APPENDIX C Archaeological Survey Report and Historic Properties Survey Report

State of California Transportation Agency Department of Transportation HISTORIC PROPERTY SURVEY REPORT

1. UNDERTAKING DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION District County Route Post Miles Unit E-FIS Project Number Phase

Federal Project. Number. District County (Prefix, Agency Code, Project No.) Location 12 ORA BRLO-5955 (087) Ladd Canyon and Santiago Road, Community of Silverado For Local Assistance projects off the highway system, use headers in italics Project Description:

Orange County Public Works proposes to remove and replace the existing Silverado Canyon Road over Ladd Creek Bridge (Ladd Canyon Bridge) (Bridge Number 55C0175) at a location slightly east of the intersection of Ladd Canyon Road and Silverado Canyon Road (proposed Project). The proposed Project will remove the existing Ladd Canyon Bridge and replace with a new bridge, perform required grading within the vicinity of the bridge in order to tie into the existing slopes, and provide drainage improvements where feasible. In order to provide for the temporary parking of construction equipment and construction employee vehicles and the storage of construction supplies, the proposed Project includes three staging areas along Silverado Canyon Road to the west of the existing bridge. Silverado Canyon Road will be used to transfer the supplies from the staging areas to the Project area. Based on the findings of an in-depth inspection of the bridge conducted by the County, in coordination with Caltrans, the existing Ladd Canyon Bridge has been classified as consist of a pre-cast concrete bridge that provides an expansion from the existing bridge width to provide safe conditions for vehicular traffic and pedestrian access. Portions of the two-lane bridge will remain open during demolition and construction to provide continued vehicular access along Silverado Canyon Road. This proposed Project will not a require a construction easement or the acquisition of new right-of-way, as the bridge is located within the County of Orange right-of-way. the proposed Project as well as any areas to be used for staging and transportation of materials. The Project generally involves limited construction efforts, which would be focused on the bridge, and areas immediately surrounding the bridge. The Project would require the construction of new footings. No improvements or construction will occur within the staging areas or along Silverado Canyon Road. The Project is along Silverado Canyon Road slightly east of the intersection of Silverado Canyon Road and Ladd Canyon Road, 2.2 miles east of Santiago Canyon Road, in the unincorporated community of Silverado in eastern Orange County (Figure 1, Attachment 1). The APE is bounded by the community of Silverado and the

2. AREA OF POTENTIAL EFFECTS

In accordance with Section 106 Programmatic Agreement Stipulation VIII.A, the Area of Potential Effects (APE) for the project was established in consultation with Caltrans and on March 18, 2019. See Figure 3, Attachment 1 in this Historic Property Survey Report for the APE map. The direct APE consists of all ground disturbance for the proposed project as well as any areas to be used for staging and transportation of materials (see Figure 3, Attachment 1). The project generally involves limited construction efforts, which would be focused on the bridge, and areas immediately surrounding the bridge. The horizontal extent of the direct APE includes the existing bridge at the intersection of Silverado Canyon Road and Ladd Creek Road, extending 0.4 mile west to the Silverado Community Center at 27641 Silverado Canyon Road. The extent of this planned APE footprint is approximately 7.7 acres. The planned vertical extent of the APE is represented by a maximum excavation depth of 20 feet below the existing ground surface for the installation of the footings (Figure 4, Attachment 1). Additionally, an existing adjacent water line, electrical line, and fire hydrant are present along the side of the existing bridge.

3. CONSULTING PARTIES / PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

X Native American Tribes, Groups and Individuals (Attachment 2) Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians (Patricia Garcia, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer): Dudek sent a letter and map regarding proposed undertaking via U.S Mail on May 5, 2017. Victoria Harvey replied via email on May 22, 2017 to state that the proposed project is not located within the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians tribal territory and deferred to applicable local tribes for comment. Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians (Jeff Grubbe, Chairperson): Dudek sent a letter and map regarding proposed undertaking via U.S Mail on May 5, 2017. Victoria Harvey replied via email on May 22, 2017 to state that the

[HPSR form rev 08/07/15] Caltrans, Division of Environmental Analysis. Copyright © 2014 State of California. All rights reserved. Alteration to the title and section headings is prohibited. Page 2 State of California Transportation Agency Department of Transportation HISTORIC PROPERTY SURVEY REPORT proposed project is not located within the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians tribal territory and deferred to applicable local tribes for comment. Juaneno Band of Mission Indians (Sonia Johnston, Tribal Chairperson): Dudek sent a letter and map regarding proposed undertaking via U.S Mail on May 5, 2017 and received no response. Follow-up phone call attempt made June 21, 2017. No response received to-date. Juaneno Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation (Matias Belardes, Chairperson): Dudek sent a letter and map regarding proposed undertaking via U.S Mail on May 5, 2017 and received no response. Follow-up phone call attempt made June 21, 2017. No response received to-date. Juaneno Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation (Joyce Perry, Representing Tribal Chairperson): Dudek sent a letter and map regarding proposed undertaking via U.S Mail on May 5, 2017 and received no response. Follow-up phone call attempt made June 21, 2017. No response received to- date. Juaneno Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation (Teresa Romero, Chairwoman): Dudek sent a letter and map regarding proposed undertaking via U.S Mail on May 5, 2017 and received no response. Follow-up phone call attempt made June 21, 2017. No response received to-date. Pauma and Yuima Reservation (Temet Aguilar, Chairperson): Dudek sent a letter and map regarding proposed undertaking via U.S Mail on May 5, 2017 and received no response. Follow-up phone call attempt made June 21, 2017. No response received to-date. Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians (Joseph Ontiveros, Cultural Resource Department): Dudek sent a letter and map regarding proposed undertaking via U.S Mail on May 5, 2017 and received no response. Follow-up phone call attempt made June 21, 2017. No response received to-date. Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians (Rosemary Morillo, Chairperson): Dudek sent a letter and map regarding proposed undertaking via U.S Mail on May 5, 2017 and received no response. Follow-up phone call attempt made June 21, 2017. No response received to-date. Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians (Carrie Garcia, Cultural Resources Manager): Dudek sent a letter and map regarding proposed undertaking via U.S Mail on May 5, 2017 and received no response. Follow-up phone call attempt made June 21, 2017. No response received to-date.

X Native American Heritage Commission (Attachment 2) Dudek contacted on April 17, 2017 for a review of the Sacred Lands File (SLF) and list of appropriate Native American contacts. The NAHC faxed a response

4. SUMMARY OF IDENTIFICATION EFFORTS

X National Register of Historic Places X California Points of Historical Interest X California Register of Historical X California Historical Resources Resources Information System (CHRIS) X California Inventory of Historic X Caltrans Historic Highway Bridge Resources Inventory X California Historical Landmarks X Results: A CHRIS records search was conducted at the South Central Coastal Information Center on May 3, 2017 (confidential results are provided in Attachment 4). A total of 45 cultural resources studies have been previously conducted within 1-mile of the APE. Of these studies, eight (OR-003273, OR-004177, OR- 004178, OR-004314, OR-004315, OR-004316, OR-004317, and OR-004318) are located within the project APE. Five of these studies (OR-003273, OR- 004177, OR-004178, OR-004314, and OR-004318) concern a single historical cultural resources relevant to the project APE. A total of 27 previously recorded cultural resources were identified within a 1-mile radius of the project APE. Resources within the 1-mile radius included 17 prehistoric sites, one multi-component site, four elements of the historic Silverado Ranger Station district (30-150001), three historic archaeological sites, and two historic monuments. One cultural resource (P-30-177443 / Holtz Ranch Complex) was initially identified as overlapping the Project direct APE as a result of the CHRIS records search. The Holtz Ranch Complex was first recorded by Nancy Whitney-Desautels and Robert Beer in 2000. This investigation resulted in the detailed recordation of 17 structures related to the commercial farm, which produced poultry, apiary, and walnuts. Revisited again in 2003,

[HPSR form rev 08/07/15] Caltrans, Division of Environmental Analysis. Copyright © 2014 State of California. All rights reserved. Alteration to the title and section headings is prohibited. Page 4 State of California Transportation Agency Department of Transportation HISTORIC PROPERTY SURVEY REPORT Richard Carrico presented the finding and recommendations resulting from the historical and architectural assessment of the structures identified by Whitney-Desautels and Beer. The evaluation concluded that although the Ranch may be of some local significance, the modification to the structures, the poor condition of the buildings, and the lack of integrity of the complex prevent the ranch from meeting NRHP or CRHR significance criteria. Portions of the Ranch Complex were visited again in 2003 (Whitney- Desaulets and Beer and Carrico), and in 2012 (Daly and Maxon). All individual structures, along with the Holtz Ranch Complex as a whole, were recommended as not eligible for listing in the NRHR or CRHR (Carrico 2003). Under Orange County Demolition Permits DM060031 - DM060046, a majority of the Ranch structures were demolished in July of 2006. There are five structures previously evaluated in the MAA report that were not demolished and remain on the site. As a result of the demolition, the historic context of the site (the history of the ranch created by Joseph L. Holtz, Sr.) was destroyed with the demolition of the buildings Holtz constructed in 1905. The levels of integrity necessary to evaluate the significance of the remaining buildings, such as setting, feeling, and association, were removed from the property with the demolition of the majority of the Ranch complex in 2006 (Daly 2012). Consultation with the District 4 PQS Principal Architectural Historian concluded that the Holtz Ranch Complex boundary recorded in 2000 is no longer valid. From 2006, the former ranch property has been developed as a

historical-era ranch buildings (the Bi-Level Ramp Barn) have been demolished, and the property as a whole has been extensively landscaped to

new circulation system including roads, bridges, and parking lots, and water control features such as concrete-lined drainage channels. Construction of a monastery and church complex is currently underway. As a result of this construction, the property no longer conveys any sense of the historical-era working ranch. The only remaining cultural resource from the Holtz Ranch-era is the Bi- as a service building. Due to a near complete loss of integrity of design, location, setting, workmanship, materials, feeling, and association, Caltrans has recommended updating the cultural resource boundary as coincident with the barn footprint. The barn is located approximately 250 feet north of Silverado Canyon Road. As a result, the barn is outside of the project APE.

5. PROPERTIES IDENTIFIED

X Bridges listed as Category 5 in the Caltrans Historic Highway Bridge Inventory are present within the APE. Appropriate pages from the Caltrans Historic Bridge Inventory are attached. Bridge 55C0175 was constructed in 1947 and determined to be Category 5 Not eligible for Listing in the National Register (see Attachment 3). 6. FINDING FOR THE UNDERTAKING

X Caltrans, pursuant to Section 106 PA Stipulation IX.A, has determined a Finding of No Historic Properties Affected is appropriate for this undertaking because there are no historic properties within the APE.

7. CEQA Considerations

X Not applicable; Caltrans is not the lead agency under CEQA. 8. List of Attached Documentation

X Project Vicinity, Location, and APE Maps (Attachment 1) X Other Native American Correspondence (Attachment 2) X California Historic Bridge Inventory sheet (Attachment 3) X Other CHRIS Records Search Results (Attachment 4) X Archaeological Survey Report (ASR) (Attachment 5) Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement Project, Community 0f Silverado, Orange County, California. Prepared by Elizabeth Denniston, MA, RPA of Dudek (July 2017).

9. HPSR Preparation and Caltrans Approval

Prepared by: 3/8/2019

Consultant / Samantha Murray, MA, RPA Date discipline: Principal Architectural Historian

HPSR ATTACHMENT 1

Maps

395 14 ¤£ Hesperia

138 173 118 39 Lake Crestline Arrowhead La Canada F 170 lintridge Altadena 18 Running Springs Burbank Glendale Monrovia 206 Pasadena Duarte San 330 134 Bernardino San Arcadia Azusa Glendora Rancho Marino 210 Fontana Temple Irwindale La Verne §¨¦ Upland Cucamonga Rialto Highland 66 Beverly City Baldwin Los Hills £101 Park West 83 Angeles ¤ Rosemead Montclair Monterey Covina Pomona §¨¦10 Colton 38 Ontario Blooming Loma Redlands Park Hacienda ton Heights Walnut Linda Culver Montebello Industry 60 Glen Yuc 187 Pico City Vernon Avon San Bernardino County §¨¦110 Rivera Diamond Chino Rowland Bar Chino Mira Rubidoux Riverside County La Habra 105 South Whittier Heights Hills Loma Pedley Inglewood §¨¦ HeightsLos Angeles County 71 Gate Downey Santa Fe South La Orange County El Segundo Springs Whittie 142 Hawthorne 19 r Habra Brea Norco Moreno nhattan Norwalk La Mirada Valley Compton Fullerton Gardena Bellflower March ach 91 Placentia Yorba Linda Redond AFB o §¨¦710 Cerritos Buena Corona Beach Lakewood Park Torrance Anaheim Carson Cypress 405 §¨¦ Los 57 Orange Nuevo alos 213 s Estates Rancho Alamitos Garden Perris Palos Seal 22 Grove Tustin Ve Foothills 215 rdes Beach Westminster Santa ^ §¨¦ Ana 241 Fountain Tustin Sun Huntington Valley City Winchester Beach 55 133 Project Site Irvi e Costa n Lake El 1 Mesa 5 Elsinore §¨¦ Toro Rancho Santa Margarita 74 Newport Laguna 79 Mission W Beach Hills Coto De ildomar 73 Viejo Aliso Caza 15 Viejo §¨¦ Trabuco Laguna Highlands Beach Laguna Niguel San Juan Capistrano Temecula Dana Poi t n San Clemente

Rainbow

P a c i f i c Fallbrook

Camp Pendleton 76 Ocean North Bonsall

Camp Pendleton South Hidden Oceanside Meadows Vista

San Marcos Escondid Carlsbad 78

SOURCE: ESRI Streetmap Regional Map

Project Site ^

SOURCE: USGS 7.5-Minute Series Quadrangle (Black Star Canyon, Corona South, El Toro, Santiago Peak) FIGURE 2 Vicinity Map

8254

HPSR ATTACHMENT 2

Native American Correspondence

April 17, 2017

NAHC Staff Associate Government Program Analyst Native American Heritage Commission

Subject: NAHC Sacred Lands File Records Search Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear NAHC Staff,

Orange County Public Works (OCPW) is proposing to replace the existing bridge 55C0175 with a new precast concrete bridge Orange County, California. The project is located within Silverado Canyon at Ladd Canyon, with staging areas and road improvements along Silverado Canyon Road occurring to the west of the bridge location. The project is within Sections 7 and 8 of Townships 5 South, Range 7 West as depicted on the attached 1:24,000 scale Corona South, Black Star Canyon, Santiago Peak, El Toro Quadrangle maps.

Dudek is requesting a NAHC search for any sacred sites or other Native American cultural resources that may fall within the proposed project location or a surrounding one-mile buffer. Please provide a Contact List with all Native American tribal representatives that may have traditional interests in this parcel or the surrounding search area. Please email the results to me at [email protected]. If you have any questions relating to this investigation, please contact me directly by email or phone.

Regards,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. SLF Records Search Request Map

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

SOURCE: USGS 7.5-Minute Series Corona South, Black Star Canyon, Santiago Peak, El Toro Quadrangles FIGURE 1 Township 5S; Range 7W, 8W; Sections 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18 Records Search Map Silverado Canyon Road Over Ladd Creek Bridge Replacement Project

May 11, 2017

Mr. Temet Aguilar, Chairperson Pauma & Yuima Reservation P.O. Box 369 Pauma Valley, CA 92061

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Mr. Aguilar,

The Native American Heritage Commission conducted a Sacred Lands file search. No Native American cultural resources were identified within a one-mile distance of the proposed project area. An SCCIC records search indicated that one previously-recorded cultural resource (P-30- 177443: Historic Holtz Ranch Complex) overlaps with the project area.

I am writing as part of the Inventory process in order to find out if you, or your tribal community, have any knowledge of cultural resources or places that may be impacted by the proposed project. Any consultation relating to AB 52 should be directed to the City of Los Angeles as the lead agency. If you have any information or concerns pertaining to such information, please contact me by phone or email.

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Mr. Matias Belardes, Chairperson Juaneno Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation 32161 Avenida Los Amigos San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Mr. Belardes,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Ms. Carrie Garcia, Cultural Resources Manager Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians P.O. Box 487 San Jacinto, CA 92581

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Ms. Garcia,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Ms. Patricia Garcia, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians 5401 Dinah Shore Drive Palm Springs, CA 92262

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Ms. Garcia,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Mr. Jeff Grubbe, Chairperson Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians 5401 Dinah Shore Drive Palm Springs, CA 92262

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Mr. Grubbe,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Ms. Rosemary Morillo, Chairperson Soboba Band of Mission Indians P.O. Box 487 San Jacinto, CA 92581

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Ms. Morillo,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Mr. Joseph Ontiveros, Cultural Resource Department Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians P.O. Box 487 San Jacinto, CA 92581

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Mr. Ontiveros,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Ms. Joyce Perry, Representing Tribal Chairperson Juaneno Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation 4955 Paseo Segovia Irvine, CA 92612

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Ms. Perry,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Ms. Teresa Romero, Chairwoman Juaneno Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation 31411-A La Matanza Street San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Ms. Romero,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Ms. Sonia Johnston, Tribal Chairperson Juaneno Band of Mission Indians P.O. Box 25628 Santa Ana, CA 92799

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Ms. Johnston,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

HPSR ATTACHMENT 3

California Historic Bridge Inventory Sheet

Structure Maintenance & SM&I Investigations Historical Significance - Local Agency Bridges June 2017 District 12 Orange County Bridge Bridge Name Location Historical Significance Year Year Number Built Wid/Ext

55C0147 FULLERTON CREEK CHANNEL 0.1 MI N/O VALENCIA DR 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1958 1976 55C0148 SANTA ANA RIVER CHANNEL (WARNER AVE) 0.1 MI W/O HARBOR BLVD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1961 1969 55C0149L SAN DIEGO CREEK CHANNEL 0.3 MI. S/O BRISTOL ST. 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1965 1978 55C0149R SAN DIEGO CREEK CHANNEL 0.3 MI. S/O BRISTOL ST. 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1968 1978 55C0151 BAYSIDE DRIVE POC 1.3 MI SE OF S.R.1 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1928 55C0154 SANTA ANA RIVER CHANNEL (EDINGER AVE) 0.3 MI. E/O HARBOR BLVD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1959 2014 55C0155 ALISO CREEK 0.35 MI. S/O TORO ROAD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1974 55C0156 SUNSET CHANNEL 0.4 MI S/O EDINGER AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1966 55C0157 ANAHEIM BARBER CITY CH 0.6 MI S/O WESTMINISTER 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1976 55C0158 MOODY CREEK CHANNEL 0.4 MI. W/O MOODY STREET 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1957 1977 55C0159 SANTA ANA RIVER CHANNEL 0.3 M E/O FWY 57 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1967 1977 55C0160 BOLSA CHICA CHANNEL 0.8 MI W/O VALLEY VIEW 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1966 55C0161 ANAHEIM-BARBER CITY CHANNEL 0.3 MI W/O ROUTE 39 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1966 55C0162 ANAHEIM-BARBER CITY CHANNEL 0.3 MI W SPRINGDALE ST 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1976 55C0163 SANTA ANA RIVER 0.4 MI W/O FAIRVIEW ST 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1964 1977 55C0164 SANTA ANA SANTA FE CHANNEL 0.5 MI W/O ROUTE 55 FWY 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1965 55C0166 CROWN VALLEY PARKWAY OH 100 FT W/O ROUTE 5 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1970 2013 55C0168 HANDY CREEK 0.2 MI E/O ORANGE PK BLVD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1937 55C0172 SANTIAGO CREEK 0.1 MI N/O MODJESKA GR RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1935 55C0173 SANTIAGO CREEK .4 MI. E/O MODJESKA G RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1947 55C0174 SILVERADO CANYON CREEK 1.6 MI E/O SANTIAGO ROAD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1935 55C0175 LADD CANYON 2.2 MI. E/O SANTIAGO ROAD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1947 55C0176 SILVERADO CANYON CREEK 0.1 MI. S/O SLVRDO CYN RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1970 1983 55C0177 SILVERADO CANYON CREEK 4.4 MI. E/O SANTIAGO ROAD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1947 55C0178 SILVERADO CANYON CREEK 4.9 MI. E/O SANTIAGO ROAD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1947 55C0179 SILVERADO CANYON CREEK 5.4 MI E/O SANTIAGO CYN 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1947 55C0180 SILVERADO CANYON CREEK 2.7 MI E/O SANTIAGO ROAD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1971 55C0181 SILVERADO CANYON CREEK 3.1 MI E/O SANTIAGO ROAD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1970 55C0182 SILVERADO CANYON CREEK 3.6 MI. E/O SANTIAGO ROAD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1970 55C0183 SILVERADO CANYON CREEK 50' N/O SILVERADO CYN RD. 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1963 55C0184 SANTIAGO CREEK CHANNEL .2 MI. N/O SANTIAGO C RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1970 1998 55C0185 SANTIAGO CREEK 50' S/O MODJESKA CYN RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1970 55C0186 ENGLISH CANYON CHANNEL 300' W/O LOS ALISOS BLVD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1976 55C0187 ENGLISH CANYON CHANNEL 300' W/O LOS ALISOS BLVD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1976 55C0188 SILVERADO CANYON CREEK 200' S/O SILVERADO CYN RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1965 55C0189 SILVERADO CANYON CREEK 50' N/O SILVERADO CYN RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1957 55C0190 ENGLISH CANYON CHANNEL 300' W/O LOS ALISOS BLVD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1976 55C0191 CANADA CHANNEL 0.2 MI S OF LAKE FOREST 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1976 55C0192 CARBON CANYON CHANNEL 0.2 MI W/O ROSE DRIVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1934 55C0193 FULLERTON CREEK CHANNEL 0.2 MI. N/O ORANGETHORPE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1958 1967 55C0194 FULLERTON CREEK CHANNEL 0.15 MI. S/O WHITAKER ST. 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1958 1964 55C0196 BREA CREEK CHANNEL 0.3 M N/O ARTESIA BLVD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1960 55C0197 BREA CREEK CHANNEL 100' N/O FRANKLIN STREET 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1950

hs_local.rdf

HPSR ATTACHMENT 4

CHRIS Records Search Results

HPSR ATTACHMENT 5

Archaeological Survey Report

Archaeological and other heritage resources can be damaged or destroyed through uncontrolled public disclosure of information regarding their location. This document contains sensitive information regarding the nature and location of archaeological sites that should not be disclosed to the general public or unauthorized persons.

Information regarding the location, character, or ownership of a cultural resource is exempt from the Freedom of Information Act pursuant to 16 U.S.C. 470w-3 (National Historic Preservation Act) and 16 U.S.C. Section 470(h) (Archaeological Resources Protections Act). ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT FOR THE SILVERADO CANYON ROAD OVER LADD CREEK BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT

TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ...... 1 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 4 1.1 Project Overview ...... 4 2 PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION ...... 6 2.1 Project Location ...... 6 2.2 Scope of Project ...... 6 2.3 Area of Potential Effects ...... 7 3 SOURCES CONSULTED ...... 8 3.1 Records Search ...... 8 Previous Cultural Resources Studies within 1-Mile of the APE ...... 8 Previously Recorded Cultural Resources with 1-Mile of the APE ...... 14 Historic Aerial Photography Review ...... 17 Historic Map Review ...... 18 3.2 Summary of Native American Coordination ...... 18 4 BACKGROUND ...... 22 4.1 Environment ...... 22 4.2 Cultural Context ...... 22 Paleoindian (pre-5500 BC) ...... 22 Archaic (8000 BC AD 500)...... 24 Late Prehistoric (AD 500 1750) ...... 24 Ethnohistoric (post-AD 1750) ...... 25 4.3 Ethnographic Overview ...... 26 Gabrielino/Tongva ...... 26 Juaneño ...... 28 4.4 The Historic Period (post-AD 1542) ...... 30 5 FIELD METHODS ...... 32 5.1 Methods ...... 32 6 STUDY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 33 6.1 Findings ...... 33 6.2 Conclusions ...... 33 6.3 Unidentified Cultural Materials ...... 34 6.4 Unanticipated Discovery of Human Remains...... 34 7 REFERENCES CITED ...... 35 8 MAPS ...... 39

9072 III DUDEK MAY 2018 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT FOR THE SILVERADO CANYON ROAD OVER LADD CREEK BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT

APPENDICES

A. CONFIDENTIAL SCCIC Records Search Results B. Native American Group Coordination C. FIGURES

Figure 1 Study Vicinity Map ...... 41 Figure 2 Study Location Map ...... 43 Figure 3 APE Boundary ...... 45 Figure 4 Proposed Excavation Area Exhibit ...... 47 TABLES

Table 1 Previously Conducted Cultural Resources Studies within 1-Mile of the APE ...... 8 Table 2 Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within 1-Mile of the Project APE ...... 14 Table 3 Aerial Photograph Review ...... 17 Table 4 Historic Map Review ...... 18 Table 5 Summary of Native American Coordination Efforts ...... 19

9072 IV DUDEK MAY 2018 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT FOR THE SILVERADO CANYON ROAD OVER LADD CREEK BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

Proposed Undertaking: Orange County Public Works proposes to remove and replace the existing Silverado Canyon Road over Ladd Creek Bridge (Ladd Canyon Bridge) (Bridge Number 55C0175) at a location slightly east of the intersection of Ladd Canyon Road and Silverado Canyon Road (proposed Project). The proposed Project will remove the existing Ladd Canyon Bridge and replace with a new bridge, perform required grading within the vicinity of the bridge in order to tie into the existing slopes, and provide drainage improvements where feasible. In order to provide for the temporary parking of construction equipment and construction employee vehicles and the storage of construction supplies, the proposed Project includes three staging areas along Silverado Canyon Road to the west of the existing bridge. Silverado Canyon Road will be used to transfer the supplies from the staging areas to the Project area.

Based on the findings of an in-depth inspection of the bridge conducted by the County, in

Rating of 43.1. The proposed Project will consist of a pre-cast concrete bridge that provides an expansion from the existing bridge width to provide safe conditions for vehicular traffic and pedestrian access. Portions of the two-lane bridge will remain open during demolition and construction to provide continued vehicular access along Silverado Canyon Road.

This proposed Project will not a require a construction easement or the acquisition of new right-of- way, as the bridge is located within the County of Orange right-of-way. The direct Area of Potential Effect (APE) consists of all ground disturbance for the proposed Project as well as any areas to be used for staging and transportation of materials. The Project generally involves limited construction efforts, which would be focused on the bridge, and areas immediately surrounding the bridge. The Project would require the construction of new footings. To minimize the excavation footprint, cast-in-drill-hole pile footings are proposed. Excavation for the footings is not anticipated to reach further than 20 feet below ground surface. No improvements or construction will occur within the staging areas or along Silverado Canyon Road.

Purpose and Scope of the Survey: This Archaeological Survey Report (ASR) presents the results of a California Historical Resources Information System records search, Native American coordination, and an intensive-level cultural resources survey conducted by Dudek in support of the proposed Project. The intent of this report is to comply with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and the California Environmental Quality Act requirements, initiating cultural resources clearance for the Project as it relates to applicable legislation and regulation. This ASR was prepared in accordance with the Caltrans Programmatic Agreement (PA) and most recent edition of Standard Environmental Reference, Volume 2, Cultural Resources (2015) requirements. The California Department of

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Transportation (Caltrans), as acting as the lead agency under the delegated authority of the Federal Highway Administration, is providing the Project oversight as federal funds are involved. The studies conducted for this Project are consistent with the Caltrans responsibilities under the January 2014 First Amended Programmatic Agreement Among the Federal Highway Administration, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the California State Historic Preservation Officer, and the California Department of Transportation Regarding Compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act as it Pertains to the Administration of the Federal-Aid Highway Program in California for compliance with Section 106 of the NHPA of 1966, as amended.

Investigation Constraints: Investigation constraints included reduced visibility resulting from the presence of infrastructure, such as paved Silverado Canyon Road, and graded turnout areas adjacent to Silverado Canyon Road. In addition, the intensive-level pedestrian survey was restricted to the areas immediately adjacent to the existing bridge as well as the turnouts for safety concerns. As such, a reconnaissance-level survey was performed by visually examining the street from the adjacent sidewalks.

Number and Types of Identified Archaeological Resources: No historic properties were identified within the Project APE as a result of the current study. Although one historic resource, The Holt Ranch Complex (P-30-177443), was identified as overlapping the APE by the SCCIC records search, consultation with the District 4 PQS Principal Architectural Historian concluded that the Holtz Ranch Complex boundary recorded in 2000 is no longer valid. From 2006, the former ranch property has been developed as a religious and educational ins All but one of the historical-era ranch buildings (the Bi-Level Ramp Barn) have been demolished, and the property as a whole has been extensively landscaped to accommodate its new use. As of March 2019, ds, bridges, and parking lots, and water control features such as concrete-lined drainage channels. Construction of a monastery and church complex is currently underway. As a result of this construction, the property no longer conveys any sense of the historical-era working ranch. The only remaining cultural resource from the Holtz Ranch-era is the Bi-Level Ramp Barn, which has been retained by St. Michael building. Due to a near complete loss of integrity of design, location, setting, workmanship, materials, feeling, and association, Caltrans has recommended updating the cultural resource boundary as coincident with the barn footprint. The barn is located approximately 250 feet north of Silverado Canyon Road. As a result, the barn is outside of the project APE..

Policy Statement: investigations may be needed if the sites cannot be avoided by the Project. If buried cultural materials

9072 2 DUDEK MAY 2018 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT FOR THE SILVERADO CANYON ROAD OVER LADD CREEK BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT archaeologist can evaluate the nature and significance of the find. Additional survey will be required if the Project changes to include areas not previously surveyed.

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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Overview

Dates of the Investigation: Orange County Public Works (OCPW) proposes to remove and replace the existing Silverado Canyon Road over Ladd Creek Bridge (Ladd Canyon Bridge) (Bridge Number 55C0175) (proposed Project). On May 3, 2017, Dudek staff completed a search of the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS) at the South Central Coastal Information Center (SCCIC), located on the campus of California State University, Fullerton, for the proposed Project. Dudek contacted the California Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) on April 17, 2017, to request a search of the Sacred Lands File for traditional cultural resources. Dudek mailed letters on May 11, 2017, to ten Native American groups or individuals identified by the NAHC who may have knowledge of cultural resources within the vicinity of the Area of Potential Effects (APE). Dudek made follow-up telephone calls on June 21, 2017, to those contacts. A Dudek qualified archaeologist performed an intensive pedestrian survey of the Project APE on June 13, 2017.

Location of the Survey: The proposed Project is located along Silverado Canyon Road slightly east of the intersection of Silverado Canyon Road and Ladd Canyon Road, 2.2 miles east of Santiago Canyon Road, in the unincorporated community of Silverado in eastern Orange County. The Project area is bounded by the community of Silverado and the Cleveland National Forest to the east, rural residential uses to the north and west, Silverado Creek, commercial properties, and undeveloped open space to the south. The Project area lies within the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute El Toro quadrangle in Section 8, Township 5 South, and Range 7 West.

Maps: All maps are located in the Maps section of this report. Figure 1 is a Project vicinity map depicting the general vicinity of the Project. Figure 2 is a Project location map identifying the specific location of the Project area. Figure 3 depicts the APE boundary on an aerial photograph background. Figure 4 is the proposed excavation area exhibit for the Project, and has been provided with the intent of further clarifying the distribution of both the horizontal and vertical APE and the activities that may occur within the APE.

Project Personnel: All Dudek Project personnel meet the Caltrans Professionally Qualified Staff (PQS) Standards. This report was authored by Dudek Archaeological Principal Investigator Elizabeth Denniston, M.A., RPA, who received her M.A. in Anthropology from California State University, Los Angeles in 2007. The intensive-level archaeological survey was conducted by Dudek Archaeologist Maximilian van Rensselaer, who received his B.A. in Anthropology from University of California, Santa Cruz, in 2014, and meets Caltrans PQS Standards for a Lead Archaeological Surveyor.

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INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

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2 PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION 2.1 Project Location

The proposed Project is located along Silverado Canyon Road slightly east of the intersection of Silverado Canyon Road and Ladd Canyon Road, 2.2 miles east of Santiago Canyon Road, in the unincorporated community of Silverado in eastern Orange County (Figure 1). The Project area is bounded by the community of Silverado and the Cleveland National Forest to the east, rural residential uses to the north and west, Silverado Creek, commercial properties, and undeveloped open space to the south. The Project area lies within the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute El Toro quadrangle in Section 8, Township 5 South, and Range 7 West (Figure 2).

In order to provide for the temporary parking of construction equipment and construction employee vehicles and the storage of construction supplies, the proposed Project includes three staging areas along Silverado Canyon Road to the west of the existing bridge (see Figure 3). Silverado Canyon Road will be used to transfer the supplies from the staging areas to the Project area. No improvements or construction will occur within the staging areas or along Silverado Canyon Road. 2.2 Scope of Project

This Archaeological Survey Report (ASR) presents the results of a CHRIS records search, Native American coordination, and intensive-level cultural resources survey conducted by Dudek in support of the proposed Project. The intent of this report is to comply with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) requirements, initiating cultural resources clearance for the Project as it relates to applicable legislation and regulation. This ASR was prepared in accordance with the Caltrans Programmatic Agreement (PA) and most recent edition of Standard Environmental Reference, Volume 2, Cultural Resources (2015) requirements.

The proposed Project consists of the removal and replacement of the existing Silverado Canyon Road as it passes over Ladd Creek at a location slightly east of the intersection of Ladd Canyon Road and Silverado Canyon Road. The proposed Project will remove the existing Ladd Canyon Bridge (Bridge Number 55C0175) and replace with a new bridge, perform required grading within the vicinity of the bridge in order to tie into the existing slopes, and provide drainage improvements where feasible. In order to provide for the temporary parking of construction equipment and construction employee vehicles and the storage of construction supplies, the proposed Project includes three staging areas along Silverado Canyon Road to the west of the existing bridge. Silverado Canyon Road will be used to transfer the supplies from the staging areas to the Project area.

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Based on the findings of an in-depth inspection of the bridge conducted by the County, in

Project will consist of a pre-cast concrete bridge that provides an expansion from the existing bridge width to provide safe conditions for vehicular traffic and pedestrian access. Portions of the two-lane bridge will remain open during demolition and construction to provide continued vehicular access along Silverado Canyon Road.

This proposed Project will not require acquisition of new right-of-way, as the bridge is located within the County of Orange right-of-way. The Project would not require a construction easement. The Project would require the construction of new footings. To minimize the excavation footprint, cast- in-drill-hole pile footings are proposed. Excavation for the footings is not anticipated to reach further than 20 feet below ground surface. No improvements or construction will occur within the staging areas or along Silverado Canyon Road. 2.3 Area of Potential Effects

The APE is the geographic area or areas within which an undertaking may directly cause changes in the character or use of historic properties. Determination of the APE is influenced by the Project the scale and nature of the undertaking, and the different kinds of effects that may result from the undertaking (36 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 800.16[d]).

The Project APE was developed by Dudek in consultation with Caltrans and OCPW. The APE map was approved by Jonathan Wright on April 16, 2019 (Figure 3). The APE map was developed to focus on the identification of significant archaeological resources, as well as historical architectural resources, listed in or eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) or California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) that may be directly or indirectly affected by the proposed Project, in compliance with 36 CFR Part 800.16(d).

The direct APE consists of all ground disturbance for the proposed Project as well as areas used for staging and transportation of materials (see Figure 3). The Project involves limited construction efforts, focused on the bridge, and areas immediately surrounding the bridge. The horizontal extent of the direct APE includes the existing bridge at the intersection of Silverado Canyon Road and Ladd Creek Road, extending 0.4 mile west to the Silverado Community Center at 27641 Silverado Canyon Road. The extent of this planned APE footprint is approximately 7.7 acres. The planned vertical extent of the APE is represented by a maximum excavation depth of 20 feet below ground surface for the installation of the footings. Additionally, utility connections and relocations are anticipated for an existing adjacent water line, electrical line, and fire hydrant along the side of the existing bridge.

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3 SOURCES CONSULTED 3.1 Records Search

On May 3, 2017, Dudek completed a search of the CHRIS at the SCCIC, located on the campus of California State University, Fullerton. The search included any previously recorded archaeological resources and investigations within the APE and a 1-mile radius around the APE. In addition to official maps and records, the following sources of information were consulted as part of the record search:

National Register of Historic Places California State Historic Property Data Files California State Historical Landmarks California Points of Historical Interest Office of Historic Preservation Archaeological Determinations of Eligibility Caltrans State and Local Bridge Surveys Historical Maps (1901-1967) The confidential records search results are provide in Appendix A. Previous Cultural Resources Studies within 1-Mile of the APE

A total of 45 cultural resources studies have been previously conducted within 1-mile of the APE (Table 1). Of these studies, eight (OR-003273, OR-004177, OR-004178, OR-004314, OR-004315, OR-004316, OR-004317, and OR-004318) are located within the Project APE. A brief summary of these eight studies is provided in the paragraphs that follow.

Table 1 Previously Conducted Cultural Resources Studies within 1-Mile of the APE SCCIC Report Proximity to Number Title of Study Author Year APE OR-00126 Archaeological Survey Report on 12.03 Acres of Land (ptn Nw 1/4 Sec 8 T55 R7W) Located in the Desautels, Roger J. 1976 Outside Silverado/Ladd Canyon Area of the County of Orange OR-00228 Report of an Archaeological Resource Survey Conducted for a Proposed Sand and Gravel Cottrell, Marie G. 1978 Outside Operation in Silverado Canyon

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Table 1 Previously Conducted Cultural Resources Studies within 1-Mile of the APE SCCIC Report Proximity to Number Title of Study Author Year APE OR-00286 Cultural Resources and the High Voltage Transmission Line From San Onofre to Santiago Bean, Lowell 1979 Outside Substation and Black Star Canyon OR-00302 A Preliminary Achaeological Overview: the Santiago 1978 Outside County Water District Sewage Master Plan OR-00305 The History of Archaeological Research on Irvine Regional Ranch Property: the Evolution of a Company Schroth, Adella 1979 Overview Study Tradition OR-00321 Report of Archaeological Resource Assessment Conducted for 50 Acres in Williams Canyon, Orange Cottrell, Marie G. 1979 Outside County, California OR-00394 Archaeological Survey Report on the E.A. Lepe Property Located in the Ladd Canyon Area of the Anonymous 1979 Outside County of Orange OR-00470 Archaeological Survey Report on a 8 Acre Parcel of Land North of Silverado Canyon Road in the Desautels, Roger J. 1979 Outside Silverado Canyon Area of the County of Orange OR-00581 Cultural Resources Data Recovery Program for the 230kv Transmission Line Rights-of-way From San McCoy, Lesley C. and Onofre Nuclear Generating Station to Black Star 1982 Outside Kirkish, Alex N. Canyon and Santiago Substation and to Encina and Mission Valley Substations OR-00746 Cultural Resources Assessment Miyasako Property, Bissell, Ronald M. 1984 Outside Irvine Mesa Area, Orange County, California OR-00852 Project Documentation Blue Diamond/irvine Lake Drover, Christopher E. 1986 Outside Sand and Gravel Extraction Permit and Phillip de Barros OR-01026 Cultural Resources Survey Report Santiago Canyon Mason, Roger D. 1990 Outside Road Alignment Study Orange County, California OR-01127 Past to Present: Cultural and Scientific Resources, an Archival Inventory Irvine Ranch Open Space Rosenthal, Jane 1991 Outside Reserve Orange County, California OR-01182 Historical Research Report for the El Cariso and Anderson, Robert A. 1991 Outside Silverado Truck Trails OR-01187 Draft Report Cultural Resource Inventory for Portions of Parcels 13, 22, 23, 24, and 25 Trabuco Gallegos, Dennis R. 1991 Outside District Land Exchange Cleveland National Forest OR-01200 Cultural Resource Inventory for Portions of Parcels 13, 22, 23, 24, and 25 and National Register Gallegos, Dennis R. 1991 Outside Evaluation for Sites CA-ORA-1015 and CA-ORA- 1259 Trabuco District, Cleveland National Forest OR-01353 Cultural Resources Survey for the Central Pool Weber, Carmen A. 1992 Outside Augmentation and Water Quality Project OR-01398 Cultural Resources Survey for Santiago Canyon Central Pool Water Facilities, Orange County, Carbone, Larry A. 1994 Outside California

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Table 1 Previously Conducted Cultural Resources Studies within 1-Mile of the APE SCCIC Report Proximity to Number Title of Study Author Year APE OR-01431 Cultural Resources Survey Report for the Blue Cerreto, Richard and Diamond Materials Silverado Project Operation Plan, 1995 Outside Roger D. Mason Silverado Canyon, Orange County, California OR-01439 National Register Assessment Program of Cultural Resources of the 230 Kv Transmission Line Rights- McCoy, Lesley C. and of-way From San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station 1980 Outside Phillips Roxana to Black Star Canyon and Santiago Substation and to Encina and Mission Valley Substation OR-01441 Archaeological Report on the Silverado-Modjeska Regional Planning Area Orange County California P.o. No. X Leonard, Nelson N. III 1976 Overview Study 49525 OR-01564 Historic Resources Survey & Evaluation Report: Newland, James D. 1995 Outside Administrative Buildings OR-01758 Report of Preliminary Archaeological Reconnaissance of Vidal-chemehvevi-rice Htgr Gardner, Michael C. 1973 Outside Transmission Lines OR-02225 The Irvine Company Planning Process and Regional Strozier, Hardy 1978 California Archaeology- A Review and Critique Overview Study OR-02534 Annual Report to The Irvine Company from Regional 1976 Archaeological Research, Inc. Overview Study OR-02698 Cultural Resources Monitoring of Grading at 14401 Ladd Canyon Road, Silverado, Orange County, Bissell, Ronald M. 2002 Outside California OR-02941 Cultural Rresource Assesment for At&t Wireless Facility 950-013-520b Located at 7531 Santiago Kyle, Carolyn E. 2004 Outside Canyon Road City of Siverado Orange County, California OR-02955 Records Search Results for the Proposed Mountain Union Telecom Santiago Canyon Road Cell Site (po/ref# Sfc4009), Located at 15882 Santiago Wlodarski, Robert J. 2004 Outside Canyon Road, City of Silverado, County of Orange, California OR-03273 Documentation of Seventeen Historic Buildings, Whitney-Desautels, Holtz Ranch, Orange County, California Nancy A., Beer, Robert 2000 Within M., and Couch, Joanne S. OR-03283 Results of Cultural Resource Monitoring for the East Fulton, Terri and 2005 Outside Orange Spadefoot Toad Mitigation Plan Deborah McLean OR-03384 Cultural Resources Survey of Santiago Vista Estates Underbrink, Susan and Parcel Number 105-201-097 in Unincorporated 2007 Outside Judy McKeehan Orange County, California

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Table 1 Previously Conducted Cultural Resources Studies within 1-Mile of the APE SCCIC Report Proximity to Number Title of Study Author Year APE OR-03600 Results of Archaeological Survey and Monitoring for Southern California Edison's Pole Replacements Garcia, Kyle H. and After Santiago Fire Along Santiago Canyon Road, 2007 Outside Marcy Rockman Modjeska Canyon Road, and Hicks Canyon Road; Orange County, California; Jo:6259-0468 OR-03713 An Archaeological and Paleontological Resources Survey of Approximately 20 Acres for the Rancho Unknown 2008 Outside Sonado Project in the Vicinity of Silverado, Orange County, California OR-03989 Cultural Resources Documentation and Monitoring of Southern California Edison Access Roads During Deering, Mark and 2011 Outside Maintenance by the Orange County Fire Authority, Mason, Roger D. 2010 Orange County, California OR-04029 Cultural Resources Monitoring of Southern California Edison Access Roads Maintained by Orange County Deering, Mark and 2010 Outside Fire Authority, Orange County, California (JPA Roger Mason E6088-0031; I.O. 305869) OR-04140 Construction of Permanent Apparatus Building at Silverado Ranger Station, Cleveland National Fege, Anne S. 1999 Outside Forest, Orange County OR-04177 Historical And Architectural Assessment of the Holtz Carrico, Richard 2003 Within Ranch Complex, Orange County, California OR-04178 Historic Resources Assessment Report of St. Micheal's Abbey Project Silverado Canyon Road, Silverado, Orange County, CA. Owned by: Daly, Pamela 2012 Within Norbertine Fathers of Orange, Saint michael's Abbey 19292 El Toro Road, Silverado, CA 92676 OR-04314 Cultural Resource Assessment for the Silverado Desaulets, Nancy and 2001 Within Canyon Ranch Project Tenative Tract No 16191 Beer, Robert OR-04315 Cultural Resource Assessment Addendum Silverado Beer, Robert 2003 Within Canyon Ranch Project OR-04316 Silverado Canyon Ranch Project Tentative Tract No. Carrico, Richard 2003 Within 16191 OR-04317 Ethnographic Overview for the Silverado Canyon Carrico, Richard 2003 Within Ranch Project OR-04318 Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment, St. Maxon, Patrick 2012 Within Michael's Abbey Expansion Project OR-04551 Cultural Resources Assessment Lower Silverado Fulton, Terri and Phil Canyon Restoration Project, Orange County, 2015 Outside Fulton California OR-04561 Archaeology Sensitivity Assessment, Macpherson Fulton, Terri and Phil 2015 Outside Preserve Property, County of Orange, California Fulton

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OR-003273

In 2000, Nancy Whitney-Desautels, Robert Beer, and Joanne Couch prepared Documentation of Seventeen Historic Buildings, Holtz Ranch, Orange County, California. The project area included the entire Holtz Ranch property (P-30-177443) and resulted in the recordation of 17 structures related to the commercial farm, which produced poultry, apiary, and walnuts.

OR-004177

Richard Carrico completed the Historical and Architectural Assessment of the Holtz Ranch Complex, Orange County, California in 2003. This report presented the finding and recommendations resulting from the historical and architectural assessment of the structures within the Holtz Ranch Complex (P-30-177443), as identified in the above described report (OR-003273). The evaluation concluded that although the Ranch may be of some local significance, the modification to the structures, the poor condition of the buildings, and the lack of integrity of the complex prevent the ranch from meeting local or state significance criteria. Report recommendations specified that any demolition or alteration near the main residence be monitored to ensure any historic trash pits or remnants of a reported adobe from pre-1900 be documented. Additionally, a plaque in front of the Ranch complex, commemorating the Holtz Ranch and family, was recommended.

OR -004178

In 2012, Pamela Daly prepared Canyon Road, Silverado, Orange County, CA. Also located on the Holtz Ranch Complex, this assessment and evaluation focused on one newly identified structure, and five previously evaluated structures, of the Ranch Complex. During the course of the investigation, a small residence was discovered on the site that had not been previously evaluated. This small building appeared to be a Secondary House used by the Holtz family. The report concluded that the six buildings, structures, and features of the Holtz Ranch Complex were not eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Resources (NRHR) or California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR).

OR -004314

Nancy Whitney-Desaulets and Robert Beer prepared the Cultural Resource Assessment for the Silverado Canyon Ranch Project Tentative Tract No 16191 in 2001. Located to the north of Silverado Canyon Road and to the northwest of the Holtz Ranch Complex, this survey was completed on a 68-acre parcel of land slated for residential development. One previously-unidentified irrigation ditch belonging to the Holtz Ranch Complex was identified. Like the Complex to which it belonged, it was recommended as not eligible for listing in the NRHR or CRHR.

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OR -004315

In 2003, Robert Beer prepared a Cultural Resource Assessment Addendum Silverado Canyon Ranch Project. Referencing Whitney- -004314), this addendum involved a subsequent investigation, completed at the request of the County of Orange, and focused on the areas that were not intensively surveyed during the 2001 investigation. As a result of this addendum investigation, one prehistoric resource (CA-ORA-1630: bedrock milling feature) was visited, and an additional four historic resources were identified. The Holtz family was interviewed and confirmed that the historic resources, comprised of three earthen berms and one borrow area were material for the berms was excavated from, were all constructed by the Holtz family in the 1930s. All five resources (one prehistoric and four historic) were recommended as not eligible for listing in the NRHR or CRHR.

OR -004316

In May 2003, Richard Carrico completed the Silverado Canyon Ranch Project Tentative Tract No. 16191. Completed as a third party review of the previous two investigations on Tract No. 16191 (OR-004314 and -004315), this investigation visited the prehistoric resource (CA-ORA-1630) located on the property. It was determined that although not a significant resource under CEQA or the Orange County guidelines, the resource was considered to have some level of cultural significance to the local Juaneño people. Carrico recommended interviews with the Juaneño and that the location of the feature should be excluded from development and landform alteration through the placement of an open space easement.

OR -004317

In June of 2003, Richard Carrico completed the Ethnographic Overview for the Silverado Canyon Ranch Project. The purpose of the ethnographic overview was to supplement the generalized ethnography presented by Desautels and Beer in 2001 (OR-004314). The overview was completed as the result of interviews with Damien Shilo, Chairman of the Juaneño Band of Mission Indians (Acjachemen). Through the interview, it was noted that the Juaneño would traditionally use the Silverado Canyon as a corridor for travel. Therefore, the absence or sparse nature of archaeological resources does not mean that prehistoric or early historic Juaneño people did not use the area.

OR -004318

In 2012, Patrick Maxon prepared Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment, St. Michael's Abbey Expansion Project. Also located on the Holtz Ranch Complex, this assessment and evaluation focused on the e were discovered on the project site. Due to sensitivity within the area to encounter archaeological and

9072 13 DUDEK MAY 2018 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT FOR THE SILVERADO CANYON ROAD OVER LADD CREEK BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT paleontological resources, however, archaeological, Native American, and paleontological monitoring of all grading activities was recommended. In addition, the exiting prehistoric resource (CA-ORA- 1630), as discussed in OR-004315 and OR-004316, was recommended to be preserved in place. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources with 1-Mile of the APE

One cultural resource (P-30-177443 / Holtz Ranch Complex) was identified overlapping the Project direct APE as a result of the CHRIS records search. In addition, 27 previously recorded cultural resources were identified within a 1-mile radius (Table 2). None of these 27 are within the APE.

The Holtz Ranch Complex was first recorded by Nancy Whitney-Desautels and Robert Beer in 2000. This investigation resulted in the detailed recordation of 17 structures related to the commercial farm, which produced poultry, apiary, and walnuts. Revisited again in 2003, Richard Carrico presented the finding and recommendations resulting from the historical and architectural assessment of the structures identified by Whitney-Desautels and Beer. The evaluation concluded that although the Ranch may be of some local significance, the modification to the structures, the poor condition of the buildings, and the lack of integrity of the complex prevent the ranch from meeting NRHP or CRHR significance criteria. Portions of the Ranch Complex were visited again in 2003 (Whitney-Desaulets and Beer and Carrico), and in 2012 (Daly and Maxon).

All individual structures, along with the Holtz Ranch Complex as a whole, were recommended as not eligible for listing in the NRHR or CRHR (Carrico 2003). Under Orange County Demolition Permits DM060031 - DM060046, a majority of the Ranch structures were demolished in July of 2006. There are five structures previously evaluated in the MAA report that were not demolished and remain on the site. As a result of the demolition, the historic context of the site (the history of the ranch created by Joseph L. Holtz, Sr.) was destroyed with the demolition of the buildings Holtz constructed in 1905. The levels of integrity necessary to evaluate the significance of the remaining buildings, such as setting, feeling, and association, were removed from the property with the demolition of the majority of the Ranch complex in 2006 (Daly 2012).

Table 2 Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within 1-Mile of the Project APE Primary NRHP Number Trinomial Eligibility Proximity (P-30-) (ORA-) Resource Description Status Recorded By and Year to APE 000476 000476 Prehistoric: Lithic 7R 1974 (Farrar, J.M., Outside scatter; Bedrock milling (Unevaluated) Archaeological Research, Inc.); feature; Rock 1990 (Knight, A.; J. Paniagua, shelter/cave Keith Companies)

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Table 2 Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within 1-Mile of the Project APE Primary NRHP Number Trinomial Eligibility Proximity (P-30-) (ORA-) Resource Description Status Recorded By and Year to APE 000724 000724 Prehistoric: Lithic 7R Outside scatter; Rock 1978 (Jacobs; Neitzel, (Unevaluated) Archaeological Resource shelter/cave; Habitation Management Corp) debris 000778 000778 Prehistoric: Lithic scatter 7R 1979 (GROVE, Archaeological Outside (Unevaluated) Resource Management Corp) 000829 000829 Prehistoric: Lithic scatter 7R 1979 (OXENDINE); Outside (Unevaluated) 1980 (McCoy, Lesley C, Westec Services); 2003 (P. Fulton, LSA Associates, Inc) 000830 000830 Prehistoric: Lithic 7R 1979 (OXENDINE); Outside scatter; Bedrock milling (Unevaluated) 1994 (Carbone, L., Chambers feature Group, Inc.); 2009 (Deerring, Mark) 000831 000831 Prehistoric: Lithic scatter 7R 1979 (OXENDINE); Outside (Unevaluated) 1980 (McCoy, Lesley C., Westec Services, Inc) 000847 000847 Prehistoric: Lithic 7R Outside 1979 (LANGENWALTER, scatter; Habitation (Unevaluated) USFS) debris 000922 000922 Prehistoric: Lithic scatter 7R Outside 1980 (McCoy, L., Westec) (Unevaluated) 001014 001014 Prehistoric: Lithic scatter 7R Outside 1982 (D. Jenkins) (Unevaluated) 001015 001015 Prehistoric: Lithic 6Y (Determined 1982 (D. Jenkins); Outside scatter; Bedrock milling ineligible) 1991 (Gallegos, D., Gallegos & feature Associates); 1991 (Gallegos, Gallegos & Associates) 001059 001059/H Prehistoric, Historic: 7R 1984 (Bissell, Ron, RMW Paleo Outside Wells/cisterns; Lithic (Unevaluated) Associates, Inc.); scatter 1994 (Larry Carbone, Chambers Group) 001259 001259 Prehistoric: Lithic 6Y (Determined 1991 (GALLEGOS / SCHROTH, Outside scatter; Hearths/pits; ineligible) Gallegos & Associates); Habitation debris 1991 (Gallegos / Schroth, Gallegos & Associates) 001305 001305H Historic: 6Y (Determined Outside Roads/trails/railroad ineligible) 1991 (ANDERSON, USFS) grades

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Table 2 Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within 1-Mile of the Project APE Primary NRHP Number Trinomial Eligibility Proximity (P-30-) (ORA-) Resource Description Status Recorded By and Year to APE 001630 001630 Prehistoric: Bedrock 7R Outside 2003 (R. M. Beer, SRS, Inc.) milling feature (Unevaluated) 001636 001636 Prehistoric: Lithic scatter 7R Outside 2004 (P. Fulton, LSA) (Unevaluated) 001637 001637 Prehistoric: Lithic scatter 7R 2003 (Phil Fulton, LSA); Outside (Unevaluated) 2004 (P. Fulton, LSA) 001752 001752H Historic: 7R Outside Privies/dumps/trash (Unevaluated) 2014 (Sandy Duarte, Logan scatters; Machinery - Freeberg, Aaron McCann, LSA automobile; Other - Associates) collapsed building 001753 -- Historic: 7R Outside Foundations/structure 2014 (Sandy Duarte, Logan (Unevaluated) Freeberg, Aaron McCann, LSA pads; Other - Collapsed Associates) bldg 100039 -- Prehistoric: Lithic scatter 7R 1994 (Carbone, Larry A., Outside (Unevaluated) Chambers Group) 100040 -- Prehistoric: Lithic scatter 7R 1994 (Carbone, Larry A., Outside (Unevaluated) Chambers Group) 100041 -- Prehistoric: Lithic scatter 7R 1994 (Carbone, Larry A., Outside (Unevaluated) Chambers Group) 150001 -- Historic: Government 2B (Determined Outside 1995 (Newland, James D., building; New Deal eligible) Cleveland National Forest) Public Works Project 150005 -- Historic: Government 2B (Determined Outside 1995 (Newland, James D., building; New Deal eligible) Cleveland National Forest) Public Works Project 150006 -- Historic: Government 2B (Determined Outside 1995 (Newland, James D., building; New Deal eligible) Cleveland National Forest) Public Works Project 150007 -- Historic: Government 2B (Determined Outside 1995 (Newland, James D., building; New Deal eligible) Cleveland National Forest) Public Works Project 162266 -- Historic: Monument 1D (Listed) 1935 (State Park Commission, Outside Dept of Natural Resources); 1959 (Leo Crawford, Div of Beaches & Praks Dist 6 Historical Landmarks); 1980 (J. Arbuckle, CRHL)

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Table 2 Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within 1-Mile of the Project APE Primary NRHP Number Trinomial Eligibility Proximity (P-30-) (ORA-) Resource Description Status Recorded By and Year to APE 162274 -- Historic: Monument 1D (Listed) 1935 (State Park Commission, Outside Dept of Natural Resources); 1959 (Jack A. Genter, Huntington Beach State Park); 1980 (J. Arbuckle) 177443 -- Historic: Holtz Ranch 6Z Outside Complex consisting of (Recommended foundations/structure ineligible) 2000 (Joanne S. Couch, pads; Wells/cisterns; Scientific Resource Surveys, Water conveyance Inc.); system; Walls/fences; 2003 (Richard L. Carrico and Other; Single family Andrea M. Craft, Mooney & property; Ancillary Associates); building; Rural open 2012 (Pamela Daly, Daly & space; Farm/ranch; Assoc) Other - apiary; Walls/gates/fences

Historic Aerial Photography Review

During the 2014, Phase I Initial Site Assessment, Dudek reviewed historical aerial photographs from the years 1938, 1946, 1948, 1952, 1960, 1966, 1975, 1989, 1994, 2005, 2009, 2010, and 2012. The aerial photographs are described in the following table:

Table 3 Aerial Photograph Review Date Description 1938, 1946 The APE (Ladd Canyon Bridge at Silverado Road) is visible as a paved road at the south end of a dirt road. To the north and west of the APE, orchards and a few buildings are visible. South and southeast of the APE, houses are visible. 1948, 1952, 1960, The APE is visible as a bridge crossing for the road. The dirt road mentioned before is now a 1966 paved road. 1975, 1989, 1994 The orchards in the vicinity of the APE appear to be cleared land. 2005, 2009, An orchard is visible to the west. The area to the south and southwest of the APE is a residential 2010, 2012 and commercial area.

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Historic Map Review

During the 2014, Phase I Initial Site Assessment, topographic maps from 1901, 1902, 1942, 1950, 1968, 1978, 1981, 1982, and 1997 were reviewed. Topographic maps of the adjoining quad of the subject property were reviewed for the years 1947, 1967, 1973, 1982, 1988, and 1997. These maps do not show the subject property as they depict only the area north of the subject property. The topographic maps show the following: Table 4 Historic Map Review Date Scale Description 1901 1:250,000 A stream which runs northeast/southwest is depicted crossing the APE. The APE is just north of Silverado Canyon. The APE is located at the western border of the Cleveland National Forest. Details of the APE are not visible at this scale. 1902 1:125,000 The topographic map appears to be similar to the 1901 map. 1942 50,000 A primary highway which runs west/east is depicted on the APE. As the road continues to the west the highway is depicted as a secondary highway. Another stream is depicted just south of the APE. Details of the APE are not visible at this scale. A few buildings, including a school, are depicted west and east of the APE. 1950 24,000 The APE is depicted at the intersection of Silverado Canyon and Ladd Canyon. The road crossing through the APE is a secondary highway. The stream crossing the APE is now depicted as an intermittent stream. The school to west has been identified as Silverado School. Just west of the school, an inactive coal mine is depicted. A water tank and buildings are shown to the southeast of the APE. 1968 24,000 The APE appears to be similar to the 1950 topographic map. The water tank is no longer depicted and the Silverado School is further west of the APE east of Santiago Canyon Road. The area to the southeast appears to be more developed and a few buildings are depicted north of the APE. 1978 24,000 The APE and surrounding area appear to be similar to the 1968 topographic map. Photorevised from 1968 1981 24,000 The APE and surrounding area are unchanged Photorevised from 1968 1982 24,000 The APE and surrounding area are unchanged Photorevised from 1968 1997 24,000 The APE is unchanged. A few more buildings are depicted north of the APE.

3.2 Summary of Native American Coordination

Dudek contacted the California NAHC to request a review of the Sacred Lands File on April 17, 2017. The NAHC responded on April 17, 2017, and stated that the review failed to indicate the presence of Native American cultural resources in the immediate Project area. The NAHC also provided a list of ten Native American groups and individual contacts that may have additional knowledge of cultural

9072 18 DUDEK MAY 2018 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT FOR THE SILVERADO CANYON ROAD OVER LADD CREEK BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT resources in the vicinity of the APE. Dudek mailed letters to each of the contacts on May 11, 2017, and conducted follow-up telephone calls on June 21, 2017. As a result of consultation with these ten contacts: one contact (Ms. Harvey of the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians) stated that the proposed Project is not located within their tribal territory and deferred to applicable local tribes for comment. The remaining contacts did not respond to either the letter or subsequent follow-up phone calls. A complete summary of coordination with local Native American groups is provided in Table 5. A copy of the NAHC Sacred Lands File search results letter and the coordination letters mailed to the contacts is provided in Appendix B.

Table 5 Summary of Native American Coordination Efforts Local Group/Government Contact Coordination Efforts Results Ms. Patricia Garcia, Tribal Historic 05/11/17: Letter sent via U.S. 05/22/17: Ms. Harvey replied via email to Preservation Officer Mail. state that the proposed Project is not Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla located within the Agua Caliente Band of Indians Cahuilla Indians tribal territory and 5401 Dinah Shore Drive deferred to applicable local tribes for Palm Springs, CA 92262 comment. Mr. Jeff Grubbe, Chairperson 05/11/17: Letter sent via U.S. 05/22/17: Ms. Harvey replied via email to Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Mail. state that the proposed Project is not Indians located within the Agua Caliente Band of 5401 Dinah Shore Drive Cahuilla Indians tribal territory and Palm Springs, CA 92262 deferred to applicable local tribes for comment. Ms. Sonia Johnston, Tribal 05/11/17: Letter sent via U.S. No response to date. Chairperson Mail. Juaneno Band of Mission Indians 06/21/17: Ms. Denniston left a P.O. Box 25628 voice message. Santa Ana, CA 92799 Mr. Matias Belardes, Chairperson 05/11/17: Letter sent via U.S. No response to date. Juaneno Band of Mission Indians Mail. Acjachemen Nation 06/21/17: Ms. Denniston left a 32161 Avenida Los Amigos voice message. San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675 Ms. Joyce Perry, Representing 05/11/17: Letter sent via U.S. No response to date. Tribal Chairperson Mail. Juaneno Band of Mission Indians 06/21/17: Ms. Denniston left a Acjachemen Nation voice message. 4955 Paseo Segovia Irvine, CA 92612 Ms. Teresa Romero, Chairwoman 05/11/17: Letter sent via U.S. No response to date. Juaneno Band of Mission Indians Mail. Acjachemen Nation 06/21/17: Ms. Denniston left a 31411-A La Matanza Street voice message. San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675

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Table 5 Summary of Native American Coordination Efforts Local Group/Government Contact Coordination Efforts Results Mr. Temet Aguilar, Chairperson 05/11/17: Letter sent via U.S. No response to date. Pauma & Yuima Reservation Mail. P.O. Box 369 06/21/17: Ms. Denniston left a Pauma Valley, CA 92061 voice message. Mr. Joseph Ontiveros, Cultural 05/11/17: Letter sent via U.S. No response to date. Resource Department Mail. Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians 06/21/17: Ms. Denniston left a P.O. Box 487 voice message. San Jacinto, CA 92581 Ms. Rosemary Morillo, 05/11/17: Letter sent via U.S. No response to date. Chairperson Mail. Soboba Band of Mission Indians 06/21/17: Ms. Denniston left a P.O. Box 487 voice message. San Jacinto, CA 92581 Ms. Carrie Garcia, Cultural 05/11/17: Letter sent via U.S. No response to date. Resources Manager Mail. Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians 06/21/17: Ms. Denniston left a P.O. Box 487 voice message. San Jacinto, CA 92581

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INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

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4 BACKGROUND 4.1 Environment

The project alignment is located within Silverado Canyon at the southern extent of Ladd Canyon. Disturbances have included residential development, agriculture, utility installation, and construction of the existing Silverado Canyon Road and Ladd Canyon Bridge. The Project vegetation along the outside edges of the APE includes riparian, sage scrub, and disturbed area community plants. The geologic units within the alignment and surrounding vicinity have been mapped as Mesozoic volcanic rocks, Cretaceous marine rocks, and Upper Cretaceous marine rocks (Jennings 1977, US Geological Survey 2008). Geologic material includes sandstone, shale, siltstone, conglomerate, andesite and rhyolite flow rocks, greenstone, volcanic breccia and other pyroclastic rocks (US Geological Survey 2010). 4.2 Cultural Context

Evidence for continuous human occupation in the region spans the last 10,000 years. Various attempts to parse out variability in archaeological assemblages over this broad time frame have led to the development of several cultural chronologies; some of these are based on geologic time, most are based on temporal trends in archaeological assemblages, and others are interpretive reconstructions. Each of these reconstructions describes essentially similar trends in assemblage composition in more or less detail. This research employs a common set of generalized terms used to describe chronological trends in assemblage composition: Paleoindian (pre-5500 BC), Archaic (8000 BC AD 500), Late Prehistoric (AD 500 1750), and Ethnohistoric (post-AD 1750). Paleoindian (pre-5500 BC)

Evidence for Paleoindian occupation in the region is tenuous; the knowledge of associated cultural pattern(s) is informed by a relatively sparse body of data that has been collected from within an area extending from coastal San Diego through the Mojave Desert and beyond. One of the earliest dated archaeological assemblages in this area (excluding the Channel Islands) derives from SDI-4669/W-12, in La Jolla, San Diego County. A human burial from SDI-4669 was radiocarbon dated to 9,590 9,920 years before present (95.4% probability) (Hector 2006). The burial is part of a larger site complex that contained more than 29 human burials associated with an assemblage that fits the Archaic profile (i.e., large amounts of groundstone, battered cobbles, and expedient flake tools). In contrast, typical Paleoindian assemblages include large stemmed projectile points, high proportions of formal lithic tools, bifacial lithic reduction strategies, and relatively small proportions of groundstone tools. Prime examples of this pattern are sites that were studied by Emma Lou Davis (1978) on China Lake Naval

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Air Weapons Station near Ridgecrest, California. These sites contained fluted and unfluted stemmed points and large numbers of formal flake tools (e.g., shaped scrapers, blades). Other typical Paleoindian sites include the Komodo site (MNO-679), a multicomponent fluted point site, and MNO-680, a single component Great Basined stemmed point site (Basgall et al. 2002). At MNO-679 and MNO-680, groundstone tools were rare, while finely made projectile points were common.

Warren et al. (2004) claimed that a biface manufacturing tradition present at the Harris site complex (SDI-149) is representative of typical Paleoindian occupation in the Southern California region that possibly dates between 10,365 and 8200 BC (Warren et al. 2004, p. 26). Termed San Dieguito (Rogers 1945), assemblages at the Harris site, located in the area now occupied by City of Escondido, are qualitatively distinct from most others in the region because the site has large numbers of finely made bifaces (including projectile points), formal flake tools, a biface reduction trajectory, and relatively small amounts of processing tools (Warren 1964, 1968). Despite the unique assemblage composition, the definition of San Dieguito as a separate cultural tradition is debated. Gallegos (1987) suggested that the San Dieguito pattern is simply an inland manifestation of a broader economic pattern. ation of San Dieguito has been widely accepted in recent years, in part because of the difficulty in distinguishing San Dieguito components from other assemblage constituents. In other words, it is easier to ignore San Dieguito as a distinct socioeconomic pattern than it is to draw it out of mixed assemblages.

The large number of finished bifaces (i.e., projectile points and non-projectile blades), along with large numbers of formal flake tools at the Harris site complex, is very different than nearly all other assemblages throughout the region, regardless of age. Warren et al. (2004) made this point, tabulating basic assemblage constituents for key early Holocene sites. Producing finely made bifaces and formal flake tools implies that relatively large amounts of time were spent for tool manufacture. Such a strategy contrasts with the expedient flake-based tools and cobble-core reduction strategy that typifies non-San Dieguito Archaic sites. It can be inferred from the uniquely high degree of San Dieguito assemblage formality that the Harris site complex represents a distinct economic strategy from non- San Dieguito assemblages.

If San Dieguito truly represents a distinct socioeconomic strategy from the non-San Dieguito Archaic processing regime, its rarity implies that it was not only short-lived, but that it was not as economically successful as the Archaic strategy. Such a conclusion would fit with the general trends in Southern California deserts, wherein hunting-related tools are replaced by processing tools during the early Holocene (Basgall and Hall 1990).

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Archaic (8000 BC AD 500)

The more than 1500-year overlap between the presumed age of Paleoindian occupations and the Archaic period highlights the difficulty in defining a cultural chronology in the region. If San Dieguito is the only recognized Paleoindian component in the region, then the dominance of hunting tools implies that it derives from Great Basin adaptive strategies and is not necessarily a local adaptation. Warren et al. (2004) admitted as much, citing strong desert connections with San Dieguito. Thus, the Archaic pattern is the earliest local socioeconomic adaptation in the region (Hale 2001, 2009).

The Archaic pattern is relatively easy to define with assemblages that consist primarily of processing tools: millingstones, handstones, battered cobbles, heavy crude scrapers, incipient flake-based tools, and cobble-core reduction. These assemblages occur in all environments across the region, with little variability in tool composition. Low assemblage variability over time and space among Archaic sites has been equated with cultural conservatism (Byrd and Reddy 2002; Warren 1968; Warren et al. 2004). Despite enormous amounts of archaeological work at Archaic sites, little change in assemblage composition occurs until the bow and arrow is adopted at around AD 500, as well as ceramics at approximately the same time (Griset 1996; Hale 2009). Even then, assemblage formality remains low. After the bow is adopted, small arrow points appear in large quantities, and already low amounts of formal flake tools are replaced by increasing amounts of expedient flake tools. Similarly, shaped millingstones and handstones decrease in proportion relative to expedient, unshaped groundstone tools (Hale 2009). Thus, the terminus of the Archaic period is equally as hard to define as its beginning because basic assemblage constituents and patterns of manufacturing investment remain stable, complimented only by the addition of the bow and ceramics. Late Prehistoric (AD 500 1750)

The period of time following the Archaic and prior to Ethnohistoric times (AD 1750) is commonly referred to as the Late Prehistoric (Rogers 1945; Wallace 1955; Warren et al. 2004). However, several other subdivisions continue to be used to describe various shifts in assemblage composition, including the addition of ceramics and cremation practices. The post-AD 1450 period is called the San Luis Rey Complex (Meighan and True 1977). Rogers (1929) also subdivided the last 1,000 years into the Yuman II and III cultures, based on the distribution of ceramics. Despite these regional complexes, each is defined by the addition of arrow points and ceramics and the widespread use of bedrock mortars. Vagaries in the appearance of the bow and arrow and ceramics make the temporal resolution of the San Luis Rey complex difficult. For this reason, the term Late Prehistoric is well-suited to describe the last 1,500 years of prehistory in the region.

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Temporal trends in socioeconomic adaptations during the Late Prehistoric period are poorly understood. This is partly due to the fact that the fundamental Late Prehistoric assemblage is very similar to the Archaic pattern but includes arrow points and large quantities of fine debitage from producing arrow points, ceramics, and cremations. While steatite was commonly the material of choice for vessel production, it was generally replaced near the time of missionization by locally procured clay to produce ceramic vessels. The appearance of mortars and pestles is difficult to place in time because most mortars are on bedrock. Some argue that the Ethnohistoric intensive acorn economy extends as far back as AD 500 (Bean and Shipek 1978). However, there is no substantial evidence that reliance on acorns, and the accompanying use of mortars and pestles, occurred prior to AD 1400. True (1980) argued that acorn processing and ceramic use in the region did not occur until the San Luis Rey pattern emerged after approximately AD 1450. Ethnohistoric (post-AD 1750)

The history of the Native American communities prior to the mid-1700s has largely been reconstructed through later mission-period and early ethnographic accounts. The first records of the Native American inhabitants of the region come predominantly from European merchants, missionaries, military personnel, and explorers. These brief, and generally peripheral, accounts were prepared with the intent of furthering respective colonial and economic aims and were combined with observations of the landscape. They were not intended to be unbiased accounts regarding the cultural structures and community practices of the newly encountered cultural groups. The establishment of the missions in the region brought more extensive documentation of Native American communities, though these groups did not become the focus of formal and in-depth ethnographic study until the early twentieth century (Bean and Shipek 1978; Boscana 1846; Fages 1937; Geiger and Meighan 1976; Harrington 1934; Laylander 2000; White 1963). The principal intent of these researchers was to record the precontact, culturally specific practices, ideologies, and languages that had survived the destabilizing effects of missionization and colonialism. This ing that traditional knowledge was being lost due to the impacts of modernization and cultural assimilation. languages and oral histories within the region. Ethnographic research by Dubois, Kroeber, Harrington, Spier, and others during the early twentieth century seemed to indicate that traditional cultural practices and beliefs survived among local Native American communities.

It is important to note that even though there were many informants for these early ethnographies who were able to provide information from personal experiences about Native American life before European immigration, a significantly large proportion of these informants were born after 1850; therefore, the documentation of pre-contact, aboriginal culture was being increasingly supplied by

9072 25 DUDEK MAY 2018 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT FOR THE SILVERADO CANYON ROAD OVER LADD CREEK BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT individuals born in California after considerable contact with Europeans. This is an important issue to note when examining these ethnographies, since considerable culture change had undoubtedly occurred by 1850 among the Native American survivors of California. 4.3 Ethnographic Overview

The project area is northwest of Aliso Creek, which is considered by Kroeber (1925) to be the ethnographic boundary marker between the Gabrielino (or Tongva) (west of the Aliso Creek) and Juaneño (east of the Aliso Creek). A brief discussion of both is presented below. Gabrielino/Tongva

The archaeological record indicates that the Gabrielino arrived in the Los Angeles Basin around 500 B.C. Many contemporary Gabrielino identify themselves as descendants of the indigenous people living across the plains of the Los Angeles Basin and adjacent areas and use the native term Tongva to describe themselves (King 1994). This term is used in the remainder of this section to refer to the pre-contact inhabitants of the Los Angeles Basin and their descendants. Surrounding native groups included the Chumash and Tataviam to the northwest, the Serrano and Cahuilla to the northeast, and the Juaneño and Luiseño to the southeast.

Gabriel Mission, which included people from the Gabrielino area proper as well as other social groups (Bean and Smith 1978; Kroeber 1925). Therefore, in the post-Contact period, the name does not necessarily identify a specific ethnic or tribal group. The names by which Native Americans in southern California identified themselves have, for the most part, been lost. Many modern Gabrielino identify themselves as descendants of the indigenous people living across the plains of the Los Angeles Basin and refer to themselves as the Tongva (King 1994). This term is used in the remainder of this section to refer to the pre-Contact inhabitants of the Los Angeles Basin and their descendants.

Tongva lands encompassed the greater Los Angeles Basin and three Channel Islands, San Clemente, San Nicolas, and Santa Catalina. The Tongva established large, permanent villages in the fertile lowlands along rivers and streams, and in sheltered areas along the coast, stretching from the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. A total tribal population has been estimated of at least 5,000 (Bean and Smith 1978), but recent ethnohistoric work suggests a number approaching of willow poles thatched with tule that could hold up to 50 people (Bean and Smith 1978). Other structures served as sweathouses, menstrual huts, ceremonial enclosures, and probably communal granaries. Cleared fields for races and games, such as lacrosse and pole throwing, were created adjacent

9072 26 DUDEK MAY 2018 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT FOR THE SILVERADO CANYON ROAD OVER LADD CREEK BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT to Tongva villages (McCawley 1996). Archaeological sites composed of villages with various sized structures have been identified.

The Gabrielino community of Siutcanga is believed to have been located at Rancho El Encino, a 4,461 acre tract of land granted to three ex-mission Indians named Ramón, Francisco, and Roque. When the Portolá expedition passed through the San Fernando Valley in 1769, the explorers stopped at a the Spanish explorers stopped in an area near present-day Encino, and historians have suggested that the village observed by the Spaniards was in fact Siutcanga. In the mid-1980s, archaeological investigations in Encino at the intersection of Ventura and Balboa Boulevards revealed evidence of a large village site (CA-LAN-43) that may have been Siutcanga. The site is situated on an ancient streambed and included a cemetery with both human and animal burials. Radiocarbon testing dated the site to as early as 5,000 B.C. Most of this site has since been destroyed by development (McCawley 1996).

The Tongva subsistence economy was centered on gathering and hunting. The surrounding environment was rich and varied, and the tribe exploited mountains, foothills, valleys, deserts, riparian, estuarine, and open and rocky coastal eco-niches. Like that of most native Californians, acorns were the staple food (an established industry by the time of the early Intermediate Period). Acorns were supplemented by the roots, leaves, seeds, and fruits of a wide variety of flora (e.g., islay, cactus, yucca, sages, and agave). Fresh water and saltwater fish, shellfish, birds, reptiles, and insects, as well as large and small mammals, were also consumed (Bean and Smith 1978:546; Kroeber 1925; McCawley 1996).

A wide variety of tools and implements were used by the Tongva to gather and collect food resources. These included the bow and arrow, traps, nets, blinds, throwing sticks and slings, spears, harpoons, and hooks. Groups residing near the ocean used oceangoing plank canoes and tule balsa canoes for fishing, travel, and trade between the mainland and the Channel Islands (McCawley 1996).

Tongva people processed food with a variety of tools, including hammerstones and anvils, mortars and pestles, manos and metates, strainers, leaching baskets and bowls, knives, bone saws, and wooden drying racks. Food was consumed from a variety of vessels. Catalina Island steatite was used to make ollas and cooking vessels (Blackburn 1963; Kroeber 1925; McCawley 1996).

At the time of Spanish contact, the basis of Tongva religious life was the Chinigchinich cult, centered on the last of a series of heroic mythological figures. Chinigchinich gave instruction on laws and institutions, and also taught the people how to dance, the primary religious act for this society. He later withdrew into heaven, where he rewarded the faithful and punished those who disobeyed his laws (Kroeber 1925). The Chinigchinich religion seems to have been relatively new when the Spanish

9072 27 DUDEK MAY 2018 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT FOR THE SILVERADO CANYON ROAD OVER LADD CREEK BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT arrived. It was spreading south into the Southern Takic groups even as Christian missions were being built and may represent a mixture of native and Christian belief and practices (McCawley 1996).

Deceased Tongva were either buried or cremated, with inhumation more common on the Channel Islands and the neighboring mainland coast and cremation predominating on the remainder of the coast and in the interior (Harrington 1942; McCawley 1996). Cremation ashes have been found in archaeological contexts buried within stone bowls and in shell dishes (Ashby and Winterbourne 1966), as well as scattered among broken ground stone implements (Cleland et al. 2007). Archaeological data such as these correspond with ethnographic descriptions of an elaborate mourning ceremony that included a wide variety of offerings, including seeds, stone grinding tools, otter skins, baskets, wood tools, shell beads, bone and shell ornaments, and projectile points and knives. Offerings varied with the sex and status of the deceased (Johnston 1962; McCawley 1996; Reid 1926). At the behest of the Spanish missionaries, cremation essentially ceased during the post-Contact period (McCawley 1996). Juaneño

The Juaneño, or Acjachemen, territory was bounded to the north by Aliso Creek, the east by the crest of the Santa Ana Mountains, the south by San Onofre Creek, and west by the Pacific Ocean (Kroeber 1925:636). Ethnographic, linguistic, and archaeological evidence indicate that Juaneño and Luiseño are one cultural/tribal group. There is no existing record of the Juaneño population during the pre- contact period. Records indicated that approximately 1,300 individuals culturally affiliated with the Juaneño resided at Mission San Juan Capistrano in the year 1800 (Engelhardt 1922). The mission death register shows as many as 4,000 native burials in the mission cemetery (White 1963). It is clear from that arrival of the Spanish decimated Native peoples through disease and changed living conditions (Bean and Shipek 1978).

The tribes of the region were organized into patrilineal clans or bands centered on a chief, composed of 25 30 people (Kroeber 1925), each of which had their own territorial land or range where food and other resources were collected at different locations throughout the year (Sparkman 1908). The title of chief was heritable along family lines. Inter-band conflict was most common over trespassing.

names were assigned to each territory, often reflecting common animals, plants, physical landmarks, or cosmological elements that were understood as being related to that location. Marriages were generally arranged by parents or guardians. Polygamy occurred though was not common, often with a single man marrying a number of sisters and wives. Shamanism was a major component in tribal life. The physical body and its components was thought to be related to the power of an individual, and wastes such as fluids, hair, and nails were discarded with intent. Hair, once cut, was often carefully

9072 28 DUDEK MAY 2018 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT FOR THE SILVERADO CANYON ROAD OVER LADD CREEK BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT collected and buried to avoid being affected negatively or controlled by someone who wishes them harm. Some locations and natural resources were of cultural significance. Springs and other water- related features were thought to be related with spirits. These resources, often a component of origin stories, had power that came with a variety of risks and properties to those who became affected. Puberty ceremonies for both boys and girls were complex and rigorous. Mourning ceremonies were similar throughout the region, generally involving cutting year after death, and redistributing personal items to individuals outside of the immediate tribal group (Sparkman 1908; Kroeber 1925). The center of the Juaneño and Gabrielino religion was Chinigchinich, the last of a series of heroic mythological figures. The heroes were originally from the stars and the sagas told of them formed the Juaneño religious beliefs. The most obvious expression of the religion was the Wankech, a brush enclosed area where religious observances were performed. The Wankech contained an inner enclosure housing a representation of Chinigchinich, a coyote skin stuffed with feathers, claws, beaks, and arrows.

The staple food of the Native American inhabitants of this region during the ethnohistoric period was acorns (Sparkman 1908). Of the six or more oak species within this traditional territory, the most desirable of these was the black oak (Quercus kelloggii) due to its ease of processing, protein content, and digestibility. The acorns were generally processed into flour using a mortar and pestle. The meal was most commonly leached with hot water and the use of a rush basket; however, there are also accounts of placing meal into excavated sand and gravel pits to allow the water to drain naturally. The acorn was then prepared in a variety of ways, though often with the use of an earthen vessel (Sparkman 1908). Other edible and medicinal plants of common use included wild plums, choke cherries, Christmas berry, gooseberry, elderberry, willow, Juncus, buckwheat, lemonade berry, sugar bush, sage scrub, currents, wild grapes, prickly pear, watercress, wild oats and other plants. More arid plants such as Yucca, Agave, mesquite, chia, bird-claw fern, Datura, yerba santa, Ephedra, and cholla were also of common use by some Juaneño and Gabrielino populations. A number of mammals were commonly eaten. Game animals included black-tailed deer, antelope, rabbits, hares, birds, ground squirrels, woodrats, bears, mountain lions, bobcats, coyotes, and others. In lesser numbers, reptiles and amphibians may have been consumed. Fish and marine resources provided some portion of many tribal communities, though most notably those nearest the coast. Shellfish would have been procured and transported inland from three primary environments, including the sandy open coast, bay and lagoon, and rocky open coast. The availability of these marine resources changed with the rising sea levels, siltation of lagoon and bay environments, changing climatic conditions, and intensity of use by humans and animals.

Areas or regions, identified by known physical landmarks, could be recognized as band-specific territories that might be violently defended. Other areas or resources, such as water sources and other locations that were rich in natural resources, were generally understood as communal land to be shared. The coastal Juaneño and Gabrielino exchanged a number of local goods, such as seafood,

9072 29 DUDEK MAY 2018 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT FOR THE SILVERADO CANYON ROAD OVER LADD CREEK BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT coastal plants, and various types of shell, for items including acorns, agave, mesquite beans, gourds, and other more interior plants of use (Luomala 1978). Shellfish would have been procured from three primary environments, including the sandy open coast, bay and lagoon, and rocky open coast. The availability of these marine resources changed with the rising sea levels, siltation of lagoon and bay environments, changing climatic conditions, and intensity of use by humans and animals (Gallegos and Kyle 1988; Pigniolo 2005; Warren 1964). Shellfish from sandy environments included Donax, Saxidomas, Tivela, and others. Rocky coast shellfish dietary contributions consisted of Pseudochama, Megastraea, Saxidomus, Protothaca, Megathura, Mytolis, and others. Lastly, the bay environment would have provided Argopecten, Chione, Ostrea, Neverita, Macoma, Tagelus, and others. While marine resources were obviously consumed, terrestrial animals and other resources likely provided a large portion of sustenance. Game animals consisted of rabbits, hares (Leporidae), birds, ground squirrels, woodrats (Neotoma), deer, bears, mountain lions (Puma concolor), bobcats (Lynx rufus), coyotes (Canus latrans), and others. In lesser numbers, reptiles and amphibians may have been consumed.

A number of local plants were used for food and medicine. They were exploited seasonally, and both traded between regional groups and gathered as a single triblet moved between habitation areas. Some of the more common of these that might have been procured locally, or as higher elevation varieties, would have included buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum), Agave, Yucca, lemonade berry (Rhus integrifolia), sugar brush (Rhus ovata), sage scrub (Artemisia californica), yerba santa (Eriodictyon), sage (Salvia), Ephedra, prickly pear (Opuntia), mulefat (Baccharis salicifolia), chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), elderberry (Sambucus nigra), oak (Quercus), willow (Salix), and Juncus grass, among many others (Wilken 2012). 4.4 The Historic Period (post-AD 1542)

European activity in the region began as early as AD 1542, when Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo landed in San Diego Bay. Sebastián Vizcaíno returned in 1602, and it is possible that there were subsequent contacts that went unrecorded. These brief encounters made the local native people aware of the existence of other cultures that were technologically more complex than their own. Epidemic diseases may also have been introduced into the region at an early date, either by direct contacts with the infrequent European visitors or through waves of diffusion emanating from native peoples farther to the east or south. Father Juan Crespí, a member of the 1769 Spanish Portolà expedition, authored the first written account of interaction between Europeans and the indigenous population in the region that makes up Orange County today. It is possible, but as yet unproven, that the precipitous demographic decline of native peoples had already begun prior to the arrival of Gaspar de Portolá and Junípero Serra in 1769.

Spanish colonial settlement was initiated in 1769, when multiple expeditions arrived in San Diego by land and sea, and then continued northward through the coastal plain toward Monterey. A military

9072 30 DUDEK MAY 2018 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT FOR THE SILVERADO CANYON ROAD OVER LADD CREEK BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT presidio and a mission were soon firmly established at San Diego, despite violent resistance to them from a coalition of native communities in 1776. Mission San Juan Capistrano was established this same year, on November 1st. Private ranchos subsequently established by Spanish and Mexican soldiers, as well as other non-natives, appropriated much of the remaining coastal or near-coastal locations (Pourade 1960 1967). in the 1830s caused further disruptions to native populations. Some former mission neophytes were absorbed into the work forces on the ranchos, while others drifted toward the urban centers at San Diego and Los Angeles or moved to the eastern portions of the county where they were able to join still largely autonomous native communities. United States conquest and annexation, together with the gold rush in Northern California, brought many additional outsiders into the region. Development during the following decades was fitful, undergoing cycles of boom and bust. With rising populations in the nineteenth century throughout the Southern California region, there were increased demands for important commodities such as salt. 4.4.1.1 Historic Context of the Project Area

The project area is at the northwestern extent of an 1837 Mexican land grant issued to Jose Sepulveda referred to as Rancho Cienega de las Ranas added in 1842, the total land area in what was referred to as Rancho San Joaquin encompassed the present-day city of Irvine, the San Joaquin Hills, Newport Bay, and Laguna Canyon (LA Times 1986). acquired by James Irvine, Benjamin and Thomas Flint, and Llewellyn Bixby along with three other adjoining land grants (Hoover et al. 1966).

The community of Silverado is located within the boundaries of the Cleveland National Forest and was founded in 1878. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the area was mined for silver, with remnants of mining operations still present (OHP 2017). Torrential rains in 1939 washed away many homes, roads and bridges, but during the 1940s, the community of Silverado sprang back, prospering as a hot springs vacation retreat. During this time, weekend cabins, local hotels, restaurants were built (LA Times 1989).

Again in 1969, torrential rains had a catastrophic effect on the community, washing away homes, devastated roads and bridges, and resulted in a number of flood related casualties. Residents were resilient, however, and the population of Silverado was reported as just over 2,000 in 2015 (TownCharts 2017).

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5 FIELD METHODS 5.1 Methods

A qualified Dudek Archaeologist conducted an intensive-level pedestrian survey of the Project direct APE on June 13, 2017. The direct APE included Silverado Canyon Road, the three potential staging areas, and the existing Ladd Canyon Bridge. Because much of the direct APE has been heavily developed and consists of paved roadways and sidewalks, only portions of the direct APE containing exposed sediment were intensively surveyed.

Survey of the direct APE was accomplished by walking along the sidewalks on either side of Silverado Canyon Road and closely inspecting the grassy areas surrounding the existing bridge. Because these streets are major thoroughfares, the intensive-level survey was restricted to the adjacent turnouts for the safety of the archaeologist. A reconnaissance-level survey was performed on the road bed by visually examining the area from a safe distance. During the survey, the grassy areas containing exposed sediment were examined for prehistoric artifacts (e.g., flaked stone tools, tool-making debris, stone milling tools, ceramics, and fire-affected rock [FAR]), soil discoloration that might indicate the presence of a cultural midden, soil depressions and features indicative of the current or former presence of structures or buildings (e.g., standing exterior walls, postholes, and foundations), and historic artifacts (e.g., metal, glass, and ceramics). Subsurface soil exposures and rodent burrows were opportunistically sought and examined for any additional information relating to subsurface sediment composition. No soils indicating the presence of archaeological resources were observed.

Fieldwork was documented using field notes, digital photography, close-scale field maps and aerial photographs, and a Global Positioning System (GPS) unit. Photographs of the APE were taken using a Canon PowerShot A1300 digital camera. All field notes, photographs, and records related to the current study are on file at Dudek Pasadena, California.

9072 32 DUDEK MAY 2018 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT FOR THE SILVERADO CANYON ROAD OVER LADD CREEK BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT

6 STUDY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 6.1 Findings

Because the APE is located along an existing paved roadway and within extensively graded and disturbed turnout areas, close attention was paid to any areas of exposed sediment. Ground visibility varied greatly, with approximately 0% along paved Silverado Canyon Road, and 100% within the graded turnout areas. Visibility immediately surrounding the existing bridge was approximately 10%. Only modern refuse was observed in the APE. No archaeological resources were identified within the Project direct APE as a result of the intensive pedestrian survey. 6.2 Conclusions

No historic properties were identified within the Project APE as a result of the current study. Although one historic resource, The Holt Ranch Complex (P-30-177443), was identified as overlapping the APE by the SCCIC records search, consultation with the District 4 PQS Principal Architectural Historian concluded that the Holtz Ranch Complex boundary recorded in 2000 is no longer valid. From 2006, the former ranch property has been developed as a religious and educational ins Abbey). All but one of the historical-era ranch buildings (the Bi-Level Ramp Barn) have been demolished, and the property as a whole has been extensively landscaped to accommodate its new use. ds, bridges, and parking lots, and water control features such as concrete-lined drainage channels. Construction of a monastery and church complex is currently underway. As a result of this construction, the property no longer conveys any sense of the historical-era working ranch. The only remaining cultural resource from the Holtz Ranch-era is the Bi-Level Ramp Barn, which has been retained by St. Michael as a service building. Due to a near complete loss of integrity of design, location, setting, workmanship, materials, feeling, and association, Caltrans has recommended updating the cultural resource boundary as coincident with the barn footprint. The barn is located approximately 250 feet north of Silverado Canyon Road. As a result, the barn is outside of the project APE.

In response to outreach efforts, one Native American contact stated that the proposed Project is not located within their tribal territory and deferred to applicable local tribes for comment. No other Native American contacts responded to outreach efforts.

The majority of earth-moving work will occur within areas occupied by the existing bridge, roads, and adjacent areas that have been disturbed through the development of the turnouts. While records of the exact depth and character of past disturbances are limited due to the age of much of this past construction, it is possible that limited intact native soils are present within the first few feet of the

9072 33 DUDEK MAY 2018 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT FOR THE SILVERADO CANYON ROAD OVER LADD CREEK BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT surface. Project excavation will produce a maximum depth ranging by activity of 20 feet below the surface at the location of new bridge footings. No improvements or construction will occur within the staging areas or along Silverado Canyon Road. Based on the background research and survey results there is a low potential to encounter buried cultural deposits within the APE. Thus, no further work is recommended. 6.3 Unidentified Cultural Materials

qualified archaeologist assess the significance of the find. It should be further noted, additional archaeological survey will be needed if Project limits are extended beyond the present survey limits. 6.4 Unanticipated Discovery of Human Remains

The discovery of human remains is always a possibility during ground disturbances; State of California Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5 covers these findings. This code section states that no further disturbance shall occur until the County Coroner has made a determination of origin and disposition pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 5097.98. The County Coroner must be notified of the find immediately. If the human remains are determined to be prehistoric, the Coroner will notify the NAHC, which will determine and notify a Most Likely Descendant (MLD). The MLD shall complete the inspection of the site within 48 hours of notification and may recommend scientific removal and nondestructive analysis of human remains and items associated with Native American burials.

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7 REFERENCES CITED

Ashby, G. E., and J. W. Winterbourne. 1966. A Study of Primitive Man in Orange County and Some of its Coastal Areas. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 2(1):3-52.

Basgall, M. E., L. Johnson, and M. Hale. An Evaluation of Four Archaeological Sites in the Lead Mountain Training Area, Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, Twentynine Palms, California

Adaptive Variation in the North-Central Mojave Desert presented at the 55th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Las Vegas, Nevada.

Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, California, edited by Robert F. Heizer550 563. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.

Blackburn, Thomas. 1963. Ethnohistoric Descriptions of Gabrielino Material Culture. Annual Report, Archaeological Survey. University of California, Los Angeles.

rical Account of the Origin, Customs, and Traditions of the Indians at the Missionary Establishment of St. Juan Capistrano, Alta Life in California, by Alfred Robinson, 227 341. New York, New York: Wiley & Putnam.

Byrd, B.F., and S.N. Reddy Cultural Complexity on the California Coast: Late Holocene Archaeological and Environmental Records, edited by J.M. Erlandson and T.L. Jones, 41 62. Los Angeles, California: University of California Los Angeles Press.

Cleland, James H., Andrew L. York, and Lorraine M. Willey. 2007. Piecing Together the Prehistory of Landing Hill: A Place Remembered. EDAW Cultural Publications No. 3. EDAW, Inc., San Diego.

Daly, Pam. 2012. Site Record for P-30-177443. On file at the South Central Information Center, California State University, Fullerton.

Whitney-Desaulets and Beer and Carrico. 2013

Carrico 2003

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Davis, E.L. 1978. The Ancient Californians: Rancholabrean Hunters of the Mojave Lakes Country. Los Angeles, California: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.

Engelhardt, Zephyrin. 1922. The San Juan Capistrano Mission. Zephyrin Englehardt, Los Angeles.

Fages, P. 1937. A Historical, Political, and Natural Description of California (1775). Translated by Herbert Ingram Priestly. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.

- Archaeological Society, Research Paper No. 1.

Gallegos, D., and C. Kyle. 1988. Five Thousand Years of Maritime Subsistence at Ballast Point Prehistoric Site SDI-48 (W-164), San Diego, California. San Diego, California: WESTEC Services.

Geiger, M. and C.W. Meighan. 1976. As the Padres Saw Them: California Indian Life and Customs as Reported by the Franciscan Missionaries, 1813 1815. Santa Barbara Mission Archive Library, Santa Barbara, California.

Southern California Brown Ware of California, Riverside.

Technological Organization of the Millingstone Pattern in Southern California

PhD dissertation; University of California, Davis.

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 92(4).

Harrington, John P. 1942. Culture Element Distributions: XIX, Central California Coast. Anthropological Records 7:1. University of California Press: Berkeley.

Hector, S.M. 2006. Cultural Resources Study for the Maintenance of Old Mission Dam, Mission Trails Regional Park, San Diego, California. Prepared for the City of San Diego.

Hoover, Mildred B.; Rensch, Hero; Rensch, Ethel; Abeloe, William N. 1966. Historic Spots in California. Stanford University Press.

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Jennings, C.W., Strand, R.G., and Rogers, T.H. 1977. Geologic map of California: California Division of Mines and Geology, scale 1:750,000.

Johnston, Bernice E. 1962. Frederick Webb Hodge Anniversary Publication Fund 8, Southwest Museum, Los Angeles.

King, Chester D. 1994. Native American Placenames in the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, Agoura Hills. Topanga Anthropological Consultants, California.

Kroeber, A. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution.

Lightfoot, Kent J. 2005. Indians, Missionaries, and Merchants. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Los Angeles (LA) Times. 1986 Swamp of the Singing Frogs. http://articles.latimes.com/1986-03- 16/realestate/re-26379_1_cerrito-de-las-ranas. Site Accessed July, 2017.

Los Angeles (LA) Times. 1989. Day of the Deadly Mud: 1969 Floods: Tragedy and Heroism. http://articles.latimes.com/1989-02-25/local/me-330_1_mud-and-debris. Site Accessed July, 2017.

Luomala, K. 1978. California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, 592 609. Handbook of the North American Indians, Vol. 8, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.

McCawley, W. 1996. The First Angelinos: The Gabrielino Indians of Los Angeles. Malki Museum Press, Banning California and Ballena Press, Novato, California.

Meighan, C.W. and D.L. True. 1977. Additional Comments on Molpa Archaeological Site. The Journal of California Anthropology, 4(2).

Office of Historic Preservation. 2017. Silverado: Historic Landmark. http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/ListedResources/Detail/202. Site Accessed July, 2017.

Franciscan Mission System: Demographic Collapse and Social Change. Masters thesis, Department of Anthropology, California State University, Fullerton.

Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology 18:255 259.

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Reid, Hugo. 1926. The Indians of Los Angeles County. Privately printed, Los Angeles.

Ro Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 1:167 198.

Sparkman, Philip Stedman. 1908. "The Culture of the Luiseño Indians". University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 8 (4): 187 234.

TownCharts. 2017. Silverado, California Demographics Data. http://www.towncharts.com/California/Demographics/Silverado-CCD-CA- Demographics-data.html. Site Accessed July, 2017.

Journal of New World Archaeology 3(4):1 39.

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2008. Preliminary Integrated Geologic Map Databases for the United States - Western States: California, Nevada, Arizona, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Utah. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1305/. Site Accessed July, 2017.

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2010. Geologic Units in San Bernardino County, California. http://tin.er.usgs.gov/geology/state/fips-unit.php?code=f06071. Site Accessed July, 2017.

dissertation; University of California, Los Angeles.

Archaic Prehistory in the Western United States, edited by C. Irwin-Williams, 1 14. Portales, New Mexico: Eastern New Mexico University Contributions in Anthropology.

Prehistoric and Historic Archaeology of Metropolitan San Diego: A Historic Properties Background Study. Prepared for the Metropolitan Wastewater Department, City of San Diego. Encinitas, California: ASM Affiliates.

White, Raymond C. 1963. Luiseno Social Organization. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 48(2): 91 194. Berkeley, California: University of California.

Diego State University.

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8 MAPS

9072 39 DUDEK MAY 2018

395 14 ¤£ Hesperia

Rainbow

P a c i f i c Fallbrook

Camp Pendleton 76 Ocean North Bonsall

Camp Pendleton South Hidden Oceanside Meadows Vista

San Marcos Escondid Carlsbad 78

SOURCE: ESRI Streetmap Regional Map

Project Site ^

SOURCE: USGS 7.5-Minute Series Quadrangle (Black Star Canyon, Corona South, El Toro, Santiago Peak) FIGURE 2 Vicinity Map

8254

Existing Bridge Footprint Proposed Grading Area Proposed Bridge Footprint and Roadway Area

025 50 I Feet

SOURCE: ESRI Online: Bing Aerial; OCPW July 2014 Project Footprint

APPENDIX A CONFIDENTIAL SCCIC Records Search Results

APPENDIX B Native American Group Coordination

April 17, 2017

NAHC Staff Associate Government Program Analyst Native American Heritage Commission

Subject: NAHC Sacred Lands File Records Search Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear NAHC Staff,

Regards,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. SLF Records Search Request Map

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Mr. Temet Aguilar, Chairperson Pauma & Yuima Reservation P.O. Box 369 Pauma Valley, CA 92061

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Mr. Aguilar,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Mr. Matias Belardes, Chairperson Juaneno Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation 32161 Avenida Los Amigos San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Mr. Belardes,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Ms. Carrie Garcia, Cultural Resources Manager Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians P.O. Box 487 San Jacinto, CA 92581

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Ms. Garcia,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Ms. Patricia Garcia, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians 5401 Dinah Shore Drive Palm Springs, CA 92262

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Ms. Garcia,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Mr. Jeff Grubbe, Chairperson Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians 5401 Dinah Shore Drive Palm Springs, CA 92262

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Mr. Grubbe,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Ms. Rosemary Morillo, Chairperson Soboba Band of Mission Indians P.O. Box 487 San Jacinto, CA 92581

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Ms. Morillo,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Mr. Joseph Ontiveros, Cultural Resource Department Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians P.O. Box 487 San Jacinto, CA 92581

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Mr. Ontiveros,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Ms. Joyce Perry, Representing Tribal Chairperson Juaneno Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation 4955 Paseo Segovia Irvine, CA 92612

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Ms. Perry,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Ms. Teresa Romero, Chairwoman Juaneno Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation 31411-A La Matanza Street San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Ms. Romero,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

May 11, 2017

Ms. Sonia Johnston, Tribal Chairperson Juaneno Band of Mission Indians P.O. Box 25628 Santa Ana, CA 92799

Subject: Information Request for the Ladd Canyon Bridge Replacement, Orange County, California

Dear Ms. Johnston,

Sincerely,

______Liz Denniston, M.A., RPA Archaeologist DUDEK Phone: (626) 375-7682 Email: [email protected]

Attachments: Figure 1. Records search area Map.

Legend 01,000 2,000 1 Mile Buffer Feet Meters Study Area 0 500

APPENDIX

Samantha Murray, MA Historic Built Environment Lead / Senior Architectural Historian

Samantha Murray is a senior architectural historian with 12 EDUCATION professional experience in in all elements of cultural resources California State University, Los Angeles management, including project management, intensive-level MA, Anthropology, 2013 field investigations, architectural history studies, and historical California State University, Northridge significance evaluations in consideration of the California BA, Anthropology, 2003 Register of Historical Resources (CRHR), the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), and local-level evaluation criteria. Ms. PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS Murray has conducted hundreds of historical resource California Preservation Foundation evaluations and developed detailed historic context statements Society of Architectural Historians for a multitude of property types and architectural styles, National Trust for Historic Preservation including private residential, commercial, industrial, educational, Registered Professional Archaeologist medical, ranching, mining, airport, and cemetery properties, as well as a variety of engineering structures and objects. She has also provided expertise on numerous projects requiring conformance with the Treatment of Historic Properties.

l Qualification Standards for both Architectural History and Archaeology. She is experienced managing multidisciplinary projects in the lines of transportation, transmission and generation, federal land management, land development, state and local government, and the private sector. She has experience preparing environmental compliance documentation in support of projects that fall under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)/National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and Sections 106 and 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). She also prepared numerous Historic Resources Evaluation Reports (HRERs) and Historic Property Survey Reports (HPSRs) for the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans).

Select Project Experience The 1431 El Camino Real Project, City of Burlingame, San Mateo County, California (2018). The City of Burlingame proposes to demolish an existing four-unit (two-story) apartment building along with the detached five-car garage structure. The property at 1431-1433 El Camino Real was constructed in 1947 and required evaluation for historical significance. Further, because the property requires a Caltrans encroachment permit, a Caltrans-compliant Historical Resources Compliance Report (HRCR) was prepared. In addition to evaluating the building at 1431 El Camino, Dudek also had to address impacts to an NRHP-listed tree row within the project area. Ms. Murray co-authored the HRCR, provided QA/QC of the final cultural resources report, and prepared the SOIS and ESA Action Plans required by Caltrans as mitigation for the NRHP-listed resource.

Historical Evaluation of 3877 El Camino Real, City of Palo Alto, Santa Clara County, California (2017). Ms. Murray served as architectural historian, originally providing a peer review -do the original evaluation report. As part of this work Ms. Murray conducted additional archival research on the property and evaluated the building for historical significance in consideration of local, state, and national

DUDEK Page 1 of 2 SAMANTHA MURRAY, MA CONTINUED designation criteria and integrity requirements. The project proposes to demolish the existing building and develop new housing.

Silverado Canyon Road Over Ladd Creek Bridge Replacement Project, Orange County Public Works, Caltrans District 12, California (2017). Orange County Public Works (OCPW) proposes to remove and replace the existing Silverado Canyon Road as it passes over Ladd Creek on the proposed project at a location slightly east of the intersection of Ladd Canyon Road and Silverado Canyon Road. Caltrans District 12 required preparation of an ASR and HPSR. Ms. Murray roject area for historical resources, and assisted with finalizing the HPSR.

Historical Resources Assessment for the SFO Residential Sound Insulation Program, Cities of San Bruno and Millbrae, San Mateo County, California (2017). Dudek was retained by San Francisco International Airport (SFO) to evaluate 28 residential properties constructed 50 years ago or more within the cities of San Bruno and Millbrae, in San Mateo County, California. These properties are proposed to receive installation of sound insulation materials as part of S Residential Sound Insulation Program. All 28 properties were recorded and evaluated on State of California Department of Parks and Recreation Series 523 Forms for historical significance in consideration of National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) designation criteria and integrity requirements. Ms. Murray co-authored the technical report and provided QA/QC.

California Boulevard Roundabout Project, OmniMeans, Caltrans District 4, City of Napa, California (2016). The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) and the City of Napa worked together to deliver a cooperative project encompassing three intersections. The project also proposes to modify the SR-29 northbound off-ramp and First Street intersection with a modern roundabout. Ms. Murray served as Principal Architectural Historian and archaeologist, preparing of the Area of Potential Effects (APE) map and subsequent preparation of Caltrans documentation, including an Archaeological Survey Report (ASR), Historical Resources Evaluation Report (HRER), Finding of No Adverse Effect Report (FNAE), and Historic Property Survey Report (HPSR). This included an evaluation of seven previously unevaluated properties for the NRHP and CRHR, and consideration of impacts to the West Napa Historic District.

Hamilton Hospital Residential Care Facility Project, City of Novato, Marin County, California (2015). Ms. Murray served as architectural historian, prepared a cultural resources Secretary of he Treatment of Historic Properties. The project proposed to construct an addition and make alterations to an NRHP-listed district contributing property. With review from Ms. Murray, the project was able to demonstrate conformance with the Standards for Rehabilitation.

Presentations Historical Resources under CEQA. Prepared for the Orange County Historic Preservation Planner Working Group. Presented by Samantha Murray, Dudek. December 1, 2016.

. Prepared for Lorman Education Services. Presented by Samantha Murray and Stephanie Standerfer, Dudek. September 19, 2014.

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