TICKNALL ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP

AN HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION AT STAUNTON LANE END COTTAGE, TICKNALL 2014 TSL14

Sue Brown M.A.

Janet Spavold M.A., MSc. (UMIST), MSc. (Loughborough)

In association with The National Trust.

ISBN number 978-0-9567861-8-0

Copyright © 2019 Sue Brown & Janet Spavold

The authors assert their moral right to be identified as the authors of this work. All Rights Reserved. No part of this compilation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of both of the Copyright holders, nor be otherwise circulated in any form or binding or cover other than in which it is published and without a similar condition being imposed on the subsequent publisher.

Published by Sue Brown & Janet Spavold c/o The Magic Attic Archives, Sharpes Pottery Museum, West St., Swadlincote, Derbyshire, DE11 9DG

CONTENTS

Page

List of figures. ii

List of photographs. iii

Authors and Acknowledgements. 1

Summary. 2

Location. 3

History of the site. 4

Excavation. 14

Summary of the pottery . 36

Ticknall wares. 37

Ticknall bottles. 39

Ticknall bottles or Martincamp flasks? 46

Distribution of all Ticknall wares. 50

Conclusion. 54

Appendices.

1 Fabrics - fresh break photographs. 55

2 Clay Pipes and Musket Balls. 62

3 Pot illustrations – descriptions and drawings. 63

4 Graphs of Ticknall wares found by trench. 75

5 Graphs of Kiln material. 89

6 Pot catalogue. 91

7 Wills and inventories of Morley and Marriot families. 95

8 Other bottle references. 103

Bibliography. 105

i List of figures

Description Page

Figure 1. Location map. 3 Figure 2. Suggested medieval layout. 5 Figure 3. Suggested layout by 1711. 5 Figure 4. Potting families on the site. 13 Figure 5. The layout and potential obstructions . 15 Figure 6. Location of trenches. 16 Figure 7. Trench 2 north section. 18 Figure 8. Trench 2 east section. 18 Figure 9. Trench 3 looking east. 20 Figure 10. Trench 3 east section. 20 Figure 11. Trench 4 plan looking east. 22 Figure 12. Trench 5 plan from west. 23 Figure 13. Trench 5 east section. 23 Figure 14. Trench 6 showing south and west sections. 24 Figure 15. Trench 8 plan. 26 Figure 16. Trench 8 north section. 27 Figure 17. Trench 9 section looking west. 28 Figure 18. Trench 9 plan. 28 Figure 19. Final position of trenches and results. 29 Figure 20. Summary of pottery recovered in the excavation. 36 Figure 21. Capacity Tests on 9 Museum of London Martincamp Flasks. 47 Figure 22. Martincamp Flasks at The Museum of London. 48 Figure 23. Occurrences of named Ticknall wares 1570-1710. 52 Figure 24. Clay pipe. 62 Figure 25. Musket balls and bullets. 62

ii List of photographs

Description Page

Photo 1. Aerial view from Google Earth. 4 Photo 2. W. Larter, Map of Ticknall, late 1830s. 6 Photo 3. Ticknall Tithe Map 1843. 6 Photo 4. Shaw’s Map of 1857. 7 Photo 5. Shaw’s Map of 1857 showing site enlarged. 7 Photo 6. Thomas Morley’s mark 1698. 8 Photo 7. Back wall of pigsty. 11 Photo 8. Interior of north pigsty. 11 Photo 9. The South side of the house and garden. 15 Photo 10. Trench 2 from the west. 31 Photo 11. Trench 3 from the west. 31 Photo 12. Trench 4 looking east. 31 Photo 13. Trench 4 looking north. 31 Photo 14. Trench 4 concrete drain looking east. 32 Photo 15. Trench 5 from west. 32 Photo 16. Trench 6, context (602). 32 Photo 17. Ticknall bottle waster. 32 Photo 18. Trench 7, context (702). 33 Photo 19. Trench 8 (805 and 806) from the east. 33 Photo 20. Trench 8 (806) drain with capping stones removed. 33 Photo 21. Trench 9 looking west (904) and (905). 34 Photo 22. Ground at east end of cottage with coal store and concrete removed. 34 Photo 23. A good haul of Ticknall Bottle sherds from trench 4. 35 Photo 24. TARG in action June 2014. 35 Photo 25. Mark on MP base. 41 Photo 26. CIST cups from this site at Derby Museum. 41 Photo 27. Part of a puzzle jug. 41 Photo 28. Three Ticknall Tudor Heads. 41 Photo 29. Possible vent for kiln top, Derby Museum. 41 Photo 30. Ticknall slipware. 41 Photo 31. TBOTT two coloured body. 42 Photo 32. TBOTT spout, two coloured. 42 Photo 33. TBOTT spout, two coloured. 42 Photo 34. Stone damage hole in TBOTT. 42 Photo 35. TBOTT ‘M’ or ‘W’ scratched on pot. 42 Photo 36. TBOTT spout join. 42 Photo 37. TBOTT grey swirl at top with orange streaks. 42 Photo 38. TBOTT base with orange/red streaks. 42 Photo 39. Spout join. 43 Photo 40. Spout join and waster, purple. 43 Photos 41-44. Assorted spouts. 43 Photo 45. Broken spout, two coloured. 43 Photo 46. Partly reconstructed bottle, base side. 44 Photo 47. Partly reconstructed bottle, sideways view. 44 Photo 48. Another partly reconstructed bottle. 44 Photo 49. Some of the TBOTT spouts recovered. 45

iii Description Page

Photo 50. And some more. 45 Photo 51. Ticknall bottle spout and one from Southampton Museum. 49 Photo 52. Flask from Dieppe Castle Museum. 49 Photo 53. Ivory Tobacco Rasp, Dieppe Castle Museum. 49 Photo 54. Flask pieces, Dieppe Castle Museum. 49 Photo 55. Martincamp flask in wicker casing, The Mary Rose Museum. 49 Photo 56. Fresh break MP. 55 Photo 57. Fresh break MP/BL. 55 Photo 58. Fresh break BERTH. 56 Photo 59. Fresh break LERTH. 56 Photo 60. Fresh break BLACK. 57 Photo 61. Fresh break MY. 57 Photo 62. Fresh break TBOTT buff. 58 Photo 63. Fresh break TBOTT buff to orange. 58 Photo 64. Fresh break TBOTT orange. 59 Photo 65. Fresh break TBOTT brownish buff. 59 Photo 66. Fresh break TBOTT brown. 60 Photo 67. Fresh break TBOTT grey. 60 Photo 68. Fresh break TBOTT purple. 61 Photo 69. Two sizes of musket balls. 62 Photo 70. Four types of bullet. 62 Photo 71. Toy cannon barrel. 62

iv TICKNALL ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP

The Ticknall Archaeological Research Group (TARG) was launched in March 2010 with a Heritage Lottery Fund grant of £49,900 over a period of three years.

The origins of the group lie in the 1990s and early 2000 when Sue Brown and Janet Spavold studied the local history and landscape for their book “Ticknall Pots and Potters” which was published in 2005. It showed that the industry was widespread both geographically and over time in the parish, with 25 production sites (the total is now 31) working from the medieval periods to 1888. Not all sites were working at the same time. Ticknall’s reputation derived from the high-quality Cistercian ware, decorated and plain, and the Midlands Purple Ware which were produced here and sold throughout the Midlands.

Nine years later the Group is still active and has amassed much new information about the potters and potteries of Ticknall.

Members taking part in the investigation with either digging, washing, sorting or drawing were:

Sue Brown, David Budge, Celia Bunston, Sybil Carter, Patti Cust, Doreen de Blaquiere, Paul Fletcher, Barbara Foster, Keith Foster, Morwenna Fox, Sue Fox, Anne Green, Sue Hallifield, Tilly Hallifield, Marianne Head, Emily Holt, Lesley Holt, Ollie Jackson, Ann Jones, David Jones, Hannah Male, Sylvia Mathias, Colleen Newton, Peter Newton, Paul Ryan, Sue Peberdy, Maria Pickin, Karenina Raffle, Martin Roe, Jayne Saunders, Les Saunders, Coleen Shepherd, Annette Soar, Janet Spavold, Julie Tibbert, Joan Tomlinson, Anne Wileman, Heather Wrigglesworth, Rachel Young.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This site is Ticknall Site 14 (Spavold and Brown p.59). It is an important site as Staunton Lane End Cottage on Staunton Lane, Ticknall was the production site of a type of known bottle that has become known internationally as a “Martincamp Flask” and although other production sites also existed, this site in Ticknall is the first production site to be identified anywhere. The Ticknall Archaeological Research Group would like to thank the following:

Firstly the National Trust and particularly Rachael Hall, Consultancy Manager and Archaeological Consultant, Midlands NT Region and Rachel Walker, Estate Manager – Calke Abbey & Leicestershire; Kedleston Hall; Sudbury Hall; South Lincs and North Northants; both of whom generously allowed us to excavate over a period of time.

We would particularly like to thank Dr Anne Irving for her support and assistance in providing the archaeological background and expertise in our researches for this report and for instigating our visits to London, Southampton and Dieppe.

Rachel Atherton Co-production Curator at Derby Museum for access to the finds collected in 1976 and Richard Langley formerly of Derby Museum for letting us see them in the 1990s. Dr Anne Irving, the late Dr Alan Vince, Jane Young, Dr Dave Barrett former Derbyshire County Archaeologist and Steve Baker Derbyshire County Archaeologist, Alan McCormick formerly of The Brewhouse Yard Museum, Nottingham, who first told us that “Martincamp type” flasks had been found on the site in the 1970s. Dr David Barker formerly of The Potteries Museum, Stoke on Trent, Philip Riden of Derbyshire Record Society.

1 Museum of London: Steve Tucker, Curator; Francis Grew, Senior Curator (Archaeology) and Archive Manager and Helen Butler, Museum Conservator. Southampton Arts and Heritage: Mike Harris Head of Leisure and Culture and Gill Woolrich Curator of Archaeology at Southampton Museum. Dr Pierre Ickowicz, Curator, Dieppe Castle Museum.

Derbyshire Archaeological Society for grants from the Pilling Bequest for chemical analysis. Derbyshire County Council for a grant towards chemical analysis of sherds that include some of the Ticknall bottle sherds from this site. Richard Jones of Glasgow University for the chemical analysis report (forthcoming DAS 2019). We should like the thank the staff of Derbyshire Record Office, The Record Office for Leicestershire, Leicester and Rutland, the former Lichfield Joint Record Office whose records have now been transferred to Stafford Archives and Cheshire Record Office. Olive Wardle of the Harpur Crewe Estate Office, Lord Ralph Kerr of Melbourne Hall, Philip Heath, Keith Foster and the Magic Attic Swadlincote and Richard at Bretby Sign Craft. We would also like to thank Debbie Sawday for suggesting that we put photographs of fresh breaks in our reports. And finally we would like to thank Anne Green for proof reading the final text.

Photographs © Sue Brown; Museum of London Figures 28 and 29.

SUMMARY

The Group was given the opportunity to do some test pits in the garden of Staunton Lane End Cottage when the property became vacant in 2014 on the death of the tenant. This was before extensive renovations were to take place. We were fairly certain that it had been the site of a pottery but no real investigation had been done. In 1976 work was done in the garden, in retrospect it was suggested that either electricity or gas had been laid to the cottage then. This work uncovered a large number of pot sherds. At that time the tenant, Russell Brown, contacted Alan McCormick of The Brewhouse Museum in Nottingham, a substantial number of sherds were collected, included several of those of a type now known as Martincamp flasks, and taken to Derby Museum. They filled seven boxes. No work had been done since then.

In 2007 we were fortunate to meet Dr Alan Vince when we took some Ticknall sherds for ICPS and a throwaway remark of his was that there was an unexplained pattern of distribution of Martincamp type flask sherds in the Midlands as they were supposedly imported with the expected distribution being mainly coastal; as it turned out we were unfortunately unable follow this up with him. No known production site had ever been identified for this type of ware anywhere. Since we were aware that we had a potential site for these pots we made sure that we kept an eye on the site in case a chance ever came up to excavate.

This report is in two parts. The first part considers the probable development of the site from the 1500s onwards with the documentary evidence, including the potters involved, using the deeds with wills and inventories and other documents. The second describes the excavations that TARG was able to undertake, the finds and their potential significance.

2 Location

Ticknall is a farming and commuter village which is 11km to the south of Derby, on the A514, within the area covered by South Derbyshire District Council. Staunton Lane is off Ashby Road (B5006) just before the area known as Top Farm is reached. The cottage sits back from the road on a thin and unusally shaped plot.

Figure 1. Location map of Ticknall.

3 HISTORY OF THE SITE

The cottage had long been part of the Harpur Crewe Estate and was in that part of the estate acquired by the National Trust in 1985. A large quantity of pot sherds had been gathered from the garden when work was undertaken by the Estate in the 1970s and deposited in Derby Museum; exactly where in the garden these had come from was unknown. The cottage lies to the south of the main village, on the edge of Ticknall’s ancient South Field2, the southern part of this open field was known as Gilborough3 Leys in the medieval period and by the 1680s as Town Leys. It is at the junction of Staunton Lane and the main Ticknall to Ashby de la Zouch road the B5006.

There is evidence of ridge and furrow in the fields immediately adjacent to the north and south of the cottage. The track of the former Ticknall tramway which was built around 1804 lies close to the eastern boundary of the property. The tramway has fossilised the two closes on its western side and to the east any ridge and furrow has been effectively ploughed out. From the pottery found it would appear that the site has been occupied from the early 1500s.

Photo 1. Aerial view from Google Earth, Ticknall and the north are to the top of the photograph.

2 Enclosure of Ticknall’s open fields took place in 1765. 3 The spellings are varied, for this report ‘Gilborough’ has been used. 4 The site is an odd shape and has a complicated history. It probably started off as a cottage next to or on a field entrance to Gilborough Leys. The cottage may have been built on a medieval entrance to the open field behind. The whole plot is raised some 75cm above the surrounding fields.

Figure 2. Suggested Medieval layout.4 Figure 3. Suggested layout by 1711.

By 1711 piecemeal enclosure of the open fields had begun, the close then called Lees Close5 had been enclosed from the waste at the edge of the road. There is a ditch between it and the next part of the present field as well as three mature trees on the boundary. The second piece of field still has the fossilised remains of ridge and furrow in it, clearly showing that it was separate. At some time, maybe during the early 1500s the plot had been taken off for a cottage – where the present cottage is now, and what was probably a barn, the east wall of which is still standing, now incorporated into the back wall of the 19th century pigsties.

The cottage underwent renovation and underpinning of the west part in January 2015, after our excavation. The large amount of clay and stones brought out from underneath the cottage suggests that the cottage was built on a base of stones and clay up to around 50cm, this may have been level with the track which still passed the cottage at the west end to the field entrance, it certainly raised it up well above field level. The entrance to the field to the south was from this inset within living memory (Sue Hallifield, pers. comm.). The cottage was built right up to the west boundary on this raised area. A well was dug in the garden on the north side.

The placing of the cottage on a deliberately raised area is in contrast to several other Ticknall properties of comparable early post medieval date which have the garden raised around them.

4 Sketch maps based on 25” Ordnance Survey 1st Edn. 1882. Derbyshire Record Office (DRO) OS 57.16 and 53.13 5 The earliest reference to Lees Close is in these deeds. 5 This layout remained very much the same until the 19th century. The cottage is shown on W. Larter’s map of Ticknall, undated but believed to be late 1830s. There is no plot of land shown and it is not a carefully drawn map. The Tithe Map of 1843 also shows the cottage, Lees Close is no. 401 and the cottage 402. Both maps used the same reference numbers for 99% of properties and the Tithe map is thought to be based on Larter. It at least shows the cottage in a small plot of land. The orientation of both maps is the same with North at the top and the Ticknall Tramway (c1804) shown to the east.

Photo 2. W. Larter, map of Ticknall late 1830s6. Photo 3. Ticknall Tithe Map 18437.

After the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538 the Fraunces family of Ticknall owned one of Ticknall’s three manors. In the 1620s or maybe a few years earlier, George Biddulph (Biddle) of Yoxall married Ann Fraunces and acquired half the Fraunces’s manor. In his will8 Biddulph left his Ticknall property to his son Thomas and after his death it was to pass to his grandson George Biddulph. By the mid 1660s Thomas Biddulph had evidently died and his son George had inherited. George made his will in 1666 and left the property to his nephew Thomas Pearston9. It was Thomas Pearston who sold the property in 171110 to Robert Sheavin11, a mercer of Ticknall for £58.

The description was “all that two parts of a messuage house undevided in Ticknall in the possession of one Elizabeth Marriot, the other part being Sir John Harpur Barronet and a close thereto adjoyning called Lees Close, and a close called the Broomill Close butting south upon a close of Joseph Beighton and being in the possession of the said Thomas Pearson, and one cow gate belonging to all the 3 fields in Ticknall ...”

The other part of the messuage was waste belonging to the Harpur family; this is the smaller piece of the plot with the 19th century pigsties on. The division is clearly shown on Shaw’s 1857 map of Ticknall and also on the 1st and 2nd edition of the 25” OS maps. By 1857 the area by the road was enclosed, it was described as “road and waste” and in the occupation of Samuel Toplis, it gave access to the field on the south. Both the two thirds and one third of the property had access to the well on the north side.

6 DRO D2375m170/3 map and 70/4 reference book. 7 DRO D2360/262a map and 262b, apportionment. 8 Staffordshire Record Office (SRO) George Biddulph, Yoxall, 21 Jul 1638. 9 SRO George Biddulph, Ticknall, 28 Sep 1666. 10 DRO D2375m/164/6 for the deeds. There are no surviving rentals for the property belonging to the Fraunces/Biddulph/Pearston/Sheavin families. 11 Various spellings, spelt Shevin in the 1711 deed, but standardised to Sheavin in this report. 6 Photos 4 and 5. Shaw’s map of 185712 with enlargement of the site showing remains of probable old division.

Despite the late date of the deeds, it has been possible to take the occupants of the cottage back a century earlier. Many Ticknall families were long term tenants, often with several generations succeeding each other in the same property; this was particularly true with pot sites, where potters marrying into a potting family often continued to run the same site after the death of the previous generation.

Although there are indications that pots were being made here by the mid 1500s, it was a member of the Morley family who made the Ticknall bottles as well as the other contemporary wares that were found. Thomas Morley, born around 1600 and buried on 1st June 1658, is the first potter for whom we have a name. He was not the first potter on the site as Cistercian wares have also been found, although not a great deal in this excavation. Thomas was married sometime before 1627 with children Sarah and Thomas baptised in 1627 and 1629 respectively, and his wife Elizabeth was buried in 1631. Shortly afterwards he married Ellena the daughter of William Holland, another Ticknall potter, and they had at least another two children, Peter 1632-34 and “Josua” born 1640. On the 30th of May 1658 Thomas made his will, describing himself as “beeing sike in bodye but of perfect minde and memorye”. He must have known the end was near as one of the rare entries in the parish register for this period records his burial the very next day on the 1st of June. By the time he made his will13 Ellena had evidently died and his wife was now called Sibell. There were six adult children mentioned in the will, Sarah, Thomas, Elizabeth, John, Jobe and Joseph (who may be the Josua baptised in 1639/0). See page 13 for a family tree for the potters on this site.

Thomas senior was described as a labourer in his will but tellingly he left all his boards to his son Joseph except four for a door. Boards are one of the commonest possessions of a potter and a labourer who possesses them is more likely to be a potter rather than a carpenter or joiner in Ticknall; it is therefore highly likely that Thomas was a potter given where he was living. Joseph Morley his son was certainly a potter and may have worked on this site but it is probable that he lived elsewhere nearby as his inventory does not fit with this site. The later rentals indicate that Joseph’s widow lived elsewhere in Ticknall. Thomas’s inventory gives an indication as to his lifestyle although it was taken two years after his death owing to the closure of Church Courts during the Commonwealth. The cottage the family lived in consisted of just two rooms, the house where the fire place was with the

12 DRO D2375m/170/4 map and 288/2 survey. 13 SRO Thomas Morley 27 August 1660. 7 fire irons, the cooking pots, one each of brass and iron and three “Cettells”14; the family sat on stools around the table and there was a cupboard and chest for storage; this room was also where the eight pewter dishes, three little “sausers” (jugs) and the candlestick were kept. The parlour was where the bed was with just two pairs of sheets and other small linen. The total of the household goods, together with the money in his purse and clothes (£1) came to just £4 18 shillings. Outside he had a cow worth £2 13s 4d, twelve sheep worth £2 and manure worth five shillings. The value of the whole was £9 16s 4d. His wife Sibill was still alive at this point, being buried as “Sibella Morley” on the 18th of March 1662/3.

The only surviving Hearth Tax listing of 1664 for the Repton and Gresley Hundred of Derbyshire15 shows that Thomas Morley had one hearth which accords with his father’s inventory. Since the cottage was later noticed to have had a stone base it is probable that a timber framed cottage preceded this one which was built sometime early on in the 17th century; the present south wall, which is the oldest surviving part of the cottage has seventeenth century sized bricks (240mm x 101mm x 57mm or 63mm - 9”x4”x2¼” or 2½”). A chamber in the roof space was added, the window would have been a dormer, the roof thatched.

Thomas junior had already been married by 1658 when his wife Elizabeth was buried as the wife of Thomas Morley junior. He married his second wife Jane and their only known child Elizabeth was probably born around 1665-77, Elizabeth married John Marriott in 1697. Thomas paid the rent of one shilling and eight pence from 1694-99 which was for the one third of the property which the Harpur family owned16. His burial entry on the 14th of November 1698 has “old man” beside his name; he would have been about 69. Thomas junior was clearly very ill by the time he made his undated will, as his mark was more of a wild scratch than a cross.

Photo 6. Thomas Morley’s mark 1698.

His will17 left everything to his wife Jane apart from one bequest. His inventory gives more detail. This shows that it was now a three roomed cottage. There was the house, still with its fireirons, shovel and tongs. There were now two tables, a form and four chairs instead of stools, there was also a wheel for spinning. There were now four kettles for cooking, a brass pot and three pewter dishes. The parlour had a chest and two coffers and a cupboard where presumably his ‘nappery ware’, the linen, would have been stored. The chamber contained the bed and bedding along with a table and chair. All this would have only been Thomas’s goods, not those of his son in law and daughter John and Elizabeth Marriott who were probably living there by then. There was corn in the garner and hay in the barn and a bacon flitch in store. Livestock consisted of a cow and two calves, 1 store pig, twenty ewes and ten hoggs18. Their living was still quite basic but they could afford pewter and a brass pot, they were neither well off nor poor, they had their flock of sheep, pig and the cow with her calves.

14 The ‘Cettells’ are listed with the pots and would be large cooking pots (kettles) at that date, rather than a “settle” to sit on. 15 The National Archives (TNA) E 179/245/7 16 Derbyshire Record Office (DRO) D2375m/ 54/20 and 171/76. The rentals are patchy in the early period of Harpur ownership and only become regular from this time onwards. This entry does not appear in what few earlier rentals there are and this small area may have been bought by the Harpurs, along with some other property for which the deeds are missing, in the early 1690s. 17 SRO Thomas Morley, Ticknall, 2 June 1701. 18 hoggs were young sheep aged between six months and a year. 8 The value of the household goods including money and clothing was £6 8s 10d and the livestock £11 5s 6d, including stored corn and bacon worth £1 0s 6d and 7s 6d for things forgotten, the total value was £17 14s 4d. No potting tools were mentioned, it is likely that Thomas had already passed these onto his son in law.

John Marriott was the son of John and Elizabeth Marriott who had a pot site on the nearby common which was later run by his brothers Josiah and Joseph; John was probably born in the 1670s. Jane Morley made her will on the 12th of August, she named her “son” [in law] John Marriott executor and residuary legatee. Jane was buried on October 26th 1702 and her inventory was almost identical to that of her late husband. It is likely that John Marriott was already living on the site following his marriage to Elizabeth; he may well have served his apprenticeship there. He was certainly there after Jane Morley died as he too paid the one shilling and eight pence for part of a cottage for 1707-0919.

John and Elizabeth Marriott had three children, Mary baptised in 1701, Jane and Susannah who was baptised three months after John’s death in 1708 and buried the following January. It is John’s will dated 30th of July 170820 that gives us an insight into the role of the wives and families of potters. John Marriott left his wife Elizabeth:

“halfe the trade with my mother as I had before painge halfe the cost and charges of it and if my wife will not hold up trade with my mother that my mother or brother shall pay to my wife for my part of roome and tools the soume of 15 shillins every year and fifteene for my part of the close every year according to Covenant”.

This suggests that his mother may have moved to the site after her husband, John Marriott senior who had died in 1699, or she moved in after Jane Morley died. His mother moreover was renting seven acres of arable land in the open fields for £1 10s, she continued to rent this until her death when it was taken over by her son Josiah, John’s younger brother. John’s will is also important as one of the few pieces of documentary evidence that we have that the women of the family, whose working lives are usually invisible, were involved in the potting trade; it was not just the men. No doubt Ellena Holland and Jane Morley were also potters; they would have been brought up to it.

All the inventories clearly show that potting was a part time occupation that would fit in with the agricultural year, a pastoral economy for the Morleys that would allow them time to make and fire the pots when the weather was good instead of attending to crops in the open fields. John Marriott’s inventory shows that he also had 1 ¾ acres of arable land with crops of “pease”, corn and barley; this land does not appear in the rentals so it was not Harpur land. He may have been farming part of the land his mother rented, the crops on that part being his.

Elizabeth continued to pay the same rent of 1s 8d, being noted as “Marriott Jno wid” from 1713 to 171921. As well as the rentals there are Suit Rolls22 which list the householders that owed Suit of Court at the half yearly manorial court. These exist from 1724 to 1809 with a gap in the 1750s-60s, they also tail off from the 1790s. From 1724 to 1732 Josiah Marriott appears, he was one of John’s younger brothers and another potter, perhaps by then Elizabeth needed some help running the pottery. In 1732 Josiah returned to the other pot site the Marriott family ran on Hazard Hill on the common; in that year Samuel Shaw, yet another potter, married Mary Marriott the elder daughter of John and

19 DRO D2375m/171/21 and 264/12. 20 SRO John Marriott, Ticknall, 29 April 1709. 21 DRO D2375m/264/12, 162/2, 171/16 and 162/18. 22 DRO D2375m/103/103. 9 Elizabeth and appears in the rentals. Samuel was already a widower, his first wife Ann was buried on the 17th of January 1731, the same day as their daughters Mary and Anne were baptised. The infant Mary was buried just two weeks later and her sister Anne in November 1734. Samuel and Mary Shaw had two children, John baptised 1733 and Elizabeth in 1736. Elizabeth Marriott (née Morley) was buried in April 1734 and the Administration bond for probate23 confirms that the Mary Marriott that Sam Shaw married was her daughter and not another of the numerous Marriott family. Elizabeth’s estate was valued at under £20.

Samuel Shaw continued potting at the cottage until at least 1762, he was listed in the Survey of Ticknall24 taken in that year as the tenant of one third of a house, garden and croft of 1 rood 32 perches and by now paying a yearly rent of seven shillings, this would be for the part of the property held from the Harpur family, the other part of the property was only listed under the owner, not the tenant. From the 1750s the format of the rentals changed and only the tenant’s name was given, not their holding or the former tenant, the rents had increased as well. However Sam did not remain at the cottage long after this as the Suit Rolls indicate that the tenant by 1768 was Henry Knight who was there to 1770, his occupation is unknown but he is not known to be a potter. Then from 1771 to around 1793 Christopher Ferbon (or Ferbourne), a labourer, and his wife lived there and brought up their family of eight children. Ferbon was not a potter either, potting seems to have effectively finished on the site by the mid 1760s. In the early 1790s, whilst the Ferbon family lived on the site the cottage they were living in burnt down. The Ferbon family and their goods were taken to the parish workhouse at a cost of 2s in December179125, which is probably when the fire happened.

By this time the ownership of the Sheavin part of the property had descended to Robert Orme Sheavin, Robert’s son who made his will on the 16th of September 1791, and left the property to his son in law Thomas Bucknall and his wife Mary neé Sheavin. Robert Orme died less than a month later on the 4th of October26 and clearly Bucknall did not want the property or at least the expense of rebuilding the cottage, and he wished to sell to Josiah Robinson. Probate was not granted until the 24th of April 1792, but Bucknall wasted no time as on the 21st of February 1792 he gave a six month lease for possession on the property to George Banton of Ticknall, gentleman, and a day later the sale went through with Bucknall selling, as “devisee in fee named in the last will and testament of Robert Orme Sheavyn and Mary his wife one of two daughters and coheirs at law of Robert”. The sale was to Josiah Robinson a butcher of Ticknall with George Banton as his trustee, who of course was now in possession. Josiah Robinson paid £105 for the property, described as in the occupation of Christopher Ferbon. He in turn left it to his son John Twells Robinson with the proviso that it was to go to John Twells’s children after the death of their father. As it turned out John Twells Robinson died in 181427 and his father Josiah in 182028. John Twells Robinson had left seven children, all under 21, to inherit the cottage together with other property that he was to have inherited. By 1835 the Robinson heirs had all become of age and sold the property to Sir George Crewe for £240 on the 30th of May 1835. The property was described in the Conditions of Sale29 as “Two messuages or tenements (Brick and tile) situate at Ticknall in the County of Derby with the outbuildings Pigsties Gardens and Appurtenances thereto belonging.” This is rather different to the earlier description of 1711 and there had clearly

23 SRO Elizabeth Marriot, Ticknall, 6 November 1734 24 DRO D2375m/63/62. 25 Ticknall Churchwardens and Overseers accounts, in private hands. 26 From stone in Melbourne Baptist Graveyard 27 SRO John Twells Robinson, 10 October 1815. 28 SRO Josiah Robinson, 10 October 1820. 29 A copy forms part of the deeds. 10 been some changes. With the deeds are two copies of a deposition by John Smith, dated 25th April 1835 they are identical and read:

“John Smith of Ticknall aged sixty six years or thereabouts (at the instance and for the satisfaction of Sir George Crewe Baronet who has purchased of the Trustees under the will of the late Josiah Robinson deceased two messuages or tenements and croft or close of Land in Ticknall aforesaid) maketh oath and saith that he hath resided in Ticknall nearly all his life and has been well acquainted with the property in question that the scite of the said messuages and the said croft were in or about the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety two purchased by the said Josiah Robinson deceased of and from one Thomas Bucknall of Ticknall aforesaid Chandler and Mary his wife That at the time of the purchase so made by the said Josiah Robinson there was an ancient messuage or tenement attached to the said property about 2/3 only of which stood upon the ground belonging to the said Thomas Bucknall, the remaining portion stood upon the adjoining land claimed as waste ground by Sir Henry Harpur Baronet then Lord of the Manor of Ticknall aforesaid and in respect of which the said Thomas Bucknall or the occupiers of the said messuage had been in the habit of paying an annual acknowledgement to the Lords of the said Manor. That shortly after the purchase by Josiah Robinson the said ancient messuage having been injured by fire was taken down & that portion of the scite thereof claimed as waste ground given up to the Lord of the Manor and the remaining part laid to the adjoining land of the said Josiah Robinson and has ever since been held and enjoyed by him and those claiming under him And that the said that the said messuages or tenements now belonging to the said premises were erected and built by the said Josiah Robinson on a part of the said croft distinct from and totally unconnected with the said ancient messuage and tenement so taken down as aforesaid.”

This suggests that the cottage that the Morleys and Marriots lived in had become run down and uninhabitable, it does not seem to be the one that was burnt down. Perhaps their original cottage had become ruinous, maybe in the 1702s-30s; and that the barn had been converted to a cottage, and it was that which caught fire. Bearing in mind that John Smith who gave the deposition was born around 1769, it suggests that the barn had been converted well before then, with the original cottage largely uninhabitable or more probably used as a workshop then this would seem to be a reasonable explanation. Smith would remember the “ancient messuage” as the one the Ferbons were living in, not the old and by the 1770s long disused workshop. Inside the pigsty there is the remains of an internal wall which with part of the back wall seems to be discoloured – perhaps the result of fire? This part of the back wall has been rebuilt.

Photo 7. Back wall of pigsty, from field. Photo 8. Interior of north pigsty showing darker, rebuilt and ?burnt wall on the left.

11 There is supporting evidence that by the 1720s-30s potters in Ticknall were becoming poorer.30 As an example the 1724 inventory of William Pemberton shows that most of his goods were old31. It does not suggest that trade at that time was thriving, Pemberton’s furniture of two tables, two cupboards, six chairs and a form all being described as “ould” as well as “2 ould Brass potts and 4 ould Brass Kettles” worth 12s 6d and five of his pewter plates were “ould ons”, even his livestock was on its way out with “2 ould horses” and “3 ould cows”, his potting boards in the workhouse were also “ould”.

The rebuilding of the cottage on a completely different part of the site in the 1790s seems to have been the rebuilding of the “ancient messuage” of Elizabeth Marriott; it is on the larger part of the site as stated in the deposition. The back wall (south side) is clearly older than the rest of the cottage. The brickwork shows signs that the window on the east has been altered or replaced; there were now two rooms on the first floor and a good sized attic with a window in each gable wall. The cottage was made fit for two tenants, with a door on the north side, the surviving one is still there with four sets of initials above it, one of which “ITR” stands for John Twells Robinson. The other door was blocked up in around 1917. Sometime before 190232 a lean-to dairy was built at the east end of the cottage and a washhouse, the latter survives at the west end. The remains of the barn had been converted into two pigsties with an earth closet at either end.

In 1818 when Josiah Robinson made his will, the tenants were Thomas Cantrell and George Adcock. George Adcock was a field labourer, in 1822 he had a family of seven whilst Thomas Cantrell had a family of six and worked at Foremark Park. The days of long term tenants were over for the next century. In the 1835 deed the tenants were named as John Wilkinson and William Neville. The 1843 Tithe Apportionment gave the tenant as John Berresford and others, “cottages and gardens 26 perches”. In 1857 the tenants were named as John Wilkinson and John Draper, each with a cottage and garden of 9 perches and 8 perches respectively. What is now the garden nearest the road was number 746a and described as “road or waste 7 perches” and rented by Samuel Toplis, the 1902 Ordnance Survey showing that it went with the cottage by then, with the field entrance on the very edge of it by the road. In 1857 Lees Close was rented by John Hide, so the cottage and the land that had gone with it in 1711 had been separated by this time. In 1911 the occupiers were William Tompkins and George Cook; Cook was an under gamekeeper, probably at Calke. They each had three rooms, with the dairy and washhouse shared. The musket balls and bullets that we found in the excavation probably belonged to Cook who would have had them as a result of his job, as only farmers and gamekeepers amongst the villagers were likely to have a shotgun or the old fashioned musket. They were found with the dairy demolition material. Cook lived there with his wife and one year old daughter, all were born in Ticknall. William Tompkins and his wife had three children; he was a bricklayer’s labourer.

The property was enlarged by a third around 191733 when the Brown family moved in. The dairy at the east end was demolished (and as we found, buried) and the kitchen, with the room and attic built above. The attic room was lit only from the roof; the gable window in the middle room, formerly the gable end, still remains inside. The whole house was made into one with the door nearest the road on the north side being blocked up then. This all makes the rather tall looking building that exists today, unlike any other cottage in Ticknall. The 1939 Register34 names the property as “The Potteries”.

30 Spavold & Brown, Ticknall Pots and Potters, chapter 3. 31 SRO William Pemberton, Ticknall, 14 April 1724. 32 DRO 1910 Valuation Map based on 1902 2nd Edn. OS 25”. 33 Ticknall 2000 – The People Of Our Village, p 67. 34 TNA RG101/5970F/016/1 12 A chart to show the relationships of the potting families on this site is given below.

Relationships of the potting families associated with the site.

Bold and underlined indicates who was working there.

William Holland of Ticknall, potter

Elizabeth (1)= Thomas Morley = (2) Ellena Holland Sarah Holland -1631 1600-1658 d by 1658 = Thomas Eaton potter Will prd 1662 =(3) Sibell -1663

John Marriott = Elizabeth Sarah Thomas Peter Josua/Joseph Elizabeth John Jobe of Ticknall -1718 Morley Morley Morley Morley Morley Morley Morley -1699 1627- 1629-98 1632-33 1640- potter potter potter will prd 1700 Elizabeth(1)= =(2) Jane -1658 -1702 will prd 1702

Josiah John Elizabeth Marriott Marriott = 1697 Morley 1683- 1674-1708 c1665 to 77, d 1734, Admon 1734. potter potter

Anne(1) = Samuel Shaw =(2) Mary Jane Susanna -1731 -1774 Marriott Marriott Marriott potter 1701- 1708-09

Ann Mary John Elizabeth Shaw Shaw Shaw Shaw 1731-31 1731-34 1733- 1736-

Figure 4. Potting families on the site.

13 EXCAVATION AT STAUNTON LANE END COTTAGE – TSL14

June and October 2014

OS SK34752335

INVESTIGATIONS

AIMS AND METHODS

 To determine whether the site was associated with a kiln or kilns within the garden area, by the finding of either remains of a kiln or a pottery tip associated with one.  To determine whether or not “Martincamp flasks” were produced on this site as suggested by the deposit in Derby Museum of material gathered from this site in the 1970s.  To write a report on our findings.

RESISTIVITY

It was not possible to do a resistivity survey on the site as it was too small an area. The garden was a thin long strip alongside the cottage and been overgrown and neglected for many years. There were numerous pieces of discarded metal, wood and rubbish on the surface.

GEOLOGY

The site lies on a large area of Lower Coal Measures Clay. Bedrock: the Pennine Lower Coal Measures Formation – Mudstone, Siltstone and Sandstone with Superficial Deposits of Glaciolacustrine deposits, mid Pleistocene – Clay, Silt and Stand. (BGS.ac.uk/ Geology of Britain viewer, accessed 9 September 2018).

WEATHER

The excavation took place on one or two days a week over the months of July and October. One day was rained off and another had to be cancelled as the road repair team had taken over the edge of the lane making access impossible. The weather was very mixed with one particularly wet night which filled the covered trenches with water.

SITE AS FOUND

The site was very overgrown and neglected with old rotten guttering and downpipes as well as rotting wood scattered around. There were very well established high nettles and bramble patches which by July were shoulder high. The ground was exceptionally dry due mainly to the large overhanging trees – we were given permission to trim back the smaller branches at ground level but nothing sizeable. Some of the boundary ‘hedge’ on the southern side had grown very tall and occupied two to three metres of a narrow garden space. The whole of the site was noticeably higher than the adjacent fields. A measurement taken through the only gap in the hedge that could be accessed showed that the difference in height from the base of the cottage was 75cm. The site itself was fairly level with a slight rise towards the west end of the buildings near to the washhouse. We also were told that a pipe for central heating oil ran from the gate along the south side and in to the house at the east end, the electricity was also said to follow a similar course. There was a manhole cover near the east end which we also avoided.

14 Photo 9. The south side of the house and garden taken two months before we began, from the SE.

Figure 5. The layout and potential obstructions to be avoided on the site.

We were given permission to investigate the south side of the garden initially. Several small trenches, initially 1x1m, later extended to 1x2m were dug in two phases. Four (1-4) were dug along the southern side of the house. A further small pit (5)was dug in the grass between the road and the house to ascertain the composition of the former road. Trench 6 was an extension of 4. The National Trust

15 then cleared the eastern side of the house and we returned to dig a further three test trenches, all 1x2m (7-9).

Figure 6. Location of trenches at Staunton Lane End, 2014.

ABBREVIATIONS used in this report

BERTH Brown Glazed Earthenware BLACK Black Ware CIST Cistercian LERTH Later Earthenware MP/BL Midland Purple/Blackware (transition) MP Midland Purple MY Midland Yellow Ware TBOTT Ticknall bottles [‘Martincamp flask type’ ware]. For reasons that are discussed later on we are calling these ‘flasks’ Ticknall bottles and have given them the code TBOTT. TMOTT Ticknall Mottled ware TSLIP Ticknall Slipware TYSLIP Ticknall yellow slipware

TRENCH 1 Trench 1 was a metre square pit placed level with the outshut at the west end of the building, latterly used as a wash house. (101) was a hard dark and dry soil with about 30% pottery sherds of a wide variety of wares, including modern. There were tree roots growing across the trench and nettle roots down to the first 22cm. The hardness of the ground together with the various roots made it difficult to define the sides of the trench clearly. Several clay lumps came out of this context, including one that was 8cm across. (102) had lots of small fragments of pot and coal with larger lumps of clay on the south side, the ground was much harder. Broken drains and bricks were also found. Again with burnt clay and squeezes from a kiln, the same types of pot sherds were retrieved together with a large number of modern miscellaneous sherds. At 48cm a drain (103) was found running south west

16 towards the field, the line back towards the house suggests that it drained the washing copper and sink in the outshut.

Discussion: Both contexts yielded substantial numbers of sherds of all our types of ware, with a preponderance of MP and BLACK, excavation was hindered by the extremely dry and hard soil, clearly the overhanging trees nearby had prevented any moisture reaching the soil for many months, possibly years. The only real difference between (101) and (102) was the hardness of the soil. The colour of the soil and the presence of the land drains suggest that there was little actual kiln waste in this pit. The sherds, rusty pieces of guttering, downpipe, tile fragments, glass and nails, together with the kiln waste in the soil all appeared to have been redeposited from elsewhere on the site. It was observed that the ground that trench 1 had been placed on was a little higher than the surrounding area and may have been the dump from the foundations for the nearby wash house. Further research showed that this trench had been placed outside the original boundary of the property and was therefore extremely unlikely to contain either the pot tip or signs of a kiln. As the aim of the excavation was to find either the kiln dump or traces of the kiln and as this trench showed signs of neither, the decision was taken to record it by photograph and close it down at a depth of 48cm as manpower could be better used to further the dig elsewhere.

TRENCH 2 Trench 2 was placed at the side of the house two metres to the east from trench 1, with a slight slope north to south. Initially a metre square, it was extended to two metres towards the south. (201) was loose crumbly soil with uneven hard areas, about 30% pot sherds of all wares with roughly 5% miscellaneous modern, together with some burnt clay. At a depth 22cm on the east side a layer of old mortar (202) was reached, with hardly any sherds. Under this was a thin hard layer of ashy coaly deposit (203), with a mix of pots, clinker and burnt clay on the south. (204) was under (203), this had more soil together with about 10% yellow ware sherds to a depth of 35cm, it also contained one brick. At 25cm the trench was levelled off to reveal a line two bricks wide running W to E, decayed mortar, ash and bits of charcoal (206). A much looser layer of decayed mortar (205) ran west to east across the trench. It was felt that (205) and (206) were probably the same and (206) was probably 20th century from the glass and pottery found there. (D. Budge, pers. comm.) A cut [211] could be seen at the edge of (205). Some of the loose mortar of (206) was still in place on top of a line of bricks (212) laid edge sideways and running west to east. All the bricks in this trench measured 23cm x 11cm x 6.5cm, an 18th century size. Under the mortar the fill (213) between [211] and (212) was sand and mortar with no sherds. In the north west corner context (206) ended at 36cm and under was a thin layer of sand (213), 5cm deep which ran across part of the north side of the trench at 30cm wide. (207) ran from the north west corner, and was partly under (206); it was very dark and sticky with a lot of clay and coaly pieces as

17 well as about 40% pot sherds. (208) was a shallow layer of orange brown sand, depth 5cm maximum. This filled in a feature in the north side which had an irregular base. There were a few pieces of pot sherds and brick fragments. This feature cut into (207). (209) was mostly thick greenish brown clay becoming yellow and very sticky with 30% pot sherds, some large, and 5% coal fragments in north east side. 10% largish lumps of clinker and burnt clay were in this context. A small sondage was dug down to 60cm, where there were still a few occasional pot sherds found; near the bottom the neck of an earthenware bottle was found. Another 20cm further down was taken out and this had no further pot sherds in it, this was concluded to be the natural. This context (209) was also found on the other side of the foundation wall when the trench was extended to the south, more brick and large pot fragments were found although it was not taken down so far as on the north side.

Figure 7. Trench 2 north section, drawn at 1:10.

Figure 8. Trench 2 East section, drawn at 1:10.

18 As we had found what appeared to be the foundations of a wall which may have supported a structure that was attached to the cottage just below the first floor window line (there is a line of nail marks on the wall) a search for the return was also made. This consisted of a small trench at the west end of the building, 1m from the house and running parallel to it, 1.5m long and 25cm wide; this only exposed the electricity cable and its warning tape together with a few sherds. Another trench was made parallel with the first, the same length, this exposed the continuation of the wall already found but there was no return to be seen. This took the search for the return to and a bit beyond the old house where it joined the washhouse.

Discussion The extensive amount of clay in this trench, much of it very pliable and fairly clean although it had pot sherds in it suggested that it may well have been the clay heap as it stood well above the adjacent field level and was clearly not a natural feature. However the greater quantities of clay and stone that were dug out when this end of the house was underpinned showed that rather than the clay heap we seem to have found the clay that formed a large platform for the house to be built on together with the subsequent accumulation of soil. A lot of the mortar, sand and other material may have been deposited when the bricks above the foundation wall were demolished. Several of the contexts had quite dense deposits of pot sherds, of all types of wares including modern, even though they did not have any great depth; there were also pieces of fired clay and fragments of coal. The large pot sherds in the southern corner of the east side were associated with several bricks and were probably re-deposited. The whole trench seemed to have had quite a lot of disturbance.

TRENCH 3 Trench 3 was laid out further east from trench 2 and offset towards the south; it measured 1m x 2m. (301) was very hard dry soil mostly covered with dense nettle roots, there were some coal lumps, chunks of mortar and about 40% pot sherds to a depth of 20cm. At the north end the foundations of a brick wall were found, two bricks deep; this lined up with the wall found in trench 2. The bricks were built on top of and into the remains of a stone wall. (302) was under (301) and contained rubble down to 30cm, then dryish hard clay with larger pieces of pot sherds together with a large lump of clinker in the south section. The clay became softer at 50cm. (303) was contained within (302); it was a darker patch suggesting a pit, roughly circular, and measured 16.8cm across, 13.3cm from the east, 68cm from the north and 45.4cm from the west sides of the trench. It was 15cm deep at the centre. As well as 40% pot sherds it also contained 20% plaster, brick fragments, glass, stone and soil. A couple of broken bricks were underneath. At 50cm a sondage (304) was dug across the southern end of the trench. This showed that the clay went much deeper and there were three, possibly four large stones (308) at 65cm on the west side and pot sherds with them across the base of the trench and into the eastern side wall. The clay here was wet and sticky. (305) on the east wall in the sondage where there was a lot of coal in with the sticky clay and larger pot sherds which went down to 75cm. (306) was

19 the line of bricks which was presumably intended as a foundation wall. Part of the wall was built on top of stone (307).

Discussion: The wall uncovered in this trench lined up with that uncovered in trench 2 and seems to be a continuation of the same. It is possible that the stones that the bricks were on top of were an earlier wall, or perhaps just used to level up the bricks, and may have been from an earlier building. The clay deposit is well above field level but not as plastic or pliable as in trench 2, being much drier. The stones at the bottom of (304) may have once been part of a wall, but without further excavation it was impossible to tell. The comparatively large numbers of pots (for the small area), included a MP/BL cup base at the lowest part of this trench and suggested that it may be part of a pot tip.

Figure 9. Trench 3 looking east, drawn at 1:10.

Figure 10. Trench 3 east section, drawn at 1:10.

20 TRENCH 4. Trench 4 was placed further east from the others, still along the south side of the cottage but offset in the hope of avoiding both the oil pipe and the house drains; initially 1x1m it was soon extended to1m x 1.56m. (401) was a mass of bramble and nettle roots, rotting wood and ant nests. However it did include quite a large amount of pot sherds from 17th century to modern, perhaps 60% in no definable context. The southern third was a lighter reddish soil with decaying wood and the occasional brick to about 15cm. It extended to 36cm in the north east corner. The centre was black ashy soil at 15-20cm with a distinct smell of burning. The rest of this context was a sandy loam with masses of roots. A run of land drains (406) ran north to south across the bottom of this context, broken by a drain that was covered by concrete running west to east, dividing the trench into four unequal sections. (402) on the north side of the concrete drain extended from 36cm to 50cm. The soil was dry and gritty to 50cm with lots of compact orange ‘brick dust’ or burnt clay and 80% pot sherds of all types. The water table was at the bottom of this context. (405) was under context (402) on the north side of the trench and this went from 50cm to 60cm. At 58cm it became really packed with large fragments of pot sherds.

(403) comprised the south side of the concrete drain. The soil was clayey and claggy with burnt clay. Pot sherds were estimated to be 80% of the context with some large fragments. (404) was under context (403). There was a large percentage of earthenware bottle fragments in this part. The water table appeared at 65cm. The pot fragments went down to at least 73cm in claggy wet clay. (406) a line of 15cm diameter land drains bisected the trench north south. One or possibly two were missing as this context had the later concreted drain (407) running through it. (407), a drain running west to east was concreted over; it was at a depth of 33cm and 49cm wide. It bisected (406). There were numerous bricks (408) found to be covering (407).

Discussion: Although this trench was sited to miss drains, it rather seemed to hit them. The land drains (406) ran from what would have been the eastern end of the cottage prior to the 1917 extension and was probably the drain for the dairy. The concrete drain (407) is most likely to be associated with the installation of a bathroom in the cottage in 1976. A waste pipe coming from the bathroom had “1976” written into the cement on the outside wall. There would have been a change of direction turn somewhere nearby before the drain ran in the direction of the septic tank. The installation of this drain clearly disturbed a considerable amount of pot waste, probably a tip although the disturbance in the trench and the small size make it difficult to be certain. What is very likely however is that the putting in of this drain and the major disturbance it would have caused to the pot layers underneath was the source of the pot sherds that ended up in seven boxes in Derby Museum, all accessioned in 1976. It would also seem that this disturbance was the source of many of the pot sherds that occur all over this side of the site.

21 Figure 11. Trench 4 plan looking east. Scale 1:10, trench size 1.56m x 1m.

TRENCH 5

A small trench 0.6m x 0.7m put in on the garden on the west side of the cottage. The excavation was impeded by large tree roots. This was excavated by David Budge and the notes and interpretation are his. (501) loose friable soil, mid to dark brown clayey silt. Common roots fine to c90mm diameter. Fairly clean, only a few inclusions, less than 5%. Pot including 19th century buff bodied ware (eg Mocha) probably 20th century. Some white wares, all imported, no Ticknall products. Maximum depth 0.24mm below ground level. Interpretation 20th century made up ground. (502) slightly firmer than (501) but dry and friable when scraped. Mid brown, some clay, about 2-3% coal fragments ranging from 2-8mm. Moderately fine roots. Interface with (501) fairly clear and revealed by the presence of coal and the slightly firmer textures. Contained whiteware, BERTH (19th - 20th century pancheon rim). Interpretation Late 19th -20th century. (503) very compacted light yellowish brown silty clay. Common (c 40%) Ticknall made pot moderately sorted <50mm, down to tiny crushed fragments. Pot includes BLACK, BERTH, MY, and also a couple of squeezes. Coal fragments c5%. Interface with (502) relatively gradual and increases in comparison with depth. Excavated to 0.43m BGL but continues down. Starts c0.33m BGL. Interpretation 18th – 19th century road/yard metalling. (rims and fabrics suggest no earlier than this.) [504] fairly irregular cut of ?pit south side of trench. Minimum width 0.2m N-S (disappears into section) and 0.5m W-E (goes into section and under root). Filled by (505). Cuts (503). Interpretation – 19-20c pit. (505) fill of [504]. Mid brown sandy clay, common (c40%) decayed lamamar ?shale purplish/black <20mm. Pot and brick c5%. Rare animal bone (food animal, eg sheep?). Interpretation: fill of ?pit [504]. The clay content and colour suggests [504] may be quite deep and cut clay further down. (505) appears to be deliberate backfill.

22 Figure 12. Trench 5 plan from west. 1:10 Figure 13.Trench 5 east section1:10

TRENCH 6 A small trench 1 x 0.5m put in on the west side of trench 4, offset to miss the main drain and to try and find an undisturbed part of what appeared to be a pot tip. (601) was hard dry greyish soil containing c30% bramble and nettle roots with about 5% pot sherds to a depth of 20cm. (602) the soil was very dry hard dark greyish brown, a hard pan of dark soil with mortar flecks, and pot sherds (c50%) comprising MP, BLACK, TBOTT, MY, BERTH, also some modern 19th century non Ticknall. Down to 28 cm in SW corner and 40 cm in SE corner, 36cm in the NW & NE. There was a clear difference from (601) above it. The soil was very dark, hard and compacted with around 20% of minute hard kilny pieces in it. Pot sherds were about 65-70% comprising BLACK, MP/BL, TBOTT, MY, BERTH. There was also some very compact burnt clay and coal c10-15%. (603) ranged from 28cm down to 64cm. There was a clear difference in stratification from (602) above it. There was no soil and fewer than 3% fired hard kilny pieces. It was all much looser, with many voids between sherds, although they were well wedged together. There was around 90% pot fragments, many compacted together, some quite large, as before MP, MP/BL, MY, BERTH, and about 50% TBOTT. The SE side was very orange with fired clay, yellow clay and clinker embedded in wall. (604) 64cm-70cm. This was below (603). Thick glutinous clay with embedded pots, and was very wet, it appeared to be on the water table. At 70cm it became just clay. Extremely difficult to dig out anything. There were about 70-80% pot sherds including TBOTT and the rest clay. Discussion. The first context (601) was as expected a complete mix of potsherds together with the remains of the rampant vegetation. However contexts (602-604) show what we believe to be clear evidence of an undisturbed pot dump straight from the kiln. The material in (603) has little of the rubbishy fired tiny kilny pieces that (602) has and virtually no soil. It suggests that the contents may

23 have come from higher up in the kiln when tipped out, with the contents of (602) being dumped on top of it and sealing it. It is particularly valuable as it would appear that all of the pots in contexts (602) to (604) were being made at the same time, probably fired in the same kiln which would not have been far away. The pots in (604) appear to have been compressed into damp clay by the weight of material above, this had then dried out making them extremely difficult to dig out. This trench was placed to avoid the many drains of trench 4 and to extend what appeared to be a possible pot tip in the south west corner of that trench. We were therefore successful in finding a piece of undisturbed ground and pot tip.

Figure 14. Trench 6 showing south and west sections. Scale 1:10 Trenches 7-9 were placed towards the rear of the property after the National Trust had cleared some of this area. TRENCH 7 Trench 7 was placed further east and reasonably near to the boundary, mainly to see if the pot tip found in trenches 4 and 6 extended that far. (701) the soil was a black/grey colour and bone dry, well compacted and very hard. It was also very coaly and ashy as though there had been a bonfire. The surface had 50% bramble roots together with several bricks, old iron and assorted rubbish, clay lumps – some large, 2 medium roots and one large one in the SW corner. There were about 30% of pot sherds of all types including some large pieces of 20th century garden pot. A dump of bricks and roof tiles (19th century) was on the north side, the south side had about 20% pot sherds. (702) the soil was a dark brown colour, garden soil with more roof tiles (c50%), some still mortared together on the north side, also about 10% plaster lumps. There were still tree roots, modern 19th and 20th century pot sherds as well as some kiln waste as in fired clay. A small ‘wall’ of four courses of bricks appeared at an angle whilst straightening the west side, a smallish tree was embedded in it. Some lead shot and bullets together with one or two in a decayed tin (c1%) were found on the NW area of this context. (703) this context was below (702) on the north side, starting at 50cm going to a depth of 70cm and extending some 10-15cm deep across the south

24 side. The soil was friable with odd compacted bits. There were more plaster chunks on the north side, some with remains of paint on them (20%). Gravel and sand were under the plaster on the north side and running south east. This was found to be covering a plastic drain pipe of modern origin. In the south west corner pot sherds were numerous between 30cm and 40cm. (704) ranged from 48cm down to 60cm on the south side, mostly mortar with 5% pot sherds. This appeared to be a redeposited area with pot sherds. (705) was under (704) with brown sandy soil extending down to 75cm; with pot sherds 30%, some quite large.

Discussion: The whole trench had been placed over an area that had been well dug in the 20th century, it may have been part of the pot tip. As it was at the east end of the house it is likely that the buried wall, plaster and roofing material came from the demolished dairy. In the late 20th century the southern half was dug and a plastic pipe laid with sand and gravel over. We later learnt that the pipe carried the electricity for the klargester. The trench was recorded by photograph and closed down.

TRENCH 8 Trench 8 was placed 1 metre away from the end of the building on the south east corner, it measured 2m x 1m. (801-2) the soil was dark brown, very hard and dry which gradually became greyer without any obvious stratification. The depth of this context extended from the surface down to 26cm in the south east corner, 28cm in the northeast corner to 40cm in the north west corner. The upper part contained a large number of well embedded nettle roots 10%, small bones possibly chicken 1%, glass of various colours all 19th and 20th century 5% and metal 5% including pieces from a car. Lower down the inclusions were mostly of demolition material such as plaster, brick and coal 10%. There were 17th-19th century Ticknall wares as well as modern (19th - 20th century). The potsherds comprised approximately 30% of the context. (803) the soil was a brownish reddish garden soil, still very hard. It was underneath (801-2) and began with a very hard layer with flecks of mortar as though it had been a surface at one time. Small fragments of pot sherds were present 40% and a small amount of kiln waste as fired clay approximately 10%. (804) was the eastern half of the trench below (803). The soil was very reddish and mostly firm clay with fragments of fired kiln in it 10%. There were a lot of pottery inclusions 60%, nearly all Ticknall including MP, BLACK, MP/BL, MY, BERTH, TBOTT. A few small pieces (c1%) of 19th century pottery were also present suggesting that it had been disturbed at some time. It partially overlaid (805) and (806). At the base of the trench there was a line of limestone rocks with voids, some were covered with larger pieces of pot, including TBOTT which seem to have been deliberate. (805) this was the western half of the trench and lay partly under (804). The soil was mixed, mid brown silty clay with mottled orange and light grey clay together with orange fired clay. It was hard and firm, the top of this context started at 45cm and it was at least 18cm thick. Inclusions were around

25 40% clay lumps up to 10cm in size, and 40% pot sherds consisting of MY, BLACK, BERTH and TBOTT; there were also around 5% clay lumps up to 6cm long and c5% decayed coal about 1.5cm in size. (806) this was under (804). The limestone rocks were removed to reveal a small culvert completely filled with soil. This was dug out to a depth of about 10cm as we were constrained by time, there was a lot of soil as well as small pieces of pot including a sherd of 19th century non Ticknall.

Discussion The unevenness of the depth in (801-2) suggests that it has been dug out at some time and probably filled with rubbish of all sorts. (803) seems to have been a surface with a hard soil and numerous flecks of white, perhaps mortar or plaster. (804) had a lot of pots of all types of ware in it but although it looked as though it was undisturbed there were some modern sherds amongst the others. The sherds included MP, BLACK, MY, BERTH, LERTH and MP/BL with two Tudor heads being found as well as a fragment of a puzzle jug. (805) appeared to be a dump of pottery and kiln structure, coal and clay. The clay lumps look like the natural but appear to have small (less than 2mm) lumps of fired clay throughout and coal fragments, so perhaps it was prepared clay. Pots lay at all angles, at the base and top of the context the pots were lying horizontally so trampled in both ends. (806) the stone drain suggested that it could possibly be an 18th century culvert (David Budge pers. comm.) but it was below all the pot, clay and kiln dumps so it could easily be earlier and if so, perhaps put in to keep water away from the kiln as we have seen on site 3 (TIHA09 and TIHA10). Since only the end of the site where the house is was built up with clay then it could have been done when potting first started on the site. The covering stones were loose and had gaps between making it possible for pot sherds to fall between, and the area to the north of it could have been dug over when the dairy was demolished thus mixing up pot sherds of all ages.

Figure 15. Trench 8 plan, 2m x 1m, drawn at 1:10.

26 Figure 16. Trench 8 north section, drawn at 1:10.

TRENCH 9 Trench 9 was placed further to the east in a north south direction, in a part of the garden that was accessible to dig, and we hoped away from drains, it measured 1 x 2m. (901) the soil was very hard on the surface, becoming more friable after the first 10cm. It was grey brown silty sand. Inclusions were mostly 5% ash and 5% nettle roots, there was very little pottery – about 1%. (902) was under (901) where the soil was still friable grey brown silty sand but had flecks of mortar on what appeared to have been a surface, gradually becoming less, about 1%. Pot sherds were about 5% in this context comprising mostly BLACK, MY, BERTH. A piece of orange binder twine at 28cm on the north section suggested that it had been disturbed. (903) was under (902). At the top of this context pots were face down, with some split as though they had been flattened to make a surface. The soil colour to start with was mostly black and damp, particularly on the north east side, there was also quite a bit of dark orange firm clay. There was an abundant amount of pot sherds 70%, mainly MP, BERTH, BLACK, MY with a few pieces of TBOTT, all Ticknall made. At 58cm there were coal or charcoal flakes in the north east corner. A large piece of flat clinker/burnt clay had one side flat suggesting that it had been in a kiln. This context overlay both (904) and (905). (904) this context was at the northern end of the trench. The soil became progressively wetter, sticky and compact, along with relatively large sherds of all types of wares, very similar to (903), together with about 10% fired clay lumps and 20% clay. MP was abundant together with BERTH, BLACK and MY. (905) this was the southern end of the trench. The clay was blackish grey and very sticky. There were abundant pot sherds (70%) of all types, together with quite a bit of small fired pieces of clay from the kiln (10%) and 20% clay. Discussion There were significantly fewer pot sherds in the top two contexts in this trench, perhaps the area had been dug over less. Context (903) appears to have been flattened to make a surface with some pots upside down and split, perhaps because the site was wet or the water table high. However

27 although the trench appeared undisturbed, the binder twine sticking out of the north section was pulled and some of the face fell in to reveal a large section of mortared wall, at least 4 bricks high, buried close by. It is likely therefore that the north end of the trench and the top surfaces have been very disturbed. The lower three contexts would appear to have been redeposited waste from a kiln, probably close by. The weight of the soil and pots above caused the sherds in (904) and (905) to sink into the wet clay when the water table was high.

Figure 17. Trench 9 section looking west, drawn at 1:10.

Figure 18. Trench 9 plan looking west, 2m x 1m, drawn at 1:10.

28 Figure 19. Final position of trenches and results.

A brief look at the site was taken whilst underpinning was in progress the following January. The contractors had removed the coal store and the concrete path that it stood on at the eastern end of the cottage and the soil below was very black and coaly with bits of clinker, coal and pot (photo 22); this was the part nearest to trench 8, suggesting that a kiln was probably very near this area.

Conclusion The whole site was rather puzzling. The cottage seemed to sit on top of the supposed clay heap and yet is clearly 17th century in origin. Most Ticknall cottages of that date have their garden built up around them but this is different. If this is the clay from the clay heap, as found in trenches 2 and 3 then why is it on the same level as the cottage and presumably going deeper than its foundations? None of the other trenches had this clay in them until around 70-80cm deep, the same level as the surrounding field, apart from trench 5 which was dug outside the original plot. The probable answer to this came from a visit to the site in the following January when the west end of the cottage was being underpinned. The contractors had dug out a large amount of material from underneath and it was virtually all clay and stones, no pots. The stones would have been brought in as there is no stone in the immediate area, it is probably rubbish stone from the local limeyards, and part of the site was built up as a foundation for the cottage to be built on. This work also showed that the cottage had stone foundations so perhaps a timber framed cottage was built first of all. What we have in trenches 2 and 3 seems to be built up land rather than clay heap with a few pot sherds working their way downwards over the centuries. The drain at the bottom of trench 8 is likely to have been put in early on as well to try and keep water off the working area which appears to have been the middle part of the plot. A comparable Ticknall kiln site TARG excavated earlier also had drains installed to direct groundwater away from the kiln (TiHA09 and TiHA10). The burnt clay and pot sherds recovered in

29 Trench 8 suggest that a kiln was somewhere nearby, although the eastern half of the trench appears to have been disturbed with 20th century sherds appearing in (803). All trenches had small pieces of coal in them.

The digging of the sewerage drain encased in concrete with the date of 1976 scratched into the mortar around it on the wall went right through the pot tip as found in trench 4. It must have been the source of the pot sherds taken to Derby Museum in that year; they have 1976 in their accession number and are similar to those found onsite. The disturbance caused by that drain is probably also the reason there are pot sherds all over the site, both on the surface and in the first two contexts of any trench. It was therefore important to put in trench 6 to find an undisturbed bit of ground although with hindsight a much larger trench would have been better. We had instructions to only take a sample though!

Trench 7 appears to have been totally disturbed ground, firstly by the burying of part of the dairy roof when it was demolished and by the digging for the plastic pipe containing the electric cable for the klargester.

Trench 9 was probably disturbed also as what was likely to have been part of the dairy wall was found close to the north end. The pot sherds in that trench give the appearance of having been deliberately spread out and flattened maybe when the barn was converted to a cottage, or after potting had ceased on the site. It would have raised the area above the water table; the northern end of this trench was very damp and became wetter further down. At c70cm the whole trench was damp. There remains the puzzling feature of the wall foundations found in trenches 2 and 3. Not only does there appear to be nail holes running along the wall to approximately the second window along, where there is rebuilding work showing, but there was no return found. That area of the wall, which is the oldest section, still shows traces of limewash. The suggestion is that the wall may have enclosed a long thin passage, open at either end, for a drying area – for pots, not washing as Ticknall folk dried their sheets on the hedges. The limewash would reflect much needed light. This is the only suggestion that we can think of as any local knowledge of such a structure seems to have been lost. This may have happened in the last phase of potting on the site, when the barn had been converted and became the living area. The stone wall that the base of the brick wall was built onto in trench 3 may have been from a possible workshop or other building. After the fire in 1791 the original cottage was rebuilt and made into two cottages, only to be converted back into one in 1917. The burnt down cottage/barn was mostly demolished and the remains converted to the pigsties with earth closets either side. Considering the many alterations and demolitions the site has undergone we were probably extremely lucky to find part of an undisturbed pot tip, even luckier that it contained a substantial number of Ticknall bottles; particularly since the potters got paid by the cartload for their rubbish pot sherds for the roads, what remains is only a small fraction of what was originally thrown out.

30 Selected photographs of some trenches.

Photo 10. Trench 2 from the west. Sondage in the NE corner in (210), foundation wall, tumble of bricks and mortar.

Photo 11. Trench 3 at the finish, east at the top.

Photo 12. Trench 4 looking east. Photo 13. Trench 4 looking N, concrete pipe and pots.

31 Photo 14. Trench 4, concrete drain looking east Photo 15. Trench 5 from west.

Photo 16. Trench 6, context (602)

Photo 17. Ticknall bottle waster, clearly showing the small gritty bits from the kiln.

32 Photo 18. Trench 7 context (702) showing dumped building material, looking south. The buried wall can be seen to the right.

Photos 19 and 20. Trench 8 with (805) top and (806) cleaned up from the east, and with capping stones removed right.

33 Photo 21. Trench 9 looking west, (905) and (904).

Photo 22. Ground at east end of the cottage with coal store removed.

34 Photo 23. A good haul of Ticknall Bottle sherds from trench 4

Photo 24. TARG in action June 2014, the oldest part of the cottage is at this end with traces of limewash.

35 Summary of pottery finds

A summary of Pottery Types recovered in the excavation is given below, with emphasis on the Ticknall products1. Those marked with an asterisk* are not Ticknall products. This includes sherds recovered from the surface before the excavation began. All the pot sherds recovered were Post Medieval in origin.

Abbreviations: NoS = Number of Sherds, NoV = Number of Vessels.

Period Cname Full name Earliest Latest NoS NoV Weight date date (gm) Post BERTH Brown glazed 1550 1800 3756 3727 91894 Medieval earthenware BLACK Black glazed ware 1650 1800 4019 4012 85783 CIST Cistercian ware 1480 1650 132 131 1217 LERTH Later earthen ware c1600 c1800 2964 2933 62603 MISC Marble ‐ ‐ 2 2 6 MP Midland Purple ware 1380 c1600 4573 4544 111390 MP/BL Midland 1550 c1700 6282 6271 143615 Purple/Blackware MY Midlands Yellow ware 1550 1700+ 4050 4001 66542 TBOTT Ticknall Bottles 1600 1700 5242 5033 60572 (MART) (Martincamp type wares) TMOTT Ticknall Mottled ware 1670 1800 5 5 25 TSLIP Ticknall Slip ware 1650 1750 24 23 193 TYSLIP Ticknall Yellow Slipware c1650? 6 6 93 Early JASP* Jasper ware 18c 2 2 13 Modern Misc/Mod* Misc Modern 19‐20c 66 66 1380 SALT* Salt glazed ware 18c 66 65 732 SDBY Y* South Derbyshire Yellow 299 299 1612 ware 19c STONE* Stone ware 18‐19c? 26 25 253 19c White* 19c White Ware 419 419 1693 Blue/W* Blue and White ware 329 328 1344 Unknown KFURN Kiln Furniture ‐ ‐ 733 733 24641 FCLAY Fired Clay ‐ ‐ 470 470 29955

TOTAL33465 33095 685556 Figure 27. Summary of pottery recovered in the excavation

All the Ticknall wares are made using coal measures clay which is rich in iron and quartz. There still is a huge deposit of yellow clay on the common very close to the site; other colour clays found in Ticknall include red, grey and blue (Geological Survey 1901 and 1924). There was also white fireclay and a deposit of clay in the adjacent parish of Hartshorne advertised in 1765 (Spavold and Brown 31). Lead for glazes and ochre were mentioned in 17th century potters’ probate inventories, Ticknall

1 Most of these dates have been taken from a Report on the Pottery from Narrow Lane Ticknall by Dr A Irving in 2012 and has its origin with Jane Young. 36 initially had its own lead pits although they were probably exhausted in the 17th century (Spavold and Brown 71).2 A large piece of red ochre was found when site 3 was excavated in 2010 (TiHA10).

TICKNALL WARES

Midland Purple Wares (MP)

This, with Cistercian ware, is the earliest type of ware found on the site and also the second greatest amount by weight. Several MP vessels were saggars; the type of saggar that we have found in association with production of CIST wares on other sites. Some saggars may have had cut outs on the rim but their use is difficult to pin down unless there is also a hole in the body. In reality though, any large vessel could have also been used as a saggar as well as the dedicated ones. There were many jar rims with grooves on the exterior, many would have been butter pots, the grooves could have helped secure a cover, whilst others may have been storage jars, some had cut outs on the rim. There were only a small number of identifiable jug pieces. 75% of the total sherds were body or base sherds that could not be linked to a shape, 22% were jug/jar rim shape and just 3% bowls. Some of the bowls have fairly plain rims but there seems to be the start towards the much more elaborate folded rims that are seen in the MP/BL and BERTH bowls. There is only a little glaze applied, as a bib on jugs or on the interior base of bowls. Often the pots are so well fired that they are almost vitrified and warped. Some of the jars would have been cisterns as two bungholes were found; the handles found were all thrown. One base sherd had what may be the middle part of the letter ‘M’ roughly scored on the underside. Was this the first instance we have seen of a Ticknall potter marking his butter pot? (photo 25)

Cistercian Ware (CIST)

There was only a small amount of CIST ware found where we dug; it was mostly scattered amongst the trenches apart from trench 6. A total of 129 sherds, weighing 1197g were found. The 17 rim sherds off 17 cups show they too were made here, particularly as the MP saggars they would have been fired in have been found (see under MP). Three substantial part cups at Derby Museum are also from this site. (photo 26)

Clay Marbles Found on several Ticknall site, the potters made these either for children to play with or as the core of a knop on a CIST lid.

Midland Purple/Blackware (MP/BL) These wares seem to be a transitional ware between the hardfired MP and the later, more reddish pink body and probably less highly fired, well glazed blackwares (BLACK). The glaze is deliberate, usually poured in and left to drain upside down judging from the drips going in the direction of the rims. Just 2% of the sherds were bowl rims, many with elaborate folded rims, but some were of a small fine tableware size which we’ve not seen before with the wide bowl rim; although there is a parallel with a MY bowl on site 7 (TARG forthcoming T38HS16). The jug/jar shapes were more numerous at 10%; some will have been from cisterns as four bungholes were found and also jugs; the handles found could have come from either. There was a good piece of a puzzle jug together with another strange piece that may have been part of the same type of pot but not from this one (photo 27). Both bowls and jar/jugs were again eclipsed by the quantity of unidentifiable body and

2 DRO D2375m/25/1 and 56/36/1 37 base sherds which formed 88% of the total. This ware was the most numerous of all the sherds found, although not by weight. On some of the sherds the glaze seemed treacle coloured brown; might this be a transitional BERTH fabric?

Brown glazed Earthenware (BERTH)

Much of this ware looks as though it had a slip under the glaze, which probably gave it the very brown colour under the clear lead glaze. Large bowls predominate; they have the same elaborate folded rims as in the MP/BL wares and were probably made by the same potter. There was a lesser amount of jar/jugs shapes which together with thrown handles suggests some were jugs or cisterns. Part of a good chamber pot was also recovered.

Midland Yellow ware (MY)

Jar/jugs predominate, together with bowls, although the rim shapes of the latter are simpler than those found in MP/BL and BERTH. A lot of shallow dishes were made, they seem to be thrown rather than made on a mould although often the sherds are not big enough to be sure. There were several shallow jar profiles. There was a decorated piece of MY, a dish fragment with a leaf impression. Dripping pans were also made, two profiles were found, straight sided and thicker bodied than the jar/jug bodies, one with a corner pulled down for pouring. Handles for jugs/jars tended to be pulled rather than thrown. A nicely glazed yellow chamber pot came in two parts from the adjacent trenches 4 and 6. Cooking pots were also made, we found two different sized feet from largish pipkins or cooking pots, as well as a very small tripod pipkin. There was also part of a colander.

There were several sherds of small cups, one with an incised decoration that we have seen on other sites, some a reduced green colour. Chafing dishes were also made and the three figurines or Ticknall Heads would have probably come from these. These would be a late 16th century product. Made as the knobs on the rim of the chafing dish, we have so far only found them in MY. Alternatively some may be a thumb stop from a mug. They are a very recognisable Ticknall product, usually found by fieldwalking or in an archaeological context; the distribution of these is widespread in the Midlands as mentioned in the section on distribution of Ticknall ware (photo 28). We also found a small sherd of a strange base of a MY bowl which had most of the base cut out, quite deliberately, but why? There is an almost complete base which also has had most of its base cut out at Derby Museum; it is a steep sided bowl in MY (photo 29). The MY fabric is not fired as hard as the others and would be easier to remove. The answer may lie in the type of kiln the potters used. At this stage they would have an open topped kiln, with more or less permanent sides but the top would be renewed with each firing. Permanent domes did not come into use until later and probably not in Ticknall except in the 1800s at the last remaining site. A possible use for this strange pot might be as a chimney or vent, both to draw the air through and allow the smoke and gasses to escape; it might be used upside down at the top of the kiln with the packing for the top of tiles, large sherds, clay and turves laid around it. Newell has shown how this worked in the medieval period with similar kilns (Newell 1998-1999, 128-9). Ticknall was still working on a small scale part time potting and farming scale which was not so far removed in time.

Ticknall Yellow Slipware (TYSLIP)

There were just six sherds of this pink bodied ware with a white slip, the glaze gives it the yellow finish. Two dishes and a jar were the only forms found. It is probably quite late and we have not found great quantities of it on any site so far. It may not have been made on this site.

38 Blackware (BLACK)

This ware has a very shiny black glaze on large bowls and jars with a reddish, pinkish body, perhaps not so highly fired as MP/BL and is a development from it. These were mostly large bowls and butter pot type jars. Some of the rims again were very similar to the elaborately folded rims in other wares, suggesting that they were all the work of one potter. Also found was the probable part of a Dutch oven.

Later Earthenware (LERTH)

All of this was unglazed, often with a slip on the interior. Some rim sherds may be either BERTH or BLACK that missed the glaze though. The same elaborate rims were often used on the bowls. There were profiles of several shallow jars that today might be called dog bowls. There were twelve dish rims included in the totals, showing that large flat dishes were produced in wares other than yellow. The handles in LERTH were mostly thrown although one or two were pulled.

Slipware (TSLIP)

A small amount of slipware was found, much of which seems from the colours and patterning to have come from one dish (photo 30) as well as a piece of feathered slip with a piecrust edge. Ticknall did make slipware but it looks to be unlikely on this site. At another site at nearby Heath End part of a mould for press moulded dishes was found which had lain in a disused outhouse for many years. These dishes would have been made on a mould rather than thrown.

Mottled ware (TMOTT)

A very small amount of TMOTT was found on the site, probably from a drinking can. At least two sites in Ticknall made this, but in view of the small quantity found here it is unlikely to have been made on this site, these sherds almost certainly represent domestic use. The fabric is a light whitish clay, the glaze a mottled brown.

Kiln Furniture (KFURN)

As well as the MP saggars already mentioned there were later saggar fragments from the very coarse local fireclays. Part of a kiln plate used in stacking the kiln was found, lots of large clay pads often bearing the rough finger or palm marks of the potter with many small and medium pieces of fired clay that been used to either support or separate the pots, as well as smaller oval pads. There was a large number of odd bits of clay that had clearly been used in the kiln but which had not been shaped. A well fired brick found on the surface had come from the firemouth of a kiln (D Budge pers. comm.) There was also a considerable amount of fired clay, some of which had a surface to it, from the lining of a kiln.

Ticknall Bottles (TBOTT)

Some 5,200 sherds of this ware were found on this excavation. This is the type of ware that is more generally known as Martincamp flasks. As we have a provenance for our ware we have called them Ticknall Bottles.

They come in all shades – from cream of which we have very little, through to buff, orange, grey, purple. Some have fired two colours (photos 31, 32 and 33) and we think that this must be from the amount of exposure to heat in the kiln. The fabric seems to be similar to MP but much finer grained

39 and usually better cleaned although not always, and we have some still with quite large pieces of quartz and others where small stones have popped out during the firing (photo 34). They have been fired to almost stoneware (Irving (Boyle) 2011, 12.), and are quite light in weight. The inside of the bottle is often a different, lighter colour to the exterior, probably due to the fact that air and heat during firing could only get to the inside through the spout. Sometimes the interior has light streaks of different coloured clay (photos 37 and 38). The exterior sometimes has quite a number of scratches as though the wet pots were laid on sharp straw to dry. Many were found in the same context in trench 6 which appeared to be a secure context in that it had not been disturbed since it was tipped out, being sealed by the fine fired pieces of pot and clay from the bottom of the kiln.

The spouts we have are all quite short and stubby with waist and neat little finish around the rim. They range between 5.5 and 8cm long and appear to have all been the work of one potter (Irving pers. comm.). The interior swirl where they closed the original pot is clockwise, as are the bases. The hole made in the side of the pot for the spout was fairly roughly done; the spare body was removed and the edge smoothed over (photos 36, 39 and 40). We are uncertain of the final shape as we don’t have a complete example; however as was usual the base side was flatter (photos 46 and 47) and they were probably oval as opposed to round. The bases were roughly trimmed with a knife, with varying success, some are thick and lumpy, and several ended up only 1mm thick, which is where they broke. Where the top was closed there is little sign of a pimple, so it was not made a feature of these bottles, nor were the original throwing rings made a feature; they are there but not pronounced. One potter seems to have scratched a letter, either ‘W’, or more likely in view of the Morley family working the site, an ‘M’ on a bottle; the sherd has broken along one of the outside lines, perhaps weakened by the marking (photo 35). It is better drawn than the probable letter M on the sherd of MP, so perhaps from a different potter. This sherd was one of the ones found on the surface and which more than likely came from the disturbance of the tip when the sewage pipe was installed.

In order to be certain that the bottles were made locally we also had some of the bottle sherds chemically analysed, this was done by Richard Jones of Glasgow University. He found the fabrics placed firmly in the Ticknall clays. Jones noted that the clays of the Ticknall “Martincamp flasks”3 were similar to the Coal Measures and the body is finer and chemically similar but not identical to those pots from the coal measures (Jones 2016, forthcoming4). David Budge in discussing some Martincamp type flask sherds found at Kings Clipston in Nottinghamshire and who also dug at this site, commented about the Ticknall sherds ‘that the flasks were produced in both iron rich and iron poor fabrics’ (Budge 2017, 167).

However this doesn’t seem to tell us why the same pot has varied in colour in the firing. R. E. Newell from his work on experimental kilns indicates that iron rich clays change colour if the kiln has a reducing atmosphere. “The surfaces of iron-bearing pottery fired in an oxidising atmosphere have warm light-brown, reddish or slightly pink tones. A reducing atmosphere will yield body colours of a cool dark to light grey” (Newell, 1998-1999, 124). Although he was discussing open topped kilns in the medieval period, this may well apply to Ticknall. Ticknall potters were only working on a small scale and so far as we can tell their kilns were only around six feet in width with probably three or four firemouths, the top of the kiln being open whilst stacking and then covered with tiles, earth and old pots, in other words a temporary top. Both of these suggestions are probably the reason for our bottles coming out of the kiln in a variety of shades, together with how much heat/air they received inside the kiln due to where they were placed. We know that they were stacked together in the kiln as

3 At this point in time we were still referring to them as ‘Martincamp flasks’. 4 In Derbyshire Archaeological Journal, 2019. 40 well as with other wares; we have wasters stuck to each other and one orange spout also has a sherd of MY fused to it. There are also sherds with glaze drips from other pots in the kiln.

Photo 25. Mark on MP base. Photo 26. CIST cups from this site – Derby Museum.

Photo 27. Part of puzzle jug. Photo 28. Three Ticknall Tudor heads

Photo 29. Possible vent for kiln top, cut out base Photo 30. Ticknall slipware. of MY vessel.

41 Photo 31. TBOTT two coloured body Photos 32 and 33. TBOTT spouts two coloured.

Photo 34. Stone damage hole Photo 35. TBOTT Photo 36. TBOTT spout join. in pot. “M” or “W” scratched on pot.

Photo 37. TBOTT Grey top with orange streaks. Photo 38. TBOTT base orange/red streaks.

42 Photo 39. Spout join. Photo 40. Spout join and waster fused, purple.

Photo 41. Grey spout Photo 42. Grey spout

Photo 43. Spout. Photo 44. Orange Spout. Photo 45. Broken spout, two colour. 43 Photos 46 and 47. Partly reconstructed bottle, base side and sideways view.

Photo 48. Another partly reconstructed bottle, original base towards bottom.

44 Photo 49. Some of the TBOTT spouts recovered.

Photo 50. And some more.

45 Ticknall bottles or Martincamp flasks

The finds at this site in Ticknall are definitely of the form defined as Martincamp flasks by John Hurst. However from the work done by John Hurst it is clear that although they have the same form, they do not fit into his typology. Hurst’s types are Type I, a buff or fine white earthenware, flattened profile and given a possible date range of 1475-1550; both Types II and III he defines as more globular with one side slightly flattened; Type II, grey/purple being thought to be 16th century and Type III, the orange/red fabric ascribed to the 17th century (Hurst 1986, p 102-3).

It has been noted that there were at least eight different fabrics, all found in Britain (Ickowicz 1993, 51-52). His distribution map of the finds to 1993 shows a marked coastal distribution, although some were found in the midlands (Ickowicz 1993, 57). He also makes it clear that Martincamp can only be used as a type of ware rather than a definite place of origin as there was a lack of finds in France. By 2007 when Alan Vince remarked to us about the large and unexplained distribution in the Midlands there must have been several more find spots.

The Ticknall bottles seem to be the flattened profile of Type I although as we don’t have a complete bottle it is difficult to tell. We have all the colour ranges although we have little of the cream/buff colour. They all seem to be contemporary; this made it difficult to work out which colour the bottle should be classified under if we were to use Hurst’s typology (photos 31-33). In addition although the throwing rings are present there is not the emphasis on them nor is the nipple on the closure of the original bottle emphasised; bottles bearing those characteristics come from another site, not Ticknall. As a result we have called our wares Ticknall Bottles (TBOTT) as they cannot be placed with certainty into any other group. Certainly on this site they cannot be dated to anything other than the 17th century. This is important as the finding of this type of ware has been used for dating purposes and also for evidence of foreign trade, which is fine if it’s not a bottle made in Ticknall on this site.

As part of our research into Martincamp flasks and with all of the above in mind, in 2013 we5 went to look at three collections of Martincamp Flasks, even before there was any likelihood that we would be going to be able to excavate the site. We visited several museums in order to study what had been found. We started off at Derby Museum, where in the 1990s Richard Langley, curator of the museum, had first shown us the sherds recovered from this site. Later we were able to study them in much more detail thanks to Rachel Atherton who also allowed us to borrow a spout to compare with others at different museums.

We visited the Museum of London in 2013 to see the MART in their collection, taking the Derby Museum spout for comparison. We were able to study their sherds in greater detail and take photographs. The holes for the spout and joining seemed very similar to ours, although neater. At least one of the spouts (SRP98 [6012]) was much wider than ours, presumably from a larger flask. Whilst they were all clearly made in the same way, the finish of our spouts does not look the same, nor did the clay they were made from. The buff ones felt particularly smooth.

Bottles came in different sizes and the probate inventories mention pint and quart bottles. The Museum of London very kindly ran experiments for us on eight of their complete Martincamp flasks plus one with a complete body but a broken neck6. They substituted rice for liquid, to find out how

5 Dr Anne Irving archaeologist, Sue Brown historian and Janet Spavold historian. 6 We are deeply indebted to Steve Tucker, Curator; Francis Grew, Senior Curator (Archaeology) and Archive Manager and Helen Butler, Museum Conservator, at the Museum of London for running these tests and for providing the photographs.

46 closely the flasks corresponded with standard measures (though we do not know how accurately liquids were measured then). The inventories indicated that the potters possibly aimed for 1, 2 and 3 pint ranges. See figure 22 for the flasks associated with this test.

MoL Accession Max. height Max. width Capacity Comments Number (mm) (mm) (ml) 29.163/8 189 130 650 Complete 80.93/38 188 120 670 Complete 5806 188 130 750 Complete; mis-shapen 5999 185 130 800 Complete 26262 163 131 980 Top of neck and rim missing. 81.171 205 131 1000 Complete 178.185/3 238 160 1350 Complete 27.30/31 240 170 1450 Complete A5268 232 172 1900 Large indents in shoulder and base; misshapen. Height measured with neck vertical. Figure 21. Capacity Tests on 9 Museum of London Martincamp Flasks.

The Museum of London results showed that volumes may have worked on quarter-pint gradations. 1 Converting the capacity to imperial measures suggests that the first three are around 1 /4 pints; the first two are respectively short by 60ml and 40ml, while the third is over by 40ml. The fourth is 52ml 1 3 short of 1 /2 pints. The fifth and sixth are around 1 /4 pints; the fifth is short by 14ml while the sixth is 1 1 over by only 6ml. The seventh is 72ml over 2 /4 pints. The eighth is 30ml over 2 /2 pints. The ninth 1 is 54ml over 3 /4 pints. Unfortunately the Ticknall site has not produced any complete bottles for comparison but it would be interesting to see how the capacity compares with examples from other collections. It would have been interesting to know how much of the contents would have to be poured off before the flasks could be laid down without spillage, but the fabrics were too delicate for the Museum of London to try this experiment.

At Southampton we were shown the Martincamp sherds that they had in their store. A lot of the sherds were of a buff coloured fabric. Also here the difference with some of the sherds was very apparent in the length of the neck (photo 51). The finish on the rim was flatter than the Ticknall one, and none of the sherds appeared to be made in Ticknall. It was clear to us from these two visits alone that there were at least three or four other production centres for these flasks, apart from possibly Martincamp in France and our Ticknall site. We also visited the Castle Museum at Dieppe in Normandy where we were shown the Martincamp flasks in their collection.7 Here the difference was very clear, with very obvious throwing rings (photos 52 and 54). Several other pots there also had the same feature, although not all were flasks; they had handles and proper bases. Some of the rims are also more angular than our Ticknall examples. Another had a very pronounced ‘pimple’ where the original bottle had been closed on throwing.

The ivory tobacco rasp in Dieppe Museum (photo 53) shows how the flasks/bottles were used, for drawing wine from the cask to the glass and many of the stone bottle references in the inventory references referred to later, were found in the cellar or buttery with other drinking vessels.

7 Our thanks to Dr Pierre Ickowicz for allowing us to see the Dieppe collection. 47 Figure 22. Martincamp flasks at The Museum of London – tests on flask capacity.

27_30_31_v1 29_163_8 78_183_v1

80_93_38_v1 81_171 5086_v1

5999_v1 26262_v1 A5268_v1

A5268_v2 All photos © The Museum of London

48 Photo 51. Ticknall bottle left, SOU128 context 58 Photo 52. Flask from Dieppe, Castle Museum Find no 1751, on right, Southampton Museum.

Photo 53. Tobacco rasp, Dieppe8. Photo 54. Dieppe9 flask pieces – spout, body, base.

Photo 55. Martincamp flask in wicker casing. The Mary Rose Museum.

8 Castle Museum, Dieppe,ivory tobacco Rasp showing a similar bottle (with a base) in use. 9 Castle Museum, Dieppe 49 DISTRIBUTION of ALL Ticknall ware.

In order to give some idea as to where the TBOTT wares may have ended up, this section on what we know about the distribution of Ticknall pottery is included. There are two major sources indicating where Ticknall ware was distributed, archaeological and documentary. The archaeological record gives the earliest results for identifiable wares from Ticknall. Ticknall was a major producer of finely decorated Cistercian wares in the period c1450-1550 and these have turned up on a number of sites, most notably at the Austin Friars in Leicester (Mellor and Pearce 1981, p.119) which has cups and decorated sherds from Peats Close and Church Lane and maybe site 30. Haughmond Abbey in Shropshire was another destination for at least one piece of Ticknall ware whilst two jugs that were found in the Bishop’s Palace at Lincoln in a Dissolution deposit have been identified as being made by the potter in Church Lane (Jane Young pers. comm.). A sherd of acanthus decorated cup made at Ticknall turned up at Codnor Castle when Time Team had their dig there, clearly Ticknall, this could have come from any one of three sites. A fish decorated sherd was found at Newark, identical to those found on Peats Close (Spavold and Brown, 98) and from the same site a decorated Ticknall salt with base, stem and part of the bowl was found in Tothill Fields, London and now resides in the care of The Museum of London (MoL ref A12327). Whilst we’re not suggesting that Ticknall pots were taken to London to be traded, it does show how far away the wares are to be found; the London one was probably taken there as someone’s personal property or as a gift.

Then there are the Tudor Heads (photo 28). It is the archaeological record rather than the documentary that reveals where they are to be found and usually on status sites. They were often the knobs from chafing dishes and always in MY; some may have been the thumbstops from a mug or cup but we only have one example where this seems to be the case, from a collection that now amounts to around thirty. These have been found at Rugeley and on the glassworking site at Cannock10 which supplied York Minster with glass, both are in Staffordshire, Staveley Old Hall north Derbyshire, Lincoln and Tattershall Castle in Lincolnshire, Southwell Nottinghamshire, Coventry and Knapton on the Hill in Warwickshire.

We know that Wollaton Hall in Nottinghamshire also bought Ticknall pots in 1573 when account books give the following entry: “Dec 1573 To John Bennet that he paid for Tycknal potes ijs iijd And for the carridge of the same pottes xjd.” (Middleton Manuscripts, p.440). That was quite a lot of Ticknall pots; a lesser amount was sold to the Cavendish family at Hardwick Hall in north Derbyshire in March 1607 where the accounts list “Four Tycknall pots 5d” (Riden, 397). By the beginning of the 17th century there were specialised pot sellers, some of whom lived in Ticknall but others who were based in nearby Griffydam who were taking Ticknall’s wares around the midlands, particularly the Warden family (Brown 29). Edward Warden, a carpenter, was based at Griffydam in Leicestershire and also Barrett Mill in Stanton by Bridge, near to the river Trent; he was owed over £68 at his death in 1614, much of it by Ticknall potters.11 During the course of our research over the past thirty years we have looked at over 200,000 probate inventories for Ticknall pottery which was often named. The spelling is often phonetic and ranges from Ticknall, Tickney, Titnell, etc. and it is from these that our second tranche of evidence for Ticknall’s distribution comes. In the first half of the 17th century it was no doubt distributed by the Wardens, father and son as well as other pot carriers or hawkers, some of whom were based in Ticknall. Edward Warden of Griffydam had “vats” of Ticknall pots, implying that he was using the river to transport goods. His occupation was given as a carpenter but he was clearly involved in trading pots and perhaps other goods as well.

10 thanks to Chris Welch for this information. 11 Edward Warden of Griffydam, The National Archives PROB11/125/14 50 The documentary references to Ticknall bottles include Randle Holme who gave a list of Ticknall products, amongst them “Bottles” in The Academy of Armory in 1688. 12 The Probate inventories for the whole of Leicestershire have been searched with 795 entries, whilst the inventories for the Lichfield diocese covering Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Shropshire, and parts of Cheshire and Warwickshire have been searched for the 1630s and 1680s. We have a substantial amount of references to Ticknall pots and fuller details are given on page 52. The probate inventories for both Leicestershire and the Coventry and Lichfield diocese really only start to be more common from the 1530s; at first simple goods like earthenware pots are rarely mentioned if at all, but by the 1580s there are occasional references with Ticknall and other pots such as Boston, Burslem and Wednesbury starting to be more common by around 1610. Mentions of Ticknall however are more common than all these. The year 1631 for Leicestershire was checked for all mentions of earthenware as well as Ticknall and there were more mentions of Ticknall wares than the generic earthenware. The inventories start to become less informative from the 1680s with entries starting to just give a value for all the goods in a room without specifying what they were.

These products were known as ‘bottles’ by the people who bought them, we have a number of references from probate inventories using this name. Edward Greenwood13 of Wymeswold, Leics, sharman had “ii loomes, ii Tycknell bottells, ii bowles, ii bosterne Jugges iis iiiid” in “The Butterie” in 1589. In 1623 Hugh Royle14 of Shorthassels in the parish of Hartshorne Derbys, yeoman had “seeves, wheeles, measures, bottells & Ticknall potts” worth 10 shillings. William Larke15 of Coventry, blacksmith had “Panechenn potts earthen bottles” valued at one shilling and sixpence, together with “Other tittnell ware there” in the buttery, valued at 2d. Again this strongly suggests that all the items were Ticknall. In 1670 Ticknall bottles were sold to the Coke family of nearby Melbourne Hall – r 1 1 16 “Dec 23 1670: To Jo: Hall for one dousen & /2 of Ticknall bottles 00-01-11 /2d.” They were 1.31d 1 1 each, an impossible price. If normally sold at 1 /2d individually, they are being sold at 3 /2d discount for bulk purchase. An unknown widow17 of Nuneaton in Warwickshire, from her inventory dated 1694/5 had “Quart bottles and other Ticknall ware” in the “Chamber over the kitchen”.

More references occur in the eighteenth century, although by this time these may be larger upright bottles that we know Ticknall also made. William Ensor18 of Measham Derbys, “Colleyer”, had “seaven Barrels a tub a little kimnell & two Ticknall Bottels £1-1-4.” in his buttery. Benjamin Burstall19 of Leicester also had Ticknall ware and bottles in his buttery: “A table and ticknall ware 0- 1-6, a Can and more Ticknall ware and Bottles 0-1-0.” Joseph Carter20 of Littlehay, Shenston, Staffs, husbandman was another who had bottles mentioned in association with Ticknall ware in his 1723 inventory: “Item For Ticknall ware and Bottles 0-2-6.”

It is likely that Ticknall bottles may have been implied by these entries: Robert Williamson21 the elder of Kegworth Leicestershire, blacksmith had “... three Little baskets with Ticknall ware ... 1-8-0” in his

12 Randle Holme The Academy of Armory Book 3, (1688) p. 113. 13 ROLLR Edward Greenwood, Wymeswold, Inv date 1 July 1589, in 1591 Probate Inventories volume. 14 SRO Hugh Royle, Hartshorne, 19 Mar 1622/3. 15 SRO William Larke, Coventry, 23 Sep 1633. 16 Melbourne Hall Archives. John Coke of Melbourne Hall, Personal and Household Accounts 1668-1686. This duplicated elsewhere in the same volume and there is a similar entry in 1690. 17 No value given for this entry, the reference was from Mr E. A. Veasey, via David Barker 18 SRO William Ensor, Measham Derbyshire, 11 November 1709. 19 ROLLR Benjamin Burstall, Leicester, Inventory dated 26 November 1718. 20 SRO Joseph Carter of Shenstone Staffordshire, 8 May 1724. 21 ROLLR Robert Williamson of Kegworth Leicestershire, 16 September 1676. 51 kitchen in 1676; these could be bottles in wicker holders. Gilbert Radcliffe22 of Mellor in Glossop, Derbyshire, innkeeper, also had “ Ticknall potts glasses and bottles of several sorts 00-05-00” in his kitchen in 1681. The 1684 inventory of William Goddard or Gothard23 of Ludworth in Glossop, Derbyshire, yeoman, was less specific about where these pots were, he had “In potts, bottles & Ticknall ware 0-2-0” in 1684. In all these cases it is quite possible that the bottles were Ticknall. Decade <1553 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 Type 80 90 00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00

Bottle * * * * Bowl/Basin * * * * * * * Butter pot * * * * * * Butter dish * Can * * * * * * * Chafing dish * * Cheese plate * Chamber pot * Colander * Cream pot * * * Cressit * * Dish * * * * * * * * * * Dripping pan **** ** Dubler * * * Ewer * Frying pan * Jug * * * * * * Kettle * Milk bowl * Milk pan ** ***** * * Milk vessel * * * * * Mug * * * * * * Painted chamber pot * Painted dish * * Painted plate * Pan * * * Pancheon * * * * * * * * * * * * Pipkin * * * * Pitcher * Plate * * * * Platter * * * * * * * * * * Porringer * * * Pottles * Pudding pot * Salt * * * * * Saucer * * Stean * * * Venison pots * Figure 23. Occurrences of named Ticknall wares, indicated by decade, c1550s-1709.

The references given to Ticknall bottles may appear sparse but out of all the many references we have to Ticknall pots that we have, it is only the occasional one that states the type of vessel that it was;

22 SRO Gilbert Ratcliffe of Mellor, Glossop Derbyshire, 20 September 1681. “Radcliffe/Radclyffe in will” 23 SRO William Goddard of Ludworth, Glossop Derbyshire, 30 May 1684, “Gothard” in will. 52 most of the references are general ones to Ticknall pots or ware. Figure 23 shows the occurrences (but not the numbers) of named types of Ticknall pots over the decades from the 1550s to 1709. Most of the Ticknall sites made a variety of pots and whilst every site seems to have made the most common forms of pancheons and butter pots and other jars, the bottles have only been found on this site out of the twenty odd sites investigated so far in Ticknall. No wonder documentary references are scarce.

Ticknall products spread far and wide over the midlands; by 2005 we had found the following numbers of references in the probate inventories: Lancashire 1, Cheshire 69, Shropshire 21, Staffordshire 151, Derbyshire 266, Nottinghamshire 40, Lincolnshire 2, Leicestershire 79524, Warwickshire 117, Worcestershire 2 and Oxfordshire 1. Since then we have collected many more and research is ongoing.

We know that other places were making bottles as well as Ticknall, but the sites have not so far been identified. A potter in Burslem was doing the same. The same Melbourne Hall accounts also have “To Jno: Elliott for 3 dousen boslem bottles 00-05-09”. These could be 2d each, sold here at a 3d discount for bulk buying. We have found another entry for Burslem as well, John Barbor25 of Hodnett, Salop, gardener in his 1686 inventory had amongst his goods “… 2 small Stone Bottles a Burslam Bottle for Drinke” in 1686. However without further evidence we cannot be certain that these were the same type of bottles.

Brill in Oxfordshire might also be another source for Martincamp type ware as a spout of what is thought to be a Brill fabric was found at an excavation at Bartlemas Chapel at Cowley Oxfordshire.26 A J White in his thesis identifies “Bottles of earth covered with wicker” as Martincamp flasks, imported to Boston from Newcastle in 1612 (White pp. 186, 207). Note the quote says “Bottles of earth”, this is what our Ticknall vessels would have been known as: bottles.

24 All the probate inventories have been searched for Leicestershire. 25 SRO John Barbor of Hodnett, Shropshire, 21 January 1686/7. 26 Cotter J. in http://www.archeox.net/sites/www.archeox.net/files/reports/Bartlemas 53 CONCLUSION

We are particularly fortunate to have found part of the pot tip undisturbed. It was common for the parish officers to pay for pot sherds by the cart load and use them for filling the many holes in Ticknall’s roads. In the 1790s the Surveyor of the Highways27 paid the potter on site 3 for forty cart loads of sherds alone – and there were still plenty left when we came to excavate in 2009 and 2010.28 So much must have also gone from this site. What we have found represents just a small fraction of what was made over the lifetime of the site. As has been stated the bottles found seem to have all been made by one potter; that is not to say that another potter on the site was not doing the same, perhaps not at the same time, but that the wasters of those other bottles were not deposited in the part of the site we dug or that has been disturbed. None of the other sites in Ticknall that we have investigated either by fieldwalking or by excavation, over 20 to date, has produced any bottle sherds apart from two spouts and one body sherd on three different sites. We have found the occasional lug from a costrel or rim of an upright bottle, but nothing to suggest that TBOTT wares were produced on any other site to date.

Not only was the finding of TBOTT important for giving the first production site for these wares but also for the fact that we now have a substantial body of pot types that we can associate to the same time period. Ticknall wares are notorious for being difficult to date apart from the CIST with its religious symbolism (Spavold, 2009-10) which would not have been produced in Edward VI’s reign.

This is also the first time we have found what might be a potter marking a pot, both marks suggest the letter ‘M’ and are pretty crude (photo 25). We have never found marked pots (although we might have now) and as a result we only have broad ranges for the pottery of when different wares were made. The picture is becoming slightly clearer with excavation of sites for which we have documentary evidence and can say when that particular pottery seems to have ceased. Had we realised at the time of excavation just how important this would prove to be we would have excavated a larger area of the undisturbed pot tip, but as is usual this really was the last day of this part of the excavation. When we went back a month later we soon realised that that part of the site was situated under a very large wasp nest some 20’ up in the tree and they made it quite clear that they were not at all happy to have us below.

From the evidence found, it is possible to say that these bottles and other wares are 17th century products. If the bottles we found date to the first half of the 17th century they were made by Thomas Morley senior (working cl620s-1658); if they date to the second half they were made by Thomas Morley junior (working cl640s-1698). There were considerably more MP and MP/BLACK sherds found with the bottles in trench 6, particularly in contexts 602, 603 and 604; these would predate the BLACK wares which developed from the transitional MP/BLACK and were hardly present in 603 and 604. Admittedly trench 6 was not large but on the archaeological evidence found I would attribute the bottles found to Thomas Morley senior. The documentary evidence suggests that Thomas Morley junior continued to make these bottles. His wasters however might not have been at the lower levels of part of an undisturbed tip although he would have clearly learnt his skills from his father on this site.

27 Records for this parish officer only survive from 1777. 28 Archaeological Project Services (APS), THA09, THA10. 54 Appendix 1. Fabric photographs of fresh breaks

Original sherds left, with fresh breaks to right.

Photo 56. MP

Photo 57. MP/BL

55 Appendix 1. Fabric photographs of fresh breaks

Photo 58. BERTH

Photo 59. LERTH

56 Appendix 1. Fabric photographs of fresh breaks

Photo 60. BLACK

Photo 61. MY

57 Appendix 1. Fabric photographs of fresh breaks

TBOTT sherds.

Photo 62. TBOTT buff.

Photo 63 TBOTT buff to orange exterior.

58 Appendix 1. Fabric photographs of fresh breaks

Photo 64. TBOTT orange.

Photo 65. TBOTT Brownish buff.

59 Appendix 1. Fabric photographs of fresh breaks

Photo 66. TBOTT Brown.

Photo 67. TBOTT Grey.

60 Appendix 1. Fabric photographs of fresh breaks

Photo 68. TBOTT Purple.

61 Appendix 2. Clay pipes and musket balls.

Clay pipes

There were 43 clay pipe stems recovered. They ranged in size from the thin 19th century to one quite thick, perhaps 17th century. Four of the stems had a spur attached but no bowl. None were marked. Two fragments of 19th century bowls were found. A fragment of bowl and stem with a Broseley type round heel with a tail running back along the stem; it had a maker’s square stamp on it.

Figure 24. Clay pipe (actual size). The letters appear to read: AN MAT This may part of the initials of Jane Mats whose marked pipes have been found on the Leicestershire / Warwickshire border and thought to be working c1680-1700. She is probably related to John Mats who was working c1680-1720 in the same area and who had connections to the Broseley area. (Higgins D.A. p474, 1987)

Metal

Amongst the demolition material of wrought iron nails and lead strips from window panes, there was the unexpected find of musket balls and lead bullets found in trench 7. There were two sizes of musket balls, some still with a little tag of lead from the mould attached: three types of bullet and the lead barrel from a small toy cannon. There was also one used bullet found in trench 3. Two of the bullets were found with a small fragment of metal adhering to them, perhaps the tin in which they were stored?

Photo 69. Two sizes of Photo 70. Four types of bullet a,b,c,d. Photo 71. Toy cannon barrel. musket balls Size Number Details Weight gm. Musket balls 15mm 20 solid 579 Musket balls 13mm 9 solid and hollow 141 Bullet “a” 10mm x 14mm 28 solid 241 Bullet “b” 10mm x 20mm 3 solid and hollow 71 Bullet “c” 10mm x 23cm 1 hollow 18 Bullet “d” 14mm x 15mm 6 and 3 frags hollow 73 Toy cannon barrel 48mm 1 6 Figure 25. Musket balls and bullets.

These are likely to have belonged to the gamekeeper George Cook when he lived at the cottage, perhaps he was making his own. They were found in (702) and (703) with the demolition material from the dairy and had perhaps been in a tin and overlooked when the dairy was demolished.

62 Appendix 3 Pottery Illustrations - descriptions

Pot Illustrations - descriptions

Number Description 24 MP Jug/jar rim, 20cm. (9/107)

1 MP Bowl rim, 34cm. (9/116) 25 MP Jug/jar rim, 21cm. (4/60)

2 MP Bowl rim, 38cm. Overfired and 26 MP Jar/jug rim, 17cm, exterior brown, warped, cracked with fused clinker. interior surface and body grey. (6/20) (9/110) 27 MP Jar/jug rim, 16cm, vitrified interior. 3 MP Bowl rim, 36cm; small pieces of (6/18) clinker stuck on inner surface. (9/118) 28 MP Jar/jug rim, 16cm. (9/113) 4 MP Bowl rim, 26cm. (9/117) 29 MP Jug/jar rim, 17cm. (4/58) 5 MP Jug/jar rim, 27cm. (9/104) 30 MP Jug/jar rim, 17cm. (9/99) 6 MP Jar/jug rim, 32cm, grey in colour. (6/16) 31 MP Shallow bowl or dish profile, c23cm. The top has been trimmed off with a knife 7 MP Jar/jug rim, 22cm, light brown, rim but for what purpose? Uneven in height folded over. (6/17) varying from 2.5cm to 3.4cm. (4/63)

8 MP Jar/jug rim, 30cm. (9/114) 32 MP Jar/jug rim, small fragment of rim, circumference unknown. (9/109) 9 MP Jug/jar rim, 25cm. (9/101) 33 MP/BL Bowl rim, 44cm. (4/85) 10 MP Jar/jug rim, 24cm. (9/115) 34 MP/BL Bowl rim, 36cm. (9/129) 11 MP Jug/jar rim, 23cm. (9/100) 35 MP/BL Bowl rim, 20cm, good glaze 12 MP Jug/jar rim, 24cm. (9/102) interior; vitrified exterior. (6/22)

13 MP Jug/jar rim, 20cm. (9/103) 36 MP/BL Bowl rim, 32cm. (9/137)

14 MP Jug/jar rim, 25cm; has clay pad fused 37 MP/BL Bowl rim, 18cm. (9/131) to it. (9/108) 38 MP/BL Bowl rim, 18cm. (9/133) 15 MP Jar/jug rim, 22cm, brown surface, bubbles in clay inside. (6/13) 39 MP/BL Bowl rim, 17cm. (9/132)

16 MP Jug/jar rim, 18cm. (4/59) 40 MP/BL Bowl rim, 18cm, glaze inside, very blistered and rough; vitrified grey 17 MP Jar/jug rim, 23cm. (9/112) exterior surface. 6/23)

18 MP Jug/jar rim, 23cm. (9/106) 41 MP/BL Bowl rim, 30cm. (4/62)

19 MP Jug/jar rim, 23cm. (9/105) 42 MP/BL Bowl profile, 12cm. (9/138)

20 MP Jar/jug rim, 21cm, has fragment of 43 MP/BL Jug/jar rim, 32-34cm. (4/95) clay pad fused to it. (9/111) 44 MP/BL Jar/jug rim, 15 cm, vitrified inside 21 MP Jar/jug rim, 22cm. (6/16) & glazed. (6/11)

22 MP Jug/jar rim, 22cm. (4/61) 45 MP/BL Jar/jug rim, 28cm, ?dark slip with lead glaze, placed in kiln or dried upside 23 MP Jar/jug rim, 20cm. (6/14) down? (6/10)

63 Appendix 3 Pottery Illustrations - descriptions

46 MP/BL Jug/jar rim, 18cm. (9/120) 68 MP/BL Shallow dish, profile, 12-14cm. (9/130) 47 MP/BL Jar/jug rim, 28cm, vitrified inside and glazed. (6/12) 69 BERTH Bowl rim, 46cm, elaborate folded over rim. (6/2) 48 MP/BL Jug/jar rim, 21cm. (9/122) 70 BERTH Bowl rim, c38cm. (4/70) 49 MP/BL Jug/jar rim, 24cm. (9/126) 71 BERTH Bowl rim, 38cm. (9/134) 50 MP/BL Jar/jug rim, 26cm, dark slip inside or vitrifield clay, lead glaze over, dripping 72 BERTH Bowl rim, 34cm, elaborate rim towards rim, placed in kiln or dried upside folded over shown on break, light brown down. (6/9) slip under rim and first c1.5cm of bowl. Remains of pad stuck to rim. (6/7) 51 MP/BL Jug/jar rim, 26cm. (4/86) 73 BERTH Jar/jug rim, 22cm. Scar of white 52 MP/BL Jug/jar rim, 26cm; has some clay from another pot inside rim. (4/73) clinker stuck to it. (9/119) 74 BERTH Bowl rim, 34cm. (9/135) 53 MP/BL Jug/jar rim, fragment of rim –c20- 24cm? (9/121) 75 BERTH Bowl rim, 21cm. (9/141)

55 MP/BL Jar/jug rim, 22cm, seems glazed 76 BERTH Bowl rim, 32cm, elaborate folded inside but may be MP and vitrified. (6/15) over rim. (6/1)

56 MP/BL Jug/jar rim, 22/26cm? fragment. 77 BERTH Jug/mug base. 10cm (9/98) (9/123) 78 BERTH Bowl rim, 28cm. (9/136) 57 MP/BL Jug/jar rim, 19cm. (9/124) 79 BERTH Jar/Jug, 27cm. (6/6) 58 MP/BL Jug/jar rim, 19cm. (9/127) 80 BERTH Bowl rim, 36cm, elaborate folded 59 MP/BL Costrel neck, 3cm, good glaze. over rim. (6/3) (4/64) 81 BERTH Bowl rim, 32cm, light brown rim 60 MP/BL Jug/jar rim, 19cm. (9/128) upper surface, darker bowl interiors, ?different slips under glaze. (6/5) 61 MP/BL Jar/jug rim, 16-19cm. (4/72) 82 BERTH Bowl rim, 32cm. (4/69) 62 MP/BL Jar/jug rim, 15cm. (4/68) 83 BERTH Jar/jug rim, 32-33cm. (4/71) 63 MP/BL Jar/jug rim, 15cm. (4/67) 84 BERTH Bowl rim, 30cm, rim folded over. 64 MP/BL Cistern bung hole and small part (6/8) of base; glazed interior and only around the bung hole on the exterior. (6/25) 85 BERTH Bowl rim, 30-34cm. (9/140)

65 MP/BL Jar/jug body with handle springing 86 BERTH Bowl rim, 38cm, a smear of glaze from neck. (4/66) on outside of rim. (6/4)

66 MP/BL Jug base, 7.4cm, glaze bubbled 87 BERTH Jar/jug base, 24cm. This may be and vitrified where unglazed. (3/143) a reduced MY jar base, the sherd is greenish brown in colour. (4/74) 67 MP/BL Jug base, 13cm, vitrified; good glaze outside but lots of small bubbles in 88 BLACK Bowl rim, 38cm. (6/39) it. (6/27) 89 BLACK Bowl rim, 38cm. (6/40)

64 Appendix 3 Pottery Illustrations - descriptions

90 BLACK Bowl rim, 36cm. (4/93) 113 MY Dish rim 32cm. (4/79)

91 BLACK Bowl rim, 32cm. (6/41) 114 MY Dish rim, 24cm; small pieces of clinker adhering to it. (4/83) 92 BLACK Bowl rim, 28-31cm. (4/94) 115 MY Dish rim 32cm. (4/78) 93 BLACK Sideways handle and part of body, perhaps from a cistern? (6/43) 116 MY Dish rim, 27-30cm, glazed inside with darker rim. (6/47) 94 LERTH Bowl rim, 38cm. (4/91) 117 MY Dish rim, 28cm. (6/46) 95 LERTH Bowl rim, 36cm, some glaze on outside edge of rim, dark slip inside and 118 MY Dish rim, 28cm. (6/45) unglazed. (6/33b) 119 MY Chamber pot rim and thrown handle, 96 LERTH Jar/jug rim, 18cm; scar of MY 20cm. (6/28) pot on inside rim. (4/89b) 120 MY Jug/jar rim, 11cm. (9/97) 97 LERTH Bowl rim, 36cm. (4/87a) 121 MY Shallow jar or dog bowl profile, 98 LERTH Jar rim, 22cm, slip inside. (6/35) 31cm. (6/51)

99 LERTH Bowl rim, 28cm. (4/89a) 122 MY Jar rim, 16cm; vitrified sand stuck on underside of rim. (6/30) 100 LERTH Bowl rim, 28cm (4/88b#) 123 MY Jar/jug rim, 29cm. Splattered with bits 101 LERTH Jar/jug rim, 24cm. (4/88) of clinker and pot fused to it, in two parts, one edge has glaze run on it. Possibly a 102 LERTH Jar rim, 32cm, slip inside. (6/36) dripping pan. (4/82) 103 LERTH Shallow jar, ?dog bowl, warped 124 MY Jar rim, 23cm, handle springs from profile, rim 26-28cm, clay pad fused to below rim, greenish tinge to pot from underside of base. (4/87b) reduction. (6/31) 104 LERTH Jar/jug rim, 30-32cm. (4/90) 125 MY Jar rim, 19-22cm. (6/29) 105 LERTH Jar rim, 28cm, dark slip on 125 MP/BL Chamber pot, 20cm. (9/125) interior. (6/34b) 126 MY Jar/jug rim. 16cm. (6/34a) 106 LERTH Jar rim, 28cm, dark slip inside. (6/37) 127 MY Jug/cup base, 9cm, scar of handle attachment, green in colour, reduced. 107 LERTH Shallow bowl profile, ?dog bowl, (6/55) 29cm, warped, no slip. (6/38) 128 MY Jar/jug rim, 18cm. (4/76) 108 MY Bowl rim, reduced, 20cm. (4/84) 129 MY Jar base, 17.5cm, possibly had two 109 MY Bowl rim, c20cm, glazed inside only. handles. (6/49) (6/44) 130 MY Cup base, 7cm. (6/57) 110 MY Bowl base 11cm, possibly a dish base? (4/81) 131 MY Jar/jug base, probably jug, 10cm. (6/54) 111 MY Dish rim, 38-40cm. (4/77)

112 MY Dish rim, 36-40cm, large spread of 132 MY Jug base, 10cm, reduced greenish clinker fused on exterior. (6/48) glaze. (4/75)

65 Appendix 3 Pottery Illustrations - descriptions

MY Jug/cup base, 8cm, only partly glazed on 133 exterior. (6/53)

134 MY Cup base, 6cm, 1 handle stub, exterior glaze stops short of base. (6/50)

135 MY Mug rim 10cm, with incised line decoration. (6/32)

136 MY Cup profile, base 6.5cm, reduced, handle missing. (8/142)

137 MY Tripod pipkin with all three feet, base 6.5cm. (9/96)

138 MY Cooking pot base fragment with foot, slightly reduced. (4/80)

139 TBOTT spout with spout join, 7cm. (TB 53)

140 TBOTT spout fragment, 8cm, (TB 61)

141 TBOTT spout fragment, 8cm. brown/purple. (TB 24)

142 TBOTT spout, reddish purple, small part of spout join, 6cm. (TB 27)

143 TBOTT spout fragment, purple, 4cm. (TB 106)

144 TBOTT spout fragment, purple 5cm. (TB 45)

145 TBOTT Spout fragment, brown 7cm. (TB 65)

146 TBOTT Orange spout, 17cm. (TB 1)

147 TBOTT Orange spout 13cm. (TB 1)

148 TBOTT Orange spout join, 13cm. (TB 1)

149 TBOTT Spout fragment with body, purple, rough surface, 12cm. (TB 47)

150 TBOTT Spout fragment with spout join 10.5cm. Purple. (TB 56)

151 TBOTT Spout fused to body of another waster, purple and blistered, 29cm. (TB2)

66 Appendix 3 Pot Illustrations

MIDLAND PURPLE

1.

2.

3.

4. 5.

6

6. 7.

8. 9.

10. 11.

12. 13.

14. 15.

16. 17.

18. 19.

20. 21.

5cm

67 Appendix 3 Pot Illustrations

22. 23.

24. 25.

26. 27. 28.

29. 30.

31. 32.

MIDLAND PURPLE/BLACKWARE

33.

34. 35.

36. 37.

38. 39. 40.

41. 42.

43. 44.

45. 46.

5cm

68 Appendix 3 Pot Illustrations

47. 48.

49. 50.

51. 52.

53. 54.

55. 56.

57. 58. 59.

60. 61. 62.

63. 64. 65.

66. 67. 68.

BROWN GLAZED EARTHENWARE

69.

70.

5cm

69 Appendix 3 Pot Illustrations

71.

72. 73.

74. 75.

76. 77.

78. 79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84 85.

86.

5cm

70 Appendix 3 Pot Illustrations

87.

BLACKWARE

88.

89.

90.

91.

92. 93.

LATER EARTHENWARE

94.

95. 96.

97. 98.

99. 5cm

71 Appendix 3 Pot Illustrations

100. 101.

102. 103

104.

105. 106.

107.

MIDLAND YELLOW WARE

108. 109. 110.

111.

112.

113. 114.

115.

116. 117.

118. 5cm

72 Appendix 3 Pot Illustrations

119. 120.

121. 122.

123. 124.

125. 126. 127.

128. 129. 130.

131. 132. 133. 134.

135. 136. 137. 138.

TICKNALL BOTTLES

139. 140. 141.

142. 143. 144. 145.

5cm

73 Appendix 3 Pot Illustrations

146.

147. 148.

149. 150.

151.

5cm

74 Appendix 4 Comparative pottery types by context.

Trench 5 has been omitted as it only had 35 sherds in total.

101 sherds 101 weight

300 5000

250 4000 200 3000 150 Sherds 2000 Weight gm 100 50 1000 0 0 MY MP MY MP LERTH BLACK LERTH TBOTT BERTH BLACK MP/BL TBOTT BERTH MP/BL

102 sherds 102 weight

600 12000 500 10000 400 8000 300 6000 200 4000 100 2000 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

201 sherds 201 weight

250 7000 6000 200 5000 150 4000 100 3000 Weight gm 50 2000 0 1000 0 MY MP LERTH BLACK TBOTT BERTH

Sherds MP/BL

75 Appendix 4 Comparative pottery types by context.

202 sherds 202 weight

50 1200 40 1000 800 30 600 20 400 10 200 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

203 sherds 203 weight

16 500 14 12 400 10 300 8 6 200 4 100 2 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

204 sherds 204 weight

10 200

8 150 6 100 4 2 50 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

76 Appendix 4 Comparative pottery types by context.

205 sherds 205 weight

30 500 25 400 20 300 15 200 10 5 100 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

206 sherds 206 weight

5 100 4 80 3 60 2 40 1 20 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

207 sherds 207 weight

300 6000 250 5000 200 4000 150 3000 100 2000 50 1000 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

77 Appendix 4 Comparative pottery types by context.

208 sherds 208 weight

70 1600 60 1400 50 1200 1000 40 800 30 600 20 400 10 200 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

209 sherds 209 weight

100 2000

80 1500 60 1000 40 20 500 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

210 sherds 210 weight

200 4000 3500 150 3000 2500 100 2000 1500 50 1000 500 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

78 Appendix 4 Comparative pottery types by context.

211 sherds 211 weight

70 1400 60 1200 50 1000 40 800 30 600 20 400 10 200 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

212 sherds 212 weight

10 100 8 80 6 60 4 40 2 20 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

301 sherds 301 weight

400 6000 350 5000 300 250 4000 200 3000 150 2000 100 50 1000 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

79 Appendix 4 Comparative pottery types by context.

302 sherds 302 weight

200 3500 3000 150 2500 2000 100 1500 50 1000 500 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

303 sherds 303 weight

16 160 14 140 12 120 10 100 8 80 6 60 4 40 2 20 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

304 sherds 304 weight

90 3000 80 2500 70 60 2000 50 1500 40 Sherds Weight gm 30 1000 20 500 10 0 0 MY MP MY MP LERTH BLACK LERTH TBOTT BERTH BLACK MP/BL TBOTT BERTH MP/BL

80 Appendix 4 Comparative pottery types by context.

305 sherds 305 weight

30 1200

25 1000

20 800

15 600 Sherds Weight gm 10 400

5 200

0 0 MY MP MY MP LERTH BLACK LERTH TBOTT BERTH BLACK MP/BL TBOTT BERTH MP/BL

401 sherds 401 weight

500 12000 450 400 10000 350 8000 300 250 6000 200 Sherds Weight gm 150 4000 100 2000 50 0 0 MY MP MY MP LERTH BLACK LERTH TBOTT BERTH BLACK MP/BL TBOTT BERTH MP/BL

402 sherds 402 weight

250 3000

200 2500 2000 150 1500 100 Sherds Weight gm 1000

50 500

0 0 MY MP MY MP LERTH BLACK LERTH TBOTT BLACK BERTH MP/BL TBOTT BERTH MP/BL

81 Appendix 4 Comparative pottery types by context.

403 sherds 403 weight

450 6000 400 5000 350 4000 300 250 3000 2000 200 Sherds 150 1000 100 0 50 0 MY MP LERTH BLACK TBOTT

BERTH Weight gm MP/BL

404 sherds 404 weight

500 8000 450 7000 400 6000 350 5000 300 4000 250 3000 200 Sherds 2000 150 1000 100 0 50 0 MY MP LERTH BLACK

TBOTT Weight gm BERTH MP/BL

405 sherds 405 weight

140 5000 4500 120 4000 100 3500 80 3000 2500 60 Sherds 2000 Weight gm 40 1500 1000 20 500 0 0 MY MP MY MP LERTH BLACK LERTH TBOTT BLACK BERTH MP/BL TBOTT BERTH MP/BL

82 Appendix 4 Comparative pottery types by context.

601 sherds 601 weight

16 350 14 300 12 250 10 200 8 150 6 sherds Weight gm 4 100 2 50 0 0 MP MP MY MY LERTH BLACK LERTH TBOTT BLACK BERTH MP/BL TBOTT BERTH MP/BL

602 sherds 602 weight

400 9000 350 8000 300 7000 250 6000 200 5000 150 4000 100 Weight gm 3000 50 0 2000 1000 0 MY MP LERTH BLACK TBOTT BERTH Sherds MP/BL

603 sherds 603 weight

300 5000 4500 250 4000 200 3500 150 3000 2500 100 2000 Weight gm 50 1500 0 1000 500 0 MY MP LERTH BLACK TBOTT BERTH Sherds MP/BL

83 Appendix 4 Comparative pottery types by context.

604 sherds 604 weight

200 5000 180 160 4000 140 3000 120 100 2000 80 Sherds 1000 60 40 0 20 0 MY MP LERTH BLACK TBOTT

BERTH Weight gm MP/BL

701 sherds 701 weight

140 1800 120 1600 1400 100 1200 80 1000 60 Sherds 800 Weight gm 600 40 400 20 200 0 0 MY MP MY MP LERTH BLACK LERTH TBOTT BLACK BERTH MP/BL TBOTT BERTH MP/BL

702 sherds 702 weight

250 5000 4500 200 4000 3500 150 3000 2500 100 Sherds 2000 Weight gm 1500 50 1000 500 0 0 MY MP MY MP LERTH BLACK LERTH TBOTT BLACK BERTH MP/BL TBOTT BERTH MP/BL

84 Appendix 4 Comparative pottery types by context.

703 sherds 703 weight

140 2500 120 2000 100 80 1500

60 Sherds 1000 Weight gm 40 500 20 0 0 MY MP MY MP LERTH BLACK LERTH TBOTT BLACK BERTH MP/BL TBOTT BERTH MP/BL

704 sherds 704 weight

350 6000

300 5000 250 4000 200 3000 150 Sherds Weight gm 2000 100 50 1000 0 0 MY MP MY MP LERTH BLACK LERTH TBOTT BLACK BERTH MP/BL TBOTT BERTH MP/BL

801 sherds 801 weight

14 500 12 400 10 8 300 6 200 4 100 2 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

85 Appendix 4 Comparative pottery types by context.

802 sherds 802 weight

120 1400 100 1200 80 1000 800 60 600 40 400 20 200 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

803 sherds 803 weight

100 1600 1400 80 1200 60 1000 800 40 600 20 400 200 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

804 sherds 804 weight

800 16000 700 14000 600 12000 500 10000 400 300 8000 200 6000 Weight gm 100 4000 0 2000 0

Sherds

86 Appendix 4 Comparative pottery types by context.

805 sherds 805 weight

120 5000 100 4000 80 3000

60 2000 Sherds 40 1000

20 0

0 MY MP LERTH BLACK TBOTT BERTH Weight gm MP/BL

901 sherds 901 weight

45 600 40 500 35 30 400 25 300 20 Sherds Weight gm 15 200 10 100 5 0 0 MY MP MY MP LERTH BLACK LERTH TBOTT BLACK BERTH MP/BL TBOTT BERTH MP/BL

902 sherds 902 weight

70 1000 60 800 50 40 600

30 Sherds 400 Weight gm 20 200 10 0 0 MY MP MY MP LERTH BLACK LERTH BERTH BLACK MP/BL TBOTT BERTH MP/BL

87 Appendix 4 Comparative pottery types by context.

903 sherds 903 weight

1000 16000 14000 800 12000 600 10000 8000 400 6000 200 4000 2000 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

904 sherds 904 weight

1000 16000 14000 800 12000 600 10000 8000 400 6000 200 4000 2000 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

905 sherds 905 weight

200 3500 3000 150 2500 2000 100 1500 50 1000 500 0 0

Sherds Weight gm

88 Appendix 5 Comparative kiln furniture by trench

Saggar Saggar

12 1400 10 1200 8 1000 800 6 600 4 400 2 200 0 0

Number Weight gm

Squeeze Squeeze

50 3000 40 2500 2000 30 1500 20 1000 10 500 0 0

number Weight gm

Small clay pads Small clay pads

60 800 50 700 600 40 500 30 400 20 300 200 10 100 0 0

number Weight gm

89 Appendix 5 Comparative kiln furniture by trench

Large clay pads Large clay pads

140 1600 120 1400 100 1200 1000 80 800 60 600 40 400 20 200 0 0

number Weight gm

Burnt clay Burnt clay

160 12000 140 10000 120 8000 100 6000 80 4000 60 number 2000 40 0 20 0

Weight gm Trench 1 Trench 2 Trench 3 Trench 4 Trench 6 Trench 7 Trench 8 Trench 9

There was also a large amount of clinker in the trenches which, although it is not kiln furniture was noted.

Clinker Clinker

150 15000

100 10000

50 5000

0 0

number weight gm

90 Appendix 6 Pot Catalogue.

Pot catalogue

Cname Form NoS NoV Wt (g) Part Description BERTH ? 36 36 1031 Rims BERTH ? 2153 2143 32522 Body BERTH ? 674 673 14216 Bases BERTH Bowls 201 197 14475 Rims BERTH Bowls 9 9 406 Rims 2 stuck together, wasters BERTH Bowls 197 192 12756 Bases BERTH Bowl 1 1 292 Base Has body cut off, very shallow BERTH Bowl 1 1 500 Rim?? ? BERTH Jar/jug 116 116 3438 Rims BERTH Jar/jug 158 158 8177 Bases BERTH Jug 1 1 30 Base BERTH Jugs 4 4 85 Handles BERTH Chamber pot 2 1 142 Rim With handle stub coming from it BERTH Dutch Oven 1 1 86 Body BLACK ? 51 51 1026 Rims BLACK ? 3435 3435 52573 Body BLACK ? 1 1 31 Body With small hole BLACK ? 1 1 16 Body BLACK ? 570 570 12115 Base BLACK ? 1 1 189 Base With fired clay & bottle sherd fused BLACK Bowls 181 178 11260 Rims BLACK Bowls 132 130 6733 Bases BLACK Jar/jug 162 162 4388 Rims BLACK Jar/jug 242 241 12706 Base BLACK Jar/jug 1 1 17 Base With clay pad fused BLACK Jar/jug 2 2 64 Base With clinker fused to it BLACK Jar/jug 8 7 197 Handles BlACK Jug 2 1 65 Body Neck turning to spout BLACK Cistern 3 3 63 Bungholes Part bungholes in body BLACK Cistern 2 2 198 Bunghole With part of base BLACK Dish 20 20 625 Rim BLACK Chamber Pot 1 1 13 Rims BLACK Lid 1 1 17 Lid CIST Cup 17 17 87 Rims CIST Cup 99 99 736 Body CIST Cup 10 9 348 Base CIST Cup 7 7 42 Handles KFURN Saggar 40 40 2750 Body With part hole KFURN Prop 1 1 11 Body KFURN Squeeze 237 237 12268 Body KFURN Large pad 265 265 6169 Body KFURN Kiln plate 6 6 351 Body KFURN Small pad 201 201 2831 Body BCLAY ‐ 470 470 29955 Kiln structure LERTH ? 125 125 1980 Rims LERTH ? 1517 1515 16232 Body LERTH ? 416 416 7816 Bases LERTH Bowls 286 284 14058 Rims 91 Appendix 6 Pot Catalogue.

LERTH Bowls 3 3 164 Rims 3 stuck together LERTH Bowls 96 96 3994 Bases LERTH Jar/jug 356 350 9865 Rims LERTH Jar/jug 4 4 204 Rim 1 has part of sideways handle LERTH Jar/jug 128 123 7010 Bases LERTH Jar/jug 6 6 496 Bases 1 has fired clay attached LERTH Jar/jug 4 4 236 Bases 1 has been cut off just above the base LERTH Jar/jug 7 6 237 Handles LERTH Jar 4 4 409 Profiles shallow LERTH Dishes 15 13 627 Rims MISC Marble 2 2 6 Complete Clay marble MP ? 35 35 914 Rims MP ? 2842 2840 44755 Body MP ? 24 24 993 Body Splash glaze MP ? 1 1 46 Body MP ? 367 363 9241 Bases MP ? 6 6 195 Bases Splash glaze inside ? MP ? 3 3 154 Bases Clay pad attached MP Bowls 80 80 3819 Rims MP Bowls 43 42 2641 Bases MP Bowl 1 1 102 Base Part of spacer fused on underside MP Jar/jug 632 625 24681 Rims MP Jar/jug 22 22 970 Rims 3 have clay pad attached MP Jar/jug 9 9 513 Rims 2 has pad and waster fused to it MP Jar/jug 5 5 269 Rims Splash glaze MP Jar/jug 15 15 770 Rims 1 has a handle stub MP Jar/jug 206 199 11971 Bases MP Jar/jug 2 2 290 Bases Vitrified sand under, remains of fused spacer, splash glaze inside MP Jar/jug 1 1 25 Base Splash glaze inside MP Jar/jug 1 1 119 Base Clay spacer attached MP Jar/jug 22 22 492 Handles MP Jar/jug 1 1 129 Profile MP Jug 1 1 21 Body MP Jug 3 3 227 Base MP Cistern 2 2 44 Bungholes MP ? 1 1 74 Base MP/BL ? 31 31 714 Rims MP/BL ? 4300 4299 72793 Body MP/BL ? 598 598 12728 Bases MP/BL Bowls 49 49 2969 Rims MP/BL Bowls 73 73 4180 Bases MP/BL Bowl 7 7 399 Profile Shallow bowl MP/BL Jar/jug 109 109 3920 Rims MP/BL Jar/jug 9 9 419 Rims 2 have cut outs on rim MP/BL Jar/jug 417 413 2904 Bases MP/BL Jar/jug 10 10 259 Handles MP/BL Jar/jug 3 2 186 Rims 2 with part of handle MP/BL Jar/jug 1 1 10 Body With handle stub MP/BL Jar 2 2 82 Profile Shallow jar

92 Appendix 6 Pot Catalogue.

MP/BL Jug 3 3 51 body MP/BL Jug 4 4 493 Bases MP/BL Cisterns 2 2 37 Body With part of bunghole MP/BL Cistern 2 2 84 Bases With part of bunghole MP/BL Chamber pot 2 1 44 Rim MP/BL Puzzle jug 1 1 8 Rim MP/BL Costrel 1 1 14 Lug MP/BL Dish 1 1 11 Rim MP/BL Lid 2 2 24 Rim MP/BL ?Mug 2 2 13 Body MY ? 106 106 1367 Rims MY ? 1684 1670 15199 Body MY ? 845 845 11584 Bases MY ? 2 2 59 Bases 2 wasters stuck together MY Bowls 184 179 4877 Rims MY Bowls 261 261 7692 Bases MY Bowl 1 1 9 Rim Red body, yellow slip MY Bowl 3 3 633 Profile One with sideways handle stub MY Bowl 2 2 76 Rims 2 wasters stuck together MY Jar/jug 390 384 8525 Rims MY Jar/jug 158 150 6033 Bases MY Jar/jug 65 64 874 Handles MY Jar/Jug 1 1 24 Rim With partial handle MY Jar/Jug 2 2 23 Rim From tiny jars MY Jug 1 1 4 Neck? MY Dishes 256 251 7657 Rims MY Dishes 12 12 321 Bases MY Dish 1 1 38 Base Impressed leaf pattern MY Dish 1 1 83 Profile MY Cup 9 9 131 Rims MY Cup 1 1 37 Rim Incised decoration MY Cup 1 1 30 Base MY Cup 1 1 2 Handle MY Dripping pan 3 3 80 Rims T Dripping pan 2 2 427 Profile One including corner MY Chamber pot 1 1 236 Rim With complete handle MY Cooking pot 2 2 232 Base With foot MY Colander 1 1 28 Body MY Figurine 3 3 45 Tudor From Chafing dish heads MY Pipkin 1 1 22 Base With foot TBOTT Bottle 69 56 4892 Spouts Complete or almost TBOTT Bottle 56 46 2310 Spout‐ Majority of spout but part missing top and/or bottom TBOTT Bottle 197 194 3734 Spout joins TBOTT Bottle 133 131 988 Spout fragments TBOTT Bottle 4786 4605 48603 Body TBOTT Bottle 1 1 45 Body Has “W” or “M” marked on it TMOTT Can 5 5 25 Body Probably from a can TSLIP ? 16 15 96 Body TSLIP Cup 2 2 3 Rim

93 Appendix 6 Pot Catalogue.

TSLIP Bowl 1 1 46 Base TSLIP DISH 1 1 7 Rim Piecrust edge TSLIP Dish 3 3 25 Rim TYSLIP ? 3 3 36 Base Pink body, white slip TYSLIP Jar/jug 1 1 16 Rim TYSLIP Dish 2 2 41 Rim CPIPE Pipe Stems CPIPE Pipe Stem with spur CPIPE Pipe 1 1 Stem with “AN MAT” marked spur

94 Appendix 7 Wills and inventories

Wills and Inventories of the Morley and Marriot families.

For ease of reading words that have been abbreviated are extended and the layout altered for ease of reading. No attempt has been made to alter the spelling, they wrote as they spoke – in broad south Derbyshire.

All the inventories give “li” for £, for ease of reading I have put £.

Thomas Morley of Ticknall, labourer.

Will dated 30 May 1658

In the name of god amen the 30th day of may in the yeare of our lord god one thousand six hundreth fiftye and eight I Thomas Morley of Tickenall in the Countey of Darbey laborer beeinge sike in bodye but of perfect minde and memorye blesed bee god. doe here ordaine my last will and Testament in maner and forme as foloweth: first I Comit Comend and bequeath my soule into the hands of my lord and saviour Jesus Christ by whose merits Death and pasion I onelye hope to enioye pert of the blesed resurexion and to bee made an inheritor of the everlastinge Joyes of heaven and for my worldely goods i despose of as foloweth

Item i give unto my sone Thomas Morley one pound which was dewe to mee for winteringe his Cow

Item i give unto my daughter Sarah a boulster

Item i give to my daughter Elizabeth six shilings eightpence

Item to my son in law James bird i give my wast coate and to my sone John Morley i give five shilings

Item I give unto my sone Joseph Morley one pounde and all my cloathes and all my boardes actsept fouer to make a dore

Item to my sone Jobe Morley i give five pounds and i make Sibell my wife full execatrix of this my last will and Testament:

Witnesses to this

Thomas Tetlowe

George Illsley

Probate granted 1660

95 Appendix 7 Wills and inventories

Agust the 27th 1660)

A treu and perfect inventory of all the goods Catells and Chatells of Thomas Morley deceased praised by us to our best knoledge whose names are under writen

£ s d

Imprimis his purse and aparell 1 0 0

Item in the parlor one bed one Coverlid one boulster two litle boxes

with some smalle things 0 15 0

Item in the house one Cubard one Chest a table and stooles and

irons about the fier 1 0 0

Item one iron pot one brase pot three Cettells 1 1 0

Item eight pewter dishes and litle sausers and one Candlesticke 0 10 0

Item two paier of sheets and other small linen 0 12 0

Item one cow 2 13 4

Item twelve sheepe 2 0 0

Item meanor and all other lumber 0 5 0

Some is 9 16 4

Nicholas Illsley

Thomas Tetlow

96 Appendix 7 Wills and inventories

Thomas Morley 1700

In the name of god amen

I bequeth my body to the ground and my speirt to god that gave it

I Thomas morley do ordain this to be my last will being of perfect memory blessed be god for it

Itam I give unto my son in law John Mariat for pound ten shilings that is oing me of franceis eten of repenton and all the rest of my depts that is oing mee and one Cow and a pedge and all the rest of my goods to my wife bringing me to the ground in achristion maner witnes my hand

his

Thomas X morley

mark

Tho Hanson

97 Appendix 7 Wills and inventories

Inventory

March 4th 1700 A true and Just inventory of the goods of Thomas Morley vallyed by us whose names are here under written

£ s d

Imprimis His purse and apparrell 1 10 6

Item Goods in the house the land iron and other fire irons

a fire shovell and tongs 0 3 6

Item Two tables one form 4 Chayrs one wheele

and some other small things 0 15 6

Item four kettles and brasse pot and 3 pewter dishes 1 1 6

Item In the parlor one Chest 2 Coffers and one cupboard 0 12 6

Nappery ware 0 15 4

Item In the Chamber a bed and bedding 1 5 6

Item one table and one Chayre 0 4 6

Corne in the garner 0 10 0 one bacon flitch 0 10 6

Item one cow and 2 calves 2 10 6 one store pigg 0 5 6

Item hay in the barn 1 1 6

Item Twenty ewes 4 0 0 and ten hoggs 2 0 0

Things unseen and nott remembred 0 7 6

17 14 4

Witnesse our hands

Will Gilbert

Ralph Sheaven

98 Appendix 7 Wills and inventories

Jane Morley will dated 12th August 1702, of Ticknall, widow

In the name of god Amen I Janne Morley of Ticknall in the Countey of darby widdow being weak of body but of perfect memory blessed be god doe make and ordaine this my Last will and Testament in manor and forme following first I comite my body to be buryed and my soul I bequeath into the hands of my Creator hopping to be saved by the merrits of Jesus Christ my redeemer

Item I give William Eaton fore Childerin every one a lamb hoge

Item I give to my sistor eaton one pare of gloves of 12 pence prise Item I give george eaton tow shillins and 6 pence

Item I give to Ralph sheaven one pare of gloves of tweulfe pence prise

Item I give to Joseph Potter one pare of gloves of 12 penc prise

I make and ordaine my son John Marriott my Executor of this my last will and testement and do give him all my goods and Chattels and Cattell household goods moufeable and unmoaveable paying and observeing my bequests abov mentioned and I revoke all other wils and do publish this to be my last will and Testament the twevlth day of august in the year of our lord one thousand seven hunderd and twoo.

[no signature or mark] signed Sealed and publeshed In the presens of Ann X Harbut [?Starbut? ]

hir marke

Joseph Potter

Probate 2 October 1702.

99 Appendix 7 Wills and inventories

Inventory

September the 14th 1702

A True and Just Inventory of the Goods and Chattles of Jane Morley Widdow formerly Living In Ticknall In the county of Derby

£ s d

Imprimis Her Pursse and Apparrell 2 3 6

Goods in the house

The fire Irons fire Shovell and Tounges 0 3 6

Two Tables one forme five Chaires one Wheele and some other small things 0 15 0 one Kettle one Brass Pott Three Pewter Disshes 1 1 6

In the Parlour one Chest two Coffers and one Cubborde 0 12 6 nappery Ware 0 15 4

In the Chamber one bed and Bedding one Table and One Chaire 1 10 6

Two cowes and two calves 4 6 6

Twenty Ewes and Tenn Lambs 5 10 0

Things not seene and forgott 0 7 6

The Totall Summ is 17 6 4 wittness oure hands

William Gilbert

Ralph Sheavin [corrected total £17 5s 10d]

100 Appendix 7 Wills and inventories

John Marriott of Ticknall, died 30 July 1708, will dated 20th June 1708. of Ticknall, potter

In the name of god Amen I John Marriott of Ticknall in the County of Darby by trade a potter being weake in state but of perfecte memory blesed be god doe make and ordaine this my last will and testament in manour and forme as followeth first I give and bequeath my soule to god that gave it hopping of by the merits of Jesus Christ to be eternally saved and my body to be buryed accordinge to the discression of my executors and as for my worldly goods as followeth

Item my mind and will is that my wife Elizabeth shall have halfe the trade with my mother as I had before painge halfe the cost and Charges of it and if my wife will not hold up trade with my mother that my mother or brother shall pay to my wife for my part of roome and tools the sume of fifteen shillins every yeare and fifteene for my part of the close every year according to Covenant.

Item I give to my eldest daughter Mary the sume of six pounds of good and lawfull money of england to be paid by my executor when she is twenty and one years old.

Item I give to my daughter Janne the sume of six pounds to be paid when she is at the age of one and twenty years

Item I give the sume of six pounds to that chilld in my wifes beley if it live boy or gerle

Item I make and ordaine my wife Elyzabeth full exceutor of this my last will and testament and to pay my funerall Charges where unto I have set my hand and seale July 20 day 1708

Sealed in presents of us John Marriott

Joseph Tetley

Joseph Potter, Elizabeth x Marriott her mark

Probate 29th April 1709.

101 Appendix 7 Wills and inventories

A True and perfect Inv[ento]ry of the Goods and C[a]tells of John Marriott late of Ticknall dece[ase]d

Impr[mi]s Purse and apparel 1 2 4

It[e]m for Irons in the Chimney 0 5 2

It[e]m for five brass Kettles 1 3 3

It[m] for 1 brass pott and 1 iron pot 0 5 0

Six pewter dishes 3 porrengers a skimer and a warming pan 0 16 3 one Table and form and a little falling Table 0 5 2 one dish Bench and five Chairs 0 4 4

1 Pail and a goun 0 1 0

In the Parlor 1 Chest and 1 cubboard, one coffer and a little table 0 10 2

In the Chamber two Beds with the Bedding thereunto belonging,

one little box a little Chair 1 5 6 one Cow 1 heifer and Calfe 3 13 4 one score of sheep and 12 lambs 3 13 4 one Pigg 0 10 4

In the Corne fielde 1 half acre of wheat, 1half acre of barley 1 15 6

In the Pease field three rood of Pease 0 18 3

Linnen 0 19 5 all things unseen 0 10 2

17 8 3

Appraisors Joseph Potter

Ralph Sheavin [corrected total is £18 8 3]

102 Appendix 8 Other bottle references

Other stone and earthen bottles from inventories

There are many references to ‘stone’ and ‘earthern’ bottles in inventories which may well be Ticknall bottles or others of the Martincamp flask type, particularly as they are often described as stoneware. All these places are within Ticknall’s known distribution range. They are usually associated with glass bottles and cellars, the following are for Cheshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Staffordshire although we have noted references to other counties in our research.

Cheshire (all CRO) Mistress Ursula Gerard of Stockport, widow. Inventory 7 Apr 1624, Probate n.d.1624. “9 earthen bottels and 3 earthen pottes 2s 0d.” They are 2d each.

Robert Blease of Chester, apothecary. Inventory 30 Nov 1633, Probate n.d.1633. “In the seller Stone bottells 8 doss 01-04-00.”

Henry Greene of Poulton Cheshire gentleman. Probate 18 Mar 1681. “Itm stone Bottles glasse Bottles & such like ware 0-5-0.”

John Allen of Nether Knutsford, Cheshire, blacksmith. Probate 9 August 1682. “In bottells 10 of glass and 14 earthen ones 0-3-0.”

Derbyshire (all SRO) Martin Bretland of Chesterfield Derbys Alderman. Inventory 17 June 1613, Probate 20 July 1613. “In the Taverne one great leather Pottell one stone Bottell …”

William Strelley of Beauchief, Derbys, esquire. Inventory 29 Dec 1635, Probate 6 Jan 1635/6. “2 twigginge voyders & 1 ston jugge 0-1-6.” The twigging voyders could be Ticknall bottles in wicker cases for carrying.

Andrew Morewood of Stadon p Bakewell, Derbys, yeoman. Inventory 31 Jan 1680, Probate 3 Apr 1680. “Goods in severall places. It. Glasses Stone bottles & Cheana ware 00-02-00.”

Thomas Moult of Eccles, p Chapel-en-le-Frith, Derbys, yeoman. Inventory date? Probate 2 May 1684. “Itm Nine Pewter Dishes & foure parringers a dozen stone bottles with wooden ware & Ticknall ware in ye Milkehowse 01-00-00.”

Martin Horrobin of Carsington, Derbys,. Inventory 12 Dec 1687, Probate 5 Oct 1688. “In the buttery … and some ston bottles … 00-13-04.”

George Wood of Whittington, Derbys, husbandman. Inventory 18 May 1688, Probate 3 Oct 1688. “Two glasse bottles & a stone bottle 00-00-08.”

John Wilde of Goytside, p Glossop, Derbys, yeoman. Inventory 24 Nov 1681, Probate 14 Oct 1689. “Stone bottle & glass pottle 00-01-00.”

Leicestershire (all at ROLLR) John Shirman of The Newarke Leicester esquire. Inventory 16 Dec 1675, Probate 3 October 1677. “In the seller … foure dozen of stone=bottles one tundish five earthen cans … 0-15-0.”

William Roberts of Carlton Curlieu, Leics, clerke. Inventory 8 July 1676, Probate 3 November 1676. “In the Buttry glass & stone bottles & other goods 0-6-8.”

Edward Nutt of Market Bosworth, Leics. Inventory 23 Apr 1677, Probate 1 June 1678. “In the buttery … 3 dusson of stone bott a dusson of glas bottles 0-5-0.”

103 Appendix 8 Other bottle references

John Tough of Thurnby, Leics, yeoman. Inventory 13 Apr 1677, Probate 19 April 1677. “In the Seller … three dozen of glasse bottles three dozen of large stone bottles 2-13-0.” [could these be 2-pint size of Ticknall bottles?]

William Ward of Peckleton, Leics, yeoman. Inventory 3 Feb 1679-80, Probate 13 March 17679/0. “In the seller … eight stone bottles …”

Christopher Dadsley of Easthorpe Leics, yeoman. Inventory 6 May 1689, Probate 4 June 1689. “In ye Seller, 7 Barrells a salting tub Glass bottles & Stone bottles & other Goods 1-6-8.”

Staffordshire (all at SRO) Frances Keelinge of Bennersley, p Norton in the Mores, Staffs, widow. Inventory 27 Aug 1639, Probate 31 Aug 1639. “It. Spices Starch Sope glasse bottles stone bottles boxes & other small comodities 0-10-0.”

Mr Thomas Bakewell of Chorley, Staffs, Clarke. Inventory 22 Aug 1681, Probate 30 June 1682. “glasses, Glass Bottles, Stone Bottles & earthen vessels 0-2-0.”

William Oldes of Rangeley, Staffs, farmer. Inventory 4 Nov 1684, Probate 14 Nov 1684. “In the Long Buttery Itm 3 barrells, 1 powdring tub, 3 steen pots, 2 wood bottles, 1 Leather bottle, 1 Funill, 1 still, part of a Kegg of Sope, 2 dozen of glass & stone bottles 01-02-0.”

William Weston of Weston-on-Trent, Staffs. Inventory 13 Oct 1686, Probate 2 Nov 1686. “5 glass bottle 2 stone bottles 0-1-0.”

Thomas Gryme of Worston, Staffs, yeoman. Inventory 13 Apr ?? Probate 28 May 1687. “In the Closett wying to ye parlour chamber two dozen & halfe of trenchers, 10 Stonebottles, 3 dishis & a cupp of White Ware & some glasse ware 00-07-0.”

John Osborne of Tamworth Staffs, cordwainer. Inventory 6 Apl 1688, Probate 10 Apl 1688. “In the parler next the house 7 glass Bottles 2 Stone bottles 5 barrells one tuning Dish 0-13-4.” Tuning dish = tundish, a funnel.

Alexander Manlove of Leehill p. Kingston, Staffs, gentleman. Inventory 28 July 1688, Probate 7 Aug 1688. “In ye Cellar Eigh barrels, one bruing tubb, one keeler, three milkbowls, one tressal two forms three doz of glass bottles, halfe doz of Stone bottles & other necessarys 2-01-06.”

Thomas Bach of Orton, Staffs, Yeoman. Inventory 21 Mar 1672, Probate 11 Aug 1673. “In the Chamber over the Buttery Itm Nine Glasse Bottles Three Stone Bottles 00-01-06.”

Ric Smith of Cannock (in probate) of Rugeley (in will), Staffs, husbandman. Inventory n.d., Probate 28 Mar 1676. “In the Buttery … a stone bottle …”

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