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Digital Trade in Africa: Implications for Inclusion and Human Rights DIGITAL TRADE AFRICA Implications for Inclusion and Human Rights African Trade Policy Centre © United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung The designations used and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the ECA, OHCHR, FES concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply endorsement by the Economic Commission for Africa, the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung or the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the institutions to which they are affiliated. Layout and design by Phoenix Design Aid, Denmark. Digital Trade in Africa: Implications for Inclusion and Human Rights African Trade Policy Centre Acknowledgements The production of the present publication was a collaborative effort through a partnership led by David Luke (United Nations Economic Commission for Afri- ca (ECA)), Hubert René Schillinger (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Geneva Office) and Nwanneakolam Vwede-Obahor (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)). The collaborating partners were supported by Lily Sommer (ECA), Yvonne Bartmann (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Geneva Office) and Susan Mathews (OHCHR). Contributing authors Contributions were received from Vera Songwe (ECA), Kate Gilmore (OHCHR), Mukhisa Kituyi (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCT- AD)), Carlos Lopes (University of Cape Town), Lily Sommer (ECA), Jamie Macleod (ECA), Omobola Johnson (Alliance for Affordable Internet), Bineswaree Bolaky (UNCTAD), Gabriella Razzano (Open Democracy Advice Centre), Karishma Banga (Overseas Development Institute (ODI)), Dirk Willem te Velde (ODI), Lola Shyllon (University of Pretoria), Jean Bertrand Azapmo (African Union Commission), Ify Ogo (ECA), Anita Gurumurthy (IT for Change), Nandini Chami (IT for Change) and Nadira Bayat (Independent Consultant). Reviewers The following people served as peer reviewers: Tim Engelhardt (OHCHR), Malavika Jayaram (Digital Asia Hub), Bhumika Mucchala (Consultant), William Davis (ECA), Chris Nshimbi (University of Pretoria), Hilda Awomolo (She Leads Africa), Shamel Azmeh (London School of Economics and Political Science), James Thuo Gathii (Loyola University Chicago), Mihir Kanade (University for Peace, Costa Rica), Shy- ami Puvimanasinghe (OHCHR), Godwin Benson (African Innovation Foundation), William Senyo (Impact Hub), Mamadou Biteye (Rockefeller Foundation Africa Re- gional Office), Martin Labbé (International Trade Centre), Lily Sommer (ECA), Su- san Mathews (OHCHR) and Yvonne Bartmann (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Geneva Office). Participants at various consultative meetings and other collaboratiors The collaborating partners would like to thank the following experts, who at- tended various consultative meetings to discuss the intersection between digital trade, inclusion and human rights: William Senyo (Impact Hub), Aurora Chiste (Orb ii Digital Trade in Africa: Implications for Inclusion and Human Rights Intelligence, Africa), Florian Koch (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung African Union Cooper- ation Office), Sonia Tesfaye (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung African Union Cooperation Office), Ola Babafemi (Nigerian Shippers’ Council), Abubakar Muhammad Bako (Nigerian Shippers’ Council), Karishma Banga (ODI), Yvonne Matuturu (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)), Godwin Benson (Tuteria), Azuka Ogo (Cargo Defence Fund of the Nigerian Shippers’ Coun- cil), Kiringai Kamau (Programme for Agricultural Capacity Development in Africa), Adheesh Budree (University of Cape Town), Martina Ferracane (European Centre for International Political Economy), Michael Otieno Oloo (Tax Justice Network Africa), Attiya Waris (University of Nairobi), Roy Ombatti (African Born 3D Print- ing), Mbanan Mku (Public and Private Development Centre), Michel Rod (Carleton University), Giuseppe D’Aronco (ECA), Hilda Awomolo (She Leads Africa), Feleg Tsegaye (Deliver Addis), Moses Bayingana (African Union Commission), Baratang Miya (Girlhype Coders), Mor Talla Diop (VP Business Development and Promo- tion), Tomas Danicek (UNESCO), Salvator Matata (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)), Lisa Pfister (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung African Union Cooperation Office), Solomon Danzake Zaks (Nigerian Federal Ministry of Transportation), Aya Chebbi (Afrika Youth Movement), Yekini Nabena (Nigeri- an Shippers’ Council), Okwudili Daniels (Nigerian Shippers’ Council), Adekanmbi Mathew Adelekan (Nigerian Shippers’ Council), Carlos Lopes (University of Cape Town), Amani Abou-Zeid (African Union Commission), Mehdi Khouili (African Union), Moses Bayingang (African Union Commission), Christian Minoungou (Af- rican Union Commission), William Davis (ECA), Lashea Howard-Clinton (ECA), Nozipho Simelane (ECA), Mactar Seck (ECA), Stephen Karingi (ECA), Vahini Naidu (Permanent Mission of South Africa to the World Trade Organization), Joy Katege- kwa (UNCTAD), Shyami Puvimanasinghe (OHCHR), Emma Reilly (OHCHR), Asako Hattori (OHCHR), Nwanneakolam Vwede-Obahor (OHCHR), Melinda Ching Si- mon (OHCHR) and Tim Engelhardt (OHCHR). Other experts, interns, and administrative support Finally, the collaborating partners would like to acknowledge the support of the following colleagues and interns: Ayush Bat-Erdene (OHCHR), Mahamane Cisse-Gouro (OHCHR), Todd Howland (OHCHR), Diego Neto Valadares Vas- concelos (OHCHR), Rebaone Ferguson (OHCHR), Thomas Gilchrist (OHCHR), Malte Ladewig (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Geneva Office), Madeleine Welter (Frie- drich-Ebert-Stiftung Geneva Office), Matthias Pesch (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Geneva Office), Jelena Jacobsen (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Geneva Office), Keanu Trisulo (OHCHR), Christiana Lang (OHCHR), Ashleigh McCoach (OHCHR), Senait Afework (ECA) and Eden Lakew (ECA). Digital Trade in Africa: Implications for Inclusion and Human Rights iii Biographies David Luke is Coordinator of the African Trade Policy Centre of the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) and has the rank of a Director at the Commission. He is responsible for leading ECA research, policy advisory services, training and capacity development on inclusive trade policies and, in particular, the initiatives on boosting intra-African trade and the continental free trade area. His portfolio also includes the World Trade Organization, economic partner- ship agreements, the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ire- land from the European Union, the African Growth and Opportunity Act, Africa’s trade with emerging economies, trade and cross-cutting policy areas such as trade, industrialization and structural transformation, trade and gender, trade and public health, and trade and climate change. Prior to joining ECA in 2014, he served as an adviser on trade policy for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Southern Africa and Geneva. He also served as Senior Economist and Chief of Trade at the Organization for African Unity/African Union Commission, and as an Associate Professor at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Canada. Hubert René Schillinger is Director of the Geneva office of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) and is responsible for all programmes and activities related to the office. Since joining FES in 1980, he has held various positions at FES headquarters and abroad, including project lead- er in Senegal (1980–1983) and FES country director in Morocco (1984–1987), South Africa (1992–1996) and Namibia (2004–2009). From mid-2009 to mid-2014, he coordinated the FES Dialogue on Globalization Programme at FES headquarters in Berlin. He holds a master’s degree in economics from the University of Konstanz (Germany) and graduated from the Centre for Advanced Training in Rural Development of the Technical University of Berlin. Nwanneakolam Vwede-Obahor is assigned as Regional Representative of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in the East Africa Regional Office in Addis Ababa. Ms. Vwede-Obahor holds a bachelor’s degree in English language and literary studies, a bachelor’s degree in law, a master’s degree in political science and a master’s degree in public administration. Ms. Vwede-Obahor has over 20 years’ experience working in various sectors, 15 of which have been in research, development, transitional justice, gender, child protection and human rights. Ms. Vwede-Obahor served as Senior Human Rights Advisor in Sierra Leone; was Human Rights Officer at the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur, the United Nations Mis- sion in South Sudan, the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan, the OHCHR country office in Uganda, and the UNDP Country Office in Liberia; and was the Director of a non-govern- mental organization working on conflict resolution and peace advocacy in Nigeria. Vera Songwe took up her role as the Executive Secretary of ECA on 3 August 2017 at the level of Under-Secretary-General. Prior
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