DOCSLIB.ORG

Traditions of Sucker Exploitation in the Pit River System: an Ajumawi Example

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Traditions of Sucker Exploitation in the Pit River System: an Ajumawi Example UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Title Traditions of Sucker Exploitation in the Pit River System: An Ajumawi Example Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8k53r4nn Journal Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, 12(1) ISSN 0191-3557 Author Evans, Nancy H Publication Date 1990-07-01 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 48-59 (1990). Traditions of Sucker Exploitation in the Pit River System: An Ajumawi Example NANCY H. EVANS, California Dept. of Parks and Recreation, P. O. Box 942896, Sacramento, CA 94296. X HE avowed significance of riverine-focused AJumawf cultural adaptations in northeastern California Territory ----\ notwithstanding, little is understood regarding the use of specific fish species, the variability Terrllory in harvest strategies, or the relative dietary Y Redd ... V-^ values of the resources. Recent ethnographic o research on traditional sucker fishing practices 0 100 mi. among the Ajumawi division of the Pit River Indians provides a specific illustration of a -J. I, ° 100 km 1 significant resource used in prehistoric times 'O V • Sac/amenlo ^ • and continuing through historical accommoda­ tion to the middle of the twentieth century. The perpetuation of sucker use survives to the I \ present and is attributed in part to historical Fig. 1. Pit River Indian territory. residence patterns and continuous availability, but also to the dietary significance of this tributary to the Pit River. Ajumawi foraging traditional resource. territory (sensu Binford 1980) extended well to the north across the vast lava fields (Fig. AJUMAWI LAND USE: 1848-1950 1). Winter villages were clustered tightly The Ajumawi, whose name means "river along the banks of the Pit River and scattered people" (Olmsted and Stewart 1978), are one about the edges of Fall and Tule rivers, in of eleven bands constituting small territorial Little Hot Springs Valley, and along the shore divisions along the Pit River and its tributaries of Big Lake (also known as Tule Lake) in northeastern California (Fig. 1). Two (Kniffen 1928:map 2; Voegelin 1974; Gas- closely related Palaihnihan (Hokan stock) saway 1977). languages distinguished the nine bands of White settlement of Fall River Valley Achumawi-language speakers and two foUowed quickly upon the opening of Lassen's Atsugewi-speaking bands (Olmsted 1954, 1848 and Noble's 1852 emigrant trails to 1966). Recognized today as the Pit River California, both of which coursed along the Indians, they have shared a similar cultural Pit River through Ajumawi territory (Hoover and settlement orientation to the multiplicity et al. 1966). When Fort Crook was estab­ of resources along the Pit River, its lished near present Fall River Mills in 1857, tributaries, and adjacent land forms (Voegelin ensuring the settlers protection from the 1974; Garth 1978; Olmsted and Stewart 1978). Indians, the valley rapidly developed agricul­ The Ajumawi band occupied Fall River tural, lumbering, and commercial activities Valley, a lush well-watered vaUey replete with (F. CaUison 1965:39; M. CaUison 1965:67). ponds, marshes, and numerous streams The most favorable lands for agriculture were TRADITIONS OF SUCKER EXPLOITATION 49 located adjacent to Fall and Pit rivers, on the had no able-bodied wage earner (Gillahan and south and west sides of the valley (F. CaUison Shaffer 1921). 1965:39), so that by the early 1880s, the Budy (1990) identified several allotment Ajumawi were restricted from many of their clusters (i.e., groups of from 2 to 27 different, primary winter village sites. Further, this but contiguous, aUotment parcels) in Ajumawi displacement limited their access to important territory originally listed in the 1880s and fisheries on Fall and Pit rivers while wheat 1890s. These clusters were located in the lava fields supplanted oak groves and epos (Peri- at the head of Fall River, north of Eastman deridia sp.) root meadows in the valley proper. Lake, on both sides of the Little Tule River, In the period between 1860 and 1880, the north and east of Big Lake, and on the slopes Ajumawi maintained residence at several of Saddle and Soldier mountains (Fig. 2). traditional village sites at the periphery of the Many allotments remain in Ajumawi owner­ valley on lands unsuitable for agriculture. ship today, notably those located in the lava Settlers' accounts describe large "rancherias" to the north and adjacent to important sucker immediately north of the lava beds (Lorenzen fisheries. Continued Indian residence through 1965:48) and in the vicinity of Big Lake (Tule the early historical period to this day is one Lake) including its eastern side and in the reason that sucker fishing traditions have marshy area to the south (Kniffen 1928:321; persisted. M. CaUison 1965:68; Gassaway 1977:5). Fishing traditions also have persisted These accounts further attest to the continued because of the dietary value of this resource use of native resources such as tule, fish, during the difficult period of economic waterfowl, and roots taken with traditional transition. The previously abundant and procurement methods. storable resources, particularly acorn and Historic Indian residence patterns are salmon, generally were unavailable to the further reinforced by the locations of Indian Ajumawi in any large or predictable quantities land aUotment applications filed under the after the 1880s. The primary oak groves, Indian Land Patents Act of July 4, 1884 (Budy located in areas considered essential for 1990). The 1884 Act permitted Indians to file agricultural development, were the first areas for up to 160 acres of land, this being held in to be settled (M. CaUison 1965). Further, the trust for 25 years, after which the applicant total array of potential foods was reduced: (or his heirs) could apply for fee patent. The grass seeds were given up to grazing livestock, intent of the legislation appears to have been roots were plowed into wheat fields, marsh to make farmers of the Indians and to plants and waterfowl were depleted by engender a sense of private land ownership; drainage canals, and salmon were reduced by however, since good agricultural land already non-Indian economic development. was in the hands of white settlers, California Salmon once migrated up the Pit River as Indians filed mostly on agriculturally marginal, far as Pit River FaUs, a 65-foot scarp a few heavily timbered, or arid desert parcels mUes south of the confluence of the FaU and (Kelsey 1906:132-133). By the 1920s, some Pit rivers. Ajumawi access to salmon was Ajumawi were employed in wage labor as limited to this important location on the Pit sheep shearers, hay stackers, and harvesters, River where large weirs were constructed and more labored in highway construction and across the river below the faUs (Kniffen at the Pacific Gas and Electric plants, but 1928:319; Voegehn 1942:173). most work was intermittent and many families The salmon yield throughout the Sacra- 50 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY U D I I Attolrticnl Land ^^ Fi:h liap Ajcas McAnhui • Fig. 2. Ajumawi allotments and fish trap areas. Allotments after Budy (1990). mento River system began to decline soon tric facility at the Pit River FaUs in 1922, the after non-Indian settlement. Probably Ajumawi salmon fishery had severely dimin­ beginning as early as 1860, salmon fisheries ished. By 1945, when Shasta Dam was were affected by stream pollution from the completed, salmon had disappeared from the many lumber mills on tributaries to the Pit Pit River system. River (cf. Gassaway 1977). Artificial salmon Apart from large mammals, for which no propagation for national distribution began at data are recorded, the only reliable, seasonaUy a federal fishery at Baird in 1872, and briefly abundant, highly nutritious, and storable at Hat Creek, but soon was discontinued. It faunal resource available to the Ajumawi then resumed in 1888 for local distribution in throughout the historical period was the an attempt to enhance the salmon fishery Sacramento sucker (Catostomus occidentalis). (Clark 1929). The twenty canneries on the In fact, Sacramento suckers were important Sacramento River and in the San Francisco fare in the Ajumawi diet between 1900 and Bay area were discontinued by 1919, further 1950, and may have been critical to the health evidence that the salmon were rapidly of the people (GUlahan and Shaffer 1921). By disappearing. By 1929, Clark (1929) estimat­ the early 1950s, most of the elders who ed that 80% of the salmon spawning grounds previously had organized the communal had been cut off by power and irrigation dams fishing had become infirm or died, although in the Sacramento-San Joaquin river systems. individuals continued to fish for suckers. With the construction of the Pit 1 hydroelec­ TRADITIONS OF SUCKER EXPLOITATION 51 spawning impulse appears to be triggered by SUCKER HABITAT AND BEHAVIOR a sudden warming of flowing water (Moyle Sacramento suckers are distributed widely 1976:215). In Ajumawi territory, spawning throughout the Sacramento-San Joaquin River suckers appear to be attracted to the many system, and they are one of the most common springs emerging from the lava scarp and species in the Pit River system. Suckers are forming the headwaters of FaU and Tule most abundant in clear, cool streams, although rivers. This may account in part for the adults prefer large bodies of water such as striking number of stone fish traps located in lakes and reservoirs (Moyle and Daniels this area (M. CaUison 1965; Evans 1987; 1982). Commonly, suckers occur together with Dreyer 1988). Sacramento squawfish (Ptychocheilus grandis), Sucker spawning generaUy occurs between called "pike" by early ethnographers, hard­ late February and June in the Sacramento head {Mylopliarodon conoceplialus), speckled River system (Moyle 1976). Observations at dace (Rhinichthys osculus), and Pit sculpin Thomes Creek (Tehama County) were (Cottus pitensis).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A. INTRODUCTION the Devil's Basin Research Natural Area (DBRNA
    A. INTRODUCTION The Devil's Basin Research Natural Area (DBRNA) lies within the Corning Ranger District, Mendocino National Forest (Maps 1 and 2). The California black oak (Quercus kelloggii1)stands and surrounding areas of Devil's Basin were first reconnoitered in 1984 (Henry 1984), and subsequently proposed as a representative of the California Black Oak Woodland type (Holland 1986). An ecological survey of the basin was completed in 1987 (Newton 1987). Unless otherwise noted, information contained in this Establishment Record is based on this ecological survey. The DBRNA has had no history of intensive use such as logging or grazing. The DBRNA is entirely under public ownership with the Mendocino National Forest. 1) Land Management Planning The establishment of Devil's Basin RNA is recommended and evaluated in the Mendocino National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan (LRMP 1995) and the Environmental Impact Statement and Appendices for the LRMP (U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1995a-c). The land allocation for the Devil's Basin RNA was decided by the signing of the Record of Decision (ROD) for the LRMP by the Regional Forester (1995). The establishment of the DBRNA is completed upon signature of this Establishment Record with concurrence of the Station Director. The area lies within the Research Natural Areas Management Area #5 allocated to Management Prescription #11 which emphasizes the preservation of natural conditions and the protection of features for which the RNA was established (Appendix 3). B. OBJECTIVES The primary purpose for establishment of the DBRNA is to preserve a representative of a Black Oak Woodland ecosystem and its associates in a condition minimally modified by humans within the North Coast Physiographic Province for their scientific value and educational importance.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Central Valley Salmon and Steelhead Recovery Plan
    Draft Central Valley Salmon and Steelhead Recovery Plan for Sacramento River winter-run Chinook salmon Central Valley spring-run Chinook Salmon Central Valley Steelhead National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Region November 2009 1 Themes of the CV Recovery Plan • This is a long-term plan that will take several decades to fully implement • The recovery plan is intended to be a “living document” that is periodically updated to include the best available information regarding the status or needs of the species • Implementation will be challenging and will require the help of many stakeholders • The plan is intended to have realistic and attainable recovery criteria (i.e, de-listing criteria) 2 What are Recovery Plans? • Purpose of the Endangered Species Act: To conserve (recover) listed species and their ecosystems • Required under section 4(f) of the ESA for all Federally listed species • Provide the road map to species recovery • Must contain objective, measurable criteria for delisting a species • Guidance documents, not regulations 3 Winter-run Chinook salmon (Endangered) 4 Status of Species – Winter-run Chinook 5 Central Valley Spring-run Chinook salmon (Threatened) 6 Status of Species – Spring-run Chinook Declining abundance across range: Extinction risk is increasing Central Valley Spring-run Chinook Salmon Adult Summer Holding Escapement Rivers/Creeks 25,000 Sacramento Battle 20,000 Clear Beegum 15,000 Antelope Mill 10,000 Deer Big Chico 5,000 Butte 0 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 7 Central Valley steelhead (Threatened) 8 Key
    [Show full text]
  • Seeking an Understanding of the Groundwater Aquifer Systems in the Northern Sacramento Valley
    SEEKING AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE GROUNDWATER AQUIFER SYSTEMS IN THE NORTHERN SACRAMENTO VALLEY Allan Fulton1, Toccoy Dudley2, Kelly Staton2, Debbie Spangler2 SOUND CONCEPT OR MISCONCEPTION To many people, the Sacramento Valley appears as an expansive groundwater basin filled with freshwater. It is also common to conceptualize the groundwater basin as an underground lake or a series of underground rivers that provide water to wells. Are these sound concepts or misconceptions? Recent interpretation of over 150 down-hole electrical resistivity logs from widely scattered locations throughout much of the northern Sacramento Valley has revealed that these simplistic concepts are incorrect. This pamphlet provides a glimpse of ongoing studies of the aquifer systems in the northern Sacramento Valley. The findings are preliminary and will likely improve as further information is gathered. Comprehensive reports of these studies should be available later in 2004. KNOWLEDGE GAPS AND NEW INVESTIGATIONS Concepts are easily formed and rationalized and can appear to be factual without sufficient field research to validate them. Until recently, only three regional investigations of the aquifer systems in the Sacramento Valley had been completed in the past 80 years and none were conducted since the mid 1970’s. Since 1997, the California Department of Water Resources, Northern District, Groundwater Section, headquartered in Red Bluff, California, has been conducting new investigations into the saline and freshwater aquifer systems in the northern Sacramento Valley. Findings from their investigations offer a greater understanding of the geology and hydrogeology in the northern Sacramento Valley. METHODS USED IN RECENT GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATIONS Geologic cross-sections have been and are currently being developed to help understand the sub-surface hydrogeology of the northern Sacramento Valley.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Genetic Structure of Oncorhynchus Mykiss in The
    DECEMBER 2015 You Can’t Unscramble an Egg: Population Genetic Structure of Oncorhynchus mykiss in the California Central Valley Inferred from Combined Microsatellite and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Data Devon E. Pearse*1 and John Carlos Garza1 Volume 13, Issue 4 | Article 3 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2015v13iss4art3 addition, we evaluate introgression by both hatchery * Corresponding author: [email protected] rainbow trout strains, which have primarily native 1 Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Central Valley ancestry, and imported coastal steel- National Marine Fisheries Service, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA head stocks. In contrast to patterns typical of coastal and University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA steelhead, Central Valley O. mykiss above and below KEY WORDS dams within the same tributary were not found to be each others’ closest relatives, and we found no Evolution, genetics, adaptation, steelhead, trout, relationship between genetic and geographic distance Central Valley. among below-barrier populations. While introgression by hatchery rainbow trout strains does not appear ABSTRACT to be widespread among above-barrier populations, steelhead in the American River and some neigh- Steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) boring tributaries have been introgressed by coastal are found in all of the major tributaries of the steelhead. Together, these results demonstrate that Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, which flow the ancestral population genetic structure that existed through California’s Central Valley and enter the among Central Valley tributaries has been signifi- ocean through San Francisco Bay and the Golden cantly altered in contemporary populations. Future Gate. This river system is heavily affected by water conservation, restoration, and mitigation efforts development, agriculture, and invasive species, and should take this into account when working to meet salmon and trout hatchery propagation has been recovery planning goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Quality Control Plan, Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins
    Presented below are water quality standards that are in effect for Clean Water Act purposes. EPA is posting these standards as a convenience to users and has made a reasonable effort to assure their accuracy. Additionally, EPA has made a reasonable effort to identify parts of the standards that are not approved, disapproved, or are otherwise not in effect for Clean Water Act purposes. Amendments to the 1994 Water Quality Control Plan for the Sacramento River and San Joaquin River Basins The Third Edition of the Basin Plan was adopted by the Central Valley Water Board on 9 December 1994, approved by the State Water Board on 16 February 1995 and approved by the Office of Administrative Law on 9 May 1995. The Fourth Edition of the Basin Plan was the 1998 reprint of the Third Edition incorporating amendments adopted and approved between 1994 and 1998. The Basin Plan is in a loose-leaf format to facilitate the addition of amendments. The Basin Plan can be kept up-to-date by inserting the pages that have been revised to include subsequent amendments. The date subsequent amendments are adopted by the Central Valley Water Board will appear at the bottom of the page. Otherwise, all pages will be dated 1 September 1998. Basin plan amendments adopted by the Regional Central Valley Water Board must be approved by the State Water Board and the Office of Administrative Law. If the amendment involves adopting or revising a standard which relates to surface waters it must also be approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) [40 CFR Section 131(c)].
    [Show full text]
  • Structured Decision-Making
    Transitioning the CVPIA Fisheries Program to a Science-Based Prioritization and Adaptive Management Process …Progress? Presented today by: Rod Wittler [email protected] Presentation Prepared by: Adam Duarte, James T. Peterson, Michael E. Colvin, Kevin McDonnell, Rod Wittler, Megan Cook Tough Love …rethink the entire approach …do a fundamentally better job Our primary recommendation is that the agencies develop an integrated science based conceptual foundation and framework for the CVPIA anadromous fish program, incorporating an ecological risk assessment/adaptive ecosystem management approach Adaptive Management SDM Revise hypotheses Observe outcome (updating) (monitoring) Evaluate evidence (analysis) Revise or develop new Assess current assumptions Objectives Objectives Management alternatives Management alternatives Models Models The CVPIA Process: Phase I Timeline < 2013-14 - 9 months Core Team members, experts Series of workshops • Identified objectives • Built prototype models • Peer review of models • Refined models Fundamental Objectives 1) Naturally reproducing self-sustaining population • Anadromous fish and at-risk species o Chinook and steelhead o Green and white sturgeon • No adverse affects on American shad and striped bass 2) Optimize the use of project funds Fundamental Objective Attributes Naturally reproducing self-sustaining populations Chinook salmon: Spring, Fall, Late-Fall, Winter Spatial structure Abundance Adult/juvenile Diversity natural production Prop of Age natural structure No. of No. natural Size at spawners
    [Show full text]
  • The Middle Sacramento River: Human Impacts on Physical and Ecological Processes Along a Meandering River1
    THE MIDDLE SACRAMENTO RIVER: HUMAN IMPACTS ON PHYSICAL AND ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES ALONG A MEANDERING RIVER1 Koll Buer, Dave Forwalter, Mike Kissel, and Bill Stohler2 Abstract: Native plant and wildlife communities along The Sacramento River is the largest and most impor- Northern California's middle Sacramento River (Red tant river system in California. The basin represents Bluff to Colusa) originally adapted to a changing pat- about 17 percent of California's land area, yet yields 35 tern of erosion and deposition across a broad meander percent of the water supply. It drains the north half of belt. The erosion-deposition process was in balance, the Great Central Valley of California. The river is the with the river alternately building and eroding terraces. State's most important salmon resource. Biologically, Human-induced changes to the Sacramento River, in- the riparian corridor between Red Bluff and Colusa is cluding bank protection, gravel mining, pollution, ripar- also one of the richest and most diverse that remains in ian vegetation removal, flow regulation, and flood con- California. trol, have resulted in a number of physical and ecological effects. This study focuses on changes in bank erosion, The Department of Water Resources (DWR), North- bank composition, river length, depth, width, and sin- ern District, has an ongoing study of geomorphic changes uosity, and floodplain deposition (ongoing study, Sacra- in this vital reach of the river (fig. 1). The Department mento River Bank Erosion Investigation, Department of began its bank erosion studies in 1977. For two years, Water Resources, Red Bluff, California.) The Depart- four bank erosion sites were monitored.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Dive Counts to Estimate Fish Population Abundance in the Rock Creek - Cresta Reaches of the North Fork Feather River, California
    USE OF DIVE COUNTS TO ESTIMATE FISH POPULATION ABUNDANCE IN THE ROCK CREEK – CRESTA REACHES OF THE NORTH FORK FEATHER RIVER, CALIFORNIA. Prepared For: Technical & Ecological Services Pacific Gas & Electric Company 3400 Crow Canyon Road San Ramon, CA 94583 Prepared By: Thomas R. Payne & Associates 890 L Street Arcata, CA 95521 707-822-8478 Contributors: Mark Allen, Thomas Gast February 7, 2007 ABSTRACT Direct observation dive counts were conducted by a team of divers in individual habitat units in the Cresta Reach and Rock Creek Reach of the North Fork Feather River in 2002 (a pilot study), 2004, 2005, and 2006, under base flow conditions elevated from historical levels. Habitat units were selected for diving using a stratified random design that allowed estimation of indexes of fish abundance within species, size class, habitat type, and reach strata. Annual comparisons of index abundance were possible due to consistency in sampling designs and field methodologies, and because stream conditions (e.g., streamflow, water temperature, and water visibility) remained relatively similar in each year of study. Statistically significant differences between annual estimates of abundance were determined through assessment of index confidence intervals or by explicitly estimating the difference in abundance between occasions (2005-2006 only). Differences in fish index densities between reaches were minor for rainbow trout, but were consistently higher in the Rock Creek Reach for adult-sized (>10 inches) hardhead, pikeminnows, and suckers. Smallmouth bass, in contrast, were consistently more abundant in the Cresta Reach. Index densities of fry (<5 inches) were not consistently different between reaches, but juvenile (5-10 inches) non-trout species were notably absent from the Cresta Reach in each year of study.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 10 Section 10 FISHERIES and AQUATIC RESOURCES
    Section 10 Section 10 FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES SOURCES OF DATA......................................................................................................................... 10-1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT .................................................................................................................. 10-1 HABITAT TYPES.............................................................................................................................. 10-2 Sacramento River ............................................................................................................ 10-2 Tehama West Tributary Streams ................................................................................. 10-2 DESCRIPTION OF FISH SPECIES ................................................................................................... 10-5 Native Fish Species ......................................................................................................... 10-5 Non-Native Fish Species............................................................................................... 10-17 THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES.............................................................................. 10-24 CRITICAL FISHERIES AND AQUATIC HABITAT......................................................................... 10-25 SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN................................................................................................. 10-27 POTENTIAL ADVERSE CONDITIONS .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Water Quality Monitoring in the Sacramento River Basin
    Sacramento River Aerial Water Quality Monitoring IN THE SACRAMENTO RIVER BASIN Background Sacramento River Basin waterways historically were used as places to dispose of contaminants. The practice dates back at least to the gold rush era of the 1850s when miners dumped sediment and mercury into tributaries in their search for gold. The sediment clogged natural channels, sometimes making them too shallow for fish passage or navigation, and introduced contaminants such as metals, with mercury being particularly problematic. After the gold rush, the Sacramento River Basin’s rivers and creeks became dumping grounds for human and animal waste, often untreated. Cities and industries that dispose of wastes into the basin (known as point sources) follow much stricter standards since enactment of the federal Clean Water Act in 1971, and California’s Porter-Cologne Act in 1969. Both laws set pollutant-specific standards for discharges of contaminants into federal and state waters. In recent decades, treatment for municipal wastewater and industrial wastewater, and management of urban Fish population survey in Feather River tributary stormwater runoff, have increased and improved greatly. Industries and municipalities now provide at least secondary treatment of wastewater; large and medium-size cities are implementing urban stormwater programs to reduce the impacts of urban runoff to adjacent waterways. In the past several years, agricultural runoff has come under regulation. Agricultural groups have formed coalitions to work together to meet the new requirements. Monitoring on the Lower American Wintertime monitoring on the Pit River PAGE 175 CHAPTER 4: Water Quality Monitoring in the Sacramento River Basin Water quality monitoring on Lassen Creek Meadow stream survey work in Upper Feather Watershed Water Quality Monitoring Programs Today, there are dozens of citizen monitoring efforts and watershed-specific monitoring programs being implemented throughout the Sacramento River Basin.
    [Show full text]
  • Sacramento Valley Groundwater Basin, Red Bluff Subbasin • Groundwater Basin Number: 5-21.50 • County: Tehama • Surface Area: 266,750 Acres (416 Square Miles)
    Hydrologic Region Sacramento River California’s Groundwater Sacramento Valley Groundwater Basin Bulletin 118 Sacramento Valley Groundwater Basin, Red Bluff Subbasin • Groundwater Basin Number: 5-21.50 • County: Tehama • Surface Area: 266,750 acres (416 square miles) Basin Boundaries and Hydrology The Red Bluff Subbasin is bounded on the west by the Coast Ranges, on the north by the Red Bluff Arch, on the south by Thomes Creek and on the east by the Sacramento River. The Red Bluff Arch is a hydrologic divide between the Redding Basin to the north and the Sacramento Valley. The Red Bluff Subbasin is likely contiguous with the Corning Subbasin at depth. Annual precipitation in the subbasin ranges from 19- to 27-inches with higher precipitation occurring to the north. Hydrogeologic Information Water-Bearing Formations The Red Bluff Subbasin aquifer system is composed of continental deposits of late Tertiary to Quaternary age. The Quaternary deposits include Holocene stream channel deposits and Pleistocene Modesto and Riverbank formations. The Tertiary deposits consist of Pliocene Tehama and Tuscan formations. Holocene Stream Channel Deposits. These deposits consist of unconsolidated gravel, sand, silt and clay derived from the erosion, reworking, and deposition of adjacent Tehama Formation and Quaternary stream terrace deposits found at or near the surface along stream and river channels. The thickness varies from 1-to 80-feet (Helley and Harwood 1985). This unit represents the upper part of the unconfined zone of the aquifer. Although it is moderately to highly permeable it is not a significant contributor to groundwater because of its limited areal extent. Pleistocene Modesto Formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical and Present Distribution of Chinook Salmon in the Central Valley Drainage of California
    Historical and Present Distribution of Chinook Salmon in the Central Valley Drainage of California Ronald M. Yoshiyama, Eric R. Gerstung, Frank W. Fisher, and Peter B. Moyle Abstract Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) formerly were highly abundant and widely distributed in virtually all the major streams of California’s Central Valley drainage—encompassing the Sacramento River basin in the north and San Joaquin River basin in the south. We used information from historical narratives and ethnographic accounts, fishery records and locations of in-stream natural barriers to determine the historical distributional limits and, secondarily, to describe at least qualitatively the abundances of chinook salmon within the major salmon-producing Central Valley watersheds. Indi- vidual synopses are given for each of the larger streams that histori- cally supported or currently support salmon runs. In the concluding section, we compare the historical distributional limits of chinook salmon in Central Valley streams with present-day distributions to estimate the reduction of in-stream salmon habitat that has resulted from human activities—namely, primarily the con- struction of dams and other barriers and dewatering of stream reaches. We estimated that at least 1,057 mi (or 48%) of the stream lengths historically available to salmon have been lost from the origi- nal total of 2,183 mi in the Central Valley drainage. We included in these assessments all lengths of stream that were occupied by salmon, whether for spawning and holding or only as migration cor- ridors. In considering only spawning and holding habitat (in other words, excluding migration corridors in the lower rivers), the propor- tionate reduction of the historical habitat range was far more than 48% and probably exceeded 72% because most of the former spawn- ing and holding habitat was located in upstream reaches that are now inaccessible for salmon.
    [Show full text]