 1960s are seen as a dark age of ington Square Park were not the first throughout her career. In her most fa- feminism in the United States, as generation of women to use their sta- mous work, The Death and Life of Great women fled to the suburbs to become tus as women as a political bargaining American Cities, Jacobs extols the bene- ideal housewives. However, Jane Ja- chip. fits of sidewalks and mixed-use neigh- cobs and activists like Shirley Hayes The triumph of Hayes, Jacobs, and Robert Moses overlooking a model plan of New borhoods, arguing that “eyes upon played a fundamental role in prevent- many other women from Greenwich York City. the street” ensure that law and order ing Moses’ developmental spree from Village over Robert Moses points to is maintained more effectively than extending into Greenwich Village, the power that largely female-led the fact that many women who had simply a police force.17 Large high- which would change the neighbor- community networks can generate, the power to represent an interest did way systems, like those that would hood permanently. In particular, the even in opposition to men with enor- so as members of parent-teacher as- cut through Washington Square Park, fight to save Washington Square Park mous power and resource. Moses’ sociations (PTA) or other groups con- emphasized the importance of travel illustrates the strategies that women plan was first announced to the pub- nected to schools. For many women, by car over travel by foot. Therefore, Jane Jacobs lived from May 4th, 1916 to April 25, 2006. used to remain politically active in lic in February of 1952. While the park parent-teacher associations were one Jacobs disapproved of the encroach- the hostile environment of the 1950s. was already open to traffic, the new of the only political forums to which ment of roads without sidewalks be- These women strategically used lan- they had access, and so it became a the fear of any kind of leftist radical- flourish. plan would remove the fountain in the cause they cannot maintain safety as guage and institutions that empha- central location for political organi- ism, prompting a retreat into private In spite of the restrictions that at- center of the park and replace it with effectively as busy public areas, like sized their roles as mothers to per- zation. Mina Bersoff, the president life and away from political activism.4 tempted to keep women in the do- two fast-moving, one-way streets. A Washington Square Park or Green- suade people of the validity of their of the PTA of P.S. 41, noted in a letter The restoration of the idea of female mestic sphere, women remained vi- new playground would be built in be- wich Village as a whole. In spite of her cause. A comparison of letters sent by that a recent meeting “was unusual- domesticity is made evident through tal members of their communities tween the two roads, just south of the general focus on the power of the “dai- men and women to oppose the pos- Washington Arch. Moses hoped that ly well attended because this subject ly ballet” of people that maintain or- Marynia Farnham and Ferdinand throughout the 1950s. In particular, 12 sible changes to Washington Square was on our agenda.” Women were Lundberg’s “Modern Woman: The they played large roles in organiza- having dedicated northbound and der in Greenwich Village, Jacobs also Park proves that women stressed the aware that parent-teacher associations Lost Sex,” published in 1947. Farnham tions like parent-teacher associations southbound roads would remedy the did refer several times to her children importance of their children’s safety 10 provided a space for political action and Lundberg argue that regardless that connected to their roles as moth- heavy traffic. For Moses, this project as a motivation to save the park. In her in their rhetoric, while men were more without stepping radically outside of of how committed a woman is to her ers and wives.7 These community or- was the next step in a series of infra- book, she refers to the important role likely to draw from a wider range of societal norms. Associations tied to career, “her basic needs make them- ganizations often became important structure developments that he mas- of children in this system. They play arguments that represented their per- both private and public schools near selves felt and she finds herself fac- resources to rally support for local terminded throughout New York City. in and travel through public spaces, sonal priorities. By working within Washington Square Park wrote to city ing her fundamental role as wife and initiatives. For example, in 1949, parlor The battle over Washington Square and thereby benefit from the system the traditional role of a mother, Jacobs government officials in an attempt to 18 mother with a divided mind.”5 They, groups of women in Queens were able Park was largely fought through let- she is discussing. While explaining and women like her were able to fo- condemn the Moses plan, and over- along with many other Americans, to gather 5,000 signatures on a peti- ters, newspapers, and petitions. These her commitment to Greenwich Village ment political change without entirely whelmingly used arguments that were concerned that women in the tion that fought against increasing gas documents provide a written record of in a letter to Mayor Robert Wagner, stepping outside of their gender roles. centered on ensuring the safety of workplace were contradicting their prices.8 While housewives usually did the many supporters of the Washing- she emphasizes that she and her hus- During World War II, women en- children. Judith Riccoboni, the presi- natural inclinations to be housewives not play leadership roles in regional or ton Square Park Committee, the group band “are raising our three children tered the workforce in unprecedent- dent of the PTA for P.S. 8, wrote that 19 and mothers. Sara Evans argues that national political organizations, they that organized resistance against Mo- here.” While this is not central to the ed numbers. After the war, however, the “safety and convenience” of all the deep anxieties caused by the Cold utilized the power of local networks ses’ proposal to extend Fifth Avenue letter in the way that children provide there was pressure for women to leave the children living in the area “must War created a strong movement to- to generate change in their own com- through the park. In 1958, the Joint the moral urgency to protect the park the workforce so that returning veter- Emergency Committee to Close Wash- be the outstanding consideration for other women, it is still an essential 2 wards strict gender norms. An Atlantic munities. These community networks ans could take their jobs. Although ington Square Park to Traffic replaced when any plans for recreation areas component of her argument. Jacobs’ Monthly article declared that “It is for were used by the women who fought 13 the amount of women in the work- are being made.” Frances Waldman, woman as mother… to restore securi- to save Washington Square Park. the former organization and advanced writing does not focus as heavily on force remained slightly higher than the secretary of the same organiza- ty in our insecure world.”6 The strong The women who fought to save a more radical agenda: to prevent cars children directly as other women, but prior to the war, millions of wartime from entering the park entirely.11 Both tion, claimed that the plan to build children are still an important part of 3 reimposition of gender roles in this Washington Square Park used their female workers left the workforce. men and women wrote to the Joint a highway through the park “would her argument. period made it difficult for activism to status as mothers to fight for change, 14 The onset of the Cold War also led to Emergency Committee to voice rea- create a hazard to our children.” Jane Jacobs also spearheaded the

14 | RESEARCH RESEARCH | 15 JANE JACOBS utilization of children as a physical plained that adding a popular road Notes symbol of the movement. Children to the area would increase ambient 1. Jim Kunstler, “An interview with Jane Jacobs, Godmother of the American City,” Metropolis, 2001. A Political, Economic, and Social Analysis of were often used to collect signatures noise and traffic to a largely residen- 2. Sara M. Evans, Born for Liberty: A History of Women in Ameri- ca, (New York: Free Press Paperbacks, 1997), 234. for petitions. One reporter for the New tial area. Norman C. Strong wrote in a 3. Ibid., 240. York Herald Tribune wrote that peo- letter to Mayor Wagner that the Moses 4. Ibid., 245 5. Marynia Farnham and Ferdinand Lundberg. “Modern Woman: “Crisis” in the Dutch Republic of the late ple “couldn’t go two steps without plan “would completely ruin the quiet The Lost Sex.” Modern Women: The Lost Sex. New York. Harper Brothers. 1947. As excerpted in The Columbia Documentary His- children appearing with handfuls of residential aspect of this old neighbor- tory of American Women since 1941. Ed., Harriet Sigerman. New 20 23 York. Columbia University Press. 2003. 110. signed petitions.” Children became hood.” Others claimed their status as 6. Evans, Born for Liberty, 245. Sixteenth Century and Seventeenth Century 7. Evans, Born for Liberty, 247. the public face of the battle against taxpayers or property owners to em- 8. Sylvie Murray, The Progressive Housewife: Community Activ- Shelby Stinson, Department of History, Fordham University, New York, NY ism in Suburban Queens, 1945-1965, (Philadelphia: University of By Robert Moses, and Jacobs herself phasize the importance of their opin- Pennsylvania, 2003), 118. would bring children to Washington ion.24 Another group argued that this 9. Evans, Born for Liberty, 126-7. early modern history. One option is to 10. Charles G. Bennett, “One-Way Roads Set For Washington Sq.” The crisis theory of the 17th century has divided historians due to the diverse Square Park on the weekends to col- development would result in a boom- New York Times, February 17, 1952. investigate the Dutch Republic, which 11. Jennifer Hock, “Jane Jacobs and the West Village: The yet unstable nature of European society, the economy, and politics during the lect signatures. Her son, Ned Jacobs, ing population that could damage the Neighborhood against Urban Renewal,” Journal of the Society of in its prosperity and relative stability Architectural Historians 66, no. 1, 2007, 17. 17th century. The Dutch Republic is often used as a counterexample to the crisis 25 seems to refute the crisis theory. who participated as a child, believed community of Greenwich Village. 12. Mina Bersoff, Letter to Robert F. Wagner, March 31, 1952, The theory due to the commercial success of the Republic that brought about pros- Shirley Hayes Papers, The New-York Historical Society. In this regard, literature concern- that the use of children encouraged In general, men were more likely to 13. Judith Riccoboni, Letter to Vincent Impellitteri, March 24, 1952, perity and the Dutch “Golden Age.” The Dutch Republic is analyzed here to people to participate in spite of the speak for the community as a whole, Shirley Hayes Papers, NYHS. ing crisis in the Netherlands remains 14. Frances Waldman, Letter to John Bennett, October 10, 1952, determine whether a crisis developed in the political, economic, and/or social lingering fears of the Red Scare. “I whereas women were more likely to Shirley Hayes Papers, NYHS. lacking given the propensity to use 15. Mrs. Duane McKinney, Letter to John Bennett, October 13, 1953, spheres during the middle third of the 17th century. Socially, the Dutch Republic would go up to them and ask, ‘Will speak as mothers on behalf of their Shirley Hayes Papers, NYHS. the Netherlands as a counter example 16. Florence Friedman, Letter to John Bennett, October 13, 1953, exhibited characteristics of a crisis during this period. Although the political you help save our park?’” he recalled, children. This disparity further em- and Edith Beube, Letter to John Bennett, October 13, 1953, Shirley to crisis theory. Yet some historians Hayes Papers, NYHS. and economic events alone may not be considered indicative of a crisis, they have analyzed the seventeenth-centu- and “their hearts would melt, and phasizes that women used their roles 17. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, (New contributed to this social distress found in Dutch society in this period. These 21 York: Random House, 1961), 35. ry Dutch Republic. Jan De Vries gave they would sign.” Children became as women to argue against the Moses 18. Ibid., 75. findings challenge the basis of arguments against crisis theory and provide an a symbol through which women were plan, while men were able to approach 19. Flint, Wrestling with Moses, 65. examples of where the Dutch Republic 20. Anthony Flint, Wrestling with Moses: how Janes Jacobs took alternative view of Dutch society in the 17th century. on New York’s master builder and transformed the American City, had some difficulties finding a market able to be politically active without the same problem from a variety of (New York: Random House, 2009), 110. arousing controversy from the con- different perspectives. 21. Ibid., 85. for its textiles in the late seventeenth 22. Paul C. Weed Jr., Letter to Shirley Hayes, March 21, 1952, Shirley formist 1950s. They were able to es- In general, the correspondence ex- Hayes Papers, NYHS. Introduction struggle between the regent oligarchy century and experienced demograph- 23. Norman C. Strong, Letter to Mayor Wagner, May 16, 1955, cape extreme scrutiny from fears of amined within this paper illustrates Shirley Hayes Papers, NYHS. and House of Orange and the difficul- ic fluctuations as the populations of 24. Gordon K. Bishop, Letter to Robert Wagner, May 10, 1955, communism by utilizing the values of the balance that woman activists in Shirley Hayes Papers, NYHS. Seventeenth-century Europe is ties of achieving a balance of unity maritime provinces grew but then 25. Roscoe Thornton Foust, Letter to John Bennett, October 13, 1953, declined after 1660 (De Vries, 2009). the family that were heavily present at the 1950s had to maintain, even in Shirley Hayes Papers, NYHS. marked not only by the emergence and loyalty among the sovereign and the time. New York City. Women could access of the nation-state and political and autonomous provinces of the Dutch Maarten Prak did not contribute to the It is important to note that by liv- few explicitly political groups with- financial institutions that resemble Republic. Furthermore, the economic discussion of crisis theory but ana- ing in a neighborhood like Greenwich out fearing backlash during this era Resources those found in the modern era but by elements of crisis will be explained, lyzed the political balance of the com- Village in a major city, Jacobs was sub- of strict gender roles. Thus, they used a subtle undertow constituting social, including the price inflation of the peting interests of the powerful mer- Bennett, Charles G. “One-Way Roads Set For Washington Sq.” New verting the ideal of a suburban, mid- their roles as mothers to enter the po- York Times. February 17, 1952. political, and economic distress that seventeenth century and the change in chants in the urban provinces and the dle class family. She, along with thou- litical arena. On the other hand, men Evans, Sara M. Born for Liberty: A History of Women in America. culminated in what some historians structure of public finance during the agrarian society and nobility in the sands of other women at this time, were more easily able to independent- New York. Free Press Paperbacks. 1997. refer to as a “crisis.” A crisis in this century. Finally, the social elements of rural provinces of the Dutch Repub- Farnham, Marynia, and Ferdinand Lundberg. “Modern Woman: lic. He also described how a repub- raised children in urban New York ly express their opinions in their own The Lost Sex.” Modern Women: The Lost Sex. New York. Harper context is defined by Theodore Rabb crisis will describe the cultural and fi- City, an environment that was clear- right. Even Jane Jacobs, although she Brothers. 1947. As excerpted in The Columbia Documentary His- as short-term distress, doubt, and in- nancial frenzy of Tulipmania and the lic of sovereign provinces overcame tory of American Women since 1941. Ed., Harriet Sigerman. New ly distinct from the suburban ideal. spoke independently of any organiza- York. Columbia University Press. 2003. 105-110. stability featured in the economic, po- change in the baroque style of art in social and demographic challenges Jacobs, aside from her political activ- tion, still ultimately tied her argument Flint, Anthony. Wrestling with Moses: how Janes Jacobs took on litical, and social realm that reached the middle of the century, followed to achieve loyalty and unity (Prak, New York’s master builder and transformed the American City. ism, also worked outside of the home against Moses to safety and children. New York. Random House. 2009. its peak sometime in this middle third by a conclusion describing the extent 2008). Oscar Gelderbloom and Joost Jonker also avoided discussion of a as a journalist and author. In doing Regardless, the activism of Jacobs Friedan, Betty. “The Problem That Has No Name.” from The Fem- of the century, then de-escalated en- of the crisis in the Netherlands in the inine Mystique. W.W. Norton & Company. 1963. As excerpted in crisis in the seventeenth century but so, she rejected the idea that Farnham and the women of Greenwich Village Women’s America, 8th edition. Eds. Linda K. Kerber et al. Oxford. tering the eighteenth century, leaving middle third of the seventeenth centu- and Lundberg had asserted. However, defeated Robert Moses and saved 2016. 606-610. in its wake stability (Rabb, 1975, p. 34). ry. described the transition of the public she still justified her political activism Washington Square Park from being Hock, Jennifer. “Jane Jacobs and the West Village: The Neighbor- The crisis theory of the seventeenth finance and debt system in the late six- hood against Urban Renewal.” Journal of the Society of Architec- against Moses’ project in part through divided by a major road. Even a time tural Historians 66, no. 1. 2007. 16-19. century, as a relatively recent devel- Literature Review teenth through seventeenth century her status as a mother. Although Ja- when many women were restricted to Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New opment in historiography, remains (Gelderbloom and Jonker, 2011). Anne cobs did not entirely align herself with domestic affairs, women like Jacobs York. Random House. 1961. controversial yet satisfies historians’ The term “crisis” in the seven- Goldgar provided a detailed analysis Kunstler, Jim. “An interview with Jane Jacobs, Godmother of the of the speculative frenzy surrounding the American ideal of womanhood, were able to use their domestic roles American City.” Metropolis. 2001. http://www.metropolismag. desire to give a label to this century teenth century was first used by Eric she still used it as a rhetorical tool in to generate political change. com/cities/jane-jacobs-godmother-of-the-american-city/ and to describe the political chaos, Hobsbawm in 1954 and was quickly tulips in the first third of the seven- her activism. Murray, Sylvie. The Progressive Housewife: Community Activism intellectual turmoil, and general in- adopted as an umbrella term compa- teenth century, referred to as Tulip- in Suburban Queens, 1945-1965. Philadelphia. University of While some men also argued on Pennsylvania. 2003. stability that mark this century. One rable to the “Enlightenment” and the mania, and its social implications and behalf of children against the Moses, The Shirley Hayes Papers, The New-York Historical Society. region, however, confounds histori- “Reformation” (Rabb, 1975, p. 17). By described the instability and doubt it wrought, though she did not reference men were more likely to focus on oth- Wood, Anthony C. Preserving New York: Winning the Right to ans in the historiographical discus- 1975, Theodore Rabb provided a com- er objections, including property val- Protect a City’s Landmarks. New York. Routledge. 2008. sion of the existence and/or extent of prehensive argument for crisis theory crisis theory in her analysis (Goldgar, ues and traffic issues. The men who the crisis theory: the Dutch Republic. including an explicit definition of cri- 2007). Some historians such as Peter opted to focus on the safety of chil- The Dutch Republic endured politi- sis that was previously lacking in the Burke focused on the social aspect of dren usually worked with the chil- cal turmoil and economic change in literature (Rabb, 1975). A half centu- crisis as it relates to the arts of the pe- dren and were typically writing on be- the middle third of the seventeenth ry of debate regarding the definition, riod and theorized a “crisis of repre- half of a school. For example, Paul C. century that contributed to structural extent, period, or even existence of a sentation” occurring prominently in Weed Jr., the vicar of St. Luke’s School, social instability characteristic of a cri- crisis in the mid-seventeenth century European Art, and especially in Dutch wrote to Shirley Hayes that “it would sis. The following essay will begin by has brought historians to an impasse Art (Burke, 2009). The following essay seem to be poor policy to increase the presenting the past research pertain- with much agreement that the events will seek to combine the observations danger for the children.” Other men, ing to the Netherlands and will then of the seventeenth century had unique of political, economic, and social in- however, opposed the Moses plan discuss the political elements of crisis and radical qualities that lend the pe- stability from the existing literature for a variety of reasons. Many com- in the Netherlands, such as the power riod some significance in the course of to form an analysis of the extent of a

16 | RESEARCH RESEARCH | 17 DUTCH CRISIS DUTCH CRISIS crisis in the Netherlands in the seven- claimed itself a unified Republic, the The political process spanned the late the economy faced a “slowdown in the Jonker, 2011, p.10-13). Holland at- European world economy” that en- teenth century. provinces and some cities remained sixteenth through the late seventeenth second half of the seventeenth centu- tempted conversion, redemption, and compassed much of the world in the distinctly sovereign, which posed the century, rather than the middle third ry” (Gelderbloom and Jonker, 2011, consolidation in the 1650s and 1660s seventeenth century through part of Political Balance and Unity for a problem of maintaining loyalty and of the seventeenth century. It was p.3). The resulting decline in prices in in response to the threat of a rollover the eighteenth century when it was Divided Republic unity among the provinces, especial- not so much a violent, brief struggle the latter half of the century contrib- crisis due to the short-term nature of replaced by London (de Vries, 2009, ly in the face of impending invasions or short period of unrest as it was a uted to uncertainty within communi- Holland’s public debt. These three p. 175). The recentering represented The northern provinces of the Nether- such as those by Spain in 1621 and more subtle and long-term competi- ties as fluctuating prices affected the policy changes were largely unsuc- more than simply a shift in econom- lands declared themselves a Republic France in 1672. This struggle would tion between the regent oligarchy and public directly, where a crisis may cessful, and Gelderbloom and Jonker ic power; it represented the change following the Treaty of Utrecht in 1579 last throughout the century, finding the House of Orange and a mutual be better felt, as opposed to political described Holland’s situation after the from a Europe with multiple economic and the Act of Abjuration in 1581, thus stability through the implementation attempt to seek the balance of unity struggles that had less of an impact on attempted policy change as “trapped power centers to a “single-centered ur- becoming a unique political confed- of several measures enacted by the and loyalty with the provinces of the citizens’ daily lives. in a public finance system of its own ban system” that expanded the Euro- eration in comparison to the rest of beginning of the eighteenth century Republic. Although the political bal- De Vries defined an economic crisis making” and public finance as having pean economy globally. Furthermore, Europe (“The Dutch Republic: Study (Prak, 2008). Firstly, Prak considered ance of the seventeenth century in as an event that exhibits “structural reached its limits (Gelderbloom and de Vries considered this a critical ele- Pack One”). Many historians have the Dutch Republic unique in its po- the Dutch Republic was not in itself a features” due to changes in the econo- Jonker, 2011, p. 16). War broke out in ment that distinguished Europe’s eco- pointed to this unique political status litical situation given that the Dutch crisis, there were economic and social my and demography (de Vries, 2009, p. the Dutch Republic in 1672 against nomic decline as a crisis as opposed as an example of the inability to cat- people had a “low cost of exit” and elements that resulted from this polit- 174). Two cases can be presented: first- both France and England, and once to a cyclical change. This is due to the egorize the Dutch in the crisis theory many “opportunities to voice their ical struggle that could be defined as ly, the restructuring of public finance again, Holland struggled to produce “uncertainty” and “opportunity for literature because it removed the el- opinions” through leaving the Neth- a crisis, as will be investigated below. to cope with greater public expenses funds for the war and resorted to tak- new initiative” created by the recen- ement of a monarchy to threaten the erlands via easily accessible borders due to the increased cost of war and ing on more debt. With the outbreak tering that offered the potential for autonomy of provinces and chartered in protest or by mobilizing riots and The Restructuring of Public Finance long-term public debt, and second- of war, there was a rush to find funds, a structural change in the European towns that feared the imposing power creating petitions, respectively (Prak, and “Recentering” of the European ly, the “recentering” of the economic and Holland was plunged into “its economy rather than simply a cyclical of a centralizing authority (Schöffer, 2008, p. 62). Therefore, it was nec- Economy world of Europe in the Netherlands. deepest financial crisis since the late change as Amsterdam became the ma- 1997, p. 91). essary for the Republic to find an Gelderbloom and Jonker described 16th century” (Gelderbloom and Jonk- jor economic center in the seventeenth Overall, the Dutch Republic faced equally unique solution to gain the The economic prosperity of the six- the restructuring of the public debt er, 2011, p. 18). Therefore, the Estates century (de Vries, 2009, p. 176). two unique and significant challenges loyalty of the Dutch citizens. The Re- teenth century, ushered in by in- system in Holland, the most populat- took drastic measures and renewed in its political structure that emerged public accomplished this by investing creased international trade and an ed of Dutch provinces, in the period the wealth tax ledgers and took on a A “Crisis of Representation” and from 1581 until its recognition by in new building projects to improve injection of new wealth from the following the Dutch independence liquidity squeeze that triggered the Speculation in Dutch Society Spain in 1648. Over this period, the city centers, creating a formal process Americas into the economy, was met through the early eighteenth centu- formation of a local secondary market Dutch Republic featured a power of citizenship that allowed for anoth- in the early seventeenth century with ry. Holland experienced strong eco- for bills and annuities (Gelderbloom Socially, the best representation of struggle between the regent oligarchy er conduit of loyalty, and establishing price fluctuations throughout Europe, nomic growth in the first half of the and Jonker, 2011, p. 18). Holland was crisis within society is through the consisting of wealthy merchants and a welfare state that targeted the poor including the Netherlands. The Neth- seventeenth century, with public rev- able to restore its public finance sys- change in artistic style during the artisans who were located primarily and middle class. Finally, the Repub- erlands faced an additional challenge enues having increased between 1591 tem with the Peace of Nimwegen and mid-seventeenth century and through in the urban, maritime provinces and lic resolved the tensions between the in the question of public finance, with and 1609 from 1,685,000 guilders to provide funds for the later war follow- the frenzied speculation of Tulipma- the House of Orange-Nassau support- authorities and the Dutch people by the vast cost of war requiring a re- 14,417,854 guilders, an incredible in- ing William of Orange’s ascendancy to nia in the Netherlands in the first half ed by the landed nobility, often found improving transparency and equity structuring of finance and even gov- crease in public debt (Gelderbloom the English throne (Gelderbloom and of the century. Burke distinguished in the countryside (Rabb, 1975, p.18). in the tax system (Prak, 2008, p. 62-65). ernment to form a more centralized and Jonker, 2011, p. 7). The level of Jonker, 2011, p. 20-21). By 1713, Hol- two phases in the crisis theory as it The declaration of independence and These power struggles were con- authority. total debt outstanding in the seven- land’s public debt system had become pertains to art, first in the stylistic the formation of the Dutch Republic centrated from the end of the sixteenth The transition from the prosper- teenth century continued to increase a more heterogeneous mix of three changes noted in the early seventeenth only placed more emphasis on the century through the seventeenth cen- ity of the sixteenth century to the and even reached 101,474,529 guilders types of annuities and lottery loans century and more relevantly, the reac- question of power within a republic tury as the Dutch Republic first de- economic decline of the seventeenth by 1641 and 193,319,000 guilders by where before 1690, the public debt tions to crisis such as war and insta- and encouraged conflicts between clared its independence and had to century is often attributed to changes 1700 (Gelderbloom and Jonker, 2011, consisted of life and redeemable an- bility apparent in artwork during the the growing merchant class and the navigate its first century of indepen- in prices, population, and methods of p.32). To deal with the greater cost of nuities (Gelderbloom and Jonker, 2011, political and economic distress of the established nobility. The struggle dence in the face of a unique political production. Jan de Vries specified the war in the seventeenth century, public p. 23). This restructuring of the public middle third of the century (Burke, manifested itself in the political crisis and social structure. The Republic, first half of the seventeenth century spending and debt increased to levels debt system occurred in the 1690s so 2009). Tulipmania, a speculative craze between Johan and Cornelis de Witt though it lost economic and interna- as being indicative of what historians never seen before across Europe. This that with the permanent public debt, boosted by the popularity of tulips and the Stadholder, William of Orange. tional power, remained politically often consider the period of economic increased public debt also became a Holland had a more varied system of and collecting as a status symbol in The growing power base of republi- stable in the eighteenth century or at crisis where “evidence reveals unmis- permanent fixture among states, with loans to allow for greater borrowing Dutch society, was characterized by can Johan de Witt clashed with that least lacked the initial power strug- takably a widespread and often severe states maintaining high levels of debt and a better long-term debt structure. speculation, doubt, and unease as in- of the nobleman William of Orange, gle between competing factions, the setback, the reversal of a long expan- and changing the structure of the tax This change in the structure of the dicative elements of social instability and following Johan’s fall from grace, regent oligarchy and the House of sionary trend” (de Vries, 2009, p.164). system and public finance system. public-debt system is significant as it in the third decade of the seventeenth Johan and his brother were torn limb Orange, and the struggle to maintain The “price revolution” of the sixteenth This represented a departure from the resembles nothing of the challenges century. from limb by a raging mob (“Johan loyalty among sovereign provinc- century through the first half of the decentralized system of previous cen- that the Hollandish government had Burke referred to art in the context and Cornelis de Witt”). This strug- es and a people with means to easily seventeenth century was followed by turies in which landed nobles taxed faced before the seventeenth century of a paradigm where a style of art is gle between the regent oligarchy and exit the Netherlands in protest and a price decline beginning in the sec- their own subjects according to their in terms of public debt and created a formed and first “followed with en- the House of Orange was alleviated voice their opinions. By the eighteenth ond half of the seventeenth through needs and avoided permanent debt as structure to allow for a new system of thusiasm and later rejected,” leading somewhat when the main contender century, the Netherlands would not the early eighteenth century (de Vries, a part of public finance. Therefore, it permanent long-term debt and a more to an artistic crisis due to the shift in for the House of Orange, William of face the same political struggle that is 2009, p. 156-157). It is still unclear if was necessary to change the way in centralized government. style (Burke, 2009, p. 244). The shift to Orange, accepted the English throne, unique to a country establishing its in- this period of rising prices indicated which public debt was structured con- Lastly, de Vries described the theo- the baroque style, which could rep- becoming William III of England. The dependence, resolving conflicts from a crisis or whether it was a period of sidering that by 1648, short-term bills, ry put forth by Braudel of the “decen- resent a crisis according to the para- loss of a powerful head of the House of the global trade, and experiencing the recession in the natural economic cy- a short-term form of debt for the gov- tering and recentering” of economic digm model, was characterized by a Orange lessened the authority of the increase in power of the merchants. cle whose severity was exaggerated ernment, accounted for 60% of Hol- power centers in Europe, the idea that change in movement and mass and nobility in the struggle, allowing the While this transition to independence due to the unusual prosperity of the land’s debt. Short-term debt was less the economic center of Europe shifts a break from the rules of classicism conflict to settle going into the eigh- is significant and transformative for previous century. Similarly, while reliable for a country in the long run throughout history (de Vries, 2009, p. (Burke, 2009, p. 245). Burke argued teenth century. the future of the Netherlands, it is not the Dutch Republic did enjoy greater and fears of a rollover crisis plagued 175). De Vries described Amsterdam that this stylistic shift or the shift to Although the Dutch Republic pro- in itself a crisis as defined by Rabb. prosperity than elsewhere in Europe, the government (Gelderbloom and as the “center of economic life of a a new paradigm first occurred in the

18 | RESEARCH RESEARCH | 19 DUTCH CRISIS DUTCH CRISIS early seventeenth century rather than appealed to patrons, and the uneasy during the seventeenth century but in the middle of the century, though cultural “mood” of the period, pro- fail to consider the social atmosphere the Netherlands may be an exception. vide a strong case for a social crisis of the region, as influenced by econom- Rembrandt, the renowned baroque, within society influenced by economic ic and political events, as the strongest Dutch painter active in the middle and political events during the middle evidence of the extent of a crisis. The third of the seventeenth century, is third of the seventeenth century. view proposed in this paper should evidence for the “crisis” in the arts encourage more scrutiny in analyzing taking place in the middle third of the Conclusion the experience of the Dutch citizens in century (Burke, 2009, p. 246). Further- this period as an indication of crisis in more, Burke did consider that there Based on the previous analysis, the the Dutch Republic. Regarding crisis was a “major change in style around political and economic events of the in Europe in the seventeenth century, the middle of the seventeenth centu- seventeenth century are not crises historians should consider art, litera- ry,” and although the baroque style in their own right but in conjunction ture, and the experience of the Euro- was present throughout this period, with the social and cultural climate of pean peoples and communities when the style did alter in the middle of the the period, exhibiting the underlying studying economic or political events. century, which Rabb described as a instability and unease indicative of a This provides a more comprehensive shift from struggle and instability to crisis. Despite clear political instabili- analysis of European society and is a “genteelness and calm” (Burke, 2009, ty having plagued the Dutch Republic stronger measure of whether a crisis p. 248). Burke described this “resolu- from 1581 and on, this period is too occurred in Europe in the seventeenth tion” in art as lacking the theatrical- long to be considered a crisis and was century by understanding the general ity and shock value that was present not so significant in comparison to the climate of society in the context of po- in the baroque style at the beginning revolts and instability when the north- litical and economic change. of the century. Burke also proposed a ern provinces were a part of the Span- “crisis of representation” and a reac- ish composite monarchy. Similarly, tion found within art to the horrors of the economic events of the period and Acknowledgements war and the instability from political the restructuring of the public finan- crises occurring in the middle of the The Threatened Swan by Dutch paintiner Jan Asselijn. cial system were significant but were A special thank you to Dr. Christopher seventeenth century. elements of the gradual transition of Maginn who encouraged my research The theatricality and shock-value of Johan and Cornelis de Witt and Wil- nobility who collected exotic rarities, the financial system that took decades and interest in early modern European art in the baroque style was a response liam of Orange that led to a ruthless paintings, tulips, and shells as a sign to develop and was generally undra- history. to the gap between appearance and re- mob tearing the de Witt brothers to of wealth and culture. This pastime of matic besides the liquidity squeeze ality brought on by the discoveries of pieces (“Johan and Cornelis de Witt”). the affluent was also used by members of 1672. Defining this one period as a References the New World and the scientific rev- The painting reveals how this political of the rising merchant class to assert crisis would detract from the signifi- Burke, Peter. “The Crisis in the Arts of the Seventeenth Century: A Crisis of Representation?” The Journal of Interdisciplinary History olution. Burke called this the “crisis of crisis caused a similar rift in Dutch themselves as equally powerful and cance of the economic and political 40.2 (2009): 239-61. Print. representation” in seventeenth centu- society, instigating doubt and unease. wealthy despite their “common” ori- transition of the Dutch Republic that De Vries, Jan. “The Economic Crisis of the Seventeenth Century ry art where relationships between a Conclusively, Burke considered this gins. Though wealth and prosperity took place over the entire century. Cri- after Fifty Years.” The MIT Press 40.2 (2009): 151-94. Print. king and his subjects, a father and his period in the mid-century as a mo- are often associated with peace and sis is most evident in the changes in “Dutch Revolt: Study Pack One.” Plakaat Van Verlatinge. Universi- ty College London, n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2018. family, and “traditional views of real- ment of turbulence within art, and stability, the rapid accumulation of society, culture, and values during the Gelderbloom, Oscar, and Joost Jonker. “Public Finance and Eco- ity” were challenged by the new dis- though the art of the 17th century may wealth in the Dutch Republic due middle third of the seventeenth centu- nomic Growth: The Case of Holland in the Seventeenth Century.” coveries of the age (Burke, 2009, p. 249- not traditionally seem to be a crisis, to trade agitated Dutch society and ry as shown through Tulipmania and The Journal of Economic History 71.1 (2011): 1-39. Print. 250). Even among artists, the nature of the change in styles is dramatically brought forth this class struggle that its cultural effects and the change in Goldgar, Anne. Tulipmania. Chicago: U of Chicago, 2008. Print. “Johan and Cornelis De Witt.” Rijksmuseum. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 depiction was challenged with some significant and reflective of contem- may have otherwise been less appar- the style of art during the middle of Oct. 2018. artists considering the purpose of art porary Dutch society (Burke, 2009, p. ent. Another element of crisis was the the period. The political and econom- Prak, Maarten. “Challenges for the Republic: Coordination and to improve upon the beauty of nature 261). challenge to traditional values such as ic events of the seventeenth century Loyalty in the Dutch Republic.” The Republican Alternative. Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 2008. 51-71. Print. whereas the admiration and collection Although Burke did not consid- honor once the speculation resulted in contributed to this social crisis that Rabb, Theodore K. The Struggle for Stability in Early Modern of tulips in this period in the Neth- er the art of the period indicative of a financial crash. Value itself was put changed the values and culture that Europe. New York: Oxford UP, 1975. Print. erlands emphasized the superiority a crisis and granted that Rabb did, into doubt as Dutch society had to re- had persisted in the Netherlands over Schoeffer, Ivo, and Lesley M. Smith. “Did Holland’s Golden Age Coincide with a Period of Crisis?” The General Crisis of the of nature over art for other admirers the change in the style of art at the consider how to value an object, and the previous centuries. This change Seventeenth Century. Ed. Geoffrey Parker. N.p.: Psychology, 1997. (Goldgar, 2008, p. 98). mid-century when coupled with an- fears came about of social breakdown, caused instability but was necessary 87-107. Print. The military conflicts between other social phenomenon lends a loss of honor, confusions of status, and to provide Dutch society with the 1618 and 1648 caused a change in the stronger case for crisis in the Nether- breaking of trust (Goldgar, 2008, p. 18). cultural framework to cope with and way artists depicted war and military lands in the mid-seventeenth century. Although Tulipmania only affected a adapt to the future challenges brought conquest with military scenes being Tulipmania represented “a social and small portion of Dutch society direct- by capitalism and industrialization. depicted as unheroic and bleak, such cultural [crisis]” and presented the ly, it became a cultural crisis in addi- The social crisis, fueled by the political as in Plundering Soldiers, a painting cultural struggle plaguing the Nether- tion to the increased trade of the time, and economic changes, brought the by the Dutch painter Wouwerman lands, with the influx of exotic goods growing power of the merchant class, Dutch Republic out of the shadow of (Burke, 2009, p. 251). This suggests that due to international trade, the transi- and changing values. These combined the Renaissance and Reformation and the crisis of representation described tion to capitalism, and the problems challenges threw Dutch society into into a new era. above was closely related to political and frenzy that these new develop- a struggle to create a new framework This research contributes an alterna- and military events of the time (Burke, ments caused (Goldgar, 2008, p. 7). for society. Such a cultural change was tive perspective to the understanding 2009, p. 252). Another image was The At the beginning of the craze in the therefore structural as it created a new of Dutch society in the seventeenth Threatened Swan, which reflected the early seventeenth century, tulips were framework for Dutch society and val- century in analyzing social instability. political crisis in the Netherlands in linked with collecting in the Dutch ues. This, coupled with the change in Many historians focus on the Dutch the 1670s, the power struggle between Republic, a common pastime of the art styles, bleak artistic themes that Republic’s nominal increase in wealth

20 | RESEARCH RESEARCH | 21 VENEZUELA

breeds dissatisfaction with democratic eight months of rule by decree, during its media license while also national- procedure amongst the citizenry, and which he could unilaterally imple- izing Venezuela’s telecommunication Venezuela’s Road to Collapse: Using Hayek’s “the conviction grows that if efficient ment his socialist vision.27 He only left industries.36 All of these policies that planning is to be done, the direction office in 2013, when he succumbed to began to erode the economic freedom Road to Serfdom to Explain the Venezuelan Crisis must be ‘taken out of politics’ and cancer.28 and civil liberties of the Venezuelan placed in the hands of experts.”18 Next, There is nothing in that summary citizenry came as a result of their con- By Theodore Schoneman and Jack Brennan, Department of Political Science, Fordham University, New York, NY as public support for a planned econo- of Chavez’s continual accumulation sistent willingness to grant more and my continues, the citizenry will begin of power that directly explains how more power to the strongman Chavez, to presume that “the responsible au- it resulted in the travesties Venezuela whom they assumed would be the Venezuela: A Story of Ideas and our most cherished ideals has appar- crafted in his illustrious career. This thorities must be freed from the fetters faces today. Without any outside infor- most efficient executor of socialist pol- Consequences ently produced results utterly differ- is not an article about Hayek’s vast of democratic procedure.”19 It is here, mation, it would be possible to believe icy. ent from those which we expected.”7 theory of the political economy. It is Hayek contends, that dictatorial rule that Chavez used his unilateral pow- The invasions of economic freedom Venezuela is in crisis. Venezuelan The enactment of socialist policy often instead a story about ideas and conse- will commence, and political freedom er to make Venezuela into a thriving and civil liberties only worsened when citizens today reside in a country se- comes from the pursuit of ideals such quences. The idea of socialism prop- will vanish. Broadly, Hayek is arguing state. Chavez could have been a good Chavez’s successor, Maduro, came verely lacking economic, individual, as equality and justice. It is difficult to erly pursued brought about all other that the public will grant power to the man that wanted power in order to into power. Again, the primary moti- and political freedom. On Freedom accept that pursuit of these ideals can proximate causes leading to the crisis government in the name of planning fight for the greater good. But Hayek vator for these invasions was a decline House’s seven point scale, with one bring a crisis as terrible as what Vene- in Venezuela. We must not accept the more efficiently, until democracy itself explains why a planned economy will in democratic quality. Hayek explains being the most free and seven the zuela is currently facing. But in order idea that these proximate causes and ceases to exist. not be run by a benevolent ruler. He that typically, as the calls for planning least free, Venezuela is ranked 6/7 for to fully understand the Venezuelan not socialism led to the crisis if we This is precisely what occurred in argues that the “general demand for grow, a country will eventually elect political freedom and 5/7 for civil lib- crisis and prevent it from occurring hope to avoid such a disaster ever oc- Venezuela, beginning with the elec- quick and determined government a ruler that organizes his party “on erties.1 Additionally, Heritage Foun- in other places in the world, we must curring in the future. tion of Hugo Chavez. Promising a action” in conjunction with a “dissat- military lines,” as this ruler will be dation ranked Venezuela 179th out of identify its root cause. new political system that would break isfaction with the slow and cumber- the most efficient.37 This was precisely the 180 countries examined in its 2018 To do this, we turn to Hayek’s the- The Venezuelan Road to Crisis from the previous right-leaning ad- some course of democratic procedure” what happened with Maduro. Prom- economic freedom index.2 Yet, the cri- oretical framework in The Road to Serf- ministration and the creation of a gov- breeds support for a strongman ruler, ising a continuation of Chavez’s poli- sis in Venezuela goes beyond this loss dom. This work has been criticized by Early on in The Road To Serfdom, Hayek ernment that would end poverty and who the public believes will execute cies, Maduro was narrowly elected as of freedom. The Venezuelan economy scholars such as Evan Durbin, Bar- clears up any possible confusion about corruption, Chavez was elected presi- the plan most efficaciously.29 Chavez’s president in 2013.38 Aligning himself is in ruin. In 2017, its GDP shrank by bara Wootton, and George Stigler for the definition of socialism. Socialism, dent in 1998.20 His plan was to start the strongman tendencies primarily man- with the military, he would have more 13.2 percent,3 and as of June 2018, its presenting an “inevitability thesis”: he says, “is often used to describe, Bolivarian Revolution, described as ifested themselves in the execution of power to execute Chavez’s vision for a inflation rate reached 46,305 percent.4 that “once a society engages in a little merely the ideals of social justice, “the gradual and peaceful conquest of policies that limited economic free- planned economy and more means to This article intends to locate the ulti- planning, it is doomed to end up in a greater equality and security.”11 But, political power without an immediate dom amongst his subjects. Early in his limit economic freedom and civil lib- mate cause of this crisis. Using Fried- totalitarian state.”8 However, this is an this is not a precise description. In- break with the capital order, follow- career, he nationalized much of the erties while doing so.39 First, Maduro rich Hayek’s theoretical framework es- incorrect reading of the work. Instead, stead, socialism is a method of gov- ing the legitimate path of democratic Venezuelan oil industry and put in continued the nationalization of busi- tablished in The Road to Serfdom, we Hayek is “offering a logical rather than ernance that replaces businessmen radicalization to the creation of a mul- place high taxes on all private oil com- nesses. While the government has at- locate this cause in the Venezuelan cit- a historical argument.”9 This argument with central planners.12 These plan- tiple property system with the medi- panies, endeavoring to force them out tempted to hide information about its izenry’s repeated calls for a planned, contends that if the people of a certain ners craft “a central direction of all um long term goal of overcoming the of business.30 assets from the public, reports show socialist economy that led them to country pursue a socialist experiment economic activity according to a sin- pillars of imperialist, monopolist, and Add it iona l ly, i n 20 01 h is Orga n ic Law that the country owns anywhere from grant increasingly more power to the for long enough, they will eventually gle plan.”13 Hayek’s contention is that latifundista domination and exploita- of Planning established local councils 500 to 1,500 companies.41 government. forfeit their freedom and their pros- once a society calls for such planning, tion.”21 Inspired by his ambitious goal on planning and district councils that With this much economic power, Yet, the mainstream media has not perity. If the people stay committed to it places itself on a road toward losing of centrally planning an economy in a created and controlled local business Maduro can decide who is worthy of identified this cause. Both authors of a planned economy, they will grant a economic freedom, civil liberties, and manner that supposedly would bring organizations like banks and manu- employment and basic resources. His this article were witness to a segment large amount of power to the govern- political freedom, and a ruined econo- favorable results to a chaotic Venezue- facturing corporations.31 More high coveted oil company, PDVSA, contin- of Last Week Tonight in which John ment. Subsequently, if the government my. We believe that the most import- la, the public consistently gave Chavez profile expropriations would occur ually expands its employment rolls to Oliver argued that the Venezuelan has unrestricted power, it will strip its ant part of this road is the slow tran- progressively more power throughout in 2003 with Chavez’s Zamora Mis- support his loyalists, despite the drop situation “is not just a story about so- citizens of economic, individual, and sition from democracy to increasingly his reign. Not long after his initial vic- sions, which seized farms that were in oil prices.42 Once holding around cialism…it is a story about epic mis- political freedom, as well as institute authoritarian rule. To elucidate why tory, a public referendum approved a deemed unproductive and redistrib- 20,000 employees in the early 2000’s management.”5 An article from The policies that will cause the economy to this must occur in a state that attempts new constitution that increased pres- uted the 30,000,000 acres of land to the PDVSA has now inflated its em- Nation extensively elucidates this suffer. This is what occurred in Ven- to centrally plan its economy, Hayek idential term limits from five to six 130,000 families.32 Over the rest of his ployment rolls to 120,000 workers.43 point. Its author claims that over-re- ezuela, where the calls for socialism explains that this planning requires years and converted the legislature career, he expropriated several Orino- Of the hundreds of other national- liance on oil, corruption, and partic- began in the 1970s with the national- choosing a “unitary end” for society.14 to a one house assembly.22 As a result co crude oil projects, Fertinitro, one of ly owned businesses, a majority are ularly mismanagement of currency ization of the PDVSA oil company but Choosing this unitary end requires of the new constitution, a presiden- the world’s largest nitrogen fertilizer running at a loss, held up only by oil triggered the decline.6 Going even grew the loudest during the reign of agreement on what goals are most im- tial election was held in 2000, which companies, 494,000 acres of land from profits so that others can remain em- further, it adds that economic warfare Hugo Chavez. With the support of the portant.15 But no such agreement ex- Chavez won handedly with 66 percent British meat packing company, Vetsy ployed. 44 from both inside Venezuela and from people, Chavez began to march Ven- ists. People value goods and services of the vote.23 After several years of im- Foods, and eleven Oklahoma based oil Furthermore, Maduro has gone the United States has exacerbated ezuela down the road to crisis, even- differently than one another. It would plementing socialist reforms, he won a rigs.33 Additionally, he nationalized even farther than Chavez in attacking the issues Venezuela currently faces. tually passing the torch to Nicolas be impossible to create a consensus recall election in 2004 and his second Venezuela’s entire gold industry, and civil liberties to uphold his power. In While these analyses may accept that Maduro, who has brought his country amongst them about how much of presidential election 2006. With public bought state ownership of Banco de 2015, he denied an opposition major- socialism played a role in the Vene- right to the end of that road.10 each of these resources should be pro- support entrenched, he began to more Venezuela.34 ity in the National Assembly by not zuelan crisis, they claim that certain It is important to note that this is not duced. For that reason, planning an aggressively seize power. This process Chavez also enacted some policies allowing four representatives to take proximate causes are not the fault of a comprehensive analysis of Hayek. It economy around a unitary system of included replacing his cabinet,24 pack- that limited civil liberties, primarily oath.45 Two years later, he would use socialism but simply mistakes in hu- is an analysis of The Road to Serfdom ends requires more agreement than ing the supreme court,25 and, most the freedom of the press. In 2004, he police force to suppress protesters. man decision-making. This unwilling- and its explanation of the ultimate a democracy can produce.16 Even if crucially, getting public approval on passed the Social Responsibility of From April to November 2017, 5,500 ness to give socialism its proper blame cause of the Venezuelan crisis. In an an entire legislative assembly agrees a referendum that eliminated term Radio and Television law, which gave protesters were detained,46 resulting does not come as a surprise. As Hayek article of this scope, we cannot repre- that the economy should be planned, limits.26 His power would only get the government authority to control in 100 deaths, 1900 injuries, and 600 of writes early in The Road to Serfdom, it is sent the entirety of Hayek’s political, it is unlikely that they will each have further cemented several years later, media content.35 In 2007, he stripped journalists.47 With these recent crack- difficult to accept “that the pursuit of social, and economic theory that he the same plan in mind.17 This gridlock when the assembly granted Chavez the private media company RCTV of downs on protests, government in-

22 | RESEARCH RESEARCH | 23 VENEZUELA VENEZUELA telligence operatives even went into unwillingness to trace the misman- as these roads may be, they do not team created a synthetic model for a in food, medical supplies, and basic that the people gave their government homes to arrest individuals identified agement to its original cause: the pow- demonstrate that planning is more ef- post 1999 capitalist Venezuela by com- production materials.70 The word con- to plan the economy. With this power, as threats. Once detained, those ar- er granted to the government to decide ficient than a competitive economy. In bining economic data from regions tinues is paramount here because some the government naturally implement- rested were subjected to torture rang- economic matters. As we have seen, fact, such favoring of one project over and states similar to Venezuela.63 The of the most severe shortages began ed policies that favored certain goals ing from beatings and electric shock calls for planning the economy as a another can cause “a misdirection of results did not bode well for Chavez. under Chavez’s reign, especially med- over others and then attempted to fix to sexual abuse and asphyxiation.48 whole causes the citizenry to relin- resources.”55 Hayek opines that “any- Comparing the real Venezuela to their ical supplies. At the height of pros- prices without knowledge enough to Research has also shown that key of- quish power to the government. When one who has driven along the famous synthetic model, the study found that perity during Chavez’s rule, medical bring supply and demand into equi- ficials in the administration are fully this newly powerful government German motor roads and found the if Chavez never gained power, per cap- supplies were constantly in jeopardy librium. aware of these occurrences, yet they attempts to plan, it requires it have amount of traffic on them less than ita income would have risen to around because his planning of health pro- The results were devastating, and in have taken no steps to limit these enough knowledge to understand the on many a secondary road in England $2,500 more than it did in the real Ven- grams, called Barrio Adentro, favored tandem with the decline of democratic abuses of power, and in many cases, needs and wants of society as a whole. can have little doubt so far as purpos- ezuela with Chavez in charge.64 The check-ups over provisions. While over quality, loss of economic freedom, and have only downplayed their severity. As Hayek notes, this is an impossible es are concerned, there was little jus- study also concluded that Chavez’s 200,000 check-ups would be given in infringement upon civil liberties that The situation has grown so dire that task for any central authority to ac- tification for them.”56 By favoring the achievements regarding infant mor- the poorest sectors,71 there was little the Venezuelan citizenry has faced, Attorney General and Maduro sup- complish, “because all the details of road-building project over others, Ger- tality and life expectancy were not so money left for hospitals and tradi- they demonstrate the ruinous effects porter Luisa Ortega Diaz became an the changes constantly affecting the many and Italy likely syphoned off re- impressive, as the drop in infant mor- tional medical practices. As a result, that public calls for a planned econo- outspoken critic of the arrests before conditions of demand and supply of sources that they could have diverted tality would have been equal and life only 28 percent of hospital beds in the my can have on a society. Hayek’s ar- being fired by the Constitutional As- the different commodities can never to more important causes. All planned expectancy would have actually risen public system were suitable for use, gument explains why these the calls sembly, while the U.N. Human Rights be fully known.”50 As Economics 101 economies will run into this problem, one year without Chavez.65 Finally, and thus, diseases like malaria and were the ultimate cause of the Vene- Council has now made Venezuela a teaches us, supply and demand prop- because there naturally will be some while the study also showed that in- dengue fever increased 94 percent and zuelan decline. While some may claim priority.49 Also in 2017 year, Madu- erly allocates resources in an economy experts in charge. These experts will come inequality dropped more under 203 percent respectively from 1999 to that mismanagement, the poor leader- ro changed the date of gubernatorial so that at the equilibrium price and favor particular initiatives, which will Chavez’s reign than it would have 2008.72 Therefore, while hyperinflation ship of Maduro, and U.S. sanctions led elections, moved polling stations to quantity, quantity supplied and quan- limit the resources channeled to other, without him, it concluded that the dif- is one of Venezuela’s largest problems to Venezuela’s current crisis, Hayek’s districts that were more likely to sup- tity demanded are equal. Therefore, perhaps more consequential goals. ference was negligible.66 Despite the at the moment, it has not caused any argument indicates otherwise. His port his party and reportedly used in a free market, there is generally no It is these two features of planning fact that improvements to social wel- real new problems. It has just exacer- central point is that a country commit- vote buying and voter intimidation surplus or shortage of goods and ser- combined that led to the misman- fare are typically considered the great- bated old exacerbated old ones. ted to central planning, like the citi- tactics in order to gain more political vices. In order to organize the econo- agement that ruined the Venezuelan est achievements of Chavez’s central- Other errors from the Chavez re- zens of Venezuela were to socialism, power. As of today, his personally cre- my in a way that satisfies the needs of economy. The experts in charge of ly planned economy, Grier’s article gime have also plagued the current will yield more and more power to a ated National Constituent Assembly is the citizenry, planners need to know the Venezuelan economy placed their demonstrates that in most categories, economic landscape of Venezuela and single authority. Because of the order working on a new constitution that we the efficient price and quantity for faith in revenue from the oil industry these improvements were not as valu- have contributed to the shortages. A necessary in a centrally administered believe will grant Maduro near-dicta- each good and service is impossible. as the means of supporting the coun- able as some contend. prominent example of these errors is economy, the people will pick a strong torial power, the final step in Hayek’s Under a capitalist economy, based try. Chavez used the revenues from Additionally, the spending policies a still-existent 2003 law that fixed cur- ruler they believe is capable of bring- transition from democracy to dictator- upon competition, the price system the national oil company, the PDVSA, Chavez allowed led to an explosion of rency exchange rates.73 Again, without ing about this order. This is why, as ship in a planned economy. The new “enables entrepreneurs, by watching to fund massive social programs.57 inflation soon after Maduro took pow- the knowledge to correctly predict the Hayek says, it is not a historical acci- constitution will allow him further the movement of comparatively few These programs, named the Bolivar- er. With the price of oil dropping from equilibrium exchange rate, the gov- dent that “the worst get on top.”77 If authority to take away the freedoms of prices, as an engineer watches the ian Missions, provided adult litera- 111 dollars per barrel to 27 dollars in ernment’s chosen rate caused massive the people keep this leader in place his constituents. At this point, the Ven- hand of a few dials, to adjust their ac- cy programs, free community health 2014, the government quickly found market distortions. The problematic for long enough, two problems occur. ezuelan citizenry has given so much tivities to those of their fellows.”51 The care, construction of low income itself out of the necessary money it outgrowths of these distortions are The first is that upon realizing democ- power to the government that they price offered for a good or a service housing, and subsidies of food and needed to pay for its heavy import twofold. Firstly, favored business, racy is simply a blockade to planning likely will not be able to limit it, even gives entrepreneurs the information other consumer goods.58 This strategy habit.67 Foreign investment had large- military personnel, and government an economy, he will eliminate it. Once if public opinion moves away from they need to know how much of their demonstrated a favoring of social wel- ly dried up after the U.S. decreased its officials, who are provided dollars by this leader is unfettered from the will support for planning, as it seemingly product to provide. A planned econo- fare over other economic ends, one of direct investment in 2011 in reaction the government, are incentivized to of the people, violations of civil liber- has. Unlike during Chavez’s reign, the my must determine its own prices and which was controlling inflation. The to Chavez’s policies, while the nation- sell these dollars at the black market ties will ensue. public will not have the power to vote thus, due to limited foresight, will of- reforms he implemented had much al savings were already too depleted exchange rate, which is much higher The second is that, even if this lead- on what this constitution will con- ten get these prices wrong. to recommend them; during Chavez’s to fund imports. Faced with only one than the fixed rate.74 These officials are er is well-intentioned, he will not have tain. For those who do not support the Another problem a planned econo- tenure, income inequality and in- option, the government had to keep capable of turning a massive profit by the knowledge to plan an economy Maduro regime, there is no method to my faces is that planners must have the fant mortality fell, while secondary printing more money to pay for its selling these dollars on the black mar- without trouble. It will be impossible air their grievances. same incentives as the citizenry. This school enrollment rose.59 Additionally, spending habits.68 This, in turn, quick- ket. Secondly, with all these dollars to avoid economic crises in the long- is commonly referred to as the princi- Chavez’s reforms would result in his ly led to hyperinflation much higher diverted to the black market, less are run. Both of these problems came to From the Loss of Freedom to the pal-agent problem. Hayek writes that most prominent achievement: from than the previous 22 percent year-on- available for people to use in order to fruition in Venezuela. The mismanage- Collapse of an Economy a centrally planned body must make 2002 to 2006 the Venezuelan pover- year. In a misguided attempt to work import the basic goods that the Vene- ment of the Venezuelan economy and choices between one economic goal ty rate would fall 18.4 percent.60 Yet, around this inflation, the Maduro zuelan economy is currently lacking.75 the poor leadership of Maduro were While we have used Hayek’s frame- and another. The chosen goals will of- with this honorable endeavor came an government responded by tightening Then, when oil prices fell 50 percent, both symptoms of these problems, work in The Road to Serfdom to explain ten be different from those the people over-reliance on imports and a reduc- price ceilings for basic goods and ser- the government diverted these import which were caused by the citizens’ why calls for socialism can lead to the hope for, because so often technical tion in national savings. As a result, by vices with its Fair Prices Act of 2014. 69 dollars to pay off foreign debt. Unfor- commitment to socialism. Addition- demise of economic freedom, politi- experts are “found in the front rank of the time of Chavez’s death, inflation Because the government did not, and tunately, the government now does ally, U.S. sanctions on Venezuela may cal freedom, and civil liberties, we the planners,” and these experts have was beginning to escalate, with rates could not, have the knowledge to set not have enough dollars to give to im- have deepened the crisis they current- have not yet applied the framework specialized visions for society that are hitting 22.2 percent year on year,61 the price ceilings at the efficient price, porters to buy goods, leading to a re- ly face, but they did not force curren- to demonstrate how such an attitude related to their fields of expertise. 52 because the government needed to which would naturally occur in a free duction of imports by 66 percent since cy manipulations, price fixing, and would lead to the economic devasta- The reason for this is clear: each ex- print more money to pay for all the market, problems ensued. The price 2014.76 As previously stated, the most commitment to certain projects over tion Venezuela is experiencing today. pert could achieve his ideal society if imports.62 It is also important to ana- ceilings were lower than the equilib- extreme problems that Venezuela fac- others. These were caused by socialist This is where the most controversy it were “made the sole aim of human- lyze the limits of Chavez’s supposed rium rate, so suppliers had little in- es stem from these import shortages. leaders who lacked the knowledge or lies and where objectors claim that ity.”53 Hayek provides the example achievements during his early years in centive to produce these basic goods. They were the result of misguided proper incentives to correctly manage mismanagement and not socialism of “the magnificent motor roads in office. In a study conducted by univer- With these price controls still in place policies on behalf of the government. an economy. is the cause of the economic decline. Germany and Italy” that came about sity professors Kevin Grier and Nor- in current day Venezuela, the country But the root of these policies was not However, these naysayers err in their through planning.54 As magnificent man Maynard, the two men and their continues to face massive shortages just poor leadership, but the power

24 | RESEARCH RESEARCH | 25 VENEZUELA

21. Raphael Lana Seabra, “The Venezuelan Path to Socialism,” Conclusion Latin American Perspectives, vol. 44, no. 1 (Jan. 2017): 111-125, References Accessed July 23, 2018, doi:10.1177/0094582X16673632, 111. 22. “Venezuela’s Chavez Era,” Council on Foreign Relations. “2018 World Press Freedom Index.” Reporters Without Borders. Ac- 23. Ibid. Environmental Conservation in the Hayek warns us that blaming the cessed July 20, 2018. https://rsf.org/en/ranking.https://tradingeco- 24. Ibid nomics.com/venezuela/inflation-cpi. wrong factors for current conditions 25. Danielle Renwick, “Venezuela Is in the Midst of an Unprec- edented Crisis,” Council on Foreign Relations, March 23, 2018. Associated Press in Caracas. “Venezuelan President Nicolás Madu- dooms us to repeat our mistakes. No Accessed July 23, 2018, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ ro given Power to Rule by Decree.” The Guardian. March 16, 2015. Era of Ineffective Governance: venezuela-crisis. Accessed July 20, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/ citizen of any country in the world 26. “Venezuela’s Chavez Era,” Council on Foreign Relations. mar/16/venezuelan-president-nicolas-maduro-given-pow- 27. Ibid. er-to-rule-by-decree. hope to find himself in Venezuela’s 28. Ibid. How to implement environmental conservation laws in Brazil? position today. However, if they do 29. The Road to Serfdom, 159. “Crackdown on Dissent - Brutality, Torture, and Political Persecu- 30. Reuters Staff, “Factbox: Venezuela’s Nationalizations under tion in Venezuela.” Human Rights Watch. March 13, 2018. Accessed not realize what led Venezuela to cri- Chavez,” Reuters, October 08, 2012, Accessed July 20, 2018, https:// July 20, 2018. https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/11/29/crack- By Nicole Drepaul, Department of Environmental Science and Environmental Policy , Fordham University & www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-election-nationaliza- down-dissent/brutality-torture-and-political-persecution-venezu- sis, they may see their countries slow- tions-idUSBRE89701X20121008. ela. The Earth Institute, Columbia University. New York, NY 31. Roberto Lampa, “Crisis in Venezuela, or the Bolivarian Dilem- ly fall into a similar decline, unaware ma: To Revolutionize or to Perish? A Kaleckian Interpretation,” “Crisis In Venezuela.” In Last Week Tonight with John Oliver. HBO. Review of Radical Political Economics 49, no. 2 (January 11, 2016): May 13, 2018. of the cause. To avoid this, heads of 198-219, doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0486613415623259, 202. 32. Ibid These elements of good governance state, intellectuals, and even the lay- Friesen, Garth. “The Path To Hyperinflation: What Happened ABSTRACT: How can society implement conservation laws in eras of ineffective 33. Reuters Staff, “Factbox: Venezuela’s Nationalizations under To Venezuela?” Forbes. August 07, 2018. Accessed December 04, can manifest societal growth. Good man must recognize one simple fact: Chavez.” 2018.https://www.forbes.com/sites/garthfriesen/2018/08/07/ governance? Research has often been used to support the application of environ- 34. Ibid the-path-to-hyperinflation-what-happened-to-venezue- governance can nurture sustainability Venezuela’s decline followed Hayek’s 35. “Venezuela,” Freedom House. la/#6824321215e4. mental laws by the government. However, in eras of dysfunctional or ineffective 36. “Venezuela’s Chavez Era,” Council on Foreign Relations. and effectiveness of the law necessary road to serfdom. It was the urge 37. The Road to Serfdom, 159. Grier, Kevin, and Norman Maynard. “The Economic Consequences governance, alternative perspectives on their implementation may be required. I 38. Danielle Renwick. of Hugo Chavez: A Synthetic Control Analysis.” Journal of Econom- for its successful enforcement – partic- amongst the Venezuelan citizenry to 39. Michael Mccarthy, “Venezuela’s Crisis: Beyond Economic ic Behavior & Organization 125 (May 2016): 1-21. Accessed July 20, propose new conservation approaches that are necessary for future generations Explanations,” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 18, no. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2015.12.011. ularly with environmental laws. centrally plan their economy that first 2 (2017): 129-36, doi:10.1353/gia.2017.0028, 130. to implement, strengthen, and improve conservation laws or efforts in eras of put them on this road, and it was the 40. Jim Wyss, “Venezuelan Government Controls More than 500 Herrera, Bernardo Alvarez, and Francisco Rodríguez. “How Chávez poor governance. In doing so, I suggest that good governance may be achieved Businesses - and Most Are Losing Money,” Miami Herald, March Has Helped the Poor [with Reply].” Foreign Affairs 87, no. 4 (July/ History Of Conservation Laws continuation of that urge that forced 14, 2017, Accessed July 20, 2018, https://www.miamiherald.com/ August 2008): 158-62. Accessed July 20, 2018. https://www.jstor.org/ through non-conventional means involving other bodies: environmental police news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article138402248. stable/20032729. them down that road and into crisis. html. forces, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), media, and educational and re- 41. Peter Wilson, “Venezuela’s Season of Starvation,” Foreign Hetland, Gabriel. “Why Is Venezuela in Crisis?” The Nation. Au- From 1985 to the present, Brazil has This article may make it seem as if any Policy, June 19, 2016, Accessed July 20, 2018, https://foreignpolicy. gust 17, 2016. Accessed July 20, 2018. https://www.thenation.com/ search facilities. Brazil offers a case study for the promotion, implementation com/2016/06/19/venezuela-maduro-food-shortages-price-con- article/why-is-venezuela-in-crisis/. undergone weak economic growth, country embarking on the path to so- trols-political-unrest/. and enforcement of conservation laws. This case study addresses the following 42. Kevin Grier and Norman Maynard, “The Economic Conse- Hayek, F. A. The Road to Serfdom - The Definitive Edition. Edited by questions: How does good governance protect the environmental resources of ineffective state intervention, and lit- cialism will end in crisis. This is not quences of Hugo Chavez: A Synthetic Control Analysis,” Journal of Bruce Caldwell. Vol. II. London: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Economic Behavior & Organization 125 (May 2016): 1-21, Accessed tle progress in environmental legisla- what we are contending. Instead, it is Lampa, Roberto. “Crisis in Venezuela, or the Bolivarian Dilemma: Brazilian communities, and what are its successes and failures? July 20, 2018, doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2015.12.011, 20. To Revolutionize or to Perish? A Kaleckian Interpretation.” Review tion. While the country has adopted the repeated choice of the citizenry 43. Jim Wyss. of Radical Political Economics 49, no. 2 (January 11, 2016): 198-219. 44. Ibid. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0486613415623259. numerous conservation laws intended over a long period of time to demand a 45. “Venezuela,” Freedom House. Keywords: governance, environment, environmental policy, environmental law, con- 46. “Crackdown on Dissent - Brutality, Torture, and Political Lander, Luis, and Margarita López-Maya. “Venezuela’s Oil Reform to uphold the values of environmental planned economy, that will force their Persecution in Venezuela,” Human Rights Watch, March 13, 2018, And Chavismo.” NACLA Report on the Americas 36, no. 1 (2003): 21- servation, Brazil, resources, conservation law. Accessed July 20, 2018, https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/11/29/ 23. Accessed December 4, 2018. doi:10.1080/10714839.2003.11722513. sustainability and justice, these laws country to a point of no return. Until crackdown-dissent/brutality-torture-and-political-persecu- tion-venezuela. Mccarthy, Michael. “Venezuela’s Crisis: Beyond Economic Explana- have not been effectively enforced. In the people have completely given up 47. “Venezuela,” Freedom House. tions.” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 18, no. 2 (2017): 48. “Crackdown on Dissent - Brutality, Torture, and Political Purpose Brazilian organizations: environmen- 1997, Law 9.433 created the National their political freedom, as we have 129-36. doi:10.1353/gia.2017.0028. Persecution in Venezuela.” tal police forces, non-governmental Water Resources Policy which em- seen occur in Venezuela, they may re- 49. Ibid Niño, José. “Price Controls Are Disastrous for Venezuela, and Ev- 50. The Road to Serfdom, 95. erywhere Else.” Mises Institute. August 17, 2016. Accessed July 20, Ineffective governance plagues nu- organizations, media publicity agen- phasized treating water as a collective verse their course by electing heads of 51. Ibid., 95. 2018. https://mises.org/wire/price-controls-are-disastrous-vene- 52. Ibid., 98. zuela-and-everywhere-else. merous countries by preventing cies, and educational and research or- good. Brazil’s major executive envi- state who favor a free market econo- 53. Ibid., 98. 54. Ibid., 98. Reuters Staff. “Factbox: Venezuela’s Nationalizations under growth and development. ganizations, I suggest that the applica- ronmental agency, the Institute of the my. Hopefully, with the root cause of 55. Ibid., 98. Chavez.” Reuters. October 08, 2012. Accessed July 20, 2018. https:// 56. Ibid., 98. www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-election-nationaliza- I propose that good governance is tion of good governance and tailored Environment and Renewable Natural the Venezuelan crisis identified, coun- 57. Reuters Staff, “Timeline - Hugo Chavez and Venezuela’s Oil In- tions-idUSBRE89701X20121008. required for a country’s progress and conservation approaches, rectifying tries can begin to realize when they dustry,” Reuters, February 09, 2010, Accessed July 20, 2018, https:// Resources (IBAMA), encouraged fur- www.reuters.com/article/venezuela-carabobo/timeline-hu- Reuters Staff. “Timeline - Hugo Chavez and Venezuela’s Oil In- success within numerous sectors. Tai- previous errors, will sustain environ- ther environmental efforts. IBAMA’s are marching down the road to serf- go-chavez-and-venezuelas-oil-industry-idUSN0924439020100209. dustry.” Reuters. February 09, 2010. Accessed July 20, 2018. https:// 58. “Venezuela’s Chavez Era,” Council on Foreign Relations. www.reuters.com/article/venezuela-carabobo/timeline-hu- lored conservation approaches, condu- mental conservation in Brazil. goal is to centralize the execution of dom and perhaps turn back. 59. Kevin Voigt, “Chavez Leaves Venezuelan Economy More go-chavez-and-venezuelas-oil-industry-idUSN0924439020100209. Equal, Less Stable,” CNN online, March 06, 2013, Accessed July cive to good governance, are solutions environmental regulations and poli- 20, 2018, https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/06/business/venezue- Renwick, Danielle. “Venezuela Is in the Midst of an Unprecedented la-chavez-oil-economy/index.html. Crisis.” Council on Foreign Relations. March 23, 2018. Accessed July to specifically remedy poor environ- Good Governance cies. This agency assigns roles to pub- 60. Bernardo Alvarez Herrera, and Francisco Rodríguez, “How 23, 2018. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/venezuela-crisis. Chávez Has Helped the Poor [with Reply],” Foreign Affairs 87, no. mental conservation in areas with lic authorities to maintain biological Notes 4 (July/August 2008): 158-62, Accessed July 20, 2018, https://www. Seabra, Raphael Lana. “The Venezuelan Path to Socialism.” Latin ineffective governance. Research on Good governance is essential to the jstor.org/stable/20032729, 158. American Perspectives 44, no. 1 (Jan. 2017): 111-125. Accessed July diversity and protect the national ge- 61. Kevin Voight. 23, 2018. doi:10.1177/0094582X16673632. 1. “Venezuela,” Freedom House, February 14, 2018. Accessed July 62. Garth Friesen, “The Path To Hyperinflation: What Happened good governance and environmental success and prosperity of society. As netic heritage of the fauna, flora, and 20, 2018, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/ To Venezuela?” Forbes, August 07, 2018, , accessed December 04, venezuela. “Venezuelan Economy Tanked 13.2 Percent in 2017: Opposition.” conservation is the first step towards Ambrogio Lorenzetti depicted in his species’ ecological functions. IBAMA 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/garthfriesen/2018/08/07/ Reuters. March 05, 2018.Accessed November 29, 2018. https://www. 2. ”Venezuela - Index of Economic Freedom,” Heritage Foundation, the-path-to-hyperinflation-what-happened-to-venezue- Accessed July 20, 2018, https://www.heritage.org/index/country/ reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy/venezuelan-econo- implementing Brazilian environmen- fresco “The Allegory of Good and Bad participated in the 1992 Rio de Janiero la/#6824321215e4. my-tanked-13-2-percent-in-2017-opposition-idUSKBN1GH2HQ. venezuela. 63. Kevin Grier, 1. 3. “Venezuelan Economy Tanked 13.2 Percent in 2017: Opposition,” tal policy changes. These conserva- Government,” a society based on cru- International Convention on Biologi- 64. Ibid., 8. “Venezuela - Index of Economic Freedom.” Heritage Foundation. Reuters, March 05, 2018, 65. Ibid., 11. tion approaches can enable countries, elty, deceit, fraud, fury, division, and Accessed November 29, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/ Accessed July 20, 2018. https://www.heritage.org/index/country/ cal Diversity, which established goals 66. Ibid., 14. venezuela. us-venezuela-economy/venezuelan-economy-tanked-13-2-per- 67. Danielle Renwick. including Brazil, to adopt sustainable war is a society that will not prosper such as conservation of biodiversity, cent-in-2017-opposition-idUSKBN1GH2HQ. 68. Garth Friesen. “Venezuela.” Freedom House. February 14, 2018. Accessed July 20, 4. “Venezuela Inflation Rate 1973-2018,” Trading Economics, 69. José Niño, “Price Controls Are Disastrous for Venezuela, and policy changes that contribute to the and achieve its goals. Therefore, the sustainable use of biodiversity, and Accessed July 20, 2018, https://tradingeconomics.com/venezuela/ 2018. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/ven- Everywhere Else,” Mises Institute, August 17, 2016, Accessed July ezuela. inflation-cpi. 20, 2018, https://mises.org/wire/price-controls-are-disastrous-ven- evolution of society and future gener- proper elements of good governance fair and equitable sharing of resourc- 5. “Crisis In Venezuela,” In Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, ezuela-and-everywhere-else. “Venezuela Inflation Rate 1973-2018.” Trading Economics. Ac- ations to come. are necessary for societal and human HBO, May 13, 2018. 70. Peter Wilson. es. 6. Gabriel Hetland, “Why Is Venezuela in Crisis?” The Nation, cessed July 20, 2018. https://tradingeconomics.com/venezuela/ 71. Bernardo Alvarez Herrera, 161. inflation-cpi. Brazil serves as a case study to ob- growth. According to the United Na- In 1992, Brazil adopted the United August 17, 2016, Accessed July 20, 2018, https://www.thenation. 72. Ibid., 162. com/article/why-is-venezuela-in-crisis/. 73. Gabriel Hetland, “Why Is Venezuela in Crisis?” The Nation. serve the effects of good governance tions Development Program, several 7. Ibid., 65-66. “Venezuela’s Chavez Era.” Council on Foreign Relations. Accessed Nations International Agenda 21, an August 17, 2016, Accessed July 20, 2018, https://www.thenation. July 20, 2018. https://www.cfr.org/timeline/venezuelas-chavez-era. 8. F. A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom - The Definitive Edition, com/article/why-is-venezuela-in-crisis/. on environmental conservation. Bra- key elements are required for good international non-binding action plan. Edited by Bruce Caldwell, Vol. II, London: University of Chicago Voigt, Kevin. “Chavez Leaves Venezuelan Economy More Equal, 74. Ibid. Less Stable.” CNN online. March 06, 2013. Accessed July 20, Press, 2007, 28. 75. Ibid. zil is beset by political corruption governance: participation, a consen- Agenda 21 established the conserva- 9. Road to serfdom, 30. 2018.https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/06/business/venezue- 76. Peter Wilson. la-chavez-oil-economy/index.html. 10. Luis Lander and Margarita López-Maya, “Venezuela’s Oil 77. The Road To Serfdom, 157. and social turmoil within and across sus orientation, accountability, trans- tion and management of resources in Reform And Chavismo,” NACLA Report on the Americas 36, no. 1 (2003): 22, accessed December 4, 2018, doi:10.1080/10714839.200 Wilson, Peter. “Venezuela’s Season of Starvation.” Foreign Pol- different regions and municipalities. parency, responsiveness, effectiveness fragile ecosystems. Principal issues 3.11722513. icy. June 19, 2016. Accessed July 20, 2018. https://foreignpolicy. 11. The Road to Serfdom, 83. com/2016/06/19/venezuela-maduro-food-shortages-price-con- Although government policies and and efficiency, equity and inclusivity, addressed desertification, drought, 12. Ibid., 83. trols-political-unrest/. actions have promoted the wellbeing and following the rules of law. Good 13. Ibid., 85. mountain development, conserving 14. Ibid.,100. Wyss, Jim. “Venezuelan Government Controls More than 500 Busi- of Brazilians, its community sustain- governance can mean the following biological diversity and creating en- 15. Ibid., 101. nesses - and Most Are Losing Money.” Miami Herald. March 14, 16. Ibid., 103. 2017. Accessed July 20, 2018. https://www.miamiherald.com/news/ ability efforts, conservation laws and characteristics such as checks and bal- vironmentally sound biotechnology, 17. Ibid., 105. nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article138402248.html. 18. Ibid., 104. overall sustainability tactics have not ances, decentralization, efficiency and containing radioactive wastes, pro- 19. Ibid., 108. 20. “Venezuela’s Chavez Era,” Council on Foreign Relations, been implemented effectively. By an- equitability, a free press, a fair judicia- tecting the quality and supply of fresh Accessed July 20, 2018, https://www.cfr.org/timeline/venezue- las-chavez-era. alyzing the successes and failures of ry, and a durable regulatory system. water, and promoting sustainable

26 | RESEARCH RESEARCH | 27 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION agricultural and rural development. Environmental Police Agencies form righteous environmental duties. ment of residents, former poachers, their shared regions. Local agencies’ showing the importance of thinking Similarly, the National System of In addition, they can find other means and former anti-environmentalists to evaluations can improve the training about environmental problems in a Conservation Units (SNUC) promotes The Brazilian environmental police, to attain economic gains by creating perform environmental tasks. process by creating incentivized re- world increasingly dominated by the conservation efforts and environmen- funded by the Brazilian Institute of jobs in different sectors such as in- In their attempt to establish good ward systems to students, volunteers, logic capital, but that, in fact, with tal law. SNUC’s management conser- Environment and Renewable Natural frastructure or education. The envi- governance, TAMAR’s goal is to pro- and faculty based on their needs. full-time school , from the projects vation plan aims to preserve nature Resources (IBAMA), has accomplished ronmental police advocate the actions tect the natural life cycle of species that were implemented, it was much while ensuring compatibility with hu- numerous successes. The environ- of non-governmental organizations; through focusing their conservation Educational And Research more feasible to discuss themes such man use of natural resources. SNUC mental military has been able to ac- however, they are unable to provide on sea turtles. Karina Lanna, in the ar- Organizations as sustainability, for example, in a created a management plan with prac- complish its goals through good gov- the majority of their time and services ticle “Ecoturismo e Projetos Ambien- transdisciplinary way. (Santana, 2016) tical and implementable actions to im- ernance of participation, consensus, to non-governmental organizations tais Estudo de caso do Projeto Tamar,” Local agencies, such as The Nucleus NUPEEA also has successful innova- prove the environment. SNUC consid- and accountability. For example, the that need their help. These issues can supports TAMAR’s goals to spread of Research and Extension in Envi- tions such as community involvement, ered two methods in a conservation environmental military has formed be solved by providing the environ- awareness of their conservation goals; ronmental Education (NUPEEA), can environmental education activities, framework: conservation of resources successful partnerships with the Na- mental police with resources, resource TAMAR achieves this by engaging in provide an evaluation of conserva- association development, and goals through management or protection. tional Network to Combat Trafficking allocation, and time management op- cross-community activities like cul- tion laws and education. NUPEEA is that intertwine ecological, economic, The accumulation of these organiza- in Wild Animals, the USA Agency for portunities. These opportunities can tural festivals, supporting healthcare another example of good governance. and social sustainability values. tions aided in the promotion of envi- International Development, and the be funded through the state, univer- facilities, and funding educational op- NUPEEA’s research facility is located NUPEEA’s failures can be analyzed ronmental legislation. Yet while Bra- World-Wide Fund for Nature. IBA- sities, foreign direct investment, and portunities. All of these activities con- at the Federal University of Southern in a functionalist and good gover- zilian organizations, such as SNUC MA also adopted good governance citizens. tribute to TAMAR’s efforts to preserve Bahia, Porto Seguro (UFSB), which nance framework. A functionalistic and UN Agenda 21, aim to change methods of accountability through sea turtle ecology and species bio- di- supports continuing social and envi- approach refers to a society of inter- conservation efforts, they have not es- systems of inspections and evalu- Non-Governmental Organizations versity, while engaging in good gover- ronmental research and training. The connected individuals and parts must tablished effective means to do so. ations of measuring successes. The nance of inclusion and participation. Federal University of Southern Bahia work together to maintain a healthy Drummond and Platiau analyze the environmental police have goals that Non-governmental organizations pro- However, Vieitas, Lopez and Marco- partnered with NUPEEA, is discussed state of balance and harmony. This change from effective to ineffective en- promote environmental oversight and mote conservation efforts in the midst valdi, in the article “Local community in the article “Integrated Education approach can also be utilized to pro- vironmental regulation through three prevention of environmental damage. of bad governance. The NGO Brazil- involvement in conservation—the use Complex of Porto Seguro, a compre- vide suggestions for future changes. phases: These methods include promoting ed- ian Sea Turtle Conservation Program of mini-guides in a programme for sea hensive school for ecological educa- NUPEEA lacks this functionalistic In 1934-1964, the first phase of ucation campaigns and, “inspecting (TAMAR) was created in 1980 under turtles in Brazil,” offer a critique on tion,” to promote the synergy between nature with detrimental elements Brazilian environmental law started forest holdings, transporting forest the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodi- TAMAR by showing its failures with- different organizations through their such as non-responsiveness and inef- under the aegis of strong governmen- products and by products, transport- versity Conservation. TAMAR adopts in its conservation approaches. The methods for education and policy fectiveness. This is apparent with NU- tal intervention in the economy, the ing and trading of fish and live plants, various successful good governance article discusses problems within the change. NUPEEA has numerous suc- PEEA’s inability to encourage children second phase (1964-1988) marked by deforestation and burning, breeding approaches such as participation, agency’s organization and activities. cessful practices such as establishing a to achieve higher goals within their strong state intervention and swift of wild animals, and performing ac- consensus, and inclusivity. These ap- For example, Brazilian agencies lack bachelor’s degree of natural science or academic and professional careers. In economic expansion…renewed envi- tivities on fish farms” (Policia Militar proaches are seen in their consen- an established standard of legal provi- agricultural environmental education; the lens of good governance, NUPEEA ronmental regulations and policies, Ambiental Brasil, n.d). Furthermore, sus-based partnerships with Brazilian sion and regulations. The lack of legal an environmental sustainability cer- effectiveness diminishes with great- and the third phase (1989-present) is they ensure and protect activities re- communities and municipalities such oversight and common or fixed meth- tification program, CIEPS: Integrated er emphasis on non-environmental marked by weak economic growth or lated to imports and exports of con- as ICMBio, Cristal, and Itarema. TAM- ods for measuring organizational Complex of Education of Porto Seguro; studies. For example, the emphasis of even stagnation and increasingly inef- taminant wastes and monitor overall AR engages in good governance by success prevents agencies from prop- and agroecological settlements proj- academic subjects that generate more fective state intervention and expan- consumption of ozone depleting sub- providing methods of participation. erly rectifying their failures. Another ects at the Luiz de Queiroz College of income may diminish environmental sion of environmental legislation and stances that comply with the Basel They developed educational oppor- problem is communication incoheren- Agriculture-USP (ESALQ) at the Uni- studies. NUPPEA suffers from Brazil- policies. (Drummond, J., & Barros, Pla- Convention and Montreal Protocol. tunities and consensus based com- cy and loose training processes. These versity of Sao Paulo. These activities ian student absence rates as well as a tiau, A. F., 2006, p.85) The military police however, are mercial and marketing actions. For issues plague the beneficial nature of are practices of good governance. lack of student and facility resources Currently, Brazil is in the third also subject to failures such as corrup- example, TAMAR has educational ma- Brazilian organizations like TAMAR. NUPEEA, promotes good gover- and practical career opportunities. It phase with a less expansive environ- tion and bribery, bushmeat purchases, rine training and internship positions Good governance can amend the nance by teaching viable economic fails to provide information and net- mental legislation. Organizations and lack of accountability. Poliana Fer- that allow for students to gain, apply, failures within TAMAR and other Bra- and social alternatives to detrimen- working opportunities to Brazilians have failed to create real means to reira, shows that the Brazilian envi- and spread their knowledge of envi- zilian organizations. Brazilian organi- tal environmental practices, evident that seek careers in environmental implement and enforce their envi- ronmental police perform negative ac- ronmental conservation. Students are zations may adopt good governance in their connection to CIEPS and The advocacy. These concerns tend to dis- ronmental conservation plans simi- tions such as 33 percent police action mentored by professional biologists characteristics such as effectiveness Federal University of Southern Bahia. courage the long-term success of envi- lar to the plans within organizations is violent, and 67 percent are reports and environmental science profes- and better communication respon- CIEPS is divided into three education- ronmental education and conservation like SNUC and UN Agenda 21. While of corruption (Ferreira, 2018). The en- sors. They also encourage participa- siveness to address the contention of al sections: “heritage and tourism, in Brazil. Abiding good governance these organizations ostensibly protect vironmental military are susceptible tion in tourism initiatives by serving beliefs between natives and volun- sustainability and the environment, approaches can change NUPEEA’s the environment, Brazilian organi- to corruption because they operate on as guides in museums and public teers. Teams can be mandated through and food and health” (Santana, 2016). effectiveness and responsiveness. zations have been largely ineffective the value of monetary surplus. The environmental settings. TAMAR has an established system on management Furthermore, they spread innovation Good governance solutions encourage at implementing their agendas. It is unprotected surplus of deforestation multiple partnerships with schools to consult and cooperate with natives and teach young people the impor- harmonious relations through effec- necessary to have effective means of has high exchange value, hence mak- and neighboring organizations that before formulating and enforcing con- tance of change. Former student, Elis- tiveness, participation, and respon- governance to enforce environmental ing it profitable and appealing to en- advocate environmental education, servation approaches that go against sandro Santana, discusses the impor- siveness. NUPEEA can promote good laws and policies. By analyzing the vironmental police. To address these environmental conservation, and customs, practices, or realistic norms. tance of CIEPS with the words: Once, governance and harmonious relation- successes and failures of four orga- problems, utilizing the framework of tourism. TAMAR’s consensus actions Team organization and communi- in dialogue with Professor Denys ships with improved relations with nizations: environmental police forc- good governance, the environmental are depicted in their tourist-based in- cation can be influential in training Henrique Rodrigues Câmara, I asked students and teachers, cross-organiza- es, non-governmental organizations military should adopt practices that come, by educating customers in their future volunteers and teaching by- him about the way he did social-envi- tional partnerships and fundraising, [NGOs], media, and educational and encourage accountability and follow- museums, gift shops, and species-ad- standers. Good governance enables ronmental discussions in the area of​​ and student and parent encourage- research facilities, which promote ing the rule of law. This is achievable vocacy workshops, and utilization of individuals to create a standard of foreign language and he told me that ment, participation, and awareness of good governance, I propose tailored through having a system of checks to eco-friendly fishing and coconut plan- measuring success within Brazilian even before …Integrated Full-time environmental related activities. conservation approaches devised to assess their workers’ performances tations, which allow for the produc- agencies. Local municipality agencies education, already elaborated discus- address conservation in times of inef- and creating socioeconomic incentives tion and trade of products. TAMAR may provide a legal and evaluative sions and pedagogical struggles with fective governance. to encourage military police to per- advocates inclusivity with the employ- analysis of problems encountered in regard to socio-environmental issues, Media Publicity Agencies

28 | RESEARCH RESEARCH | 29 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

problems, and findings. Adopting sequently rigid and less susceptible to has led to confusion. For example, the Horizontal Decentralization cil, that may be susceptible to subju- Media publicity can promote good these approaches of equitability and economic and political shocks and Re- Brazilian conservation: gation of internal corruption, political governance. The media has the abili- effectiveness can improve the media’s sidual: policies that are given priority Law 9.605, issued in 1998, speci- Horizontal decentralization allows biases, and economic incentives. In the ty to publicly uphold justice, promote good governance to sustain environ- only after the objectives of stable pol- fies ecological crimes, in an effort to individuals to develop projects that face of surmounting issues of corrup- civil engagement, and spread aware- mental conservation. icies are secure. (Alston, 2008, empha- consolidate and to add enforcement directly help their communities by tion and biases, environmental actions ness. The media can advocate for en- sis mine) capability to previous laws, partic- generating sources of income for fami- should be authorized in numerous vironmental conservation efforts by Discussion: Improved In Brazil, hardwired and pork pol- ularly the article of the 1965 Forest lies. These projects include education- Brazilian bodies that are measured for holding individuals such as poachers Conservation Approaches icies impede on the flexibility and Code about Civil Code violations. The al efforts through tourism, museums, negative and positive factors in orga- accountable, encouraging unions to dynamism of conservation laws. Pork law created, however, a legal conflict sustainable agriculture, and organic nization performance. act, administering public pressure, Agenda Emphasis On Environmental policies permit favoritism by allowing over the matter of whether its chapter farming certification programs. In the and influencing judicial processes Conservation: Brazilian government officials to re- on crimes against the flora replaces article “Implementing Environmen- Public Participation and Harmony, and outcomes. For example, the Rio ward selective patronages. Pork poli- or not all violations listed in the 1965 tal Policies in Developing Countries Cross-Municipalities Transparency Times published articles such as “Rio When developing a holistic environ- cies allow the Brazilian Presidents to Forest Code. As the matter received a Through Decentralization,” Oliveira and Relations, and Networking de Janeiro to Ban Plastic Bags for Busi- mental conservation approach, it is im- distribute selective ‘geographically different treatment in the two legal in- highlights horizontal decentraliza- Opportunities nesses” and “Rio State Aims to Com- portant to emphasize the value of the concentrated transfers’ to legislators struments, it is not clear whether one tion and governmental conditions bat Illegal Deforestation with Drones” environment to Brazil’s GDP through in favor of their policies’ and in-ad- replaces the other or not. (Drummond, that push environmental concerns in Good governance can be promoted that accentuate the media’s effects on agriculture, exports and imports, and vertently punish legislators against it. J., & Barros-Platiau, 2006, p.100) their development agenda. Oliveira by increasing public participation environmental conservation through health sectors. This acknowledgement These proposed pork and hardwired Therefore, there must be a system in suggests that, “the study analyzes the through hosting cultural festivals, publication of common poachers, leads to setting realistic annual goals categories have many shortcomings which the creation of the law involves two main conditions that should be in crime awareness meetings, and public environmental disasters, and inno- by including environmental conser- including procedural difficulties, - bi a process of public and legislative place to make development-oriented civil action initiatives. Public harmo- vations in environmental security. vation as part of the overall agenda. ased legislators ruling in the pref- interpretation in addition to intent, agencies to implement environmental ny and relationships promote greater For instance, the article pertaining to For example, one way to include the erences of their party leaders, and flexibility, duration, and applicabili- policies adequately: the provision of holistic effects within each municipal- fighting deforestation with drones of- protection of the environment and long-term changes that require con- ty of the law per municipality. These incentives to the implementing agen- ity. Furthermore, to promote effective fers a solution at the intersectionality the economy in the agenda is by hav- stitutional amendments. Legislators, processes promote good governance cies to do the environmental job and changes individuals can solidify part- of technology and environmental con- ing an ecological added value tax. The furthermore, prioritize stable policies by alleviating the pains that native the existence of an independent sys- nerships within communities, insti- servation. The article mentions that, ecological added value Brazilian tax, that emit stark changes as opposed to, populations undergo in the welter of tem of checks and-balances” (Oliveira, tutions, and in other municipalities “a recent state government project, ICMS Ecologico, acts as a ‘fiscal com- ‘second round effects’ policies. Second existing and pre-existing laws. 2002, p.1714). Oliveira addresses fur- through means of public forums and named ‘Olho no Verde’ (Eye on Green) pensation mechanism.’ It provides re- round policies enable positive exter- ther issues related to funding, politi- meetings, flyers and surveys, festivals, has been using technology, including wards to municipalities that have pro- nalities to reach society in the long Merging the Local and Federal cal support, institutional capacity, and luncheons, educational and research satellite imaging and now drones, in tected areas from exploitation. There term but not short term. Thus, there Relationship and Political and Tech- local cooperation. facilities, and the town hall or town its fight against environmental dam- are factors that determine the levels must be less hardwired and pork nological Factors I present that successful horizontal square. Increasing Brazilian social age” (Arnhold, 2018). The use of tech- of compensation such as, territorial policies; yet, policies that exuberate decentralization should proceed with and communal harmony promotes nology serves as an example of how restriction, conservation, and quality change at both short term and long- Another way to enhance environmen- strict and cautious policies to protect networking, transparency and rela- media publication promotes public (Ring, 2008). However, due to the high term levels. In creating new conserva- tal protection is by merging local and natural ecosystems while allowing tionships. accountability and participation, de- demand of municipality compensa- tion approaches, it is crucial to abstain federal governmental relationships tourists and others to learn. The neg- creases the quantity of poachers and tion, the compensation is selective to from policies that focus mainly on through creating communicative ative effects of eco-tourism allow for Stronger Volunteer and Employee maltreatment of wild animals, and up- municipalities that not only perform biasness’, favoritism, localization proj- strategies such as electronic forms of masses of unprotected wildlife. A Training Management holds community conservation efforts ecological actions but also present ects, and exclusively slow or long-term accountability. For example, electronic plausible solution is the establishment by publicizing community interests high ecological quality of actions. structural changes. forms of accountability can hold each of designated areas that have active Stronger volunteer and employee and actions. Therefore, municipalities must show municipality accountable by monitor- maintenance, visitor guidelines, and training management is essential to Media places public pressure on great efforts in the quality of their Systematization and Clarity of Ex- ing sustainable tactics or depletion small selective audiences. Another al- accomplish an organization’s goals. government officials by promoting contemporary and future actions. In isting and Pre-Existing Laws of resources. Technology promotes ternative, synonymous to horizontal Oliveira mentions that one of the many good governance such as transparen- addition, the agenda must enforce a municipality cooperation and com- decentralization, is to allow greater problems with institutional capacity cy and accountability. While media clear standard of environmental laws In order to create clarity between exist- munication of aspirations. It enables command and management to em- and management is the, “misalloca- places pressures on governmental to better allocate rules and regulations ing and pre-existing laws, guidelines representatives to speak and publicize ployees and volunteers, which pro- tion of personnel. IBAMA had 7,000 official they are also confronted with to municipalities. for creating laws must be established. goals per municipality. Utilizing tech- duces greater motivation and orga- employees, but only 6% (437 employ- numerous problems. Capitalist incen- There must be distinguishing factors nology allows municipality to express, nization involvement. Also, creating ees) work on protected areas in mid- tives, biases, and superficial analyses Eliminate Hard-Wired and Pork that determine whether laws must be account, and task their actions. Media communicative means can conquer 1990s. As a result, IBAMA has lagged of environmental problems inhibit Policy Making: broad or specific, including an under- publicity agencies and other techno- native and governmental resistance. in instituting many programs involv- media efficiency. Media agencies also standing of the municipalities’ needs logical bodies can serve as communi- Established egalitarian communica- ing protected areas” (Oliveira, 2002, lack effectiveness due to low literacy In the article “On the Road to Good and desires. The more specific the law cation facilitators for local and federal tion and participation of governmen- p.1718). Another instance of misman- rates and lack of interest in environ- Governance: Recovering from Eco- is, the more easily it should be accom- outlets. tal officials and native populations agement of employees and resources mental problems within Brazilian vil- nomic and Political Shocks in Brazil,” modated and enforced. Take, for ex- In order to increase trust in the Bra- will allow equality of opinions about is National Fund for the Environment lages and municipalities. In order to Alston, Melo, Mueller and Pereira dis- ample, laws specifically related to the zilian government, the government environmental protection. Also, the (Fundo Nacional do Meio Ambiente, combat these issues media must adopt cuss the elements that are necessary mandated number of flora and fauna can offer state programs that utilize government struggles with balancing FNMA.) “FNMA was assigned US$22 of governance skills such as equitabil- for good governance and its applica- that must be protected; the necessary inter-disciplinary studies that can im- environmental protection and envi- million for environmental protection” ity and effectiveness to eliminate bias- tion to enforceable laws. The article levels of biodiversity per municipality pact both pressing and long-term en- ronmental quality. These struggles yet, $1.8 million has been used because es and encourage conservation inter- mentions four broad categories that and forest region such as, Amazon or vironmental concerns. Furthermore, can be addressed by governments of institutional rules and regulations ests. One way to achieve equitability is change the policymaking game: Atlantic Rain Forests; land reform and systems for testing corruption and re- interweaving environmental actions (Oliveira, 2002, p.1718). to accrue multiple sources of funding Stable: policies that are stable and property rights, and foreign direct liability of organizations and funding within both sectors of environmental Therefore, in order to improve while minimizing capitalistic incen- adaptable to shocks such as, fiscal and investments divided by region, loca- resources could be established. protection and quality by legislative volunteer and employee training, tives for the news. Another way to en- monetary policies, Pork: appropriation tion, and their impact on bio-diversity. analysis and actions of encourage- training must first align with the or- courage equitability is by developing of government spending for localized Lastly, in previous years there have ment. Another issue is the submission ganization’s goals. It should involve student-run magazines that engage projects, Hard-Wired: policies that been attempts to revise existing laws of environmental actions through CE- systematic measures for successes and in spreading environmental research, cannot be easily changed and are con- and selectively enforce them, which PRAM, the state environmental coun- failures such as, joint delegation and

30 | RESEARCH RESEARCH | 31 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION mentoring that include opportunities and failures of governance within in these organizations that prevent Conclusion References to perform and gauge behavior in different Brazilian organizations can good governance and sustainability Alston, L., Melo, M., Mueller, B., & Pereira, C. (2008). On the road to coaching and spreading knowledge. allow for an improved and tailored actions. Organizations such as TAM- Implementing and strengthening the good governance: recovering from economic and political shocks in Brazil. Policymaking in Latin America: How Politics Shapes Poli- A managed list of specific employee approach to the application of envi- AR and the environmental police have effectiveness of conservation laws cies. Cambridge, United States: Harvard University, David Rocke- training reform processes can be ini- ronmental conservation. The Brazilian poor volunteer and employee training. requires good governance through feller Center for Latin American Studies. tiated weekly, monthly, or annually organization’s successful principles This is evidenced by military police means of environmental police, Arnhold, Jack. (2018). Rio State Aims to combat illegal deforesta- tion with drones. Retrieved from http://riotimesonline.com/bra- contingent upon the progress of the can be adopted to continue good gov- corruption and TAMAR’s poor vol- non-governmental organizations, ed- zil-news/rio-business/rio-state- aims-to-combat-illegal-deforesta- tion-with-drones/ staff. Brazilian organizations often ernance practices that contribute to unteer and employee training. Also, ucational centers, research facilities, De Oliveira, J. A. P. (2002). Implementing environmental policies in fail to spread the knowledge of em- environmental conservation. Factors NUPEEA and media publicity agen- and media outlets. The application developingcountries through decentralization: the case of protected ployee and volunteer training within contributing to Brazilian organiza- cies can lack influence and funding of these eleven tailored conservation areas in Bahia, Brazil. World development, 30(10), 1713-1736. Drummond, J., & Barros-Platiau, A. F. (2006). Brazilian environmen- organizations, which impedes their tions’ successes include: due to discouragement, low literacy approaches, as shown in Table 2, can tal laws andpolicies, 1934–2002: a critical overview. Law & Policy, environmental conservation success. i. economic opportunities rates, and reduced participation. So- improve good governance while ad- 28(1), 83-108. Therefore, providing incentives for ii. educational opportunities cieties are plagued with governmen- dressing Brazil’s problems with cor- Forte, Jay. (2018). Rio de Janeiro To Ban Plastic Bags for Businesses. Retrieved from http://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/rio-poli- management to perform consistent iii. community involvement tal distrust; therefore, municipalities ruption, governmental distrust, lack tics/rio-de-janeiro-to-ban- plastic-bags-from-commercial-estab- checks on the company’s training pro- iv. strong partnerships have stark local law differences. These of influence and community participa- lishments/ Ferreira, P. (2018). Análise Da Ação Policial Frente Ao Combate Do cesses and method of employee recog- differences reduce municipality coop- tion on the part of citizens, municipal- Crime De Desmatamento No Brasil. nition is essential. Also, establishing Examples of economic and education- eration and trust. The culmination of ity compatibility, and poor volunteer Lanna, Karina. (2009). Ecoturismo e Projetos Ambientais Estudo de times of employee relaxation, free al opportunities are seen with Brazil- new conservation approaches must and employee training. The improved caso do Projeto time, benefits, and awards can moti- ian organizations such as NUPEEA address these organizational failures conservation approaches offer indi- Tamar. Periódico Itinerarium Escola de Turismologia - Centro de Ciências Humanas e Sociais (CCH) - Universidade Federal do Esta- vate employees and staff to cooperate and TAMAR. TAMAR educates young preventing good governance and en- viduals innovative solutions that are do do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO). better: for example, creating bonding students by offering internships with vironmental conservation. practical for the Brazilian native pop- Núcleo De Pesquisa E Extensão Em Educação Ambiental. (n.d) Re- trieved from URL: times between employees within its professors and faculty and NUPEEA Table 2. This table aims to resolve ulation and government to follow. Https://Www.Ufsb.Edu.Br/A-UfsbPolicia Militar Ambiental Brasil. (n.d.) Atuacao. Retrieved from URLhttp://www.pmambientalbrasil. organization and other organizations. offers environmental education de- the problems within the application The knowledge of these conservation org.br/index.php?conteudo=canal&canal_id=2 Multi-Disciplinary Governmental Ac- grees and studies. Furthermore, com- of conservation laws by suggesting approaches allows us to significantly Polzer, J. (2002). Ambrogio Lorenzetti’s” War and Peace” Murals tors munity involvement and strong part- eleven good governance approaches. impact conservation actions and laws Revisited: Contributions to the Meaning of the “Good Government Allegory.” Artibus et historiae, 63-105. Multi-disciplinary governmental nerships are also exemplified with These approaches are tailored to Bra- within Brazil and in other nations. Ring, I. (2008). Integrating local ecological services into intergov- actors are significant if not paramount NUPEEA’s partnership with the Uni- zil’s governmental and societal struc- Furthermore, it inspires the idea that ernmental fiscal transfers: the case of the ecological ICMS in Brazil. to the success of conservation. Gov- versity of Southern Bahia, and TAM- ture and indicate how society can im- good governance is first born from Land use policy, 25(4), 485-497. Santana, Elissandro Dos Santos. (2016). Integrated Education Com- ernmental actors that have special- AR community involvement and em- plement conservation laws in eras of the individual and then dispersed plex of Porto Seguro (CIEPS), a comprehensive school for ecological ized in numerous fields are skilled in ployment of native workers. However, ineffective governance. throughout society. Good governance education. Retrieved URL: http://desacato.info/complexo-integra- do-de-educacao-de-porto-seguro-cieps-uma-escola-integral-ru- applying multi-disciplinary studies there are also numerous failures with- thus allows for better environmental mo-a-educacao-ecologica/ to solve problems. In areas specific to conservation and an environmentally United Nations Development Programme. (1997). Governance for sustainable human development: A UNDP policy document. United conflict resolution and creative poli- conscious nation in the midst of poor Nations Development Programme. cymaking, multi-disciplinary actors governance. These efforts bring soci- United Nations. (n.d.) International Day for Biological Diversity: Convention on Biological Diversity. Retrieved from http://www. can produce effective policies. In com- ety closer to Lorenzetti’s fresco, the un.org/en/events/biodiversityday/convention.shtml parison to expertise in specific areas, allegory of good governance, which is Vieitas, C. F., Lopez, G. G., & Marcovaldi, M. A. (1999). Local com- multi-disciplinary governmental ac- filled with figures representing peace, munity involvement in conservation—the use of mini‐guides in a programme for sea turtles in tors can target issues that necessitate fortitude, prudence, magnanimity, Brazil. Oryx, 33(2), 127-131. cross-disciplinary thinking. For exam- temperance and justice. ple, arranging a hierarchical system that distributes tasks to governmen- tal or non-governmental actors with studies in numerous related fields. Another solution is to provide a plat- form for specialized professionals and cross-disciplinary actors to cooperate together. Table One: analysis of successes and failures of governance within brazilian organizations

Analysis Of Results In Tables One And Two

I have organized, in Tables One and Two, the successes and failures of or- ganizations in promoting better gov- ernance and productive environmen- tal conservation.

Table 1. This table illustrates various successes and failures within Brazil’s governance in protecting the environ- ment. A comparison of the successes

Table Two: improverd conservation approaches promoting effective governance

32 | RESEARCH RESEARCH | 33 DIGITIZER EVALUATION

console, ethernet, and a 12V DC sup- ply through the front panel. The rear Evaluation of the ACQ1001-FMC Digitizer panel consists of eight ACQ430FMC analog input channels that sample at By Abby Tse & Yong Hu, Department of Computer and Information Science, Fordham University, New York, NY a high speed of 128k bits per second Background (bps) [Milne, 2015]. The specification of Abstract: The currently installed digitizer, ICS-710, used for measuring beam the ACQ430FMC is shown in figure 3. intensity at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS-II), has reached the From 2010 to 2011, Yong Hu, a re- end of its life. As a result, we have purchased a new digitizer, ACQ1001-FMC searcher at the NSLS-II, conducted a (24-bit), and evaluated its performance in this study. Unlike the ICS-710, the comparative study to find a suitable ACQ1001-FMC comes with embedded EPICS (Experimental Physics and In- digitizer for a variety of applications. dustrial Control System) IOCs (Input/Output Controllers) which provides all These applications measure beam Figure 5- Schematic of how EPICS retrieves 4,096 voltage samples through the “caget” command and the process variables (PVs). We manipulate those PVs through Control System charge and current, beam lifetime, puts it into a text file Studio (CSS), which enables us to assess the digitizer’s resolution, accuracy, slow machine protection and Ceren- a transmission control protocol (TCP) condenses into a text file. We perform and precision. Since noise and distortion adversely affect the digitizer’s per- kov beam loss monitor (CBLM). The formance, we instead investigate it by measuring the effective number of bits allowing the exchange of data through the tests and analyze the results across evaluated digitizer includes the Agi- channel access. D-TACQ solutions four days. Using Python, we take the (ENOB). We have accomplished this by connecting a terminator to one of the lent DVM3458, Highland Technology channels and using Python/NumPy to compute the ENOB. In order to evalu- provide an easy method to control the values from the text file and find its VME digitizer V450, GE ICS-710-BL, digitizer. They have a repository on standard deviation (figure 7). ate the digitizer’s accuracy and precision, we have also examined the voltage Hytec 8401, and NI PXI-4461. After a linearity. A precise DC calibrator provides voltages ranging from -10 to 10 volts GitHub containing operator interfaces full evaluation of the hardware com- (OPIs) that are compatible with CSS. into one of the channels. We collect the readbacks and plot them with Python’s ponents, their voltage linearities, and polyfit function. Throughout the study, four trials were conducted to determine These OPIs connect to and graphical- resolutions, Hu concluded that the ly display all the PV values embedded the ENOB and the linearity. The measured ENOB and linearity coefficient are ICS-710 met the performance and consistently 19.73 bits (~ 20-bit) and 0.9995 (very close to 1.0), respectively. The in the FPGA. After running the sim- hardware requirements necessary for ulation, we abstract the values of the results of this study show that the ACQ1001-FMC digitizer is a good fit for re- the applications. He discusses that placing the ICS-710 because, despite the noise and distortion, it is precise, accu- PVs through EPICS using the “caget” although the Agilent DVM3458 per- command. A schematic of this process Figure 7- Standard deviation formula rate, and has high resolution. formed the best in the precision test, Figure 3- Performance specification of the AC- Q430FMC [Milne, 2015] is shown in figure 5. We use this plat- its major disadvantage is its hardware form to perform the resolution and Introduction design. Most of the equipment at the Additionally, the rear panel has three voltage linearity tests. NSLS-II connects wirelessly via eth- LEDs to indicate functionality: CLK, The NSLS-II is a third-generation ernet, but the Agilent DVM3458 only TRG, and ACT. Resolution Test synchrotron facility that provides ul- connects through a general purpose • CLK lights green to indicate the tra-bright light with exceptional beam interface bus (GPIB). Similarly, the usage of a valid clock signal The effective number of bits (ENOB) stability and a broad energy range Highland Technology VME digitizer • TRG lights green to indicate us- examined in the resolution test eval- (from infrared to hard x-ray). This V450, although high performing, lacks age of a valid trigger signal uates how the internal and external bright light originates from the linear external triggering support, making it • ACT flashes green to indicate noise affects the digitizer’s perfor- accelerator (linac) where the electron unfit for the applications. The rest of detection of Linux activity. mance. We study internal noise by Figure 6- Terminator connected to channel one of the ACQ1001-FMC gun generates electrons and acceler- the digitizers (the GE ICS-710-BL, Hy- The images of the front and rear pan- connecting a terminator (figure 6) to ates them to 200 MeV. The transport Figure 1- Major components of the NSLS-II: (1) electron gun, (2) linear accelerator, (3) booster tec 8401, and NI PXI-4461) do not meet els are shown in figure 4. one of the channels, thereby eliminat- system then carries these electrons to the voltage linearity and resolution ring, (4) storage ring (5) beamlines (6) worksta- We plug the standard deviation as the booster ring where they expedite tion. Source: https://www.bnl.gov/nsls2/imag- requirements. In conclusion, the ICS- “rms noise” into the formula, to 3 GeV. Subsequently, the transport es/synchrotron.gif 710 is a high performing digitizer with ENOB = N - log2 (rms noise/LSB), and system sends these electrons to the excellent accuracy (17 ENOB) and lin- pulse code modulation (PCM), as il- compute the ENOB. To further our storage ring where 500mA of current earity and will be the standard for all lustrated in figure 2. In this process, studies, we plot a fast Fourier trans- (at 3 GeV) circulate. Eventually, they low-speed, high resolution digitizing the signals are first sampled (based form (fft) graph with NumPy. pass through superconducting bend- applications. ing magnets known as undulators to off of Nyquist’s theorem), then quan- tized (to reduce data size), and final- Accuracy and Precision Test produce synchrotron radiation. Ul- Materials and Methods timately, the beamlines capture this ly encoded to binary. This conversion ultimately enables software programs In the accuracy and precision test, we radiation and use it to image samples Hardware Specifications examine voltage linearity. A precise across different disciplines [Ablett et. such as EPICS and CSS Studio to mon- itor and display the conditions of the DC calibrator (figure 8) connects to one al. 2006]. A schematic of the major In this study, we examine the accelerators. of the channels and feeds in voltages components of the NSLS-II is shown ACQ1001-FMC digitizer, manufac- ranging from -10 to 10 Vs. Similar to in figure 1. tured by D-TACQ solutions. This the previous test, the simulations are At each of the accelerators (linac, digitizer is made up of two parts: the run on the CSS Studio Volt Live Plot booster ring, and storage ring), sen- ACQ1001 carrier and the ACQ430FMC Figure 4- View of the front panel (left) and rear panel (right) of the ACQ1001-FMC digitizer OPI. We collect the readbacks every 1 sors are placed to measure the charge analog input module. The ACQ1001 V and use EPICS to compress the data and current of the electrons. The data carrier is a shortbread design which We first establish communication to ing external noise. into a text file. We gather the data for that the sensors gather is in the form compacts the digitizer circuitry into a the digitizer through the console. Sub- This test is run on the CSS Studio four days and compute the average of of analog signals. For the central pro- simple rectangular box. It encompass- sequently, the terminal emulator pro- Volts Live Plot OPI, and we collect the each data set with Python. These aver- cessing unit (CPU) to interpret these es a single slot field programmable gram, Minicom, facilitates the login to values with EPICS. Once the configu- ages are then put into a comma sepa- signals, we need to convert them to gate array (FPGA), Xilinx ZYNQ Soc root and enables the setup of a static ration is set up, the simulation is run rated value (csv) file. Using the polyfit digital data. Digitizers perform this Z-7020, which runs on Linux [Milne, Figure 2- Pulse code modulation Source: IP address. This IP address establishes for about ten minutes before the data function in NumPy, we graph the line conversion through a process called https://blogs.synopsys.com/vip-central/ 2014]. The carrier also connects to the files/2015/04/PCM.png

34 | RESEARCH RESEARCH | 35 DIGITIZER EVALUATION DIGITIZER EVALUATION of best fit and incorporate error bars. dB of noise is external noise. Further- the same day we report the termina- B. Voltage Linearity Conclusion Appendix Finally, we abstract the linearity coef- more, this suggests that 10-20 dB of in- tor ENOB to be lower than the rest of ficients from the graph. ternal noise is the cause of the net loss the days (due to humidity). Overall The ENOB is very close to 20 bits, with of approximately 4 bits of resolution, the coefficients across the four days only a loss of 4 bits due to internal resulting in a 20 bit ENOB. show that the ACQ1001-FMC is a pre- noise and distortion. Additionally, The voltage linearity coefficients are cise and accurate digitizer because we can describe the voltage lineari- consistently 0.9995, with one value be- the linearity coefficients are very ty curve with a first-degree polyno- ing 0.9993 on July 6th. The reason for close to 1. mial. These results support that the this could be the same reason that on ACQ1001-FMC is a precise, accurate, and high-resolution digitizer because Results it exceeds the performance of the cur- A. Effective Number of Bits rently installed digitizer (ENOB= 17 bits). Therefore, we believe that the Figure 19- Python code to calculate the standard Figure 8- DC Calibrator deviation Figure 14- July 3rd’s voltage linearity data ACQ1001-FMC is a good fit for replac- ing the ICS-710. Discussion Further Work Across the four days of testing, the terminator ENOB consistently report- We could perform supplementary ed 19.73 bits (~ 20-bit). We hypothesize tests to enhance our understanding Figure 20- Python code to compute average that the noise and distortion come of the digitizer. One test essential to from the differences in grounding. The Figure 9- Table of the computed ENOB with and without a terminator, across four days understanding the July 6th deviation digitizer grounds with its 12V DC sup- would be the thermal drift test. This ply whereas the CPU grounds with a test would enable us to assess wheth- power outlet. These two grounds con- er we could use the digitizer for ther- flict because they are at different po- mal-sensitive applications or whether tentials, thus creating a ground loop we need to implement temperature Figure 15- July 5th’s voltage linearity data (galvanic path). This ground loop is compensation means. Moreover, since the probable cause of the voltage fluc- the digitizer’s function at NSLS-II is tuations we call noise. A schematic of to measure beam intensity, it would this ground loop is shown in figure 18. be crucial to perform the beam loss monitor (BLM) stimulator test in fur- Figure 10- June 29th’s fft plots without a terminator (right) and with a terminator (left) ther studies. This stimulation would allow us to assess whether the digitiz- er meets the resolution requirements. Figure 21- Python code to plot the voltage Other enhancements to this study linearity graph would be to continue to perform the tests for longer, allowing us to see if its performance is stable. Addition- ally, we could perform a comparison Figure 16- July 6th’s voltage linearity data study to see how this digitizer’s per- formance contrasts with others on the market. Figure 11- July 5th’s fft plots without a terminator (right) and with a terminator (left) Figure 18- Ground loop between the CPU and the digitizer References

1. Ablett, J, et. al. Conceptual Design Report National Synchrotron Light Source II. Brookhaven On the other hand, the ENOB with- National Laboratory, Dec. 2006, www.bnl.gov/nsls2/project/CDR/ NSLS-II_Conceptual_ out a terminator varies across the four Design_Report.pdf. days. It is difficult to determine why 2. Milne, Peter. ACQ1001, ACQ1002 Hardware Installation Guide. Figure 22- Python code for the fft plot. D-Tacq Solutions Ltd., Apr. we observe this variation because we 2014,www.d-tacq.com/resources/InstallationGuides/ACQ1001_In- stallation_Guide_Rev_3.pdf. did not record how loud the external 3. Milne, Peter. ACQ430FMC Product Specification. D-Tacq Solu- Figure 17- July 10th’s voltage linearity data tions Ltd., 14 Jan. 2015, background noise was. However, on www.d-tacq.com/acq400ds/acq430fmc-product-specification.pdf. July 6th, the ENOB without a termina- tor is the highest and the ENOB with a Figure 12- July 6th’s fft plots without a terminator (right) and with a terminator (left) terminator is the lowest. On that day, we note that it was raining and the hu- mid air could contribute to the lower terminator ENOB. The fft plots show that the noise averages around 50-60 dB without the terminator and 10-20 dB with the terminator. Subtracting the 50-60 dB of overall noise with the 10-20 dB of internal noise, we presume that 40-50 Figure 13- July 10th’s fft plots without a terminator (right) and with a terminator (left) 36 | RESEARCH RESEARCH | 37 Fletcher, Jeannine Hill. The Sin of White Supremacy: Christianity, Racism, and Religious Diversity in America. Orbis Books, 2017

Reviewed By Rohini Ramabadran, FCRH ‘22

We live in a divided America. Our ment is extremely valuable because it reparations rather than charity, she country’s prominent racial disparity pushes readers, especially Christian remains unclear on how to explicitly and increasingly controversial dis- readers, to consider the dispossession act from a political standpoint. Read- cussion of such disparity encourages that non-Christian individuals in this ers may be compelled to hear suggest- Americans to consider what brought country have faced since the nation’s ed resolutions, as she proves to have us here and what can be done to recti- birth, and to remember and account extensive knowledge on the roots and fy the situation. for the destruction that America effects of racism in America. Even Thus, The Sin of White Supremacy: stands upon. though Hill Fletcher does not provide Christianity, Racism, and Religious Hill Fletcher shows that this foun- a political solution, she still offers Diversity in America, by Jeannine dational logic of supremacy today a social solution within her overall Hill Fletcher, comes at an appropri- translates into inequality in many Christian framework. This viewpoint ate time. Hill Fletcher, professor at sectors of life, whether it be hous- enhances Hill Fletcher’s work by still Fordham University and construc- ing, wealth, health, education, and so providing a method to rectify some tive theologian, asserts that Christian on. Her argument shows that Chris- of the evils of racism. Though it is and white supremacy have played tian symbols have been used by the not a large scale change to the status historically fundamental roles in the white and powerful throughout his- quo, within a Christian dialogue, Hill creation of today’s racial inequality tory to promote inequality. This has Fletcher offers something less drastic in America. She directly asserts that detrimental effects for the present. but still necessary: a change in the Christians must reflect on their past For example, white Americans today way we live our lives daily. As she and enact change - specifically by re- own more land in general than their poignantly shows, Jesus died on the defining their Christian symbolism black counterparts, and the origins of cross, but today, white Christians are so it is in accordance with their mes- this inequality can be traced back to crucifying the dispossessed. Thus, by sage of spreading Christian love. She the Morrill Land-Grant Act and the calling for love at the center of life, effectively supports this claim with Homestead Act that were products of Hill Fletcher gives her readers a poten- detailed historical and modern ex- white Christian supremacy. Tracing tially new mindset and a heightened amples of white Christian suprema- back even further, similar disparity sense of awareness of the world they cy and a discussion of true Christian can be seen between white Americans live in. values, but offers a less comprehensive and natives, as the Supreme Court case discussion on how to rectify this situ- Johnson v. McIntosh legally stripped Jesus died on the cross, ation through a political, rather than property sale rights of Native Ameri- social, means. cans, as the court claimed the United but today, white Hill Fletcher effectively provides States acquired land from the British, Christians are crucifying the link between white Christian ignoring the original “pagan” inhabi- the dispossessed. supremacy and racism in America tants. Although these examples carry throughout her work. Her compre- an emotionally burdensome weight, hensive examples coincide to create a Hill Fletcher’s emphasis on human Ultimately, this book is undeniably clear narrative of a country built upon connectedness provides a hopeful relevant in today’s era and provides and thriving under white Christian outlook. In fact, it inspires Christian useful insight for all Americans, and supremacy. Two of her most effective readers to use the ideals of Christian it is especially relevant in our devout claims discuss supremacy as a foun- love perpetuated by Jesus himself to Fordham community, as we must con- dational pillar in the establishment help those who have been so negative- sider the implications of whichever of our nation, and the impact of this ly affected by white Christian suprem- faith we espouse. Hill Fletcher effec- on today’s world. She conveys that acy in the past. tively and clearly shows how white Genesis 1:28 was problematically in- However, while she inspires the Christian supremacy has given rise to terpreted to strip lands from natives spread of love and emphasizes human modern-day racism in America, and for Christians to “fill the Earth and interconnectedness, Hill Fletcher only inspires Christians to do their part subdue it”, leading to the country be- briefly alludes to how she would go in improving what those before had ing built upon Manifest Destiny ide- about rectifying such inequality po- done. Despite the book’s lack of pro- als rooted in spreading Christianity. litically. Though she argues that Mex- posed avenues of political reform, it This logic, however, ended up placing icans, black and brown Americans, is valuable in its discussion of social those who did not conform to Christi- Asian-Americans, and other groups reform and reminding readers of what anity lower in the hierarchy in which adversely affected by white Christian Christianity was meant to be: a faith white Christians sat atop. This argu- supremacy should be recipients of based on love of God, self, and neigh- bor. 38 | BOOK REVIEW [email protected] fordham.bepress.com/furj