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Lithospheric-Scale 3D Structural and Thermal Modelling and the Assessment of the Origin of Thermal Anomalies in the European North Alpine Foreland Basin

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Lithospheric-Scale 3D Structural and Thermal Modelling and the Assessment of the Origin of Thermal Anomalies in the European North Alpine Foreland Basin Freie Universität Berlin Fachbereich Geowissenschaften / Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften und Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ - Helmholtz Zentrum Potsdam Department 4 Chemie und Kreisläufe der Erde / Sektion 4.4 Sedimentbeckenanalyse __________________________________________________________________________________ Lithospheric-scale 3D structural and thermal modelling and the assessment of the origin of thermal anomalies in the European North Alpine Foreland Basin Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften „doctor rerum naturalium“ (Dr. rer. nat.) eingereicht am Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin von Anna Maria Przybycin Berlin, September 2015 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Schneider (Freie Universiät Berlin) Zweitgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth (RWTH Aachen) Datum der Disputation: 27. November 2015 ... just because… Content Content Content ......................................................................................................................................... I List of figures ............................................................................................................................. III List of tables ............................................................................................................................... VI Declaration of Originality ........................................................................................................... VII Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................... VIII Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................................ 3 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 State of the Art ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 Objectives of the thesis ............................................................................................................ 7 1.3 Overview over the thesis ....................................................................................................... 11 2 Assessment of the isostatic state and the load distribution of the European Molasse Basin by means of lithospheric-scale 3D structural and 3D gravity modelling................................ 14 2.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 14 2.2 The European Molasse Basin ................................................................................................ 14 2.3 The starting model ................................................................................................................. 17 2.4 Gravity modelling .................................................................................................................. 28 2.5 Load calculation .................................................................................................................... 31 2.6 Interpretation and Discussion ................................................................................................ 33 2.7 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 38 3 The 3D conductive thermal field of the North Alpine Foreland Basin: influence of the deep structure and the adjacent European Alps ........................................................................... 39 3.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 39 3.2 Background ........................................................................................................................... 39 3.3 The lithospheric-scale 3D structural model ........................................................................... 43 3.4 Method................................................................................................................................... 48 3.5 Results ................................................................................................................................... 51 3.6 Sensitivity Analysis with respect to thermal properties ........................................................ 57 I Content 3.7 Interpretation and Discussion ................................................................................................ 61 3.8 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 66 4 The origin of deep geothermal anomalies in the Germany Molasse Basin assessed by 3D numerical modelling of coupled fluid flow and heat transport .............................................. 67 4.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 67 4.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 67 4.3 The hydrogeological model ................................................................................................... 72 4.4 The numerical approach ........................................................................................................ 77 Governing Equations .................................................................................................................... 77 The FE model ............................................................................................................................... 79 Parametrisation ............................................................................................................................. 81 Boundary Conditions and Initial Conditions ................................................................................ 81 4.5 Results and Interpretation ...................................................................................................... 84 4.6 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 95 4.7 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 98 5 Summarising Discussion ....................................................................................................... 99 6 Summarising Conclusions .................................................................................................. 110 7 References .......................................................................................................................... 113 8 Appendix 1 Publications related to this thesis .......................................................................... a II List of figures List of figures Fig 1 The model area (red frame) superposed on the topography ETOPO1 in the Molasse Basin and Alpine area and the implemented data. ..........................................................................15 Fig 2 Thickness maps of the sediments and the Alpine and Tauern Body implemented into the 3D structural model. .............................................................................................................19 Fig 3 Depth map of the top basement (= top crystalline crust) implemented into the model. .......21 Fig 4 The Moho depth implemented into the structural model (Moho depth after Grad et al. 2009). ....................................................................................................................................22 Fig 5 Calculated lateral density distribution (left) in the crystalline crust according to the approach of isostatic equilibrium of Pratt (1855) and the thickness of the crystalline crust (right). ...................................................................................................................................24 Fig 6 Thickness maps of the upper (left) and lower (right) crustal layer before (above) and after (below) the modification of the structural model by means of 3D gravity modelling. ........26 Fig 7 Depth map of the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) in the Molasse Basin area constructed following Tesauro (2009), Geissler et al. (2010), Karousova et al. (2013), Seiberlich et al. (2013) and Bianchi et al. (2014). ................................................................27 Fig 8 Map a shows the measured Bouguer gravity, which was used to evaluate the structural model and the position of the cross section shown in Fig 10. Map b shows the first gravity response of the starting model before the modification of the layer interfaces. Map c shows the calculated Bouguer gravity response and map d the associated residual anomaly of the best fit model after the modification of the layer geometry and the densities. Map e displays the difference between the first model response and the best-fit model and therewith the deviation of the best-fit model from the isostatically calculated starting model. ...................................................................................................................................30
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