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Universidade De Brasília Centro De Desenvolvimento Sustentável Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Desenvolvimento Sustentável Universidade de Brasília Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Sustentável A espécie Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. no Parque Nacional de Brasília, DF: implicações ambientais de uma espécie exótica invasora Marilia Teresinha de Sousa Machado Tese de Doutorado Brasília-DF, maio/2018 Marilia Teresinha de Sousa Machado A espécie Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. no Parque Nacional de Brasília, DF: implicações ambientais de uma espécie exótica invasora Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Augusto Drummond Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Rafael Dudeque Zenni Brasília-DF, maio/ 2018 UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Sustentável TERMO DE APROVAÇÃO A espécie Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. no Parque Nacional de Brasília, DF: implicações ambientais de uma espécie exótica invasora Marilia Teresinha de Sousa Machado Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Área de Concentração: Política e Gestão Ambiental. Aprovada em 22 de maio de 2018. Banca Examinadora: Orientador: ______________________________________________ Profº Dr. José Augusto Drummond Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, CDS/ UnB Membro externo: ______________________________________________ Profª Dra. Vívian da Silva Braz Centro Universitário de Anápolis Membro externo: ______________________________________________ Profª Dra. Josiane do Socorro Aguiar de Souza Faculdade do Gama, FGA/UnB Membro interno: ______________________________________________ Profª Dra. Cristiane Gomes Barreto Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, CDS/UnB DEDICATÓRIA À minha família, pelo incentivo. AGRADECIMENTOS À minha família, pelo incentivo e apoio na realização de um ideal. Ao meu filho Luiz Gustavo Machado de Carvalho um agradecimento especial pela ajuda incansável ao longo de todo trabalho escrito. À colega Sandra Daniela Manzano Guzmán um agradecimento especial por sua ajuda no trabalho de campo e pelas jornadas diárias de coleta de material e levantamento de dados. Aos funcionários do Parque Nacional de Brasília, em especial aos colegas Cristiane Horowitz, Juliana de Barros Alves, Antônio Oliveira dos Santos (Bigode) e Enrique Mieza Balbuena. À Polícia Militar do Distrito Federal, Batalhão de Polícia Militar Ambiental e aos policiais militares que me acompanharam nas saídas de campo na área da Estrutural. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela bolsa auxílio trabalho de campo. Aos professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade de Brasília pelos conhecimentos recebidos. Aos professores Rosana Tidon, John Du Val Hay e Isabel Belloni Schimdt do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília pelos conhecimentos recebidos nas disciplinas cursadas no Instituto. Aos meus colegas de turma pelos momentos prazerosos. À professora Drª. Cristiane Gomes Barreto pela amizade e conversas esclarecedoras. Ao meu co-orientador Prof. Dr. Rafael Dudeque Zenni que me ajudou muito. Obrigada pela atenção e pelo interesse em me ajudar. Ele foi fundamental para o desenvolvimento desta tese. Ao meu orientador Prof. Dr. Jose Augusto Drummond, que me ajudou em todo o processo de elaboração da tese. Agradeço pelos quatro anos de convívio. Obrigada pelas sugestões, pelas correções e pelos incontáveis rabiscos. Um agradecimento especial pelo apoio e por ter acreditado na minha capacidade de trabalho e, principalmente, por ter aceitado me orientar. RESUMO O objetivo dessa tese é entender o processo de introdução da espécie exótica Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. no Parque Nacional de Brasília (PNB) para identificar as principais características ambientais que contribuíram para o sucesso do seu processo de invasão e as alterações ambientais causadas nas áreas de estudo de forma a preencher uma lacuna de pesquisa sobre espécies invasoras em Unidades de Conservação de Proteção Integral. Para atingir esse objetivo, definiu-se três caminhos: (i) no primeiro foi realizado um contexto histórico sobre os registros de ocorrência da espécie no passado e no presente tendo como ponto de partida a sua data de introdução intencional por instituição de pesquisa; também foi projetada a sua distribuição geográfica presente e futura no território brasileiro com o uso de modelos de distribuição geográfica; (ii) no segundo verificou-se a ocorrência da espécie Leucaena leucocephala na área de estudo no PNB, para avaliar se a espécie pode ser considerada invasora em ambientes preservado e alterado independente da distância do ponto de introdução. A população foi caracterizada quanto ao número de indivíduos e aos estágios de vida encontrados. Foi avaliado se o tipo de ambiente onde ela se encontra e se a luminosidade são fatores limitantes para o crescimento da população e para a produção de frutos. Os resultados mostraram que a distância percorrida pela espécie permite classificá-la como invasora e que existe semelhança entre parcelas em ambiente preservado e alterado quanto às variáveis selecionadas; (iii) no terceiro procurou-se comparar a taxa de crescimento populacional da espécie Leucaena leucocephala em áreas preservada e alterada no PNB para identificar os estágios de vida e as taxas vitais mais importantes para a dinâmica populacional e verificar a variação da estrutura de tamanho entre as populações. Os resultados indicaram que as altas taxas de crescimento populacional e as densidades alcançadas revelam uma tendência dessas populações em impactar a vegetação nativa das áreas estudadas no interior do PNB o que pode provocar uma competição por recursos dificultando o crescimento da vegetação nativa. A partir dos resultados alcançados espera-se contribuir para a gestão de espécies invasoras no interior do PNB. Palavras-chave: Leucaena leucocephala, espécie exótica invasora, unidade de conservação, registros de ocorrência, distribuição geográfica, dinâmica populacional. ABSTRACT This dissertation seeks to understand the process of introduction of the exotic species Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. into the Brasília National Park (PNB - located in the Federal District of Brazil). It focuses on the main environmental characteristics that contributed to the successful invasion and on the related environmental changes in the study area. The dissertation has three chapters: (i) the first one presents a historical context of the past and present records of the invasive plant, considering the date of its intentional introduction by an agricultural research institution; it also presents a projection of the geographical distribution of the species in the Brazilian territory, based on geographical distribution models; (ii) the second chapter examines the occurrence of the species in the area of the Brasília National Park in order to evaluate if it can be interpreted in both preserved and altered environments, independently from the point of introduction; the plant’s population is described in connection with the number of individuals and their life stages; it was evaluated if the type of environment in which the invading plants are found and if sunlight are factors that limit the growth of the population and the production of fruit; results showed that that the distance covered by the species allows it to be classified as an invader and that different groves found in both preserved and altered areas are similar in respect to the selected variables; (iii) the third chapter contains a comparison between the population growth rates of the species in preserved and altered areas, in order to identify the more important life stages and vital features that affect population dynamics and to examine the variation of the size structure between the populations; results indicated that the high population growth rates and the densities reached show a tendency of these populations to impact the native vegetation of the studied areas within the PNB, which can cause a competition for resources hindering the growth of the native vegetation. From the results achieved, it is hoped to contribute to the management of invasive species within PNB. Key words: Leucaena leucocephala, invasive exotic species, protected areas, occurrence records, geographical distribution, population dynamics. RESUMEN El objetivo de esta tesis es entender el proceso de introducción de la especie exótica Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. en el Parque Nacional de Brasilia (PNB) identificando las principales características ambientales que contribuyeron para el éxito de su proceso de invasión y las alteraciones ambientales ocasionadas en el área de estudio. Para alcanzar este objetivo la tesis fue dividida en tres caminos: (i) En el primer se procuró realizar un contexto histórico sobre los registros de presencia de la especies en el pasado y en el presente teniendo como punto de partida la fecha de su introducción intencional por el instituto de investigación; también fue proyectada su distribución geográfica presente y futura en el territorio brasilero con el uso de modelos de
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