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Analysis of Current Methods for Conducting Ecological Inventories

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Analysis of Current Methods for Conducting Ecological Inventories ANALYSIS OF CURRENT METHODS FOR CONDUCTING ECOLOGICAL INVENTORIES 23 May 2016 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by ANALYSIS OF CURRENT METHODS FOR CONDUCTING ECOLOGICAL INVENTORIES Contract No. AID-621-TO-15-00004 Promoting Tanzania’s Environment, Conservation and Tourism (PROTECT) The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. vi ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................................................... vii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Why Review of methods for carrying ecological inventory .................................................. 2 1.3 The need for standardization of methods .............................................................................. 3 1.4 Organization of the report ......................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Limitation of the Study .............................................................................................................. 4 2.0 APPROACHES IN UNDERTAKING THE ASSIGNMENT ..................................................... 6 3.0 ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR CARRYING ECOLOGICAL INVENTORY........................ 7 3.1 Ground survey using systematic sampling methods; .......................................................... 7 3.2 Point transect method ............................................................................................................... 8 3.3 Line transect Method ............................................................................................................... 10 3.4 Variable transect method ....................................................................................................... 11 3.5 Quadrat count........................................................................................................................... 12 3.6 Plotless Method ....................................................................................................................... 14 3.7 Aerial mapping of vegetation cover ...................................................................................... 15 3.8 Capture techniques ................................................................................................................. 16 3.9 Herpetology Inventorying using systematic sampling methods ....................................... 17 3.10 Sound recording .................................................................................................................... 23 3.11 Camera trapping .................................................................................................................... 24 3.14 Animal Census survey .......................................................................................................... 26 3.14.1 Aerial Total Counts (TC) ............................................................................................... 26 3.14.2 Systematic Reconnaissance Flight (SRF) .................................................................. 27 3.15 Birds and bats ........................................................................................................................ 29 3.15.1 Mist netting .......................................................................................................................... 29 3.17 Point count methods ......................................................................................................... 31 3.18 Search efforts: in form of timed search, timed species count, timed constrained search .............................................................................................................................................. 31 3.19 Indirect methods .................................................................................................................... 32 3.19.1 Dung counts .................................................................................................................... 32 3.19.2 Foot counting .................................................................................................................. 33 3.19.3 Territory Marking ............................................................................................................ 33 3.19.4 Collection of animal remains ........................................................................................ 34 3.20 Identification ........................................................................................................................... 34 3.21. Sweep net sampling ............................................................................................................. 34 4.0 IDENTIFIED DISCREPANCY AND GAPS IN INVENTORY METHODS............................ 36 4.1 Lesson Learnt From the Assessment ................................................................................... 39 5.0 RECOMMENDED METHODS FOR CARRYING OUT ECOLOGICAL INVENTORIES .. 41 5.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 41 5.2 Recommended methods for inventorying vegetation......................................................... 41 5.3 Recommended methods for inventorying herpetology ...................................................... 42 5.3.1 Amphibian and reptile other than snakes ......................................................................... 43 5.3.2 Snakes, geckos and other harmful reptile ........................................................................ 43 5.4 Recommended methods for inventorying small mammals, rodents and insectivores .. 44 5.5 Recommended methods for inventorying shy, hiding and nocturnal ............................... 44 5.6 Recommended methods for inventorying birds and bats .................................................. 44 5.7 Recommended methods for inventorying large mammals ................................................ 45 5.8 Triangulation of the inventory methods ................................................................................ 47 5.8.1 Opportunistic Survey........................................................................................................ 47 5.8.2 Market survey ................................................................................................................... 47 5.8.3 Key informant interviews ................................................................................................. 48 5.8.4 Literature review ............................................................................................................... 48 5.9 Operation and need assessment for effective method used ............................................ 48 5.9.1 Effective operation of the recommended methods ..................................................... 48 5.10 Improvement needed ............................................................................................................ 51 7.0 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 54 8.0 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................. 59 Appendix 1 Terms of References and scope of work for carrying out the assignment ....... 59 Appendix 2 Questionnaire for Key Stakeholders ...................................................................... 62 Appendix 3 Available Methods/ In Conducting Ecological Inventories .................................. 64 Appendix 4 Requirement for field preparation ........................................................................... 67 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Sketch of the drift fence and pitfall trap source: (Davies and Hoffmann, (2002) .... 18 Figure 2: Canopy walk trap adopted from Davies and Hoffmann, (2002),............................ 20 Figure 3: Snake trap adopted from Davies and Hoffmann, (2002), ..................................... 21 ACRONYMS AAC Authorized Association Consortium AWKE Amboseli-West Kilimanjaro Ecosystem CEPF Critical Ecosystem Partnership funds CIMU Conservation Information and Monitoring Unit Dbh Diameter at breast height GPS Global positioning system FSO Front Seat Observer FMNH Field Museum of Natural History IRG International Resources Group NAFORMA National Forestry Resources Monitoring and Assessment NPS National Parks NRM Natural Resources Management PROTECT Promoting Tanzania’s Environment, Conservation, and Tourism Project RBI Rapid Biological Inventories REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks RSO Rear Seat Observers TANAPA Tanzania National Parks TAWIRI Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute TC Total count USGS United State Government Services URT United Republic
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