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Effects of Micro-Environmental Conditions and Forest Disturbance on the Establishment of Two Andean Palms in Ecuador

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Effects of Micro-Environmental Conditions and Forest Disturbance on the Establishment of Two Andean Palms in Ecuador Vol.2, No.4, 233-243 (2012) Open Journal of Ecology doi:10.4236/oje.2012.24027 Effects of micro-environmental conditions and forest disturbance on the establishment of two Andean palms in Ecuador Diana Rodríguez-Paredes1*, Rommel Montúfar-Galárraga2, Henrik Meilby1 1Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; *Corresponding Author: [email protected] 2Ecology and Genetics, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador Received 17 September 2012; revised 20 October 2012; accepted 28 October 2012 ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION The wax palm (Ceroxylon echinulatum) and palm The palm family is important to humans as a diverse heart (Prestoea acuminata) are key elements in source of non-timber forest products [1,2]; however un- Andean natural forests. This ecosystem is th- sustainable harvesting and deforestation are threatening reatened by deforestation and habitat degra- the permanence of harvested species in natural forests dation, thus, it is vital to explore the impact of [3-5]. Human activities modify environmental conditions anthropogenic activities on the ecological struc- in forest remnants thereby also altering the conditions ture and preferences of these species in order to under which palm species regenerate and establish [6,7]. develop proper conservation strategies. Fifty- South America has a high diversity of palms with 457 seven 400 m2 plots were established in two for- species and 50 genera [8]. Part of this diversity is found est areas, a disturbed forest (n = 30 plots) and an in the Andes above 1000 m.a.s.l where palms represent undisturbed forest (n = 27 plots) in the Ecua- 37% of the palm genera and 15% of the palm species reported in the Americas [9]. Four genera have their cen- dorean Andes. Nine micro-environmental vari- ter of distribution in the Andes: Aiphanes, Ceroxylon, ables and the number of individuals of C. echi- Parajubaea and Wettinia; among which Ceroxylon is nulatum and P. ac um ina t a in five size classes endemic to the Andes [9]. In the Ecuadorean Andes, the were recorded in each plot. Logistic regression most economically important palm genera are Ceroxylon models helped identify environmental variables and Prestoea. Leaves of the former genus are used as raw that influence the establishment of the species. material for handicraft in Easter and unfolded leaves of Results showed that different micro-environ- the latter genus are source of palm heart or palmito [10- mental variables determined the presence of 13]. different size classes. Both species were bene- Palms respond to environmental heterogeneity at both fitted by the environmental conditions of the dis- large and small scales. At the large scale, the distribution turbed forest. Light availability was important for of palms is mainly determined by climate [14-16], geo- the establishment of both species, especially for logical regions [17], historical legacies [14,18,19], and to the canopy species (C. echinulatum). This palm a smaller extent by edaphic characteristics [20-22], and was negatively affected by the variable “fallen dispersal dynamics [23]. Small scale environmental het- wood”, while P. acuminata was negatively af- erogeneity (0.1 to 10 m2; [15]) is important for the distri- fected mainly by the steepness of the terrain. bution and diversity of palms [15,24,25]. Sources of mi- The environmental variables for the successful cro-environmental variation include canopy heterogene- establishment of the studied species that were ity, inter- and intra-specific relations, edaphic conditions identified by this study provide clues for the su- (pH, litter) and topography. Among these variables, ca- stainable management of C. echinulatum and P. nopy heterogeneity is suggested as an important source acuminata in Andean forests. of variation since it can modify variables such as light in- tensity and quality, soil, microtopography, risk of damage, Keywords: Andean Forest; Ceroxylon; Forest pollination and seed dispersal [15]. Disturbance; Micro-Environmental Variables; Palm The dependence of many palms on humidity makes Establishment; Prestoea; Sustainable Management the Andean cloud forests important for palm species Copyright © 2012 SciRes. Openly accessible at http://www.scirp.org/journal/oje/ 234 D. Rodríguez-Paredes et al. / Open Journal of Ecology 2 (2012) 233-243 growing at high elevations. Unfortunately, this kind of Inti Llacta (Miraflores community) is a private reserve forests (characterized by a constant mist and high biodi- (00˚02'N, 78˚43'W; 1875 ± 16.2 m.a.s.l) with ca. 100 ha versity and endemism) is highly threatened by deforesta- of secondary cloud forest. This forest reserve is a mosaic tion [26-28]. Environmental conditions of forests may of forests patches with different levels of regeneration change as a result of forest fragmentation [4], logging and pasture. In this forest, selective logging and harvest- [26], harvesting of selected products [29], and/or other ing of palms were undertaken for several years until the extractive activities affecting plant and animal population creation of the reserve in 1982. Particularly, in the 1970’s dynamics and distribution [6,30,31]. The effects of de- and 1980’s the natural populations of P. acuminata were forestation on palm populations may be better under- heavily harvested due to the high demand for palm heart stood when analyzed separately for each life stage of the [37]. Leaves of C. echinulatum were harvested until individuals since some palm species change their envi- 2009 when the government of Ecuador banned the ex- ronmental preferences during ontogeny [32]. Due to the traction from natural forests. Illegal extraction of both threatened status of Andean cloud forest palms and their products from the forest still happens along with defor- importance in local ecosystems, it is necessary to under- estation, mining, floriculture and poultry farming, caus- stand the effects of different environmental conditions on ing environmental damages [34]. the regeneration, establishment and growth of harvested Rio Bravo is a private reserve (00˚04'S, 78˚44'W; 1690 palm species in order to predict consequences of envi- ± 72.1 m.a.s.l) with ca. 4000 ha of undisturbed cloud ronmental changes on populations and as a basis for forest (Cantón San Miguel de los Bancos) and is part of suggesting sustainable management strategies that pro- the Mindo-Nambillo protected area (19.200 ha; [34]). tect the target species and natural forest dynamics. Due to its difficult access, the area has been relatively Accordingly, the objective of this study is to identify isolated from human activities, and therefore the forest is micro-environmental variables that determine the distri- in a well conserved condition with no reported extraction bution of the different life stages of Ceroxylon echinula- activities. tum and Prestoea acuminata growing in the cloud forests of the Ecuadorean Andes. Additionally, this work aims to 3. STUDY SPECIES compare the establishment requirements of palm species with different habits (canopy and understory) and in for- Ceroxylon echinulatum Galeano is a canopy (10 - 30 ests with different degrees of disturbance (disturbed and m tall; diameter 15 - 30 cm), solitary and dioecious palm undisturbed forest). The selection of the species was [38]. Stems are covered with a layer of wax that usually based on the following criteria: a) both species are im- have oblique ring-shaped leaf scars. This palm species portant components of the Andean forest due to their prefers humid and rainy mountain regions of Ecuador abundance and the resources they provide to the local and northern Perú between 1600 and 2200 m.a.s.l. Un- fauna [10,33], b) their natural populations are threatened folded young leaves (spear leaf or cogollo) are harvested by deforestation, habitat degradation, and harvesting once or twice a year to weave handicrafts for Easter [34,35], c) both species are important for the local and/or Christmas. This harvesting activity affects mainly economy [1], and d) there is a lack of information about stem-less individuals with leaf size larger than 2 m be- their ecology that impedes the development of proper cause of the easy access to the spear leaf. In Ecuador, the management plans. trade of handicrafts made with C. echinulatum’s leaves is an economic activity that represents an important source 2. STUDY SITE of income to local communities and artisans (Montúfar, The study took place in the north-western part of the unpublished data). Pichincha province (Figure 1). This region contains a Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H. E. Moore is a mid- cloud forest ecosystem at elevations ranging from 1500 story species, monoecious, with solitary or clustered to 2000 m.a.s.l. with monthly mean temperatures ranging stems that can reach heights of 6 - 15 m and diameters of from 18˚C to 24˚C. The rainy season can last for 10 4 - 20 cm [39]. The species has a wide distribution, grow- months with maximum precipitation values in April and ing in mountain regions of the Antilles and Central Ame- November. The dry season starts between July and Au- rica; and premontane and montane areas (1000 - 2000 gust and lasts for two to three months [36]. In this region m.a.s.l) of the Andean slopes from Venezuela to Bolivia two localities characterized by different levels of human [39]. Unfolded leaves (apical meristem) of this species disturbance were selected: a) Inti Llacta reserve (dis- are harvested and sold as palm hearts in local communi- turbed forest), and b) Rio Bravo Reserve (undisturbed ties [10]. The extraction is done any time through the forest). The two localities are located ca. 20 km from year with no discrimination between reproductive and non- each other. reproductive individuals. Copyright © 2012 SciRes. Openly accessible at http://www.scirp.org/journal/oje/ D. Rodríguez-Paredes et al. / Open Journal of Ecology 2 (2012) 233-243 235 N Nanegalito Miraflores Inti Liacta Mindo Rio Bravo 0 750 1500 Meters Figure 1.
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