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Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment Geological Survey Department Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment Geological Survey Department Feasibility Study and Strategic Environmental Assessment Possible Creation New Quarry Zone in Paphos District GSD/2005/06 Final Report Ecorem nv – E01/0079.040.R5 – 27/03/2006 - SH/GHE 1 TPUit-18.1E Rev1 1 PROBLEM AND OBJECTIVES Due to growing economic activities, including the growth of the tourist sector, there is an increasing demand for building materials in Paphos district. Until now, this demand is partly met by the existing quarry zone at Androlykou and partly by importing quarry products from other regions, e.g., the Parekklisia – Vasa area in the Limassol district. The reserves at the Androlykou quarry zone are expected to be exhausted within five years. Importing building materials entails a considerable environmental, social and economical impact because these materials have to be transported over long distances. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in establishing new quarry zones within the Paphos district which will cover all future demand. From a geological point of view, the northern and eastern parts of Paphos district ( FIG. 1 ) are suitable for quarrying diabase rock. However, these areas are covered by semi-natural forests that are important for biodiversity conservation. Thus, albeit new quarry zones within the Paphos district may decrease the environmental impact due to the transportation of building materials, this may endanger the ecological status of Paphos Forest. The aim of this work is to identify specific sites within the Paphos Forest that have the best potential to accommodate new mineral extraction without causing undue environmental impact. In second instance, a comparative Strategic Environmental Assessment is performed comparing the establishment of a new quarry zone in the Paphos Forest with alternative ways for meeting the demand for building materials in Paphos district. The procedure for this Strategic Environmental Assessment is determined by the European Directive 2001/42.EEC. In detail, the objectives of the study are: Secure the availability of building materials in Paphos District as a contribution to the sustainable development of the region; Investigation and evaluation of all the factors affecting the creation of a new quarry zone in Paphos: gathering data from existing databases and field surveys, incorporating these data in a GIS and identifying, listing and analysing all partial and absolute constraints; Establishing a methodology for identifying areas with the least constraints: in these areas, creation of quarries would have the least impact on key issues; The methodology for identifying new quarry zones, within the Paphos Forest, needs to be logical, verifiable and transparent. In this way all the interested parties will be able to see and understand the process used to arrive at the identification of new sites; Perform a Strategic Environmental Assessment for each alternative, according to the Directive 2001/42.EEC; Propose mitigation measures for each alternative; Environmental comparison of all the impacts (of the various possible alternatives which will be proposed); Identification, evaluation and justification of the important environmental impacts that will remain for each case/alternative/choice. Ecorem nv – E01/0079.040.R5 – 27/03/2006 - SH/GHE 2 TPUit-18.1E Rev1 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 2.1 Topography and Hydrology Cyprus can be subdivided into four geomorphologic zones: the Pendadaktylos mountain range, the Troodos Range the valley of Mesaoria and the coastal zone. The study area, described as the territory in Paphos district with rocks of the Diabase and Basal Group geological formations, is located in the northwest part of the Troodos Range and ranges in altitude between 300-1.352 m. The highest summit is the Tripylos (FIG. 2). The rugged Troodos Mountains, whose principal range stretches from Pomos Point in the northwest almost to Larnaca Bay on the east, are the single most conspicuous feature of the landscape. Intensive uplifting and folding in the formative period left the area highly fragmented, so that subordinate ranges and spurs veer off at many angles, their slopes incised by steep-sided valleys. In the southwest, the mountains descend in a series of stepped foothills to the coastal plain. Deforestation over the centuries has damaged the island's drainage system and made access to a year-round supply of water difficult. A network of winter rivers rises in the Troodos Mountains and flows out from them in all directions. All rivers are dry in the summer. An extensive system of dams and waterways has been constructed to bring water to farming areas. 2.2 Geology 2.2.1 Geological Zones of Cyprus Cyprus can be divided into four geological zones 1 that determine the availability of specific minerals: 1. Pentadaktylos (Kyrenia) Zone; 2. Troodos Zone or Troodos Ophiolite; 3. Mamonia Zone or Complex; 4. Zone of the autochthonous sedimentary rocks. The Pentadaktylos (Kyrenia) Zone forms the Kyrenian mountain area of northern Cyprus. It is mainly composed of allochthonous, massive and recrystallised limestones, dolomites and marbles of Permian-Carboniferous to Lower Cretaceous age. These have been overthrust and now lie above younger autochthonous sedimentary rocks of Upper Cretaceous to Middle Miocene age. 1 According to ‘Strategy for sustainable quarrying and mining development of Cyprus – Final Report’ by Wardell Armstrong, for the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Geological Survey Department Ecorem nv – E01/0079.040.R5 – 27/03/2006 - SH/GHE 3 TPUit-18.1E Rev1 The Troodos Zone, in which the study area of this Project is entirely situated, dominates the central part of the island as an elongated dome structure outcropping in the main mass of the Troodos mountain range and in the Limassol and Akapnou Forests areas. It comprises a distinctive assemblage of mafic to ultramafic rocks that represent part of an oceanic crust that has been thrust to the surface. This rock sequence is referred to as an ophiolite and as such the Troodos is regarded as the most complete and studied ophiolite in the world. It was formed in the Upper Cretaceous. The Mamonia Zone occurs in the Paphos district in the southwest part of the island. It is a series of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, ranging in age from Middle Triassic to Upper Cretaceous. They have generally been intensely deformed and mixed with rock fragments of the Troodos ophiolite. They are regarded as allochthonous both in relation to the overlying autochthonous carbonate successions and the Troodos ophiolite. The autochthonous sedimentary rocks range in age from Upper Cretaceous through to Pleistocene and cover the area between the Pentadaktylos and Troodos Zones, and also occur in the southern part of the island. 2.2.2 Minerals for the Construction Industry Minerals for the construction industry make the largest contribution to the total extraction of minerals in Cyprus. Construction minerals are mainly derived from diabase and reef limestones, and, to a lesser extent, finer aggregate (sand) is also obtained from crushed calcarenites. Diabase is mainly extracted from the Sheeted Dyke Complex. It is also derived from the Basal Group, which generally delivers rocks of poorer quality. Diabase forms a major part (of the order of one third) of the Troodos Ophiolite complex (see further). It is a very competent material for the production of aggregate for the domestic construction industry. The total resources of rock suitable for aggregate production are huge; moreover, aggregates produced from the diabase are generally stronger and more durable than those from the limestones. The autochtonous reef limestones of the Koronia and Terra members of the Pakhna Formation are the main source for limestone aggregates. To a lesser extent, it is also obtained from the layered limestone of the Ayios Photios Group within the Mamonia Complex. The reef limestones provide a better quality crushed aggregate although porosity can adversely affect durability and strength. The geological outcrop of suitable limestone resources is rather limited, restricting the possibility for future extractions. It is to be expected that reef limestones will become exhausted or unexploitable so that future extraction will shift towards the diabase areas. Calcarenite for sand is obtained from crushed calcarenites or weakly consolidated sands from the Nicosia and Athalassa Formations. This is a fine calcareous sand that is used in mortars and concrete. Ecorem nv – E01/0079.040.R5 – 27/03/2006 - SH/GHE 4 TPUit-18.1E Rev1 2.2.3 Geology of the Study Area The Troodos ophiolite consists of following units: the structurally deepest but topographically highest plutonic complex, the overlying and surrounding Sheeted Dyke Complex, the Basal Group and the stratigraphically highest Pillow Lava Series, which forms a discontinuous ring around the Troodos Massif. The study area includes the territory in Paphos district with outcrops of the Sheeted Dyke Complex and the Basal Group. Overlying the plutonic complex, the Sheeted Dyke Complex forms a 1-1,5 km thick unit above the high level intrusives, consisting entirely of vertical, or near vertical 'diabase' dykes, with lava and gabbro 'screens' close to the upper and lower contacts of the complex, where sheeted dykes give way to either the Basal Group, high level gabbros or plagiogranites, or, in atypical situations, layered gabbros. These dykes provide direct evidence for formation in an extensional environment. Three separate domains of fossil spreading can be identified, seen as three structural grabens on the northern flank of Troodos (Solea, Ayios Epiphanios and Larnaca grabens), which also may be linked with the formation of major mining districts in Cyprus. The Sheeted Dyke Complex represents the conduits for lava transport from the underlying source to the seafloor. This implies that the dykes should record the same range of compositions found in the extrusive sequence. The dykes do span the same range of compositions, but sharp breaks in composition - observed in the lavas - are not recorded in the dykes.
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