Redalyc.Toxicity Evaluation of Two Insecticides on Tetragonisca
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Universidade Federal Do Amazonas – Ufam
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO AMAZONAS – UFAM INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS EXATAS E TECNOLÓGIA - ICET PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA E TECNOLOGIA PARA RECURSOS AMAZÔNICOS - PPGCTRA. ESTUDO FÍSICO-QUÍMICO, QUÍMICO E MELISSOPALINOLÓGICO DE MÉIS SAZONAIS DAS ESPÉCIES (Melipona seminigra merrillae e Melipona interrupta Latreille) DE MELIPONICULTORES DA MESORREGIÃO AMAZÔNICA-AM MIKAIL QUEIROZ DA SILVA ITACOATIARA - AM 2018 MIKAIL QUEIROZ DA SILVA ESTUDO FÍSICO-QUÍMICO, QUÍMICO E MELISSOPALINOLÓGICO DE MÉIS SAZONAIS DAS ESPÉCIES (Melipona seminigra merrillae e Melipona interrupta Latreille) DE MELIPONICULTORES DA MESORREGIÃO AMAZÔNICA-AM Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia para Recursos Amazônicos da Universidade Federal do Amazonas, como parte do requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciência e Tenologia para Recursos Amazônicos, área de concentração Desenvolvimento Cientìfico e Tecnológico em Recursos Amazônicos. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Pierre André de Souza Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Bruno Alexandre da Silva ITACOATIARA - AM 2018 LABORATÓRIOS PARCEIROS NESTE PROJETO Universidade Federal Oeste do Pará (UFOPA) Laboratórios de Botânica Taxonômica e Panilogia - Coordenadora Dra. Vanessa Holanda Righetti de Abreu Laboratório de Bioprospecção - Coordenadora Dra. Rosa Helena Veras Mourão Unidade de Farmacognosia - Coordenador Dr. Bruno Alexandre da Silva Universidade Estadual do Pará (UEPA) Campos Santarém – Profª. Dra. Leoneide Bouillet Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) Laboratório de Bionomia, Biogeografia e Sistemática de Insetos (BIOSIS) - Dra. Favizia Freitas de Oliveira. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) Departamento de Microscopia Eletrônica – Dr. Américo Cruz Júnior Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos – Profª Dra. Roseane Fett em especial ao Técnico Sr. Luciano V. Gonzaga AGRADECIMENTO A Deus, pelo dom da vida e por ter me dado forças, persistência e fé, sempre me abençoando e iluminando. -
Recruitment Behavior in Stingless Bees, Melipona Scutellaris and M
Recruitment behavior in stingless bees, Melipona scutellaris and M. quadrifasciata. I. Foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance Stefan Jarau, Michael Hrncir, Ronaldo Zucchi, Friedrich Barth To cite this version: Stefan Jarau, Michael Hrncir, Ronaldo Zucchi, Friedrich Barth. Recruitment behavior in stingless bees, Melipona scutellaris and M. quadrifasciata. I. Foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2000, 31 (1), pp.81-91. 10.1051/apido:2000108. hal-00891699 HAL Id: hal-00891699 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00891699 Submitted on 1 Jan 2000 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie 31 (2000) 81–91 81 © INRA/DIB/AGIB/EDP Sciences Original article Recruitment behavior in stingless bees, Melipona scutellaris and M. quadrifasciata. I. Foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance Stefan JARAUa, Michael HRNCIRa, Ronaldo ZUCCHIb, Friedrich G. BARTHa* a Universität Wien, Biozentrum, Institut für Zoologie, Abteilung Physiologie – Neurobiologie, Althanstraβe 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria b Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia e Letras, Departamento de Biologia 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (Received 28 April 1999; revised 6 September 1999; accepted 22 September 1999) Abstract – The two stingless bee species Melipona scutellaris and M. -
Classification of the Apidae (Hymenoptera)
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Mi Bee Lab 9-21-1990 Classification of the Apidae (Hymenoptera) Charles D. Michener University of Kansas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/bee_lab_mi Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Michener, Charles D., "Classification of the Apidae (Hymenoptera)" (1990). Mi. Paper 153. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/bee_lab_mi/153 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Bee Lab at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 4 WWvyvlrWryrXvW-WvWrW^^ I • • •_ ••^«_«).•>.• •.*.« THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS SCIENC5;^ULLETIN LIBRARY Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 75-164 Sept. 21,1990 OCT 23 1990 HARVARD Classification of the Apidae^ (Hymenoptera) BY Charles D. Michener'^ Appendix: Trigona genalis Friese, a Hitherto Unplaced New Guinea Species BY Charles D. Michener and Shoichi F. Sakagami'^ CONTENTS Abstract 76 Introduction 76 Terminology and Materials 77 Analysis of Relationships among Apid Subfamilies 79 Key to the Subfamilies of Apidae 84 Subfamily Meliponinae 84 Description, 84; Larva, 85; Nest, 85; Social Behavior, 85; Distribution, 85 Relationships among Meliponine Genera 85 History, 85; Analysis, 86; Biogeography, 96; Behavior, 97; Labial palpi, 99; Wing venation, 99; Male genitalia, 102; Poison glands, 103; Chromosome numbers, 103; Convergence, 104; Classificatory questions, 104 Fossil Meliponinae 105 Meliponorytes, -
Determination of Fipronil LD50 for the Brazilian Bee Melipona Scutellaris Clara T
Hazards of pesticides to bees Determination of fipronil LD50 for the brazilian bee Melipona scutellaris Clara T. Lourenço1, Stephan M. Carvalho2, Osmar Malaspina2, Roberta C. F. Nocelli1* 1CCA - Centro de Ciências Agrárias, UFSCar - Universidade Federal de São Carlos . Rod. Anhanguera, SP 330, Km. 174, Araras – SP, Brasil. Email: [email protected]; Email: [email protected], *Phone: +55 (19) 3543-2595 2CEIS – Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais. Universidade Estadual “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP. Av. 24 A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro – SP, Brasil. DOI: 10.5073/jka.2012.437.046 Abstract To better understand the sensitivity of the models represented by Apis mellifera L., 1758 in toxicology studies of insecticides to bees, the aim of this study was to determine the LD50 of fipronil by topical application on the stingless bees Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811. Foraging bees were collected at the nest entrance and in laboratory anesthetized with CO2 for applying 1.0 μL of fipronil solution on the pronotum. Each group of treatments was made with thirteen bees divided in three cages, while in the control treatments the bees received only acetone. During the assay, the behavior and the number of dead bees were registered. The results showed that the insecticide fipronil applied topically was harmful to M. scutellaris and for A. mellifera, where the LD50 for 48 hours was 0.41 ng a.i./bee or 4.1 ng a.i./ g of bee. Comparing the LD50 values here obtained with the stingless bee M. scutellaris and those of A. mellifera in literature, we can conclude that the native bees are more sensitive to fipronil than the allochtonous bee, suggesting that further studies should be accomplished to determine the real hazard of pesticides to natives bees. -
(Apidae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Marília Silva, Mauro Ramalho, Daniela Monteiro
Diversity and habitat use by stingless bees (Apidae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Marília Silva, Mauro Ramalho, Daniela Monteiro To cite this version: Marília Silva, Mauro Ramalho, Daniela Monteiro. Diversity and habitat use by stingless bees (Apidae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2013, 44 (6), pp.699-707. 10.1007/s13592-013-0218-5. hal-01201339 HAL Id: hal-01201339 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01201339 Submitted on 17 Sep 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie (2013) 44:699–707 Original article * INRA, DIB and Springer-Verlag France, 2013 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-013-0218-5 Diversity and habitat use by stingless bees (Apidae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest 1,2 1 1 Marília Dantas E. SILVA , Mauro RAMALHO , Daniela MONTEIRO 1Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização, ECOPOL, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Rua Barão do Jeremoabo s/n, Ondina, CEP 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil 2Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano, Campus Governador Mangabeira, Rua Waldemar Mascarenhas, s/n—Portão, CEP 44350000, Governador Mangabeira, Bahia, Brazil Received 28 August 2012 – Revised 16 May 2013 – Accepted 27 May 2013 Abstract – The present study discusses spatial variations in the community structure of stingless bees as well as associated ecological factors by comparing the nest densities in two stages of forest regeneration in a Brazilian Tropical Atlantic rainforest. -
Bee Viruses: Routes of Infection in Hymenoptera
fmicb-11-00943 May 27, 2020 Time: 14:39 # 1 REVIEW published: 28 May 2020 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00943 Bee Viruses: Routes of Infection in Hymenoptera Orlando Yañez1,2*, Niels Piot3, Anne Dalmon4, Joachim R. de Miranda5, Panuwan Chantawannakul6,7, Delphine Panziera8,9, Esmaeil Amiri10,11, Guy Smagghe3, Declan Schroeder12,13 and Nor Chejanovsky14* 1 Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 2 Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland, 3 Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, 4 INRAE, Unité de Recherche Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France, 5 Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, 6 Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 7 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 8 General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany, 9 Halle-Jena-Leipzig, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany, 10 Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States, 11 Department Edited by: of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States, 12 Department of Veterinary Akio Adachi, Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States, -
Characterization of Antennal Sensilla, Larvae Morphology and Olfactory Genes of Melipona Scutellaris Stingless Bee
UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title Characterization of antennal sensilla, larvae morphology and olfactory genes of Melipona scutellaris stingless bee. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4z49f672 Journal PloS one, 12(4) ISSN 1932-6203 Authors Carvalho, Washington João de Fujimura, Patrícia Tieme Bonetti, Ana Maria et al. Publication Date 2017 DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0174857 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California RESEARCH ARTICLE Characterization of antennal sensilla, larvae morphology and olfactory genes of Melipona scutellaris stingless bee Washington João de Carvalho1,2,3, PatrõÂcia Tieme Fujimura2,3, Ana Maria Bonetti2, Luiz Ricardo Goulart3,4, Kevin Cloonan1¤, Neide Maria da Silva5, Ester Cristina Borges Arau jo5, Carlos Ueira-Vieira1,2, Walter S. Leal1* 1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America, 2 LaboratoÂrio de GeneÂtica, Instituto de GeneÂtica e BioquõÂmica, Universidade Federal de a1111111111 UberlaÃndia, UberlaÃndia, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 3 LaboratoÂrio de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de GeneÂtica e a1111111111 BioquõÂmica, Universidade Federal de UberlaÃndia, UberlaÃndia, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 4 Department of Medical a1111111111 Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America, a1111111111 5 LaboratoÂrio de Immunopatologia, Instituto de Ciências BiomeÂdicas, Universidade Federal de UberlaÃndia, a1111111111 UberlaÃndia, Minas Gerais, Brasil ¤ Current address: Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Citation: Carvalho WJd, Fujimura PT, Bonetti AM, Abstract Goulart LR, Cloonan K, da Silva NM, et al. (2017) Characterization of antennal sensilla, larvae There is growing evidence in the literature suggesting that caste differentiation in the sting- morphology and olfactory genes of Melipona scutellaris stingless bee. -
Workers of the Stingless Bee Melipona Scutellaris Are More Similar to Males Than to Queens in Their Cuticular Compounds Warwick Kerr, Harald Jungnickel, E
Workers of the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris are more similar to males than to queens in their cuticular compounds Warwick Kerr, Harald Jungnickel, E. David Morgan To cite this version: Warwick Kerr, Harald Jungnickel, E. David Morgan. Workers of the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris are more similar to males than to queens in their cuticular compounds. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2004, 35 (6), pp.611-618. 10.1051/apido:2004052. hal-00891852 HAL Id: hal-00891852 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00891852 Submitted on 1 Jan 2004 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie 35 (2004) 611–618 © INRA/DIB-AGIB/ EDP Sciences, 2004 611 DOI: 10.1051/apido:2004052 Original article Workers of the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris are more similar to males than to queens in their cuticular compounds Warwick E. KERRa, Harald JUNGNICKELb,c, E. David MORGANb* a Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902-Uberlândia MG, Brazil b Chemical Ecology Group, Lennard-Jones Laboratory, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK c Present address: Department of Chemistry, UMIST, Sackville Street, Manchester M60 1QD, UK (Received 16 December 2003; revised 11 March 2004; accepted 17 March 2004) Abstract – The cuticular compounds from the wings of workers, males and queens of the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris Latreille 1811 were analysed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. -
Recruitment Behavior in Stingless Bees, Melipona Scutellaris and M
Apidologie 31 (2000) 81–91 81 © INRA/DIB/AGIB/EDP Sciences Original article Recruitment behavior in stingless bees, Melipona scutellaris and M. quadrifasciata. I. Foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance Stefan JARAUa, Michael HRNCIRa, Ronaldo ZUCCHIb, Friedrich G. BARTHa* a Universität Wien, Biozentrum, Institut für Zoologie, Abteilung Physiologie – Neurobiologie, Althanstraβe 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria b Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia e Letras, Departamento de Biologia 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (Received 28 April 1999; revised 6 September 1999; accepted 22 September 1999) Abstract – The two stingless bee species Melipona scutellaris and M. quadrifasciata recruit nestmates to a rich foraging site. We tested this with feeders up to 140 m away from the hive. Foragers of M. scutellaris communicated direction (up to 140 m) more accurately than distance (up to 30 m) whereas those of M. quadrifasciata communicated direction only up to 30 m and distance up to 40 m. Our data indicate that in both species recruitment is divided into two temporal phases. Whereas in an initial phase alarmed nestmates search for food at random, bees leaving the hive in the fol- lowing phase are obviously provided with information about its specific location. As a consequence after 35 minutes (M. scutellaris) and 85 minutes (M. quadrifasciata), respectively, significantly more newcomers arrive at the feeder than at an identical control feeder. The differences found in the recruitment success of M. scutellaris and M. quadrifasciata are discussed in regard to the different demands of their natural habitats. stingless bee / foraging / recruitment / direction and distance communication / Melipona species * Correspondence and reprints E-mail: [email protected] 82 S. -
Does Beekeeping Reduce Genetic Variability in Melipona Scutellaris (Apidae, Meliponini)?
Does beekeeping reduce genetic variability in Melipona scutellaris (Apidae, Meliponini)? G.A. Carvalho-Zilse1, M.F.F. Costa-Pinto2, C.G. Nunes-Silva3 and W.E. Kerr4 1Grupo de Pesquisas em Abelhas (GPA/CPCA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil 2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil 3Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Manaus, Manaus, AM, Brasil 4Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil Corresponding author: G.A. Carvalho-Zilse E-mail: [email protected] Genet. Mol. Res. 8 (2): 758-765 (2009) Received December 12, 2008 Accepted January 26, 2009 Published June 30, 2009 ABSTRACT. Many factors have contributed to reductions in wild populations of stingless bees, such as: deforestation, displacement and destruction of nests by honey gatherers, as well as use of insecti- cides and other agrochemicals. All of these can potentially affect the populational structure of native species. We analyzed genetic vari- ability and populational structure of Melipona scutellaris, based on five microsatellite loci, using heterologous primers of M. bicolor. Samples were taken from 43 meliponaries distributed among 30 sites of four northeastern States of Brazil (Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, and Bahia). Thirty-one alleles were found to be well distributed among the populations, with sizes ranging from 85 to 146 bp. In gen- eral, there was a variable distribution and frequency of alleles among populations, with either exclusive and/or fixed alleles at some sites. Genetics and Molecular Research 8 (2): 758-765 (2009) ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetic variability in M. -
Of Various Stingless Bees (Hym., Meliponinae) and Honeybees (Hym., Apinae) in Trinidad, West-Indies
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FORAGING BEHAVIOR AND POLLEN RESOURCES OF VARIOUS STINGLESS BEES (HYM., MELIPONINAE) AND HONEYBEES (HYM., APINAE) IN TRINIDAD, WEST-INDIES M. J. SOMMEIJER G. A. DE ROOY, W. PUNT* L. L. M. DE BRUIJN SUMMARY A comparative palynological analysis of pollen resources of various stingless bees and honeybees revealed a considerable overlap of pollen spectra of these bees. However, certain pollen types were of different importance to the various bee species. Colonies of the same Melipona species had a very similar spectrum. The widths of the pollen spectra of the different bee species appeared more related to the natural population size of the colony than to the body size of the bees. At the start of the rainy season we recorded in some bees a shift to other pollen resources. However, certain plants continued as a major pollen resource for other bees, e.g. coconut for the honeybees. The stingless bees principally collected pollen in the morning and nectar in the afternoon. In individual foragers of Melipona favosa we could not observe a sequence in the collecting of nectar and pollen. Exclusive pollen foragers and exclusive nectar foragers had a different trophallaxis behavior. Pollen returnees solicit for food before unloading their corbiculae and nectar returnees offer spontaneously. This is the only occasion in which we observed spontaneous food donations by workers of stingless bees. INTRODUCTION The honeybee, Apis mellifera, was introduced into the New World by early settlers several centuries ago, since then European races of these bees have been kept intensively by apiculturists in both continents of America. -
Phylogenetic Relationships of Corbiculate Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apini)
UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FFCLRP - DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENTOMOLOGIA Phylogenetic relationships of corbiculate bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apini) Relações filogenéticas entre abelhas corbiculadas (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apini) DIEGO SASSO PORTO Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da USP, como parte das exigências para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências, Área: Entomologia RIBEIRÃO PRETO -SP 2015 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FFCLRP - DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENTOMOLOGIA Phylogenetic relationships of corbiculate bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apini) Relações filogenéticas entre abelhas corbiculadas (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apini) DIEGO SASSO PORTO Orientador: Eduardo Andrade Botelho de Almeida Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da USP, como parte das exigências para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências, Área: Entomologia RIBEIRÃO PRETO -SP 2015 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Porto, Diego Sasso Phylogenetic relationships of corbiculate bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apini). Ribeirão Preto, 2015. 223 p. Dissertação de Mestrado, apresentada à Faculdade Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto/USP. Área de concentração: Entomologia. Orientador: Almeida, Eduardo Andrade Botelho de. 1. Systematics. 2. Comparative Morphology. 3. Eusociality. 4. Apina. 5. Meliponina. Dedico aos meus pais e amigos que sempre me apoiaram nos momentos de dificuldades e a todos os meus mestres que sempre me guiaram pelos caminhos do conhecimento, sem os quais esta dissertação jamais teria sido produzida. Agradecimentos Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia e ao Departamento de Biologia da FFLCRP por propiciarem as condições necessárias para que esse trabalho fosse executado.