Advanced Network Training Multicast Larry Mathews Systems Engineer [email protected] Training Objectives
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15-744: Computer Networking Multicast Routing Example Applications Overview
Multicast Routing • Unicast: one source to one destination • Multicast: one source to many destinations 15-744: Computer Networking • Two main functions: • Efficient data distribution • Logical naming of a group L-20 Multicast 2 Example Applications Overview • Broadcast audio/video • IP Multicast Service Basics • Push-based systems • Software distribution • Multicast Routing Basics • Web-cache updates • Teleconferencing (audio, video, shared • Overlay Multicast whiteboard, text editor) • Multi-player games • Reliability • Server/service location • Other distributed applications • Congestion Control 3 4 1 IP Multicast Architecture Multicast – Efficient Data Distribution Src Src Service model Hosts Host-to-router protocol (IGMP) Routers Multicast routing protocols (various) 5 6 Multicast Router Responsibilities IP Multicast Service Model (rfc1112) • Learn of the existence of multicast groups • Each group identified by a single IP address (through advertisement) • Groups may be of any size • Identify links with group members • Members of groups may be located anywhere in the Internet • Establish state to route packets • Members of groups can join and leave at will • Replicate packets on appropriate interfaces • Senders need not be members • Routing entry: • Group membership not known explicitly • Analogy: Src, incoming interface List of outgoing interfaces • Each multicast address is like a radio frequency, on which anyone can transmit, and to which anyone can tune-in. 7 8 2 IP Multicast Addresses Multicast Scope Control – Small TTLs • Class -
IEEE 1588 Frequency and Time & Phase Profiles at ITU-T
IEEE 1588 Frequency and Time & phase profiles at ITU-T Silvana Rodrigues, System Engineering, IDT , [email protected] WSTS - 2013, San Jose ©2009 Integrated Device Technology, Inc. Agenda ● IEEE-1588TM Profile ● ITU-T G.8265.1 – Frequency Profile ● ITU-T G.8275.1 – Time and Phase Profile ● ITU-T G.8275.2 – Time and Phase Profile with partial support from the network IEEE 1588TM is a trademark of its respective owner www.IDT.com PAGE 2 CONFIDENTIAL IEEE-1588 Profiles ● IEEE-1588 defines profile as “The set of allowed Precision Time Protocol (PTP) features applicable to a device” ● “The purpose of a PTP profile is to allow organizations to specify specific selections of attribute values and optional features of PTP that, when using the same transport protocol, inter-work and achieve a performance that meets the requirements of a particular application.” ● A PTP profile should define ● Best master clock algorithm options ● Configuration management options ● Path delay mechanisms (peer delay or delay request-response) ● The range and default values of all PTP configurable attributes and data set members ● The transport mechanisms required, permitted, or prohibited ● The node types required, permitted, or prohibited ● The options required, permitted, or prohibited * IEEE Std 1588-2008 IEEE Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization Protocol, copyright 2008 IEEE. All right reserved. www.IDT.com PAGE 3 CONFIDENTIAL ITU-T FREQUENCY PROFILE www.IDT.com PAGE 4 CONFIDENTIAL ITU-T G.8265.1 Frequency Profile IEEE-1588 without support from -
IP Multicast Routing Technology Overview
IP Multicast Routing Technology Overview • Information About IP Multicast Technology, on page 1 • Additional References for IP Multicast, on page 15 Information About IP Multicast Technology This section provides information about IP multicast technology. About IP Multicast Controlling the transmission rate to a multicast group is not supported. At one end of the IP communication spectrum is IP unicast, where a source IP host sends packets to a specific destination IP host. In IP unicast, the destination address in the IP packet is the address of a single, unique host in the IP network. These IP packets are forwarded across the network from the source to the destination host by devices. At each point on the path between source and destination, a device uses a unicast routing table to make unicast forwarding decisions, based on the IP destination address in the packet. At the other end of the IP communication spectrum is an IP broadcast, where a source host sends packets to all hosts on a network segment. The destination address of an IP broadcast packet has the host portion of the destination IP address set to all ones and the network portion set to the address of the subnet. IP hosts, including devices, understand that packets, which contain an IP broadcast address as the destination address, are addressed to all IP hosts on the subnet. Unless specifically configured otherwise, devices do not forward IP broadcast packets, so IP broadcast communication is normally limited to a local subnet. IP multicasting falls between IP unicast and IP broadcast communication. IP multicast communication enables a host to send IP packets to a group of hosts anywhere within the IP network. -
1722 Over IP
1722 over IP Kevin Gross 26 October 2010 [email protected] 1722 fields • 802.3 header • 802.1Q tag • Ethertype • Control/data • Subtype • Version • Type specific data • Stream ID • Media clock restart • Sequence number • 802.1AS timestamp • Timestamp uncertain • Gateway info • Length • Payload IP fields • IP header – Version – Header length – DSCP – Total length – ID – Flags – Fragment offset – TTL – Protocol – Header checksum – Source IP – Destination IP • UDP header – Source port number – Destination port number – Checksum – Length RTP fields • Version • Marker • Payload type • Sequence number • Timestamp • Synchronization source • Synchronization routes 1733 RTCP fields • Name • Grandmaster ID • Time base indicator • Stream ID • 802.1AS timestamp 1722 over IP • Ethernet header • 802.1Q tag • IP header – DSCP • UDP header – Length • Control/data • Subtype • Version • Type specific data • Stream ID • Media clock restart • Sequence number • 802.1AS timestamp • Timestamp uncertain • Gateway info • Length • Payload Overhead • 1722 – Ethernet – 38 (includes preamble, header, FCS and IFG) – 802.1Q tag – 4 – 1722 header – 24 – Total = 66 octets • 1733 – Ethernet – 38 – 802.1Q tag – 4 – IP header – 20 or 40 – UDP header – 8 – RTP header – 12 – Total = 82 or 102 octets • 1722 over IP – Ethernet – 38 – 802.1Q tag – 4 – IP header – 20 or 40 – UDP header – 8 – 1722 header – 24 – Total = 94 or 114 octets IP multicast • Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) – IPv4 group membership • Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) – IPv6 group membership • Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol (MADCAP) – RFC 2730. Implemented in Microsoft DHCP servers. Not widely deployed. • Unicast-Prefix-based IPv6 Multicast Addresses – RFC 3306, 3307. Requires ZMAAP. • ZMAAP – Not in use. IETF draft ( draft-ietf-zeroconf-zmaap- 02.txt ) expired in 2003. -
WAN-LAN PIM Multicast Routing and LAN IGMP FEATURE OVERVIEW and CONFIGURATION GUIDE
Technical Guide WAN-LAN PIM Multicast Routing and LAN IGMP FEATURE OVERVIEW AND CONFIGURATION GUIDE Introduction This guide describes WAN-LAN PIM Multicast Routing and IGMP on the LAN and how to configure WAN-LAN PIM multicast routing and LAN IGMP snooping. The AlliedTelesis Next Generation Firewalls (NGFWs) can perform routing of IPv4 and IPv6 multicast, using PIM-SM and PIM-DM. Also, switching interfaces of the NGFWs are IGMP aware, and will only forward multicast steams to these switch ports that have received reports. IGMP snooping allows a device to only forward multicast streams to the links on which they have been requested. PIM Sparse mode requires specific designated routers to receive notification of all streams destined to specific ranges of multicast addresses. When a router needs to get hold of a given group, it sends a request to the designated Rendezvous Point for that group. If there is a source in the network that is transmitting a stream to this group, then the Rendezvous Point will be receiving it, and will forward it to the requesting router. C613-22042-00 REV A alliedtelesis.com x Products and software version that apply to this guide Contents Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................................1 Products and software version that apply to this guide .......................................................................2 Configuring WAN-LAN PIM Multicast Routing and LAN IGMP Snooping........................................3 -
Routing Review Autonomous System Concept
Routing Review Autonomous System Concept • Term Autonomous System (AS) to specify groups of routers • One can think of an AS as a contiguous set of networks and routers all under control of one administrative authority – For example, an AS can correspond to an ISP, an entire corporation, or a university – Alternatively, a large organization with multiple sites may choose to define one AS for each site – In particular, each ISP is usually a single AS, but it is possible for a large ISP to divide itself into multiple ASs • The choice of AS size can be made for – economic, technical, or administrative reasons The Two Types of Internet Routing Protocols • All Internet routing protocols are divided into two major categories: – Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) – Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs) • After defining the two categories – we will examine a set of example routing protocols that illustrate each category • Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) • Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs) The Two Types of Internet Routing Protocols Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) • Routers within an AS use an IGP exchange routing information • Several IGPs are available – each AS is free to choose its own IGP • Usually, an IGP is easy to install and operate • IGP may limit the size or routing complexity of an AS The Two Types of Internet Routing Protocols Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs) • A router in one AS uses an EGP to exchange routing information with a router in another AS • EGPs are more complex to install and operate than IGPs – but EGPs offer more flexibility -
Ipv6 Addresses
56982_CH04II 12/12/97 3:34 PM Page 57 CHAPTER 44 IPv6 Addresses As we already saw in Chapter 1 (Section 1.2.1), the main innovation of IPv6 addresses lies in their size: 128 bits! With 128 bits, 2128 addresses are available, which is ap- proximately 1038 addresses or, more exactly, 340.282.366.920.938.463.463.374.607.431.768.211.456 addresses1. If we estimate that the earth’s surface is 511.263.971.197.990 square meters, the result is that 655.570.793.348.866.943.898.599 IPv6 addresses will be available for each square meter of earth’s surface—a number that would be sufficient considering future colo- nization of other celestial bodies! On this subject, we suggest that people seeking good hu- mor read RFC 1607, “A View From The 21st Century,” 2 which presents a “retrospective” analysis written between 2020 and 2023 on choices made by the IPv6 protocol de- signers. 56982_CH04II 12/12/97 3:34 PM Page 58 58 Chapter Four 4.1 The Addressing Space IPv6 designers decided to subdivide the IPv6 addressing space on the ba- sis of the value assumed by leading bits in the address; the variable-length field comprising these leading bits is called the Format Prefix (FP)3. The allocation scheme adopted is shown in Table 4-1. Table 4-1 Allocation Prefix (binary) Fraction of Address Space Allocation of the Reserved 0000 0000 1/256 IPv6 addressing space Unassigned 0000 0001 1/256 Reserved for NSAP 0000 001 1/128 addresses Reserved for IPX 0000 010 1/128 addresses Unassigned 0000 011 1/128 Unassigned 0000 1 1/32 Unassigned 0001 1/16 Aggregatable global 001 -
Unicast Multicast IP Multicast Introduction
Outline 11: ❒ IP Multicast ❒ Multicast routing IP Multicast ❍ Design choices ❍ Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) Last Modified: ❍ Core Based Trees (CBT) ❍ Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) 4/9/2003 1:15:00 PM ❍ Border Gateway Multicast Protocol (BGMP) ❒ Issues in IP Multicast Deplyment Based on slides by Gordon Chaffee Berkeley Multimedia Research Center URL: http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee 4: Network Layer 4a-1 4: Network Layer 4a-2 What is multicast? Unicast ❒ ❒ 1 to N communication Problem Sender ❍ ❒ Nandwidth-conserving technology that Sending same data to reduces traffic by simultaneously many receivers via unicast is inefficient delivering a single stream of information to R multiple recipients ❒ Example ❒ Examples of Multicast ❍ Popular WWW sites ❍ Network hardware efficiently supports become serious multicast transport bottlenecks • Example: Ethernet allows one packet to be received by many hosts ❍ Many different protocols and service models • Examples: IETF IP Multicast, ATM Multipoint 4: Network Layer 4a-3 4: Network Layer 4a-4 Multicast IP Multicast Introduction ❒ Efficient one to many Sender ❒ Efficient one to many data distribution data distribution ❍ Tree style data distribution ❍ Packets traverse network links only once R ❒ Location independent addressing ❍ IP address per multicast group ❒ Receiver oriented service model ❍ Applications can join and leave multicast groups ❍ Senders do not know who is listening ❍ Similar to television model ❍ Contrasts with telephone network, ATM 4: Network Layer -
Information About Implementing Ipv6 Multicast Routing
Implementing IPv6 Multicast • Information About Implementing IPv6 Multicast Routing, on page 1 • Implementing IPv6 Multicast, on page 9 • Additional References, on page 31 • Feature Information, on page 32 Information About Implementing IPv6 Multicast Routing This chapter describes how to implement IPv6 multicast routing on the switch. Traditional IP communication allows a host to send packets to a single host (unicast transmission) or to all hosts (broadcast transmission). IPv6 multicast provides a third scheme, allowing a host to send a single data stream to a subset of all hosts (group transmission) simultaneously. IPv6 Multicast Overview An IPv6 multicast group is an arbitrary group of receivers that want to receive a particular data stream. This group has no physical or geographical boundaries--receivers can be located anywhere on the Internet or in any private network. Receivers that are interested in receiving data flowing to a particular group must join the group by signaling their local switch. This signaling is achieved with the MLD protocol. Switches use the MLD protocol to learn whether members of a group are present on their directly attached subnets. Hosts join multicast groups by sending MLD report messages. The network then delivers data to a potentially unlimited number of receivers, using only one copy of the multicast data on each subnet. IPv6 hosts that wish to receive the traffic are known as group members. Packets delivered to group members are identified by a single multicast group address. Multicast packets are delivered to a group using best-effort reliability, just like IPv6 unicast packets. The multicast environment consists of senders and receivers. -
Broadcast and Multicast Routing
Broadcast and Multicast Routing Daniel Zappala CS 460 Computer Networking Brigham Young University Broadcast Multicast Service Model DVMRP CBT PIM Status Group Communication • How can the Internet provide efficient group communication? • send the same copy of a data stream (e.g. TV show, teleconference) to a group of users • need to find where everyone is located (routing) • need to avoid sending a separate copy to everyone 2/34 Broadcast Multicast Service Model DVMRP CBT PIM Status Choices • unicast: send a separate copy of each packet to each host • broadcast: send one copy of each packet, the network will replicate it and deliver it to all hosts • broadcast provides efficient network flooding • multicast: send one copy of each packet, the network will replicate it and deliver it to only those hosts that want it • multicast provides efficient group communication 3/34 Broadcast Broadcast Multicast Service Model DVMRP CBT PIM Status Broadcast • send a copy of each packet to all your neighbors • need to eliminate duplicates • sequence numbers: drop a sequence number previously seen • reverse path forwarding: accept the packet only on the incoming interface used to send packets to the source 5/34 Broadcast Multicast Service Model DVMRP CBT PIM Status Spanning and Steiner Trees • spanning tree • connect all routers in the entire Internet • easy to build a minimum cost tree • Steiner Tree • connect only those routers with multicast members for a particular group • NP-complete (one of the original 21!) • many different heuristics, but often centralized -
Introduction to IP Multicast Routing
Introduction to IP Multicast Routing by Chuck Semeria and Tom Maufer Abstract The first part of this paper describes the benefits of multicasting, the Multicast Backbone (MBONE), Class D addressing, and the operation of the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP). The second section explores a number of different algorithms that may potentially be employed by multicast routing protocols: - Flooding - Spanning Trees - Reverse Path Broadcasting (RPB) - Truncated Reverse Path Broadcasting (TRPB) - Reverse Path Multicasting (RPM) - Core-Based Trees The third part contains the main body of the paper. It describes how the previous algorithms are implemented in multicast routing protocols available today. - Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) - Multicast OSPF (MOSPF) - Protocol-Independent Multicast (PIM) Introduction There are three fundamental types of IPv4 addresses: unicast, broadcast, and multicast. A unicast address is designed to transmit a packet to a single destination. A broadcast address is used to send a datagram to an entire subnetwork. A multicast address is designed to enable the delivery of datagrams to a set of hosts that have been configured as members of a multicast group in various scattered subnetworks. Multicasting is not connection oriented. A multicast datagram is delivered to destination group members with the same “best-effort” reliability as a standard unicast IP datagram. This means that a multicast datagram is not guaranteed to reach all members of the group, or arrive in the same order relative to the transmission of other packets. The only difference between a multicast IP packet and a unicast IP packet is the presence of a “group address” in the Destination Address field of the IP header. -
Shortest Path Bridging IEEE 802.1Aq
Shortest Path Bridging IEEE 802.1aq NANOG49 June 13-16/2010 Peter Ashwood-Smith Fellow [email protected] Abstract 802.1aq Shortest Path Bridging is being standardized by the IEEE as an evolution of the various spanning tree protocols. 802.1aq allows for true shortest path routing, multiple equal cost paths, much larger layer 2 topologies, faster convergence, vastly improved use of the mesh topology, single point provisioning for logical membership (E-LINE/E-LAN/E-TREE etc), abstraction of attached device MAC addresses from the transit devices, head end and/or transit multicast replication , all while supporting the full suit of 802.1 OA&M. 2 Outline • Challenges • What is 802.1aq/SPB • Applications • How does it work • Example (won’t cover but included here) 3 Challenges • L2 networks that scale to ~1000 bridges. • Use of arbitrary mesh topologies. • Use of (multiple) shortest paths. • Efficient broadcast/multicast routing and replication points. • Avoid address learning by tandem devices. • Get recovery times into 100’s of millisecond range for larger topologies. • Good scaling without loops. • Allow creation of very many logical L2 topologies (subnets) of arbitrary span. • Maintain all L2 properties within the logical L2 topologies (transparency, ordering, symmetry, congruence, shortest path etc). • Reuse all existing Ethernet OA&M 802.1ag/Y.1731 4 Example STP 36 nodes 1- Can’t use these links SOURCE ROOT A1.. A100 DEST 2 - LEARN A1..A100 5 Outline • Challenges • What is 802.1aq/SPB • Applications • How does it work 6 What is 802.1aq/SPB • IEEE protocol builds on 802.1 standards • A new control plane for Q-in-Q and M-in-M – Leverage existing inexpensive ASICs – Q-in-Q mode called SPBV – M-in-M mode called SPBM • Backward compatible to 802.1 – 802.1ag, Y.1731, Data Center Bridging suite • Multiple loop free shortest paths routing – Excellent use of mesh connectivity – Currently 16, path to 1000’s including hashed per hop.