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Colombo, Sri Lanka Johannesburg, South Africa Santo Andre, Brazil Shenyang, China Tunis, Tunisia CCCIIITTTYYY DDDEEEVVVEEELLLOOOPPPMMMEEENNNTTT SSSTTTRRRAAATTTEEEGGGIIIEEESSS Lessons From UMP/UN-HABITAT Experiences Bamako, Mali Cuenca, Ecuador Colombo, Sri Lanka Johannesburg, South Africa Santo Andre, Brazil Shenyang, China Tunis, Tunisia Urban Management Programme Publication Series #29 UMP City Development Strategy Reports 1 Copyright 2002 All rights reserved United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) P.O. Box 30030, Nairobi, Kenya; E-mail: [email protected] The Urban Management Programme represents a major approach by the United Nations family of organisations, together with external support agencies, to strengthen the contribution that cities and towns in developing countries make toward economic growth, social development and the alleviation of poverty. The programme develops and promotes appropriate policies and tools for municipal finance and administration, land management, infrastructure management and environment management. Through a capacity-building component, the UMP supports the establishment of an effective partnership with national, regional and global networks and external support agencies in applied research, dissemination of information and experiences of best practices and promising options. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the contributors and authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the United Nations, the World Bank, to affiliated organisations or to members of its Board of Executive Directors of the countries they represent. The United Nations Human Settlements Programme does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of its use. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The boundaries, colors, denominations and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the United Nations or World Bank Group any judgement on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Acknowledgements This publication was prepared by Liz Case with inputs from Dinesh Mehta, Cecilia Kinuthia-Njenga, and all colleagues and staff from the UMP Regional Offices and partner institutions involved in the City Development Strategy activities. Evaluations of each of the seven city development strategy activities were prepared and submitted by Regional Offices and partner institutions. UMP is grateful to all institutions and persons who contributed to this publication. Meredith Preston assisted with editing and layout. The Urban Management Programme would like to acknowledge the on-going contributions and support of the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the World Bank and the governments of Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. HS/668/02E ISBN: 92-1-131-662-6 UMP City Development Strategy Reports 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS:S SECTION ONE: CITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES: A SYNTHESIS AND LESSONS LEARNED 4 CUENCA, ECUADOR 13 SHENYANG, CHINA 17 COLOMBO, SRI LANKA 20 JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA 23 SANTO ANDRE/ABC REGION, BRAZIL 26 TUNIS, TUNISIA 32 OVERALL LESSONS: 36 SECTION TWO: Evaluation of CDS Experiences 35 BAMAKO, MALI 39 COLOMBO, SRI LANKA 51 CUENCA, ECUADOR 78 JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA 121 SANTO ANDRE / ABC REGION METROPOLITAN REGION SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL 140 SHENYANG, PR CHINA 168 TUNIS, TUNISIA 186 UMP City Development Strategy Reports 3 Urban Management Programme City Development Strategies: A synthesis and lessons learned UMP City Development Strategy Reports 4 Foreword: The Urban Management Programme is a joint initiative of the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) and the World Bank. The UMP is committed to implementation of pro-poor governance at the local level through its 120 city consultation processes, which have been undertaken in 57 countries in the developing world. As an extension of the city consultations, the city development strategy (CDS) process has been implemented in 7 cities to further improve the capacity of the municipal authorities to implement participatory management mechanisms. These CDS have been undertaken by the UN-HABITAT and UMP regional offices, in collaboration with anchor institutions and local partners. The City Development Strategies experience, presented in this report, are based on the pro-poor participatory process used in all UMP city consultations. For the UMP partner institutions, these CDS exercises have provided an opportunity to scale up the UMP city consultations and include the dimension of economic growth. For the Cities Alliance, the experience of these seven CDS provide important lessons for adopting a participatory process involving all stakeholders in a CDS exercise. This publication is comprised of summaries of the seven CDS cities, which illustrate the process through an examination of the challenges and opportunities presented in the implementation of the CDS in the four regions. It is hoped that these summaries will provide a valuable base of knowledge for the undertaking of similar activities and future city development strategies. Full reports of each CDS are available on UMP websites and on CD-ROM. Dinesh Mehta Coordinator, Urban Management Programme UN-HABITAT UMP City Development Strategy Reports 5 Introduction: Cities are growing rapidly. In 2030, it is estimated that there will be two billion more people living in urban areas than there are today. Much of the impact of this will be felt in the developing world, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa and South and South East Asia, where cities will nearly double their population by this time.1 However, despite this growth, cities are not necessarily thriving, particularly in the case of cities in the developing world. Instead, this rapid urbanisation brings enormous pressure to bear on the living environment in cities. The result has been an urbanisation of poverty, the growth of slums and increased desperation for those struggling to survive and raise families in overcrowded settlements on marginal land, without access to basic services and often, without access to basic human rights. Managing this increasing urban poverty has been left more and more to local solutions and resources, a task for which many local governments are ill-equipped and under-resourced. The magnitude of the problem can be overwhelming. In many cases, the problem at hand lacks any legal basis – e.g. informal/unplanned settlements – thus further hampering efforts to address the issue. As a result, actions taken to improve the situation are often fragmented or insufficient, or in many cases they address the symptoms rather than the causes. Thus, the urban poor remain without a voice, and without a means to improve their situation. Conversely, this increase in urban poverty brings a new awareness and thinking around how to tackle these problems, and at the same time takes advantage of all the positive aspects that cities have to offer. There is an increased understanding in the international community that cities are our future, and that urban citizens, including the urban poor, have much to contribute to making cities sustainable, equitable and productive. Cities provide opportunities and make major contributions to economic growth through the weight of their location, populations, economies, power and resources. The urban poor are working to organise themselves to improve their situations despite overwhelming odds. Local authorities are recognizing their role in providing basic services and support to all citizens. National governments are increasingly focusing on processes of democratisation and decentralisation. Development agencies are supporting urban strategies that reduce poverty and highlight the need for improved urban governance. Purpose of this Publication This document is based on lessons from seven City Development Strategy (CDS) exercises conducted by UN-HABITAT/Urban Management Programme in the past two years in Bamako, Mali, Colombo, Sri Lanka, Cuenca, Ecuador, Johannesburg, South Africa, Santo Andre, Brazil, Shenyang, China and Tunis, Tunisia. These CDS activities were all held in cities in which the Urban Management Programme is actively pursuing city consultation work. Therefore, the UMP is in a good position to closely examine the process, share lessons learned and highlight good practices and results in the seven cities. As the CDS processes have only recently been completed, this report highlights process and participation, and looks at 1 Cities Alliance: Cities Without Slums; 2001 Annual Report UMP City Development Strategy Reports 6 outcomes and outreach in institutionalising the process. Evaluation of impact on the ground cannot be measured until activities within the Action Plans have been implemented. Through this work, UMP attempts to demonstrate that, from the initial lack of clarity regarding the concept of CDS, there is an emerging consensus on the need to integrate a pro-poor perspective. The first three of the seven CDS exercises of UN- HABITAT/UMP, initiated in Colombo, Johannesburg and Santo Andre in 1999, were carried out within the earlier paradigm of City Assistance Strategy Programme (CASP) and focused mainly on local economic development. The latter four, in Bamako, Cuenca, Shenyang and Tunis, focused on pro-poor CDS and were carried out through stakeholder driven participatory processes. The
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