Index

Page numbers in italics refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables.

Abbeystead (Lancashire) 467, 475 Bedfordshire 312, 317, 390 Abbot’s Cliff, Folkestone slope failure (Kent) 16, 69, 73 Bedwellty colliery flow slide 109 Aberfan (South Wales) 2, 3, 3, 16, 18, 81, 106, 108 beidellite 224 Abergorchi colliery 106, 109 Beinn Alligin rock avalanche 96, 100 acid mine water 338 Belfast sleech 214 acrotelm 245 bell pits 292, 293, 294, 314, 315 actinon 433 Bellwin Scheme 147–148 active-layer detachment slides 265 Beltinge (Kent) 83 activity, quick clay 208 Ben Attow 102 adit mining 291–292 Ben Gorm (Mayo) 103, 126 Afen Slide 70, 70 Ben Lui Schist Formation 125 Airdrie (Lanarkshire) methane gas explosion 460 Ben Nevis rock fall 18 ALARP concept 149–150 Benston, Loch of, tsunami deposits 67, 71 Alaska, Lituya Bay tsunami 63 bentonite clay 11, 263 Allderman’s Hill (Derbyshire) 102 Berkshire 6–7, 8, 18, 312, 317, 318, 390, 395 alluvium, effect on radon distribution 446 Bilkely 371 Alport Castles (Derbyshire) 97 Bindon (Devon) 83, 121, 132 Alum Bay (IOW) 18, 129 biplanar compound slide 105, 107 Ampthill Clay Formation 227 Birches slide (Shropshire) 129 angle-of-draw, in coal mining subsidence 297 Birling Gap (East Sussex) 111 Anglian glaciation 259, 260, 262 Bishop Monkton (Yorkshire) 408 anhydrite see gypsum and anhydrite black shales 437, 439, 444 Anna Maria Arsenic Works (Devon) 345, 345, 346 Black Ven (Dorset) 4, 83, 97, 114 anthropogenic geohazards 10, 116–119, 132, 134 Blackbrook reservoir damage 47 Antrim County 82, 115, 119, 121, 134 Blackgang (IOW) 83, 114, 114, 117 Appley Bridge (Lancashire) 460 Blackhall (Durham) 83 Arden Sandstone Formation 406 Blackwall Tunnel (London) 5, 6 Ardyne Point 213 Blaencwm 99 area-of-influence, in coal mining subsidence 297 Blue Anchor Bay (Somerset) 83 Argyll Group, effect on radon distribution 446 Blue Anchor Formation 406 Ariake Bay Clay (Japan) 205 bog burst 96, 102, 104, 132 arsenic mining 328, 330 bog slide 104 asteroid impact, role in tsunami 65 bogflow 104, 132 attenuation 49 Bolsover landslide (Derbyshire) 119 Avachinsky, tsunamigenic activity 65 bord-and-pillar mining 292–293, 294 avalanche see snow avalanche Borrowdale Volcanics Group 264 Avonmouth (Bristol) 214 Boscombe (Dorset) 18 Bothkennar (Scotland) 215 Bacton (Norfolk) 134 boulders, subsurface 9 Ballycastle (N Ireland) 82 Bournville (Ebbw Fach, Blaina) 3, 99, 119, 121, 122 Barrow on Soar (Leicestershire) 404 Bovey Basin 327, 328 Barrow-in-Furness (Lancashire) 47, 56 Bowland, Forest of 134 Barton Clay Formation 121, 227 Bramfield (Hertfordshire) 460 Barton-on-Sea (Hampshire) 83, 108, 113 brammalite 224 bastard brining 373 Branscombe Mudstone Formation 404, 406 Baswich (Staffordshire) 378 brickearth 20, 20, 188, 285 bat roosts 353–355 characteristics 192–196, 194, 195 Bath 18, 82, 102, 129 defined 200 Beachy Head (Sussex) 83 maps 189, 190, 191 Beacon Hill (Bath) 129 terminology 192 Beaconsfield (Buckinghamshire) 399 Bridport Sands 82 Beaminster Tunnel (Dorset) 16, 18,82 Brierley Hill (West Midlands) 18, 84 Becton Sand Formation 113 Brighton Marina 135 Bedford United Mine, Cornwall 338 brine extraction and subsidence hazards 29–30, 29 480 INDEX brine springs 371 Chellaston Quarries 411 Bristol Channel 65, 68 Cheshire 390 Brotherton Formation 406, 407 salt strata 29, 29, 369, 370, 370, 371, 372, 377, 377, 378, Buckinghamshire 268, 273, 312, 390, 395, 399 383, 384 Buildwas (Shropshire) 3, 99, 99, 101, 119, 129 Cheshire Brine Subsidence Compensation Board 382 bulking, in coal mining subsidence 297 Chilton Chine (IOW) 93 buried periglacial terrains 285 China, Zhouqu debris flow 178, 179 Burnhope Seat (North Pennines) 252–253, 253 china clay, Cornwall 321, 326, 327, 331, 333, 353 Burnley (Lancashire), coal mining subsidence 294 opencast mining legacy 337, 340 Burton Bradstock (Dorset) 16, 18, 81, 82 Cilfynydd colliery flow slide 106, 109 Bury Hill (West Midlands) 18, 84 clay 7, 9, 205, 274, 276 Bwlch y Saethau rock fall 18 see also quick clay Clay Bank (Yorkshire) 99 Cadeby Formation 279, 406, 407, 408 clay minerals 224, 225, 230–231, 231, 238 Cairndow (Scotland) 164, 168, 169, 170 Clay-with-Flints, effect on radon distribution 446 California, Fairfax 467 Cleveland, dissolution features 390 cambering 102, 105, 266–267, 276–280, 278 cliff behaviour units (CBU) 106–108, 110 Camborne School of Mines 331 cliff recession 16, 81, 83,99 Cambridgeshire 312, 390 development classification 120–121, 124 Camden Crescent (Bath) 18, 82 Cligga Mine, Cornwall 329 Came Clay 215, 216 climate change, impact on debris flows 179–183 Campi Flegrei (Italy) 1 Cliveden, solution pipe 395 Canary Islands, as source for tsunami 67 Clwyd Cap 336, 337 capping 305, 306 Clyde Alluvium 214 carbonate rock dissolution (karst) 30–32, 31, 32, 268–269, Clyde Clay Formation 214 284–285, 389 Clyde raised marine deposits 217 features 392–395 coal mining characteristics 392, 394, 394, 395 hazards 7, 9, 26, 27 engineering management 395–400 managing subsidence risks 301–304 UK occurrence 389, 390, 391, 392, 393 mitigation and remediation 304–306 Carboniferous Limestone 119, 123, 436 role of engineering properties 298–299 Caribbean, as source zone for tsunami 67 subsidence classification Carmarthenshire, Cwmduad slide 18 longwall 295–298 Carnon River (Cornwall) 338, 341 room-and-pillar 293, 295 Carrickfergus (NI) 373, 380 shafts and bell pits 293 Carse Clay Formation 214, 215 subsidence prediction 299–301, 299, 300 Carsington Dam (Derbyshire) 5, 5, 261 methods Carsington Pasture (Derbyshire) karstification 2 adits, drifts, shafts 291–292, 293 Castle Hill (Kent) 3 bell pits 292, 294 catotelm 245 longwall 293 caves 392, 394, 408 room-and-pillar 292–293, 294 Cefn Glas colliery flow slide 109 UK legacy 291 celadonite 224 coalification 463 cemented layers 9 coastal flooding 12 Chale Cliff (IOW) 83, 93, 108, 114 coastal hazards 4–5 chalk 314 coastal landslides 106–108, 110 dissolution see carbonate rock dissolution cliff behaviour 120–121, 124 hazards 6–7, 8 coastal protection measures 146 engineering management 317–319 coinage 330 mining and mine characteristics 27, 28, 28, 311, 314–317 Colchester (Essex) 5, 12, 45, 47, 56 UK distribution 311–313, 312 collapse monocline 370, 372 Chalk Group 119, 389 collapsible soils 19–21 chalkangles 316, 316 collapse potential 196–197 chalkwells 315–316, 315 defined 187, 200 Chama Sand Formation 113 management 197–198 Channel Tunnel Terminal 134–135 non-engineered fills 196 channelized debris flows 19, 19, 164, 164 treating collapsibility 199 Channerwick (Shetland) 102 see also loess Chartley Moss 379 colliery spoil flow slides 106, 109 Charton Bay (Devon) 83 Colwich (Staffordshire) 378 INDEX 481

Combermere Abbey 371 case studies 356–360 complex cliffs 107–108, 110 conservation 352–353, 361 complex rock block spreads 102 derelict land problems 355 complex/composite movement, defined 85, 89, 95 planning framework 352 Composite cliff systems 107, 110, 113 remediation 353–355 compressibility, peat, hazards studies 250–253 water contamination problems 355–356 compressible ground cosmic rays 435 defined 244–245 Cotswolds 102, 119, 127, 131 hazard ratings 254, 255 Coulomb Equation 108 compressible ground potential 25 Covehithe (Suffolk) 83, 134 map 23, 244 coversand, as a geohazard 265, 268–269, 285 compression Craig y Ddelw 102 peat 246, 248 Craig-Duffryn colliery flow slide 109 subsidence hazard 260–261 Crimdon (Durham) 83 compression index, peat 247, 248, 249 Cromer (Norfolk) 83 Comrie (Perthshire) 12, 45, 53 crown hole 293, 295, 318, 318, 319 conservation work 352–353, 361 cryogenic wedges 283–284 consolidation, peat 246, 247, 248 Cuilcagh Mountains (NI) 134 contaminated land, defined 469 Cumbria 18, 134, 390 copper mining 322, 328, 330, 336–337 curved compound slide 105, 107 Cornish engine house 331, 332 Cwmduad slide 18 Cornubian Batholith 326 Cwmtillary (South Wales) 125 Cornwall china clay 321 Dalradian schist 119, 446 cliff recession 83 dams, earthquake damage 47 earthquake monitoring 42 Darlington (Yorkshire), gypsum dissolution subsidence 409–411 karst features 390 Darren Ddu landslide 102, 430 loessic deposits 188, 191 Darren Goch landslide 102, 119, 430 Looe slide 18 DART 74 mining and subsidence hazards 28–29 Dartford (Kent) 460 Newquay 18 Dawlish (Devon) 18 St Michael’s Mount 68 debris avalanche 165 tsunami events 68 debris floods 164, 166 Cornwall and Devon mining industry debris flows 18–19 environmental legacy channelized 19, 19, 164, 164 contaminated water 338, 343 defined 163, 165 flooding 343 hazard and risk assessment 172–173 opencast 336–337 hillslope (open-slope) 19, 19, 164, 164 silted estuaries 338 impacts of 178–179 tailings ponds 338 risk reduction 173–178, 178 underground 333–336.334, 335, 336 role of climate change 179–183 waste tips 337 Scotland 166, 167, 169 geological setting 322, 323 A9 Dunkeld 168, 169, 171, 173 plate tectonic setting 324 A83 Cairndow 168, 169, 170 post-Variscan magmatism and mineralization 326–328, A83 Rest and be Thankful 169, 171, 172, 176, 177, 179, 180 327, 327 A85 Glen Ogle 82, 170, 174, 175 regional structure 325–326 travel distance 142 Variscan basement 322–325 deep weathering hazards 262–265, 266–267 history 328–333 deglaciation legacy of hazards isostatic uplift 45 assessment 344 postglacial slope responses 128 desk studies 344, 344 deneholes 314–315, 315 field mapping 346, 349 Derbyshire geophysics 345–346, 347, 348 Allderman’s Hill 102 ground investigation 346, 349–350 Alport Castles 97 modelling 350, 350 Bolsover 119 monitoring 351–352 Carsington Dam 5, 5 remote sensing 344–345, 345, 346 Carsington Pasture 2 risk register 351 Gillot Hey 102 treatment 352–360 gypsum mining 411 482 INDEX

Derbyshire (Continued) earthquake magnitude 44 karst features 390 earthquakes Loscoe 2, 2, 460, 464, 467 isostatic uplift effects 128–129 Mam Tor 3–4, 4, 16, 82, 86, 97, 99, 114 magnitude-depth relation 47 Derrybrien landslide (Galway) 251–252, 251 role of plate tectonics 44 Devensian glaciation 260, 262, 328, 371 role in tsunami 43, 63, 64 Devon UK distribution 12, 13, 14, 44–47, 46 chalk and flint mines 312 consequences of 47–48 cliff recession 83 monitoring 53 Dawlish 18 recognizing hazard 48–50 earthquake monitoring 53 wave motion 43 karst features 390 East Anglia, 1953 floods 12 loessic deposits 188, 198, 199 East Leake subsidence 411 mining and subsidence hazards 28–29 East Pentwyn landslide (South Wales) 3, 90, 99, 119, 122 tsunami events 68 East Sussex, snow avalanche 11, 11 see also Cornwall and Devon mining Ebbw Fach Valley landslide 430 Devon Great Consols 360, 360, 361 Ebbw Vale (Gwent) 460 Devonian limestone 119 Ebrington Hill (Warwickshire) 131 dickite 224 Eddystone gneiss 325 dip, role in coal mining subsidence 297, 298 Eden, Vale of 407, 407 Dirtwich (Shropshire) 371 gypsum dissolution 410–411 dissolution hazard 2–3 Eden Project 337, 340, 353 see carbonate dissolution also gypsum/anhydrite also salt Eden Shales Formation 407 Dogger Bank (North Sea) 5 Edlington Formation 404, 406, 407–408, 407, 409 Doggerland 67 effective stress 108 dolines see sinkholes elastic compression, peat 246 Dorset Elton Flashes 378 Beaminster Tunnel 16, 18,82 emanation coefficient 436 Black Van 4, 97 engineering rockhead, defined 263 Boscombe 18 English Channel 12, 45, 68 Burton Bradstock 16, 18, 81, 82 Essex chalk and flint mines 312 chalk and flint mines 312, 315 cliff recession 83, 121, 130 chalk karst 390 Durdle Door 16, 18,81 cliff recession 83 karst features 390 Colchester 5, 12, 45, 47 Kimmeridge Bay 18 earthquakes 48, 56 Lulworth Cove 16, 18,81 loess 20 Lyme Regis 68, 97, 116, 118 estuary silting, Cornwall and Devon 338, 341 Swanage Bay 18 Etna tsunamigenic activity 65 Dover, Guildford Battery 18 European Macroseismic Scale (EMS) 44 Dover Harbour slope failure 73 Ewood Bridge 84 Dover Straits, earthquakes 14, 45, 55, 73 Exwick Farm (Exeter) 18, 84 Downderry (Cornwall) 83 Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland) 1, 6, 8 Dragvoll quick clays (Norway) 209, 210 Drakelands Tungsten Mine (Devon) 337, 339 Factor of Safety Equation 108, 115 drift mining 291–292 Fairfax (California) 467 Droitwich (Worcestershire), salt strata 29, 30, 379–380, 381, 384 Fairlight Glen (Sussex) 4, 83, 121, 124, 130 dropout sinkholes 396 Fal Estuary 338 dry rockhead 372 falling, mechanism defined 85, 89, 95, 96 Dudley, The Crooked House 9 Faroe Islands, Storegga slide deposits 67 Dungeness Nuclear Power Station 82 faults, reactivation features 426 Dunkeld (Scotland) 168, 169, 171, 173 diagnostic features 426–427 Dunwich (Suffolk) 16, 81, 83 hazards 34–35, 36 Durdle Door (Dorset) 16, 18,81 mitigation 427 Durham 83, 390 occurrence 425 Durness Group limestone 389 rockhead anomalies 281 role in earthquakes 43 Earl’s Burn reservoir damage 47 surface expression 428, 429, 430 earth flow 165 Fernhill colliery flow slide 109 earthquake intensity 44 Fforchaman colliery flow slide 109 INDEX 483

Flamborough Head (N Yorkshire) 83, 107, 113, 120 Glendun River 134 flashes 372, 373, 373, 374, 377 Glenrhondda colliery flow slide 109 Flint Hall Farm (Surrey) 3, 3 global warming and greenhouse gas 462 flint mining 27, 28, 311 Gloucestershire, karst featues 390 mine characteristics 313–314 Gogarth (Gwynedd) 18 UK distribution 311–313, 312 Gothenberg quick clays (Sweden) 209, 210 flocculation in clays 206, 207, 209 Graig Goch (Wales) 97 flooding 11–12, 343 grain flow 165 flow slides in colliery spoil 106, 109 Gramscatho Basin 323–324, 323, 325 flowing, mechanism defined 89, 89, 95, 96 Grand Banks (Newfoundland) 48 fluvial scouring 281 Grangemouth 214, 217 Folkestone (Kent) granites 323, 326, 327, 436, 439 Abbot’s Cliff slope failure 69 Gratwich (Staffordshire) 378 earthquake 55, 56 Great Glen Fault 50 Folkestone Warren landslide 4, 4, 18, 73, 97, 119, 121, Great Glen (Inverness) 12, 45 124, 163 Great Oolite Group 264 tsunami event 68 Greater London 312, 390 Foreland Slide Complex 70, 70 Greatham (Teesside) 375 fracking, problems of methane 463 greenhouse gas and global warming 462 Franklands Village (West Sussex) 18, 84 Greensand Formation 119, 273 freeze-thaw processes 230, 270 greywackes, Ordovician/Silurian, effect on radon French House slide (Kent) 16 distribution 446 French Park Salt Mine (NI) 380 grillages/rafts 400 Frome Valley 102 Grimes Graves (Norfolk) 312, 313 frost creep 265 ground deformation, categories 230 Fuller’s Earth 270 ground ice 261, 283 Fyne, Loch 213 ground investigation techniques 271, 272 ground motion characterization (GMC) 49 Galway, Derrybrien landslide 251–252, 251 ground motion model 49 gamma rays 434–435 ground motion prediction equation (GMPE) 49 Gaping Gill (Yorkshire) 392 ground source heat pumps 417, 418 Garth Loch tsunami 15, 67, 71 groundwater levels 116 gas, role in peat 246, 246 grouting 305, 306, 319, 353, 382, 384, 399 gas hazards see methane also radon Guildford Battery, Dover 18 gas hydrates, role in tsunami 65, 66 gulls 102, 105, 277, 277, 279, 279, 280 gas screening values (GSV) 472, 474 Gunnislake 333, 336 gas storage 375 Gutenberg-Richter equation 14, 14,45 Gault Clay Formation 92, 111, 117, 119, 121, 124, 126, 148, Gwash Valley (Leicestershire/Rutland) 126, 131 227, 270 Gwynedd 18, 135 Geike escarpment 55, 55 gypsum and anhydrite 403 Geike Slide 70, 70 dissolution 2–3, 404 gelifluction 265 hazard management 32–34, 33, 34 GEM Raft 70, 70 civil engineering techniques 413–416 geohazard defined 1, 10, 10–11, 11 ground investigation 411–413 Geological Society Engineering Group see Working Party on relation to water abstraction 416–417 Geohazards subsidence, planning for 417, 419 geology related subsidence impact on landslides 119–124 Darlington 409 impact on radon distribution 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, Ripon 407–409 444–446, 444, 445 Vale of Eden 410–411 geotechnical hazards 7, 9 transition, expansion and heave 403–404 Gillot Hey (Derbyshire) 102 UK distribution 404–405, 406, 407 glacial till, effect on radon distribution 446 Gypsy Hill (London) 84 glacial/periglacial cycles, impact on landslides 126–127 glaciofluvial scouring 281 Haggerlythe (Whitby) 131 Glamorgan, Llantwit Major 18 halite 29 glauconite 224 see also salt Glen Ogle (Stirlingshire) 3, 16, 82, 85, 125, 169, 170–171, halloysite 224 174, 175 Hambleton Hills (Yorkshire) 102 Glendevon dam 47 Hameldon Hill (Burnley) 294 484 INDEX

Hampshire 20, 83, 113, 312, 390, 397 effect on quick clay 205, 216 Hanover Mine (Reading) 311 role in earthquakes 45 Happisburgh (Norfolk) 4, 84 Italy 1, 65, 163, 178 Happisburgh Till Member 190 Harrison, Lake 127 Jackfield (Shropshire) 3, 18, 83, 88, 119 Harthope Quarry (Pennines), peat flow 252, 252 Japan 61, 65 Hatfield chalk mining (Hertfordshire) 317 Jersey, earthquakes 45 Hatfield Main Colliery (South Yorkshire) 3, 16, 82, 87 Haverton Hill 375 kandites 224 Hawkesbury (Canada) quick clays 210 kaolinite and kaolinitization 188, 224, 326 Hawkins, Alfred Brian xvii–xviii karst and karstification 2–3, 268–269, 284–285, 389, 394 Hawkley (Hampshire) 99, 129, 131 Kellaways Formation 227 hazard, defined 135–136 Kent head 268 Abbot’s Cliff 16 heave chalk karst 390 anhydrite-gypsum 32–33 cliff recession 83 defined 238 Dover Harbour slope failure 69 see also shrink-swell soils earthquake 55, 56 hectorite 224 Folkestone tsunami event 68 Hedgemead landslide 18, 82 Folkestone Warren 4, 4, 18, 73, 163 Hell Kettles (Yorkshire) 409 Hythe-Lympne escarpment 16, 82 Helland Hansen Slide 70, 70 loess 20, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194 Hemel Hempstead (Hertfordshire) 317, 318, 319 methane explosion 460 Hensroost Mine, Devon 336, 339 Robertsbridge 116 Herefordshire 14, 45, 390 Roughs landslide 116, 118 Hermitage (Berkshire) 395, 396 Sevenoaks Bypass 5, 7, 82, 100, 126 Hertfordshire 83, 312, 316, 318, 319, 390, 399 Warden Point 83, 97, 116, 120, 123 Highcliff (Hampshire) 83 Kent-Artois Shear Zone 73 Higher Wych 371 Kessock Bridge (Inverness) 50 Hill Pot (Yorkshire) 392 Keyworth subsidence 411 hillslope (open-slope) debris flows 19, 19, 164, 164 Kilnsea (Holderness) 83 Holbeck Hall Hotel (Scarborough) 4–5, 4, 120, 132, 134, 135, Kimmeridge Bay (Dorset) 18 145, 147 Kimmeridge Clay Formation 130, 227 Holderness coast (Yorkshire) 16, 83 Kintail 53 Holocene, climate change impact 129 Kintbury Mine (Berkshire) 312, 317 Holocene Cold Event 66 Kirby Hill (Norfolk) 83 Horndean (Hampshire) 397 Kirby Thore gypsum opencast 411 Hornsea (Holderness) 83 Knipe Point (Yorkshire) 135, 145 Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Project 53 Knocknageeha bog (Kerry) 96, 132 house raising 385 Howgill Fells (Cumbria) 134 Lake District, Threlkeld Knotts landslide 86 Humberside offshore earthquakes 12, 45 Laki Fissure eruption (1783-4; Iceland) 1, 6, 8 hydro-consolidation, defined 200 Lambeth Group 227 hydrocompaction, defined 200 Lanarkshire, methane gas explosion 460 hydrous mica 224 Lancashire Hythe-Lympne escarpment 16 Abbeystead 467, 475 coal mining subsidence 294 ice-wedge pseudomorphs 283–284 dissolution features 390 Iceland 1, 6, 8 Forest of Bowland 134 illite clay 224, 238, 263 Rampside earthquake 47, 56 Indian Ocean tsunami 14, 43, 61, 62 salt strata 29, 29, 369, 370, 370, 378 Indonesia, Aceh 62 landfill site, problems of methane 463, 464, 465 intrusive ice 261, 283 landslides 3–5, 134 Inverness 12, 45, 48, 50 assessing risk 134–140 Ireland sesimicity 14, 45 causes of 108–124 Ironbridge Gorge landslides (Buildwas and Jackfield) 3, 18, 83, anthropogenic 116–119 88, 118, 119, 127, 129 geology 119–121 ironstones, effect on radon distribution 444–445 rainfall 114–116 irregular compound slide 105, 107 classification 84–86, 89, 164 isostatic uplift 128–129, 212 Derrybrien (Galway) 251–252, 251 INDEX 485

hazard analysis 140–144 loess 20, 20, 188, 328 impact on property 140, 141, 141 defined 200 influence of periglacial climates 284 as a geohazard 265, 268–269, 285 inventory for Great Britain and Ireland 91–92, 94, 97, 98 loessic brickearth 20, 20 main features characteristics 191–196, 194, 195 coastal 106–108 defined 200 peat failures 101–102, 103, 104 terminology 192 slope deformation 102, 105, 105 London 5, 6 investigation methods 142–144 chalk 312, 390 phases of activity 124–134 methane gas explosion 460 anthropogenic change 132, 134 rockhead anomalies 281, 282 deglaciation adjustments 127 Thames Barrier 12 glacial/periglacial 126–127 London Clay Formation 5, 6, 11, 107, 111, 119, 120, 121, 123, Holocene climate change 129 227, 230, 232, 264, 270, 457 Little Ice Age climate change 129–132 longwall mining 293, 295–298 postglacial slopes 127–129 Looe (Cornwall) 18 reactivation damage curve 139, 139, 140 Loscoe (Derbyshire) 2, 2, 460, 464, 467 retrogressive 211, 214 lower explosive limit, methane 459, 459 risk analysis 134–140 LOWNET 50, 53 risk management 144–146 Luccombe (IOW) 116 role of government 146–149 Lulworth Cove (Dorset) 16, 18,81 tolerable risk 149–151 Lyme Regis (Dorset) 68, 96, 108, 115, 116, 118, 145 role in tsunami 63, 65 Lympne (Kent) 16, 82, 87 susceptibility map 17 travel terminology 142, 142 Maerdy colliery flow slide 109 Lapworth, Lake 127 Maiden Mount Salt Mine (NI) 380, 382 Last Glacial Maximum 128 Mains Colliery (Wigan) 7 Late Glacial rockfalls 126 Mam Tor (Derbyshire) 3–4, 4, 16, 82, 86, 97, 99, 114 lateral spreading see spreading Marcle landslide 129 Leach Slide Complex 6, 8, 15, 48, 70, 70 marine erosion 16 leaching 207 marine isotope stages (MIS) 259, 260 lead mining 328 Market Rasen (Lincolnshire) 56 Leda Clay (Canada) 205, 207 Marl Bluff (Norfolk) 83 Leeds (Yorkshire) 293, 460 marsh gas see methane Leicestershire 126, 127, 390, 411 Marston Big Hole 373 Leira quick clays (Norway) 209, 210 mass movement caves 102, 105 Lemieux (Ontario) 205 Maypole Colliery (Wigan) 7 Levant Mine, Cornwall 330 Mayuyama, tsunamigenic volcanism 65 Lewes (East Sussex), snow avalanche 11, 11 Mercia Mudstone Group 227, 264, 265, 377, 378, 379 Lias Group 107, 119, 121, 227, 233, 270 gypsum beds 404, 406 Liassic Limestone, (Glamorgan) 124 metastability, defined 200 limestone pavements 392, 394 meteorites, role in tsunami 65 limestones 119 meteotsunami 64–65 effect on radon distribution 445–446 methane clathrates, role in tsunami 65, 66, 66 see also carbonate rock dissolution methane gas 35, 38 Lincoln, cathedral earthquake damage 47, 56 explosions 460, 461, 466, 467 Lincolnshire 47, 56, 312, 390 Abbeystead 467 liquefaction and earthquakes 43, 48 Loscoe 2, 2, 467 liquidity index, quick clay 208 risk assessment 469–475 Lisbon earthquake (1755) 5–6, 72 risk management 468–469 tsunami 15, 48, 65, 68–69 risk mitigation 475–477 Little Ice Age 129–132, 260 greenhouse properties 462 Lituya Bay (Alaska) 63 legislative framework 462 Liverpool, earthquake damage 47 migration pathways 464–466 Lizard Complex 324–325 modelling behaviour of 463–466 Lizard Peninsula (Cornwall) 188, 191, 264 in peat 246, 246 Llantwit Major rock fall 18 properties 457, 459, 459 Lleyn Peninsula earthquake (North Wales) 47, 55 sources 457, 458 Loch Lomond Stadial (Readvance) 126, 128, 129, 260 modelling behaviour of 462–463 Lochalsh, Kyle of 53 Metropolitan Line closure 135 486 INDEX

Mid-Atlantic Ridge, as source zone for tsunami 67 Northwich (Cheshire) 382, 385 Middlesborough 375 Northwich Halite Formation 377 Middlewich (Cheshire) 380 Norwegian Sea, submarine landslides 70, 70 Milford Haven, tsunami 68 Norwich Brickearth 190 Miller Slide 70, 70 Notre Dame de la Salette (Quebec) 205 Millstone Grit Group 119 Nottinghamshire 390, 411 mining see coal; chalk; flint; salt; Cornwall and Devon mineral nuclear industry 50, 77, 82 exploitation Nunwick (Yorkshire) 408 mining hazards 6–7 Nyk Slide 70, 70 mining subsidence effect of faults 427 Ochil Hills 12, 45, 47 see also faults, reactivation features Ogle see Glen Ogle Mink Creek (Canada) 209, 210, 213 Ogmore Valley landslide 430 mobilized shear strength 108 Ogwen, Llyn (Snowdonia) 82 Moine schist 119 open-slope debris flows 19, 19, 164, 164 montmorillonite 224, 239 opencast mining, Cornwall and Devon 336–337 Montserrat, tsunamigenic volcanism 65 Ormskirk (Lancashire) 460 Morecambe Bay, sand fountains 48 Ospringe (Kent) 190 Moston Flash 372, 373, 373 Overstrand (Norfolk) 107, 112, 132, 135, 136, 137 Mundesley (Norfolk) 83 Oxford Clay Formation 227, 273 Mynydd Corrwg Fechan colliery flow slide 109 Oxfordshire 47, 312, 317, 390 Mynydd Llangynidr (Wales) 396 Myojin-sho, tsunamigenic volcanism 65 Pacific Ocean model for tsunami wave detection 74 Mythop Halite Formation 378 Pakefield (Suffolk) 83 Palaeogene sands 121, 129 nacrite 224 Papua New Guinea, tsunamigenic activity 65 Nangiles Adit 338 paraglacial conditions, defined 262 Nantewlaeth colliery flow slide 109 Parc colliery flow slide 109 Natural Hazards Partnership (NHP) 149 Peach Slide Complex 70, 70 needle-ice creep 265 peak ground acceleration (PGA) 44, 49, 52 Nefyn (Gwynedd) 18, 135 peat Ness, Loch 18 composition 246 Netherwich (Worcestershire) 380 compression 246–249 Nettlebed (Oxfordshire) 317 defined 243 New Tredegar 99 engineering properties 245–249 Newark Gypsum 404 humification classification 245, 245 Newbiggin (Northumberland) 18, 410–411 UK distribution 244, 249–250, 250 Newfoundland 43, 48 peat failures 101–102, 103, 104 Newquay (Cornwall) 18 peat fissures 106 NHBC traffic light system 472–473, 473 peat flow 104 non-engineered fill, defined 196, 200 peat hazards 23, 23, 25, 243–245 nontronite 224 mitigation 253–255 Norfolk peat slide 104, 134 chalk and flint mines 312, 317, 317 County Mayo 126 chalk karst 390, 399 North Pennine 252, 252 cliff recession 4, 82, 83, 84, 107, 112, 120, 132, 134, 135, Snowdonia 16 136, 137 Pegwell Bay (Kent) loessic brickearth 190, 192 sand flows 92 Pembrokeshire 68, 99, 127 Normannian Nappe 325 Penmaenbach talus slopes (North Wales) 132 North Faroes Slide 70, 70 Pennine Hills 14, 45, 119 North Foreland (Kent) 83 Burnhope Seat peat slide 252–253, 253 North Sea Harthope Quarry peat flow 252, 252 Dogger Bank 5 Penrith Sandstone Formation 407 earthquakes 13, 14, 45, 55 Pentre colliery flow slide 109, 119, 121 Storegga slide 48 perched water tables 9 submarine landslides 70, 70 periglacial, defined 25 Northamptonshire 2, 390, 448, 449 periglacial environments 261 Northern Ireland 16, 82 periglacial hazards 25–26, 266–269 salt strata 29, 29, 369, 370, 370, 371, 373, 380, 384 cambering and superficial valley disturbances 266–267, Northumberland 18, 390 276–280 INDEX 487

deep weathering 262–265 radium, in surface rocks 449–450 shallow-slope movements 265, 268–270, 274–276 radon gas 35, 37 periglacial legacy 5 building build-up 438, 439 impact on landslides 126–127 distribution, role of geology 438–439, 441, 443, periglacial processes, impact on geotechnical properties 264 444, 445 permafrost 24, 261 hazard Permian, halite and gypsum 30, 34, 369, 370, 370, management strategies 451–454 375, 376 mapping and site investigation 448–451 Perthshire, Comrie 12, 45, 53 Northamptonshire 2, 449 Peterhead (Aberdeenshire) 68 health effects 435–436, 435 Petrockstowe Basin 327, 328 measurement 446–448 phengite 224 potential hazard map 37 Phoenix Mine, Cornwall 334 release and migration 436–438 phosphatic rocks, effect on radon distribution 444–445 sources 433–435 phreatic tubes 392, 394, 396 rafts/grillages 400 piles 399–400 rainfall effects pillar-and-stall mining carbonate dissolution 389 chalk 316–317 debris flows 179, 181, 182 coal 292–293, 294 landslides 96, 114–116, 117, 139 salt 373, 375 shrink-swell soils 224 Pilling Moss 99 Rampside (Lancashire) 47, 56 pingos 5, 281 reactivation 111 Pitlands Slip (IOW) 18 Reading (Berkshire) 6–7, 8, 18, 311, 317, 318 planar translational slide 105, 107 Reading Formation 264 plastic limit 239 relict cliff systems 108, 110 plasticity index 208, 209, 229, 239 residual shear strength 274 plate tectonics, role in earthquakes 44 residual subsidence 298 plug-like deformation 265 resonance 44 Plumstead chalk mines 317 Rest and be Thankful (Argyll and Bute) 3, 169, 171–172, 176, Poldice Mine, Cornwall 332 177, 179, 180 polyhalite 375 Rhondda Main colliery flow slide 109 Porcupine Bank Mass Flow 70, 70 ribbed landslides 212 pore ice 261, 283 Richter Scale 44 porewater pressure 108, 114, 269 ridge and trough topography 102, 105 Port Clarence 375 Ripon (Yorkshire) 409, 418 Port Glasgow eastern bypass 214 gypsum dissolution 2–3, 3, 405, 407, 408, 409, 409, 410, 413, Port Mulgrave (N Yorkshire) 83 414, 418 Portavadie dry dock 213 risk Portland, Isle of 129, 131, 132 assessment 136, 137 Portland Sand Formation 130 defined 135–136 Portugal see Lisbon earthquake economic 138 potassium, radioactive decay 434, 435 equations 136, 138, 139 pots/potholes 392 individual 138 precipitation see rainfall Rissa (Norway) 205 Preesall, salt strata 29,30 river flooding 11–12 Preesall Halite 378 Robin Hoods Bay (N Yorkshire) 83, 131 Purbeck (Dorset) 83 rock glide 105, 107 rock salt see salt Quaternary Period 259, 260, 328 rock slides 128 quick clay 21–22, 21, 205 rock slope failures 105–106, 107 failure mechanisms 208–212, 215 rock-cut stabilization measures 146 geotechnical character 208, 210 Rockall Bank Mass Flow 70, 70 hazard management 216–218 rockhead, wet and dry 372 mode of formation 205–208, 206, 209 rockhead anomalies 266–267, 280–283 UK examples 212–216 mechanisms 281 quick sand 43 rockhead (engineering), defined 263 room-and-pillar mining 292–293, 293, 294, 295, 295 Rabaul, tsunamigenic volcanism 65 Roscommon County bog burst 96 radiation dose equivalent 433, 434 Rossal Halite Formation 378 radioactivity 433 Rosseland quick clays (Norway) 209, 210 488 INDEX

Rostherne Mere 371 seismic risk, defined 43 rotational mudslide 93 seismic source characterization (SSC) 49 rough translational slide 105, 107 seismograph network 54 Roughs landslide (Kent) 116, 118 Selborne (Hampshire) 99, 129 Roxby Formation 404, 406, 407, 408, 409 sensitivity, quick clay 208, 211, 214 Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society 331 Seven Sisters (Sussex) 83 Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 331 Sevenoaks Bypass (Kent) 5, 7, 18, 82, 100, 126, 268, 273 Royal Institution of Cornwall 331 shaft collapse 333, 334, 335, 335, 336, 336, 337 running sands 9 shaft hedge 333, 335, 358 Runswick Bay (N Yorkshire) 83, 131 shaft mining 291–292, 293, 333 Runton (Norfolk) 83 shallow-slope movements 265, 268–270, 274–276 Russia, tsunamigenic activity 65 Shanklin (IOW) 83, 135 shear strength 108, 116, 274 sackung failure 102 shearing 269 St Bees Evaporite Formation 407 Sheffield, open cast mining site 295 St Catherine’s (IOW) 94 Shetland 68, 102, 116 St Cleer Mine (Cornwall) 334 Storegga slide deposits 67, 71 St Dennis (Cornwall) 333 Shih-Kang dam 43 St Dogmaels (Pembrokeshire) 99, 127 Shirleywich (Staffordshire) 378–379 St Jude (Quebec) 205 shoplifting 385 St Just (Cornwall) 329, 357–358 shrink-swell soils 22–23 Saint Liguori (Quebec) 215 association damage costs 224–225, 228 St Thuribe quick clays (Canada) 209, 210 behaviour 230–233 Sakurajima, tsunamigenic volcanism 65 characteristics 226, 228–230 salt (halite, rock salt, sodium chloride) 29 distribution 225–226, 226, 227 karst and dissolution 369, 370, 371–372 engineering management 233–236, 234–235 mining formation 225 brining 372–373 mechanisms 230 modern mining 373, 375 properties 223–224 and subsidence hazards 29–30, 29 shrinkage and shrinkage limit 239 mitigation 380, 381, 384 shrinking soils see shrink-swell soils UK distribution 370–371 Shropshire Saltwick Nab (N Yorkshire) 83 Buildwas 3, 99, 99, 101 Salwick (Lancashire) 378 earthquakes 14, 45 sand fountains 48 Jackfield 3, 18, 82, 88, 99 sandstones and sands, uranium and radon 437, 446 karst features 390 Sandwith Anhydrite 407 salt strata 371 saponite 224 Sicily, Etna, tsunamigenic volcanism 65 Sarno (Italy) 163, 178 silver mining 328 sauconite 224 simple cliff systems 107, 110, 111 Scarborough (Yorkshire) 4–5, 4, 120, 131, 132, 134, 135, simple landslide systems 107 145, 147 sinkholes 2–3, 3, 392, 394, 395, 396 Scilly Isles, tsunami event 68 gypsum and anhydrite 32 Scotland Ripon 409, 409 carbonate dissolution 390 Sklinnadjupet Slide 70, 70 debris flows 163, 166–172 Skye, Isle of 101 earthquakes 12, 14, 53 sliding, mechanism defined 85, 89, 95, 96 rock fall 18 slope deformation 102, 105, 105, 296 snow avalanches 11 slope failure 3–5, 85 Scottish Highlands slope stability hazards 16–19 postglacial slope responses 128 smectite 224, 239 rock slope failures 105–106, 107, 119, 133 snow avalanches 11 scouring 281 Snowdonia (Gwynedd) 16, 18,82 sea-level change 212, 216 soakaways 400, 417 Seaford Chalk Formation 111 sodium chloride see salt segregated ice 261, 263, 283 soil arches 392 seismic events and hazards 5, 12–14 soil erosion 11 isostatic uplift 128–129 soil gas, problems of methane 463 UK mapping 51, 53 soil liquefaction 48 see also earthquakes soil suction 229, 229 INDEX 489 soils Fairlight Glen 4, 124 collapsible see collapsible soils loess 20 shrink-swell see shrink-swell soils Sutton Howgrave (Yorkshire) 408 solifluction 265, 266–267, 270, 274 swallow holes 392, 394, 395 solution features see carbonate dissolution Swanage Bay (Dorset) 18 solution pipes 392, 394, 395 Swansea, earthquakes 14, 45 solution sinkholes 392, 394 swelling index 239 Solway Moss 96, 99, 102 swelling soils see shrink-swell soils Somerset 83, 390 Syke, Isle of 90 Somerset Levels Formation 214 Sonning Cutting (Reading) 18 tailings ponds 338, 342 Soufrière Hills, tsunamigenic volcanism 65 Taiwan, Shih-Kang dam 43 South Crofty Mine (Cornwall) 343 talc 224 South Oxhey (Hertforshire) 316 Tamar Estuary 338, 343 South Wales coalfield 119 Tampen Slide 70, 70 Southwold (Suffolk) 83 Tangley (Hampshire) 397 spectral acceleration 44 Taren Taff Valley 3 SPOSH 469, 470 tectonic hazards see seismic also tsunami spreading, mechanism defined 85, 89, 91, 95, 96 Teesside, salt strata 29, 30, 375, 376, 384 Staffordshire 378–379 Teifi, Lake (Wales) 127 gypsum mining 411 Tennant Salt Mine (NI) 380 karst features 390 Thames Barrier (London) 12, 12 salt strata 29, 29, 369, 370, 370, 379 Thames Valley rockhead anomalies 282 Walton’s Wood 5, 7, 82, 88 thermogenic gas see methane Staithes (Yorkshire) rock fall 18 thorium, radioactive decay 434–435 stalactites 392 thoron 433, 434 stalagmites 392 Thorpeness (Suffolk) rock fall 18 Start Complex 325 Threlkeld Knotts landslide 86 stepping 297 tills, role in landslips 120, 125 stepwise landslides 211 tilt, in coal mining subsidence 295–296 Stevenage (Hertfordshire) 317 tin mining 328–330, 336-337 Sticklepath Lustleigh Fault Zone 326 Tinley Park Mine (Sheffield) 295 Stirlingshire, Glen Ogle 3 toe-buckling translational slide 105, 107 Stoke Hammond (Buckinghamshire) 268, 273 Tohoku (Japan) tsunami 61 Stonebarrow (Dorset) 83 toppling, mechanism defined 85, 89, 90, 95, 96 Storegga slide 6, 8, 15, 48, 70, 70 toppling failures 105, 107 role in tsunami 63, 66–67, 69 Torbay (Devon) 83, 92, 119, 188, 198, 199 strain, in coal mining subsidence 296 total organic carbon (TOC), significance for made Stromboli, tsunamigenic volcanism 65 ground 471, 471 Studd Hill (Kent) 83 Totternhoe (Bedfordshire) 312, 317 sturzstrom 96, 199 Toys Hill (Kent) 99 submerged periglacial terrains 285 Traenadjupet Slide 70, 70 subsidence see gypsum also mining also shrink-swell soils translational landslides 265 subsidence factor in mining subsidence 297 translational rockslide 93, 142 subsidence in peat 250–251 trees, impact on shrink-swell soils 233, 233, 236–237 Derrybrien landslide 251–252, 251 Treherbert (South Wales) 135 Harthope Quarry 252, 252 Trewavas Mine (Cornwall) 358, 359, 360 peat slide 252–253, 253 Triassic subsidence sinkholes 392, 394 anhydrite-gypsum 34 subsidence trough 292, 295, 306 salt strata 29–30, 369, 370, 370, 372–375 Suffolk 16, 18, 83, 134, 312, 390 Sandstone 124 suffosion sinkholes 396 Trimmingham (Norfolk) 83 Sula Sgeir Slide 70, 70 Troedrhiwfuwch 99 superficial valley disturbance (valley bulge) 266–267, Trotternish Escarpment 101 276–280, 278 tsunami 2, 5–6 Surrey 312, 317, 317, 390 defined 61 Sussex generation processes 63–65, 64 chalk and flint mines 312 hazards 14-16 chalk karst 390 management and mitigation 74, 75, 76,77 cliff recession 83, 121, 130 mechanisms 15 490 INDEX tsunami (Continued) Wheal Maid (Cornwall) 342 nomenclature 61, 62 Wheal Owles (Cornwall) 358 source zones for UK 15, 15, 65, 67, 68 Wheal Peevor (Cornwall) 357, 357 wave characteristics 62–63, 63 Whitby (N Yorkshire) 83 relation to earthquakes 48 White Chalk Subgroup 264 tungsten mining, Cornwall and Devon 339 White Nothe (Dorset) 83 Tutbury Gypsum 404, 416 Whitehaven (Cumbria) 18 Whitestone Cliff (Yorkshire) 99, 99, 101, 126 Umboi, tsunamigenic activity 65 Whitlands Landslide 132 Undercliff (IOW) 4, 83, 119, 132 width-depth ratio, in coal mining subsidence 297 uninterupted landslides 211–212 Wigan, collieries 7 uplift Wight, Isle of anhydrite-gypsum 32–33 Alum Bay 18, 129 post-glacial 102 Blackgang 117 Upton Warren (Worcestershire) 380 chalk and flint mines 312 Upwich (Worcestershire) 380 chalk karst 390 uranium 433, 434–435, 436, 449–450 cliff recession 83, 114, 121 USA, methane gas explosions 461 landslides 148 Luccombe 116 valley bulging see superficial valley disturbances mud flows 92 Ventnor (IOW) 18, 163 Pitlands Slip 18 vermicullite 224 Shanklin 135 volcanic activity 6, 8,63–64, 65 Undercliff 4, 119, 132 volcano flank collapse 48 Ventor 18, 163 vulnerability shadow 179, 183 wild brining 372 Wilkesley Halite Formation 377 Wadhurst Clay Formation 116, 124, 227 Wiltshire 312, 390 Wales Windrush Valley 102 Aberfan and other coalmining landslips 2, 3, 3, 16, 18, 81, 106, windypits 102, 105 108, 109, 119 Winsford (Cheshire) 375 carbonate dissolution features 390, 396 Withernsea (Holderness) 83 earthquake monitoring 47, 48, 53, 55 Witton Flashes 373 landfill methane 460 Wolstonian Complex 262 landslides 3, 18, 90, 97, 99, 119, 122, 125, 127, 132, 135, 430 Wonder Landslide (Marcle) 129 Snowdonia 16 Worcestershire 369, 370, 370, 379–380 Wylfa Power Station 51 Working Party on Geohazards 9–12 Walton-on-Naze (Essex) 83 World Heritage Site 321, 328, 337, 352 Walton’s Wood (Staffordshire) 5, 7, 18, 82, 88 Wybunbury (Cheshire) 371 Warden Point (Kent) 83, 97, 116, 120, 123 Wychbold (Worcestershire) 380 Warren Mine (Yorkshire) 409 Wylfa Power Station 51 Warwickshire, Ebrington Hill 131 waste disposal 375 Yorkshire waste tips and contaminated land, Cornwall and Devon 337, chalk and flint mines 312 340, 341 chalk karst 390, 392 water cliff recession 4–5, 4, 83, 120, 132, 134, 135, 145 impact on peat 245, 248 Darlington 409–411 impact on shrink-swell soils 232–233, 232 Kettleness 132 water consumption and use 118 Knipe Point 135, 145 Wath (Yorkshire) 408 Ripon 2–3, 3, 405, 407–409 waves in tsunamis, characteristics 62–63, 63 Robin Hoods Bay 131 Weald Clay Formation 227, 270 Runswick 131 weathering, deep 262–265, 266–267 salt strata 29, 30, 369, 370 wedge ice 261, 283 Scarborough 4–5, 4, 131, 134 West Bay (Dorset) 83 Staithes rock fall 18 West Runton sand flows 92 Whitby 131 wet rockhead 372 Whitestone Cliff 99, 99, 101, 126 Wheal Anna Maria (Devon) 361 Wheal Hermon (Cornwall) 358 Zechstein Group 370, 371, 375, 404 Wheal Jane (Cornwall) 342 Zhouqu debris flow 178, 179