George Washington Never Slept Here!

T et’s talk about your Security and about SECURITY NA¬ TIONAL BANK. The future of both can be inseparable. The decision is yours.

AVTe’re not the oldest nor the largest Bank in the Washington area. ’ V Abraham Lincoln was never a depositor and George Washington never slept here.

Jh fact, figures published on by the Washington STAR indicate that there’s been precious little sleeping by SECURITY NATIONAL BANK since its 1960 founding. We take pride in re-publishing the following deposit totals of SECURITY as listed in the STAR, which dramatize our solid growth:

June 29, 1963 April 15, 1964 June 30, 1964 $6,818,315 $10,483,722 $11,017,322

The trend is markedly toward suburban banking and SECURITY NAIIONAL BANK is an outstanding example of a successful Washington suburban financial institution featuring “banking by mail.

Overseas Americans, long accustomed to the names of a mere half-dozen or so Washington banks, have a shock in store. Many factors, not the least of them the population explosion, have drastically changed the banking habits of Americans, and produced suburban banks offering numerous advantages over old-line institutions headquartered in downtown, congested areas.

In fact, suburban and Maryland banks in the area contiguous to the District of Columbia now are growing faster than those of “downtown Washington,” according to the STAR in the same July 19 article. And its figures prove conclusively that SECURITY NATIONAL BANK is among the leaders of these suburban banks in solid growth.

So it’s easy to see why more and more Americans, at home and abroad, are “banking in person and “banking by mail” with SECURITY. Why don’t you write for details to the Foreign Service Officer (Retired) in charge of our “Department of Personal Services for Overseas Personnel”:

Albert E. Clattenburg, Jr. Assistant Vice President

FALLS CHURCH, VA. CABLE—PERSER, WASHINGTON, D. C.

Depository for: Member U.S. Government Federal Deposit Insurance Co. Commonwealth of Virginio Federal Reserve System County of Fairfax, Va. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION The Foreign Service JOURNAL is the professional journal of the American Foreign Service and is published by the American Foreign Service Association, U. ALEXIS JOHNSON, President a non-profit private organization. Material appearing herein represents the MARSHALL GREEN., Vice President opinions of the writers and is not intended to indicate the official views of the JULIAN F. HARRINGTON, General Manager Department of State, the Information Agency, the Agency for BARBARA P. CHALMERS, Executive Secretary International Development or the Foreign Service as a whole. CLARKE SLADE, Educational Consultant HENRY B. DAY, Personal Purchases

BOARD OF DIRECTORS September, 1964 W. T. M. BEALE, Chairman Volume 41, No. 9 NATHANIEL DAVIS, Vice-Chairman GEORGE B. ROBERTS, JR., Secretary-Treasurer BENJAMIN WF.INER, Asst. Secretary-Treasurer page RICHARD K. FOX, JR. HARRY A. HINDERER 4 THE FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY ARTHUR W. HUMMEL, JR. by J. Herbert Hollomon NUEL L. PAZDRAL GRACE E. WILSON 20 LATIN AMERICA: MYTH AND REALITY H. FREEMAN MATTHEWS, Career Ambassador, ret'd. by John M. Cates, Jr. JOURNAL EDITORIAL BOARD EDWIN M. J. KRETZMANN, Chairman 24 OUR MAN IN KIGALI CHARLES S. WHITEHOUSE, Vice Chairman by Edward W. Lollis, II FREDERIC L. CHAPIN ROBERT S. SMITH 26 BEHIND THE SHUTTER GORDON CHASE by Paul Child JOHN DEWITT REED HARRIS LINDSEY GRANT 33 THE ANTHRAX CAPER JOURNAL STAFF by Betty Kalisli LOREN CARROLL, Editor SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Executive Editor 40 THE DIPLOMAT WHO WENT OUT FROM THE HEAT ELIZABETH ANN NADLER, Editorial Assistant by Juan El Cuadro and S. /. Nadler HELEN C. RICE, Circulation MCIVER ART & PUBLICATIONS INC. Art Direction 42 SEMANTIC SNARES IN INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION by Edmund S. Glenn ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVES ROBERT C. JOHNSON, Robert C. Johnson & Asso¬ OTHER FEATURES: Lugano’s Tribute to Giorgio, by Andor Klay, ciates, 3757 Wilshire Boulevard, page 14; Service Glimpses, page 32: Retrospective Representation: The 5, Lasting Kind, by Charles F. Baldwin, page 50; JOURNAL Contributors, JAMES C. SASMOR, 230 Riverside Drive, New York page 52; AFSA News, page 53. 25, New York

The AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION is com¬ departments posed of active and retired personnel who are or have been serving at home or abroad under the authority of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended. It groups together people who have a common responsibility for 16 TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO the implementation of foreign policy. It seeks to en¬ by Janies B. Steivart courage the development of a career service of maxi¬ mum effectiveness, and to advance the welfare of its members. 29 EDITORIALS : A Re-echo The dues for Active and Associate Members are either $13 or $10: For FSO’s in Class V and above the Recrimination or Responsibility? rate is $13 and is the same for FSR’s, Staff officers and Civil Service personnel in corresponding grades. For Active Members in lower grades the dues are $10. The 30 WASHINGTON LETTER annual dues for retired members and others who are by Loren Carroll not Active Members are also $10. Each membership includes a subscription to the Foreign Service JOURNAL. Those interested in membership or in a separate sub¬ 36 THE BOOKSHELF scription to the JOURNAL ($6.00), should write to the General Manager, AFSA, 815 - 17th Street, N.W., Wash- ington, FI. C., 20006. 56 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September I06i 1 COVER: Ambassadorial Appointments

Lucius D. BATTLE to United Arab Republic WINTHROP G. BROWN to the Republic of Korea CECIL B. LYON to Ceylon TYLER THOMPSON to Finland MARGARET JOY TIBBETTS to

Marriages

ANDERSON-MANN. Miss Sherry I. Anderson and Robert Mann were married on May 24 at the Church of Mission, Tel Aviv-Jaffa. Both are serving at the American Embassy, Tel Aviv. BLANC-LAMBRAKIS. Miss Claude Blanc and FSO George B. Lambrakis were married on May 7 at the Saint Nicholas Church, . Mr. Lambrakis is serving as political officer in Tel Aviv. BREUER-CORSON. Miss Anne Catherine Breuer, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Carl Breuer, and John Jay Corson IV were married on at the Trinity Church, Princeton. New Jersey. Two boys during grape harvest at Arbois SANTULIANI-MCLAUGHLIN. Miss Anita M. Santuliani and FSO Joseph D. McLaughlin were married on June 6 at the by Paul Child Church of Saint Anthony, Tel Aviv-Jaffa. Both are serv¬ ing at the American Embassy, Tel Aviv.

Births

BARTH. A son. William Charles, born to Mr. and Mrs. Nor¬ man E. Barth, on June 23, at , Virginia. GILLIN. A son, Richard Gerard, born to Mr. and Mrs. Rob¬ ert F. Gillin, on June 12, in Washington. HARTER. A daughter, Tonia Mae, born to Mr. and Mrs. Photos and Art for September John J. Harter on June 29, in Bangkok. Paul Child, FSO-ret., cover photo & ’’Behind the Shutter, HOLLY. A son, Kevin Vincent, born to Mr. and Mrs. Sean Part V,” pages 24-25. M. Holly, on June 29, in Rotterdam. Howard R. Simpson. PAO Saigon, cartoon, page 12. IRONS. A daughter, Catherine Wheeler, born to Mr. and Photo House H. Riiedi, photo, “Buste de George Washington Mrs. Alden H. Irons, on December 2, 1963, in Bamako. a Lugano,” page 14. JACYNO. A son, Joseph, born to Mr. and Mrs. Joseph R. Marie Skora. wife of FSO George W. Skora, woodcuts, pages Jacyno, on June 15, in Frankfurt. 20 and 22. KINNEY. A daughter, Sarah Hart, born to Mr. and Mrs. Government Division of Tourism, photo, “Market Gilbert H. Kinney, on November 11, 1963, in Saigon. Scene,” page 27. Lynn Millar, wife of FSO John Y. Millar, photo, page 28. NACHMANOFF. A son, David Eric, born to Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Rinden, FSO-ret., “Life and Love in the Foreign Arnold Nachmanoff, on , in Washington. Service,” page 31. PITMAN. A daughter, Sandra Sue, born to Mr. and Mrs. H. Kent Goodspeed, Department of State, “Ampang Road Elmer C. Pitman, on May 17, in Tel Aviv. Temple. Kuala Lumpur.” watercolor. page 37. SKOUG. A daughter. Reed Stevens, born to Mr. and Mrs. Henry J. Paoli. FSO-ret., cartoon, page 49. Kenneth N. Skoug. Jr., on June 30, in Alexandria. Ernest Williams, FSS. cartoon, page 51. SMITH. A daughter, Alexandra Hilary, born to Mr. and Nancy Eastman, wife of FSO Harland Eastman, oil painting, Mrs. Clint E. Smith, on , in . “Viet-Nam Street Scene.” cover II. USENIK. A son. Matthew Anthony, adopted by Miss Fran¬ ces A. Usenik, on March 13, in Warsaw. Miss Usenik The Foreign Service JOURNAL welcomes contributions and will pay for accepted material on publication. Photos should be black is Economic Officer in Poznan. and white glossies and should be protected by cardboard. Negatives WILKINSON. Twin daughters, Rebecca Ann and Jennifer and color transparencies are not acceptable. Harlow, born to Mr. and Mrs. Theodore S. Wilkinson, on Please include full name and address on all material submitted May 13. in Washington. and a stamped, self-addressed envelope if return is desired. The JOURNAL also welcomes letters to the editor. Pseudonyms Deaths may be used only if the original letter includes the writer’s correct name. All letters are subject to condensation. BARTLETT. Arthur C. Bartlett, FSR. died on . in Address material to: Foreign Service Journal, 815 - 17th Street, Washington. Prior to entering the Foreign Service in 1952, N.W., Suite 505, Washington, D.C., 20006. Mr. Bartlett was a magazine writer and newspaperman. © American Foreign Service Association, 1964. The Foreign Serv¬ His posts overseas were . Baghdad, Manila and ice Journal is published monthly (rates: §6.00 a year, 60 cents a Calcutta. At the time of his death he was Chief of the copy), by the American Foreign Service Association, 815 - 17th St., Near East, South Asia Branch of the Press and Publica¬ N.W., Washington, D. C., 20006. tions Service of USIA. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D. C. Printed by Monu¬ mental Printing Co., Baltimore. (Continued on page 54)

2 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, 1964 Falcon 4-door sedan against the skyline of , U.S.A.

From Ford: America’s liveliest, most carefree cars Falcon The big change this year is in Falcon. Discover its brilliant new style, new softer ride, lively V-8 power... and all the economy that made Falcon famous!

This year again, Falcon is one of the Feel Falcon’s amazingly smooth ride. Falcon world-famous for gas savings. very lowest priced six-passenger cars A new improved suspension system You’ll save on service too—because from the U.S. But it's an all-new Falcon eases you over the roughest roads. Falcon goes three years (or 36,000 ... bigger in size, lovelier in shape, and Generous all-around insulation shields miles) between major lubrications, six livelier in action. you from noise and vibration. months (or 6,000 miles) between oil See for yourself. New styling gives Experience Falcon’s power—the ac¬ changes and minor lubrications. Falcon a wider, lower, longer look. In¬ celeration of the brilliant Sprint V-8 Get the changes that are new for '64 side there’s more comfort and luxury engine. Or, for thriftier motoring, in the new ’64 Falcon. than ever. Real cross-town or cross¬ Falcon offers you a choice of two See it soon at your country comfort for 6 big people. lively Sixes... the engines that made Ford Products Dealer. You get more for your money in any Ford-built product

You may order a fashionable new Falcon for assured delivery here now or home later ... at your special discount. To get full information, consult your Administrative Officer's personal purchases file, or write directly to: Individual Sales, Ford International Group, 153 Halsey Street, Newark 2, New Jersey, U.S.A. or Ford International Group, Washington Sales Office, Wyatt Building, 777 14th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C., Telephone ME 8-4482. Foreign Service Officers in Washington are cordially invited to visit our office in person.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1064 Great new ships- great new itinerary THE FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE and technology today play a significant role in our national economy and in our national life. They are, as well, important elements in our relationships with other coun¬ tries. Too often, however, we have shaped our foreign policy in response to specific scientific and technical developments, instead of using science and technology as instruments imple¬ menting foreign policy. I should like to discuss some of the advances in science and its use that require us to re-examine The Santa Magdalena, Santa Mariana, Santa Maria our relations with other nations and peoples and our present and Santa Mercedes are brilliant new Grace Line institutions for dealing with other nations. "Santas” whose unique design combines all-first-class Since World War Ii, we have become the leading techno¬ comiort with easygoing informality. Accommodations logical nation of the world. Before the war, we depended upon are limited to just 117 guests on each voyage aboard European technology, and our economic success was based these 20,000-ton American-flag beauties. more upon it, our large markets, and abundant resources, than upon our own ingenuity. With the destruction of much of The itinerary is superb. The Caribbean, with calls Europe during the war, and with the huge technical invest¬ at Santa Marta or Port-au-Prince and Cartagena. Then ment we had made to develop radar, atomic energy, and com¬ plex weapons, we emerged as the leading technological nation Cristobal and Balboa in the Canal Zone, through the of the world. We had supported science and technology not mighty Panama Canal into the blue Pacific. Across the to strengthen our economy, but rather as a necessary base for Equator and down the fabled Pacific Coast of South our military strength. Following the war, science and tech¬ America, visiting colorful cities in , Ecuador nology were supported largely in response to the threat of the and . Two-ocean cruising . . . and all in 26 days! . In the middle 1950s we began to support sub¬ stantially health research, to eliminate disease and lengthen The Santa Magdalena, Santa Mariana, Santa Maria the file span. Following SPUTNIK, we supported research or Santa Mercedes sails every week from the Port and development to win the space race as a matter of national of New York. prestige, and in reaction to a sudden appreciation that our wartime successes did not give us exclusive rights to techno¬ logical accomplishment. As a matter of public policy, our federal government does not support science and technology See a Travel Agent for the purpose of improving our economy and to provide the technical basis for new social and political developments. The great bulk of research and development in America is sup¬ ported by the federal government for rather narrow and spe¬ cific goals. Less than a quarter of all R & D in the LTnited States funded by institutes or Government is for social, indus¬ GRACE LINE trial, or private economic purposes. The amount spent for these purposes is a smaller fraction of our gross national prod¬ uct than is the case for most other industrialized nations of CRUISES the world. And that proportion is growing less rapidly in the United States than in Germany, , Sweden, Switzerland 3 Hanover Square or 628 Fifth Avenue or . The point is that while our total technical effort is (Rockefeller Center), New York larger as a fraction of our economy than any other nation in Digby 4-6000 the world, that portion of it supporting broad economic THE MOST FAMOUS NAME IN strength, which provides the basis for our military and other CARIBBEAN-SOUTH AMERICA CRUISES national programs is small, is not growing rapidly, and can- “The Future of I'ethnology" is excerpted from the address made by J. Herbert Hollomon, Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Sci¬ ence and Technology, before the American Foreign Service Asso¬ ciation on April 23, i964. 4 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 In Karachi—the right bank in the right place

Here are some of the men and women who staff our branch in Karachi. They are among 1,472 Citibankers ready to serve your interests in Asia. Altogether we have complete banks-on-the-scene in 38 countries on 5 continents. Each is designed to give you total banking service ... to make First National City the right bank in the right place to serve you. FIRST NATIONAL CITY BANK PARTNERS IN PROGRESS AROUND THE WORLD Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 not be expected to grow unless some major change in our Our WHOLESALE CATALOGS arc scut to the administrative officers of present policy takes place. Embassies throughout the world. (They are not sent to individuals). A second factor is that the United States is not traditionally a nation which depends heavily on foreign trade. Our indus¬ trial development and national economic policy are not pri¬ marily designed to encourage international trade. It is such a relatively small fraction of our economy that it does not affect most businessmen and we don’t fully appreciate the role of technology in foreign trade. We little appreciate how the growth of imports from Europe and Japan depends not so much on low labor rates as on the contribution of technology to the quality, value, and cost of the product. A third factor is that except for during World War II and the great boom based on pent-up consumer demand after the war, we really have not had full employment, nor do we deal adequately with the related problems of regional, economic Wholesale Distributors and industrial distress. Many of our states, for example, have Fine SILVERWARE - LUGGAGE - JEWELRY Watches - Clocks - Giftware - Appliances an income level per capita below that of Sweden, Switzerland, Leather Goods - Housewares or Germany. Major new technology can have an enormous effect on our Largest Collection of exports and imports and on the future of the developing coun¬ • QUALITY MERCHANDISE tries. The most obvious example is replacements for petrol¬ • LOWEST WHOLESALE PRICES eum, which accounted for $1.7 billion of our imports last (Available to Foreign Service Personnel) year. These replacements might take the form of low-cost • IMMEDIATE DELIVERY from Stock coal, nuclear power, and, in my own personal view, electrical Visit our spacious wholesale showroom where you may make your leisurely selections. automobiles. In this last connection, you may say that I’m visionary. The solution to the problems of air pollution and urban transportation may come from the development of in¬ dividual, electrically-powered vehicles which will meet the requirements of short-range urban transportation, high reli¬ ability. low cost, and no pollution to the atmosphere. The 14th & P Sts., N.W. Washington 5, D. C. problem here is not one of economics. The problem is largely the social revolution that will have to take place in order to Known World Wide lor Dependable Service introduce such vehicles into general use. Another technological development which will have a large effect on those nations of the world who depend so much on INDEX TO ADVERTISERS raw materials and commodity sales is the use of polymer sci¬ Hicks Realty Inc. 16 ence and organic chemistry to produce synthetics. Let me give Airways Rent-a-Car 53 you a few examples. New, disposable, nonwoven textiles, to be Hilltop House 50 American President Lines 19 used for clothing, will enter the US market within the next 18 Homer ica 49 American International School— 46 months. My guess is that the whole character of the textile Houghton, A. C., & Son, Inc 50 industry, as an element of this country’s economy and in the American Motors Corporation .... 11 Jacob & Warwick Inc 50 less developed nations, will be altered thereby. High opacity, thin newsprint, not made from wood pulp, is likely to be pro¬ American Security and Trust Co. 18 Francis Scott Key Hotel 52 duced in the next decade or so, and this will alter the trading Arista Trading Company 45 Marsh & McLennan, Inc. 14 relations among those countries for whom forest products rep¬ Atlas of Arlington 46 National Distillers Corp Cover IV resent a substantial part of their economy. These are some of Park Central Hotel 52 the things one can expect, and one ought to be able to antici¬ Bed Rock Dogs International 46 Paxton Van Lines 43 pate economic and political consequences from the changing Begg, J. F., Incorporated 54 nature of the technology. Instant coffee, for example, affected Radin, Rhea, Real Estate 53 in a very serious way the economy of , because instant Bell, W. & Co 6 Restaurant Directory 8 coffee made it possible to substitute African coffee beans for Calvert School 46 Routed Thru-Pac 10 high-grade Brazilian beans. This substitution changed the Copenhaver Engravers 48 Saccone & Speed, Ltd. 49 character of trading relationships among us, South America, and Central Africa, and it clearly could have been anticipated. deHaven & Townsend, Crouter & Seagram’s Distillers Corp. 15 Bodine 48 There are some technological developments under way right Security National Bank Cover II deSibour, J. Blaise & Co. 47 now that will undoubtedly change international relationships. Security Storage Co. _ 45 Perhaps the most important has to do with transportation. We Diplomatic Appliance Co. __ 48 Simmons Properties 52 have serious problems in this country in the whole field of sea Farnsworth Reed, Ltd. 47 State Dept. Federal Credit Union 51 transportation. We have not been able effectively to apply the Firestone Tire &: Rubber Co 9 Stuart & Maun-, Inc. 52 latest technology to the manufacture of ships, to the use of Fisher Radio International 17 nuclear power, or. perhaps most importantly, to automating Tatum Properties 53 First National City Bank of New ships. We should be able to manufacture ships at prices which York 5 Town & Country Properties 51 are world competitive, and we should be able to reduce the Ford International 3 United Services Officers Insurance size of crews, from the technological point of view, to of the Brokers, Ltd. 12 Foreign Service Auto Rental 50 order of twenty people or less. This would reduce in a very United States Lines 44 substantial way the US subsidy and make possible the elimi¬ General Electronics 55 Wanamaker, Sophia, Inc 53 nation of many of the restrictive agreements between trading Corporation 7 Western Pharmacy 44 nations. We cannot do it because of the social, economic, and Golden Quill Press 48 Woodward & I.othrop 16 political problems involved in the reduction of labor costs Grace Line 4 Zenith Radio Corp. 13 both in the shipyards and at sea. But technologically that

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 7 possibility is open, and the merits and effects of that action on both foreign and domestic affairs need serious consideration. In a decade five times as much cargo will be carried by air transport as is the case today. I would expect that air trans¬ WHERE portation for cargo will grow about twenty percent per year. This will provide an opportunity for the sale of large airplanes by this country, and will substantially modify existing air transport relationships among countries. The possibilities of DIPLOMATS the supersonic transport will affect relations between trading nations and bring closer remote parts of the world. The Communications Satellite Corporation is an instrument DINE of foreign relations which, in a way, was established in re¬ sponse to a new technological development. There are other areas where new instruments will require new commercial firms and perhaps new foreign relations between us and other countries. CHEZ FRANCOIS, 818 Connecticut Ave., NW, ME 8-1849. We are now making equipment that will profoundly alter Le Rendezvous des Gourmets ou les mets sont bons et les vins de choix. French cuisine at moderate prices. Open the economies of other countries and our relationship with daily except Saturday and Sunday tor lunch, 12-2:30; open them. We are making equipment at our level of technology daily except Sunday for dinner, 6:00 till 9:45. in order to displace high labor costs. This will be the next ☆ ☆ ☆ wave of equipment used in Europe. Let me give you some examples: Food technology—preserving, packaging, freezing, THE FOUR GEORGES RESTAURANTS—Four distinctively designed dining rooms, each created in a mood and motif re¬ handling of artificial foods, the use of supermarkets as a flective of its culinary achievements. Located in the famous means of food distribution—automatic materials handling Georgetown Inn in the heart of Georgetown—luxurious accom¬ equipment, new managerial techniques, and the ways of or¬ modations. 1310 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. Free Parking, 333-8900. ganizing large, complex distribution systems. These all give ☆ ☆ ☆ us opportunities for the sale of goods abroad, but 1 think, LA FONDA, 1639 "R" St., N.W., AD 2-6965. For years the much more importantly, they will alter the character of other favorite of true aficionados of delectable Spanish and Mexi¬ industrialized nations. As our labor costs rise we have had to can food served in a romantic atmosphere. Complete bar. determine how to sell the one thing that counts most in our Lunch and dinner parties. Credit cards honored. Open products—ingenuity. We must sell to the developed countries daily 11:30 to midnight, Sunday, 2 to 10 p.m. of the world products which they can probably make more ☆ ☆ ☆ cheaply, but which are included in the complicated systems OLD ANGUS BEEF HOUSE, 1807 H St., N.W. Serving only we know how to build best. This permits us to sell them the the finest Roast Prime Ribs and Steaks. Scrumptious desserts, component products. We must also learn to trade with the excellent bar (intriguing cocktail lounge separee). Open Sun¬ Soviet Union and also Eastern Europe in a way that doesn't days. Credit cards honored. Free valet parking after 6 p.m. give them undue advantage of our technology, but which does For reservations call NA 8-0746. open them to us as market. What I think will happen is that ☆ ☆ ☆ we will begin to sell power plant systems, communications AT THE ROYALE ANGUS, Jim and Medea Commings con¬ systems, steel plant systems, rubber manufacturing systems, tinue to feature prime beef, steaks and seafood. In addition chemical systems, air traffic control systems, weather systems. to their famous Greek salad with feta cheese, they have now Because we design these systems we can tie in the sales of added a number of authentic Greek dishes. 1836 Columbia Road, N.W., NO 7-2900. Valet parking at dinner. American products even though in themselves they may be more expensive. ☆ ☆ ☆ There are many opportunities for large sales to other coun¬ THE SKY ROOM . . . Hotel Washington, Penn. Ave. & tries for which we have not yet found a good trading mech¬ 15th ... A panoramic view of the Washington scene is a anism. Much of the new technology in this country is devel¬ breath-taking backdrop to sophisticated atmosphere here . . . International menu, with a French accent, includes flaming oped in response to specific national government needs: air sword medallions of beef tenderloin bourguignonne. traffic control systems, weather systems, weather measurement equipment, computers for decision making. These things are ☆ ☆ ☆ largely developed because the government finances them. THE TIVOLI "OPERA" RESTAURANT, 1225 Wisconsin There may be a customer abroad in the form of a government. Ave., in historic olde Georgetowne. Live entertainment nightly, But there is not yet a good trading instrument or marketing arias from your favorite operas by talented young professionals while you enjoy the excellent Continental cuisine. Truly an institution to bring together the talents of American industry evening to remember. Res. FE 7-6685. Am. Exp. Open Sunday. and the knowledge of the State Department in our internation¬ ☆ ☆ ☆ al commercial affairs, so that, in a hard hitting way, we can market and sell these special kinds of products to other gov¬ TOM ROSS' CHARCOAL HEARTH, 2001 Wisconsin Ave., ernments. We do a reasonably good job with military equip¬ N.W., FE 8-8070, specializing in prime ribs of beef, charcoal- broiled steaks and seafood. Free parking in rear. Open daily for ment through the Military Assistance Program. We don't yet lunch I 1:30 to 2:30, dinner 5:30 to 10:30, Saturday dinner 5- have an instrumentality for selling these complex civilian II. Closed Sundays. Wide selection of cocktails and liquors. equipments. Selling weather systems and computers for de¬ ☆ ☆ ☆ cision making for example, will require us to establish new kinds of international institutions, as well. WATER GATE INN . . . On-the-Potomac-at-F St., N.W. Quaint and picturesque spot overlooking the historic Potomac It is now abundantly clear that we have computers capable has a homey atmosphere with its old time fireplaces and gra¬ of simulating the whole of the northern hemisphere weather cious service . . . Delicious traditional Pennsylvania Dutch in order to predict it at a given location. We can forecast the cuisine. Open every day of the year. Phone Dl 7-9256. weather in Russia about as well as the Russians can if we use our computers and do the whole of the Northern Hemisphere. We can forecast the weather in Britain at the present time about as well as the British Forecasting Service can forecast

8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 THIS TRUSTED NAME IN TIRES IS YOUR GUIDE TO GUARANTEED VALUE! Next time you buy tires, remember your surest sign you drive. Every time you drive, your tires protect of value is the one you see at your Firestone Distribu¬ your life. Why risk it on ordinary tires. Insist on tor or Firestone tire dealer. Nobody builds tires like Firestone — the safest, the best, the most dependable Firestone, the world’s leading producer of rubber. tire you can buy. Nobody tests tires like Firestone, who proves them in millions of grinding miles a year. Nobody has a better world-wide organization, with Distributors and tire Firestone International Company dealers in every free country to serve you wherever Akron 17, Ohio. U.S.A.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 9 it. The reason is that we have a large computer with a dy¬ A namic model of the whole of the Northern Hemisphere’s at¬ mosphere. This computer receives information from the world Routed Thru-Pac’s and provides the means of forecasting throughout the world, modified of course by the local climatological problems that exclusive new are unique to particular areas and which you seldom forecast exactly. Now, what does this mean? It makes no sense to have central forecasting capability in every country in the “Plane-Ahead” world. It’s just a waste of money and time. It means that a new instrumentality should be created whereby we have a service cuts costly world weather forecasting service. It means, therefore, that we need a new set of inter-relationships between peoples based delays when moving upon this common need for weather service. Let me give you an interesting aspect related to a world weather service. I think this has very enormous consequences household goods for international affairs^ We have been trying to encourage the Soviet society to be more open. We talk about overflights, overseas reconnaissance satellites, cultural exchanges, and so on. One of the problems about a world weather system is that we need to collect weather data all over that world continuously. It may be that the cheapest, most effective way of doing this is to use constant-level balloons. These float around the world collecting information on wind velocity, temperature, pressure and humidity, and radioing that information back to a central system. It is obvious both to us and the Soviets that this meth¬ od of obtaining information about the weather is the most practical, cheapest and most efficient. But what does it in¬ volve? It means that we may constantly be overflying all countries in the world. How can we get it done? What sort of relations with the Soviets will we have to have? What sort of Now—you can make overseas moving of household arrangement can we make with the Soviet Union? It is clear goods easier for your employees . . . less costly for your company. that this technology offers a great opportunity for understand¬ ing the world’s environment. Can we use this as one instru¬ THRU-PAC’s new international moving service (to 126 countries) gets essential household belongings ment of developing more open relationships with the Soviets? to new homes fast —by plane. Meanwhile, the rest Let’s move to the question of the value to us, in terms of of your employee’s possessions are en route via the balance of payments and of the trade based upon our in¬ surface carriers—with THRU-PAC handling every vention and technical know-how. Roughly speaking, last year, troublesome detail, including custom clearances. we obtained one-half million dollars net balance of payments This dual-shipment concept keeps costs low. Ex¬ in the form of royalties on patents and inventions from the pensive hotel living is held to a minimum. Employees rest of the world, in excess of the amount we pay for their do better work, free of the discomforts of “suitcase" inventions and innovations. But there is a very strange thing living. happening. Increasingly, most of the patent rights to inven¬ Only THRU-PAC offers “Plane-Ahead” service. We tions are going to be owned by the national government, in have the authorities to ship household goods by both our case the federal government. Yet we have no good mech¬ air and surface carriers. anism of filing abroad and for exploiting these patents in And THRU-PAC provides handling by one company foreign markets. Unlike the British, who have established a —all the way from door-to-door. One through-bill. No extras. One predetermined, guaranteed charge. government arrangement for doing so, we have no mechanism Insured and shipped in strong, sealed, pilfer-proof for exploiting these rights. We—the State Department and containers. others—are now examining the idea of the formation of a Rely on THRU-PAC to take over every detail of foreign corporation in order to file for and develop in other overseas moving. countries the inventions covered by US Government-owned patents and to provide a licensing mechanism to US firms or Everything from customs inspection other firms for their exploitation. This corporation would then to advice on customs of a country. be the holder of at least some of the rights of this Government in government-owned patents and would be instrumental in Routed Thru-Pac, Inc. FS-9 negotiation for their sale. We need a government corporation 350 Broadway, N.Y.C. 10013 for this purpose, or some similar mechanism to be sure that European Hdqt.: 124, Avenue the technology of our highly developed country is utilized and Emile-Zola 15, France Please send me further information that we get paid for it. about your overseas household moving It seems strange to me that we have been trying to find out services. in the last several years how to cope with the patent situation I plan to move to in the new European Common Market. It is clear that we ROUTED (Foreign City) ought to have a world-wide free world industrial properties THRU-PAC i patent system. One of the characteristics of the free enterprise Name system is not only the freedom of public and private choice Company but the freedom to own property, and one of the properties is industrial property: patents, inventions, trademarks, and copy¬ Title rights. The aim of the free world should be to strengthen the Address system of the registry and ownership of industrial property City State Zi pcode. rights, to have a common world-wide, free-world patent sys¬ v tem. To me the leadership for establishing that system needn’t 10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 Rambler Classic 770 4-door sedan

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IN THE JOURNAL SEPTEMBER, 1939 by JAMES B. STEWART HICKS Realty, Inc, \\ hat Happened to the SS Cyclops? No One has Pierced the Mystery 3706 Mt. Vernon Ave. WHEN the USS Cyclops left Rio de Janeiro on , 1918, one of its 325 passengers was the Consul Alexandria, Virginia General at Rio de Janeiro, Alfred L. Moreau Gottschalk. Mr. King 8-3111 Gottschalk, although he described himself as “a portly person growing grey at the temples" fhe was actually 45 years old), had determined to get into uniform and take an active part in the war. Mr. Gottschalk took passage on the 9,700 tonner Cyclops. which was loaded with manganese. The ship was last heard of on March 4, 1918, after she sailed out of Barbados on , 1918. Her fate remains to this day one of the unfathomable mysteries of the deep. The last person outside the ship's company to see Mr. Gottschalk was Vice Consul deserving leautij-u( Worth ern Virg inia Richard P. Momsen, head of the well known legal firm of Momsen and Harris at Rio de Janeiro, until his death in since 1946 February. 1964. Mr. Momsen had gone aboard to present a gold-headed cane to Mr. Gottschalk as a token of esteem Alexandria, Arlington, Fairfax County etc. from the consulate general's staff. Many theories were advanced to explain the mysterious end of the Cyclops, e.g. 1. a storm in the Caribbean had fin¬ Sales, Rentals, Financing ished her off, 2. her cargo of manganese was badly stowed so that it suddenly shifted in rough weather and capsized the Beautiful picture book of homes FREE on request vessel. 3. she was sunk by a German submarine, the wireless having been destroyed by shell fire before there was an op¬ portunity to send out a signal. . . . There were persistent reports later that the passengers and crew had been carried off to Germany as prisoners. But after the war the German admiralty denied any knowledge of the fate of the Cyclops. 1 he mystery was followed by a mysterious coda. On April 16, 1918, this advertisement appeared in the local JOURNAL DO COMMERCIO: Moritz Gottschalk John Doe. Richard Roc and Charles Smith having re¬ ceived the sad news of their esteemed friend Moritz Gotts¬ chalk invite their friends to attend a Mass which will be held tomorrow, Wednesday, at the Candelaria Church at 10 o'clock in memory of his soul. There was no memorial Mass at the church that day and no one could ever find out who put in the announcement. Prelude to Fame The list of field correspondents presented in that Septem¬ ber issue contains some of the most luminous names in the history of the Foreign Service: Acly, Robert -Union of Barnes, William—Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay Beck, William -Norway, Sweden Bohlen, Charles—USSR ORDER FOR CHRISTMAS . . . Bonbright, James—, Holland Braddock, Daniel—Venezuela, Columbia from almost anywhere in the world and be assured Butler, George—Peru Byington, Homer, Jr.— your gifts will arrive on time. A letter now, ad¬ Dickover, Erie—Netherlands Indies dressed to our Shopping Service, allows us to Elbrick, C. Burke— anticipate the advance mailing schedules for over¬ English. Robert—Eastern Canada seas; allows you the Joy of gifts from home. Ferris. Walton—Great Britain Fuller. George—Central Canada Gade, Gerhard—Ecuador Groth, Edward— Hall. Carlos—Panama Hickok, Thomas—Philippines WASHINGTON 13, D. C. Josselyn, Paul—British Columbia Kennan, George—Bohemia

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL., September 1964 17 Kuniholm, Bertel—Baltic countries “His war service arose from the activities of Confederate Latimer, Frederick, Jr.— commerce raiders and his efforts to combat them. The first Lewis, Charles, Jr.—Central America Lyon, Cecil— mention of this subject in his despatches is found in one ad¬ McGregor, Robert, Jr.— dressed to Secretary of State Seward on April 10, 1863, deal¬ Mills, Sheldon—Rumania ing with the prosaic subject of consular invoices.” Plitt, Edwin—Northern France Adamson was finally granted leave in 1868 and was trans¬ Reams, R. Borden—Denmark Schuler, Frank, Jr.— area ferred from Pernambuco to Honolulu. “He ended his consular Service, John—Central career by resignation in 1893, having performed the feat, rare Smith, E. Talbot—Nairobi area, Kenya in those days, of serving continuously for 32 years, through Wasson, Thomas—West Coast of Africa the administrations of eight Presidents, seven of them Repub¬ A Soldier in Mufti licans and one a Democrat.” Briefs: News of the ratification of the new treaty between the The leading article in the September JOURNAL is by Na¬ United States and the Republic of Panama by the United thaniel P. Davis, Department. He writes about Thomas States Senate on , 1939, revising the treaty of 1903, Adamson, Jr., who “never wore his country’s uniform and was received by the Panamanian people with one of the most never fired a shot in its defense, but in the war between the enthusiastic and spontaneous demonstrations of public ap¬ States he served the Union to the best of his ability and with probation ever witnessed in the history of the country. The his pen fought its battles against the might of the Confederate news spread quickly in Panama City during the afternoon, Navy; a gallant fight albeit a losing one.” and was welcomed with the clamor of church bells and fire Adamson was appointed Consul at Pernambuco by President sirens. Instructions were issued for the closing of public of¬ Lincoln in 1861. He served there until 1869. “We can see fices and schools. him standing at his high desk laboriously writing with pen and ► Secretary Cordell Hull has been running the applicants for ink and copying verbatim in his copy book despatches which State Department jobs through a fine mesh lately. Out of 400- with a little streamlining of the language might have been plus candidates in a recent examination only 20-plus got jobs. dictated by a twentieth century officer and typed with any —NATION’S BUSINESS, June, 1939. number of carbon copies. He asked ‘with becoming modesty’ ► According to the Montreal STAR, "Homer M. Byington, for a transfer to a better post. He found himself ‘in a state the American Consul General, stepped to the plate recently of the most painful embarrassment' for lack of adequate al¬ and knocked out a ‘homer’ for the Consular team against lotments. Again and again he asked for a clerk to assist him the St. Margaret All-Stars. Victory was thus had by a margin with his heavy duties. (He never got to first base with that.) of 9 to 8.” He repeatedly pointed out that Pernambuco was a most im¬ ► Consul George Gregg Fuller is shown in the JOURNAL portant post meriting a higher salary. (He never got to first greeting Crown Prince Olaf and Crown Princess Martha of base with that one either.) . . . Norway during their vist to Winnipeg. ■

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by JOHN M. CATES, JR.

THIS is a particularly appropriate moment to examine ences. Article after article asks whether Latin America is the term Latin America: what we mean by it; going communist, whether Latin America is safe for whether there is any such place; whether it is just a American investment, whether Latin America will take a misleading aphorism. Is it geography? Or is it a state of stand on . Others ask what US “policy” is mind? One thing is clear, that as we Americans, or North toward Latin America or whether we are “losing Latin Americans as we are better known to the south, slowly America.” The visit of General de Gaulle raises the ques¬ come to interest ourselves in our southern neighbors, the tion of whether he will have an appeal to Latin America. term Latin America crops up every day in the press, on These kinds of questions lead to generalizations which the radio, in the President’s speeches and press confer- are often misleading. Rather than talking about a Latin

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 American policy, should wc not be talking about indi¬ phere they share with the Caribbean and Caribbean- vidual countries: Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica or littoral countries and some architectural relics of Spanish Venezuela? days. There is an easiness in personal relationships, a As with so many general terms, it is not its use which “Latin” attitude which we associate with the Spanish, the gets us into difficulties but its misuse. There are times Portuguese, the Italians and the Mediterranean French, when Latin America must be kept in mind, as when we a way of life—an aspect of their national cultures which seek to gauge a continental reaction to some policy sets them all apart from the North Americans. It is a or event, such as the revision of the Panama Canal difference which one notices immediately upon entering Treaty. There are other times when we only mislead this area from the United States. Leaving aside the non- ourselves and others by using the term in the context of Spanish-speaking islands of the Caribbean, Latin Ameri¬ a situation in one specific country, such as the recog¬ can countries are highly conscious of their Iberian heri¬ nition of the government resulting from a coup d'etat tage in politics, religion and literature and in family cus¬ in the or in Peru. toms and folkways. Despite the difference between the Any examination of Latin Americanism must begin by Brazilian Portuguese heritage and the rest of the conti¬ recognizing that the United States does indeed consider nent, there is a cultural oneness of Brazil with all its that there is such a region as Latin America and a people neighbors. It is this “oneness” which even newly inde¬ such as Latin Americans. These views result from our pendent Jamaica and Trinidad seem to feel, despite geographic relationship to the lands to the south and are their Anglo-Saxon governmental and cultural heritage. It inherited from our early political and cultural relation¬ is difficult to define, yet nonetheless meaningful. One no¬ ships to an atea which was largely the domain of the tices it in the ease with which members of diverse politi¬ Spanish throne, whose repute seems to have outshone cal and economic communities deal with one another; that of . We thought in terms of one empire, their feeling of “belonging” to a defined and accepted one region, before it was broken up into separate coun¬ grouping; a pride in being themselves and not just a tries. As the region began to show its political mettle, lesser part of the United States. Some of the reasons for we were sympathetic to the Latin American indepen¬ this are affirmative; others negative or “antagonistic.” dence movement as led by Simon Bolivar whose efforts Among the affirmative reasons for this oneness are covered five countries and by San Martin whose efforts their close geographic contiguity and their lingual and cul¬ helped free four countries. tural similarities. From nearly 35° north to 50° south In this revolutionary sense it is well to remember that the people speak one language (Portuguese is identifiable we were all part of one continental political revolution or with Spanish), follow generally similar social customs, liberation movement from Washington to Bolivar and and are products of comparable political and economic eventually to Marti, a revolution which threw off our histories. No other area in the world can boast such a European colonial chains. It was one democratic repub¬ geographic extent of similarity, not even Russia or China. lican revolution even though we subdivided it into “our” One can travel from the to Tierra del Fuego American revolution and “their” Latin American revolu¬ and find himself in a familiar atmosphere, able to make tion. On the basis of geographic identity and a demo¬ himself understood and “at home” among local customs cratic orientation we have built a successful regional or¬ more familiar than strange. Had it not been for Euro¬ ganization, the Organization of American States, and a pean wars of conquest and American manifest destiny, successful hemispheric defense treaty, the Rio Treaty. this lingual and cultural identity might well have still Pan Americanism has come to mean something since Si¬ covered all the West Indian Islands and a major part of mon Bolivar convened the Panama meeting in 1826. It the present area of the United States. can be seen in the mileage of the Pan American Highway Along with this historic inheritance of the colonizing and in the personnel and building of the Pan American Iberians, go the pattern and the timing of revolt against Union. There is meaning behind this generalization aris¬ Spanish and later Portuguese rule— is an excep¬ ing from definable geographic, cultural and social identi¬ tion—under the leadership of a handful of charismatic ties. As the Ecuadoran Foreign Minister put it, we are all leaders revered throughout the Continent. As benefi¬ “America—its geographic parts and its spiritual prov¬ ciaries of the Napoleonic upheavals in Europe, the major¬ inces.” Yet we know it is not that simple and that for ity of the present day Latin American nations gained certain purposes we must avoid regional generalizations their freedom in the first three decades of the 19th cen¬ and think and act on a country by country concept. tury. This tradition brought with it an attachment to Let us examine this concept of regional Latin Amer¬ the views of well-known European revolutionary thinkers icanism as against this national individualism on a country from Voltaire to Louis Blanc and finally to Marx. Their by country basis, in order to test their respective validi¬ influence dominates much of Latin American liberal po¬ ties and to establish a rough rule of thumb for the appli¬ litical thinking today. Cultivated Latin Americans are at cation of one approach as against the other. Let us start home in the libraries and in the theoretical arguments of this examination with a look at Latin America. their neighbors from one end of the region to the other. There is a continental identity or homogeneity to the Herein lies a strong bond among the politico-intellec¬ South and Central American countries. All the coun¬ tual leaders. tries to the south of the United States bear the stamp of Closely related to the above point is the university tra¬ their Iberian, Spanish and Portuguese colonizing fore¬ dition throughout Latin America, a tradition brought over bears to a greater or lesser degree. Even the British, entire from the Spanish universities of the 16th century. French and Dutch West Indies bear a similarity to their Today the organization, the curriculum, the precious uni¬ geographical neighbors which sets them off from the versity autonomy and student predilection for an active United States, if only because of the “tropical” atmos¬ role in national politics are common throughout the area.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL-, September 1964 21 This common tradition has a strong binding influence, not find distasteful. In addition to blood relationships, god¬ only among intellectuals, but among all Latin American parents, in-laws and university classmates, such as the political leaders, all but a few of whom have had some “generation of 1928” at Central University of Caracas, degree of exposure to university life. have special relationships which add a strong personal Not to be overlooked in any such evaluation is the ready tinge to the social and political structure, and contribute to acceptance of all the Latin American states of their the tendency towards personalismo in political leader¬ classification as less developed, or “developing,” coun¬ ship from the benign to the tyrannically dictatorial. tries. Even though there are wide variations in their de¬ Resulting from the gentling influence of the home and grees of development, in this one respect all the Latin matriarchical social dominance is the decorum, the stately American states may be classed together as less developed courtesy, which pervades the social relationships among than the United States. This alone gives them a sense of the so-called gente clecente, not only the social upper crust oneness, though again a negative one, which the United but the decent people, the people who go to church, marry, States must recognize. behave in public, wear shoes, etc. This is not only an economic classification but one based on an outlook on life. Here is the genesis of politeness to strangers, the ten¬ dency to agree with another’s views, the preference against saying “no” to any request. It is this last aspect, perhaps, which most confuses American diplomats, startled some¬ times by discrepancies between personal assurances and official decisions. Less easy to define are a number of moods or attitudes one finds throughout Latin America as common or shared experiences. We may take as examples the passionate de¬ tachment of a flamenco singer; the rapt expression of Indian worshippers whether in Bolivian hamlets or Mex¬ ico’s Shrine of Guadelupe; the emphatic participation of funeral mourners reflecting the pervading and fatalistic realization of the imminence of death; the uninhibited exuberance of the pachanga and the samba dancer; the arrogant stance of the matador as he faces the bull; the sensitive nationalistic pride in one’s own country and in its flag, symbols taking on importance in understandable inverse ratio to size, fame and influence. These attitudes and responses are understood and familiar throughout all of Latin America. Though defying definition, they con¬ tribute to the cohesiveness of the area and to a “Latin Americanism.” This we must always appreciate if we are by Marie Skora to avoid those slights which so often have as much bear¬ On another basic politico-philosophical point, that of ing on the outcome of an international issue as do arms “intervention,” the Latin American states are generally or gold. These factors all contribute to a sort of “us united. Their disavowal of “intervention” is particularly and them” state of mind, a binding force no less influen¬ marked by the injunctions against it in such basic in¬ tial merely because it is negative. struments as the OAS Charter. It is the United States, Accepting the existence of a Latin America, geo¬ they feel, which “intervened” by military force in various graphically, culturally, socially and emotionally, let us Latin American countries. This, then, is the real danger examine the case against using the term Latin America. they are concerned with, not intervention by one Latin What meaning can this term or expression have when American state in another.* The fact that this view dis¬ applied to a continent and a half divided up into such regards past intra-Latin American conflicts does not in any widely diversified countries? As a most obvious distinc¬ way reduce its importance as a uniting factor among them. tion, they range in size from Brazil, with 3,287,195 Lastly, recognition must be given to a variety of cul¬ square miles and a population of more than 63 million, to tural affinities among the peoples of the Latin American El Salvador with 8,165 square miles and a population of states which contribute to their oneness. There is a con¬ less than two and a half million. They range from the tinental familiarity of being “at home” in other Latin nearly three mile high, land-locked Andean country of American countries which is basic to the concept of Bolivia to the sea level, tropical island of Trinidad. In Latin Americanism. Let us note at random a few of these terms of per capita gross national product, they range characteristics. from oil- and iron-rich Venezuela’s $1,092.00 to ’s Close family ties and a “family life” akin to rural and $75.00. Ethnically, they run the range from the nearly small town American practices prior to World War I pure European stock in Chile and Argentina to the predominate. Family ties override political differences in largely Indian peoples of Honduras and Bolivia, with times of stress, and are frequently evidenced in political wide variations in between; from the predominantly white support for a member of the family whose views one may Spanish of Costa Rica to the predominantly African slave descendants of Haiti. Their military strength varies from *Recent OAS action against Cuban aggression may indicate a powers such as Brazil, Venezuela, Argentina, and Mex¬ change in this view. (9th meeting of Foreign Ministers, Washington, July, 1964.) ico with sizable modern armies, navies and air forces 22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 to that of Costa Rica, which has no army or navy. the area. Disputes which have divided Bolivia and Chile, The literacy rate varies from the 89% of Argentina to the resulting in the withdrawal of the former from the Coun¬ 12% of Haiti. As to political organization, the govern¬ cil of the OAS as well as the exclusion of the present ments of the area cover the whole spectrum, from tradi¬ government of Cuba from participation in the OAS, tional western representative democracy showing exam¬ should have opened our eyes to the divisions in what has ples of peaceful transfer of political power from one duly often been considered a monolithic whole. We must elected official to another, to dictatorship and alleged re¬ realize that despite the ease of reference and the conven¬ form juntas established by coup d’etat. As climates for ience for bureaucratic organization charts, too much investment, Latin American countries offer extremes from thinking, writing and acting in terms of the entity “Latin the favorable, in terms of interest and legal protection of America” rather than in terms of the twenty-three coun¬ property, to the unfavorable, as marked by wholesale un¬ tries is not in our national interests, nor in the interests compensated government expropriation of private enter¬ of our bi-lateral relationships with states of the area. How¬ prise industries. Lastly, we can be certain that our south¬ ever, we must avoid jumping to the opposite conclusion ern neighbors think of themselves as, and are proud to be that the generality “Latin America” has neither meaning Mexican, Costa Rican, Colombian or Chilean rather than nor applicability, for to do so leads us into equal error. just members of some generic group identified as “Latin How then may the respective regional and national Americans.” distinctions guide those of us who deal in the affairs of In addition to these rather general distinctions, we this hemisphere? Briefly, each policy decision must be may pick out two specifics: the wide national differences studied in the light of the national personality and of the with regard to revolution and the church which must conditions prevailing in the country, or in each of several always be respected. These two concepts are particularly countries it will affect. Each decision must also be tested popular generalized targets for those criticizing or pre¬ against a “Latin American” reaction. This simple and scribing for the ills of Latin America. Briefly, wide- rather obvious caveat must be kept in mind when deciding ranging social changes have been the direct result of a how the United States should act or not act in the case of traditional popular revolution only in Mexico, Bolivia Panama. Brazil, Guantanamo, Guatemala, the UN Con¬ and Cuba. Palace revolutions of varying intensity, some ference on Trade and Development or regional denucleari¬ followed by striking social changes (as in Venezuela), zation. In particular we must bear in mind the mean¬ have been the rule in most other countries of the area, al¬ ing of “intervention” for all of Latin America. Equally we though even then it is impossible to speak in the same must be aware of a public disinclination for military dicta¬ breath about internal problems and conditions in Argen¬ tors and an inclination to believe the United States pre¬ tina and the Dominican Republic. Without attempting an fers and supports them. Any indication or even belief analysis of the throughout the Latin that the United States might be taking advantage of a American area, suffice it to refer to differences in church small sister republic, or acting unilaterally in a forbidden status and influence among Mexico, where even now field such as intervention, will just as surely set off a re¬ priests may not appear on the streets in religious habits; gional reaction, against the best interests of the United Colombia, where the traditional Hispanic church influence States and of the free world. In such circumstances we is probably most strongly felt by society, and Venezuela, see the reality of Latin America as epitomizing a state of which is Catholic but not church-going. It is also well to mind, a brotherhood bound by spiritual ties and, in fact, bear in mind that one of the most serious obstacles which a definable geographic entity with common political in¬ must be overcome by the respective Social Christian or terests. Democratic Christian parties, such as COPEI in Venezu¬ On the other hand if there is any doubt that we are ela, is their alleged identification in the voters’ minds with actually dealing with national entities rather than a re¬ the church. gional whole, we need only recall that individual na¬ It is clear, therefore, that in certain connotations, the tional differences among the Latin American group mem¬ term “Latin America” has very little meaning. When bers at the UN towards the Brazilian proposal for the de¬ dealing with private investment, when describing govern¬ nuclearization of Latin America resulted first in holding mental practices, when speaking of defense capabilities, over the proposal from the I 7th to the 1 8th General As¬ when tailoring a USIA publication program, when think¬ sembly and then in a considerable revision of the original ing in terms of a free trade area, when assessing inter¬ draft resolution. Among OAS Council members differ¬ est in, or contributions to, specific specialized agencies of ences on the Venezuela-Costa Rica proposal in 1962 for the LIN or programs of the OAS, one must think and action to exclude governments established by an act of project plans in terms of individual countries. We must force from participation in the OAS prevented action by think and speak of Peru, of Guatemala, of Brazil, of the OAS and has resulted in a confusing pattern of diplo¬ Ecuador, of Argentina, not just of Latin America. We do matic relationships among the Latin American States. not speak in the same breath of and Finland, or Equal differences are seen in national records of achieve¬ of Ireland and Turkey even though for some purposes we ment under the Alliance for Progress, balance of payments may think of them as “western European.” We must figures and such communication factors as literacy rates or be equally careful in thinking and speaking of our western radio sets per family. In these we see the realities of hemispheric neighbors. national differences balancing the forces of regionalism. Perhaps the entrance into the so-called Latin Ameri¬ These regional and national distinctions, some sharp, can group at the United Nations of Trinidad and Ja¬ some indistinct, provide standards by which the sensitive maica, with their British heritage, but with noticeable dif¬ diplomatic practitioner may tailor his approach to the ferences as well as similarities, will jog us into noticing variegated hemispheric problems which are our constant comparable divergencies among the Hispanic countries of and most attention-demanding preoccupation. ■

FOREION SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1064 23 Market Scene, Nyasaland

OUR MAN IN KIGALI by EDWARD W. Lotus, II Question: When does a courier travel by truck, deliver beer, and arrive on foot? Arthur’s Court.” The truck driver accepted me, and I Answer: When the courier’s our man in Kigali. settled in for the final 40 miles of my journey, abandoning Volkswagen to Hitchhiker’s resources. Five hundred yards As AN FSO-8, I'm our newest man in Kigali. For past the branches I’d put out, the truck pulled up short, America's smallest Embassy I'm the only consular and its raison d’etre immediately became clear. I’d thrown officer, the only economic officer, the only commer¬ in with the omnipotent personage who delivers Primus cial attache, and the general Hunky—and I’m also the beer to northern Burundi. Every building in these parts courier who delivers beer by truck and arrives on foot. is a mud hut, but a bar is a mud hut that has “hotel” Here’s how it happened. scrawled on a wall and receives two or three cases when Frankfurt said the new Air Congo schedule wouldn’t the Primus truck comes by. Each stop was the same permit a courier stop at Kigali. When the Washington thing: The driver in his seat commanding the trade of VIP took the last seat on Friday’s plane, the weekly pouch empties for full cases, an argument over a missing bottle, had to be driven to Bujumbura. A hitchhiker—an Ameri¬ then a complicated exchange of dirty Ruanda-Urundi bills can teacher from East Africa, the pouch, and I set out in for crisp new money overprinted BURUNDI. At my feet: the Volkswagen on the rainy season’s rainiest day. With A bag of bills, two or three gunny sacks, a stalk of ripe 140 miles of mud and rain squalls behind us, we were bananas, two cans of brake fluid, the pouch, and my doing an honest 40 or so when a wheel fell off. While 1 twenty dollar attache case. placed warning branches on the curve just ahead, Hitch¬ After ten miles, the driver and first mate brought the hiker scoured the road behind, filling a hub cap with truck to rest facing the area’s biggest bar (four cases). brake shoes, shock absorber grommets, little springs, and Without bothering to explain, they disappeared, presuma¬ other flotsam of the accident. Before we could think how bly to enjoy the fruits of their business—I unable to fol¬ to reassemble the wheel, a Chevy truck lumbered into low for fear ot the pouch. This hotel is strategically view. With dark two hours off and the rains beginning located astride a rush-hour footpath. Each passerby would again, I quickly made up my mind, snatching up the momentarily join the local crowd and be briefed on the pouch, my genuine leather twenty dollar attache case, a hilarious antics of the white stranger just deposited in their raincoat, and a copy of “A Connecticut Yankee in King midst. My antics, it might be pointed out, were the con-

24 FOREION SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 sequence of feigning total ignorance of each language used to be of the military. When 1 arrived, Hitchhiker had against me. Kirundi, Swahili, or French. One interlocutor already been fed and assigned a bed.) after another presented himself, a bent old man with This happened two weeks ago. The weekend I waited dangling religious medals, a gay blade who fancied he before the car could be repaired, the Kigali road was knew French (“Franki, Franki! C’est vrai? Tu ne peut flooded impassably, and a landslide covered the escarp¬ pas comprendre Franci?”), and a local wit who played ment. On Monday, I drove the incoming pouch safely me for laughs. I needed no skill to divine their purpose, to Kigali. That Friday I took off again, this time for fun. however. Each one wanted money. Gay Blade thought and drove 650 miles in three days through the Congo showing me money would explain what he was after. I and Uganda. accepted the proffered penny with profuse thanks (in In Kigali, the Department operates an Embassy in a incomprehensible English)—to Gay Blade’s extreme con¬ former butcher shop with three regular officers, a water- sternation and the jeering merriment of his cohorts. Parked cooler, and one telephone. There’s no USAID and no permanently in front of the hotel were a broken-down US1S. The PAO and ARMA live abroad and visit about bulldozer and roadscraper. To pass the time I led my one day a month. Three or four of us pitch in Fridays following on a minute survey of these machines. Never and close the pouch—unless the Admin Officer volunteers before have I really inspected a Caterpillar roadscraper. to close it himself after writing a dozen last-minute OM’s. I traced the course of each gas and hydraulic line, 1 tried Most central complement officers get six months assign¬ to determine the stature of the former operator from worn ments. I’m rotated hourly. Yesterday, for example, I spots on seat and floorboard, and 1 read all the fine print issued one nonimmigrant visa, discussed agricultural pro¬ on those brass plates and dirty decals which inform the duction and the exploitation of natural gas with a UN tropical user how to overhaul the engine for arctic use and technician, wrote a letter for the Ambassador to the geo¬ state with pride the number of cubic centimeters in the logical survey, received three commercial inquiries from cylinders. My explorations proved very amusing to the the United States, submitted a negative CERP report on crowd, but not to me. All the time I kept one eye peeled Soviet trade with Rwanda, sat in on a two-hour interview on the pouch sitting high in the truck and one ear cocked of the national police chief by a visiting public safety ex¬ for anything actually proceeding toward Bujumbura. pert, assembled political and geographical data for the Nothing did. same expert, answered a future tourist’s letter on Rwandan With night approaching, it was the lure of the big city road conditions, issued packets one through three to a new bars, 1 suppose, that finally broke up our sojourn at the immigrant visa applicant, had an hour’s French lesson, country hotel. Driver and First Mate piled into the truck and gave away avocados brought to the Embassy by a and off we went to the next hotel—about two hundred friendly Canadian missionary. No one can tell me the yards away and operated, it appeared, by my friend, Local percentage of time 1 spend in the various functional areas. Wit. He took two cases, and the truck went on. Not far I am the only consular officer; I handle all commercial and this time though, only three or four hotels before we public relations inquiries and do the routine economic and reached the lip of the western Great Rift. Here where the AID reporting. The Ambassador sees to it that each officer paved road starts is nearly a town: five or six buildings reads every paper received or sent out by the Embassy. maybe, and a bar taking eight cases of Primus. The driver It was I who first heard of Rwanda’s agreement to accept himself conducted this big deal in front of the truck with an Ambassador from , and my very first job in parking lights for illumination; then he emptied a can of Kigali was inventorying office supplies. Fve done jobs brake fluid somewhere under the hood in preparation for which elsewhere would have been handled by US1S, AID. the descent. Here it was that the first vehicle passed us. or one or another attache. Of course 1 do clerical work, It was the “Left Hand Drive” sign on the back of the but that’s because there’s no routine, and each job must Volkswagen in fact which so silently appeared beside the be started anew. The first visa I ever issued was invali¬ truck, hesitated for the slightest instant, then disappeared dated by the Department, but I’m learning. into the dark of the escarpment road. I yelled “Hitch¬ During my six months on the job, the nation has seen hiker!” (names are changed to protect the innocent) once, invasions of armed tribesmen with subsequent internal dis¬ but the car was gone. order, the dissolution of forty-year-old economic ties with There are no hotels on the escarpment. In descending Burundi and the creation of national financial institutions, 4.000 feet to Lake Tanganyika, the road snakes around the first proposals of American aid, and auditions for turn after turn and at this time of year is always covered World’s Fair dancers. In adjoining territory there have at several points by landslides. Fortunately, none of these been armed mutinies, a change of government, and open blocked the path of the Primus beer truck, and, with as warfare. Once the Ambassador sent me in the Jeep to see much speed as could be hoped, we soon made Bujumbura. if there was fighting near Kigali. Another time he told me In town, however, the route to the Embassy turned left to arrange the civil wedding of his secretary with the com¬ where the driver wanted to go right. With Attache Case municator. For five weeks a local employee with his wife, in one hand and Pouch in the other, I walked the final sister, and two infant brothers lived in my home. mile. The classified pouch had arrived—for the first time At least things happen in Kigali, which is rather amaz¬ on foot. (Hitchhiker came to town and asked his way to ing because there’s not much to it: one paved street, one “Ambassade Americaine” of a pedestrian who joined him bank, one swimming pool, one restaurant, no newspaper, and soon pointed out the home of “le soldat americain.” four burros but no horses. When the JOP officers passed This Hitchhiker took to be the military attache, but it out assignments at FSI, no one in my class knew where turned out to be the assistant public affairs officer, such “Kigali” was, and I had to search the Foreign Service List an aggressive fighter for America that he’s naturally taken to find out. ■

FOREIGN SERVICE JOCRNAL, September 1964 25 SOME KIND OF COMPO¬ SITIONAL BALANCE MAKES ANY PHOTO¬ GRAPH MORE SATISFY¬ ING ESTHETICALLY. There are dozens of ways of composing photographs. Four ways are illustrated:

OFF CENTER (This method makes use of elements of different size and shape, but of equal eye- attracting power, to balance each other.)

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL,, September 1964 ALL-OVER PATTERN (This is somewhat like a fabric, or a rug design, where similar elements are almost equally disposed throughout the chosen space.)

BULL’S EYE (Where the interest is more or less centered, CENTRAL AXIS (Two elements equivalently disposed on and is surrounded by balancing elements.) either side of a central axis.)

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL*, September 1964 27

The results might have been different and undesirable. The EDITORIALS case nicely illustrates the difference between diplomacy and political name calling. The professional diplomat, as well as many others who also draw on training and experience, real¬ A RE-ECHO izes full well that it is most inadvisable to freeze a position in a situation over which he can in the last analysis, exercise only

INCE our report in the July JOURNAL on the Johnson- minimum control. Brady letter, we have received twenty more replies, all The article concludes from this and other incidents that favorable. At the special general meeting of the “a campaign is already mounting within our foreign policy By-Laws of the Association were amended to provide for complex to change our attitude towards Communists." If by Corresponding Members and Fellows in Diplomacy. We that is implied that we are choosing the alternative of learning now seek nominations for both categories of membership. to live in competition with the Communists rather than all We shall be grateful if you would send us one or two names perish together in a nuclear war, the author is correct. But of people you believe would qualify, including some bio¬ we are afraid that most readers will interpret this as some graphic information and a brief statement of your reasons sort of “softening" towards Communism when what is really for support. happening is that changes in Communist tactics and the growing disintegration of their monolithic structure are en¬ As Corresponding Members we hope to have newsmen, abling us to deal more effectively, but no less vigorously, with Congressmen and staff, scholars, foundation people, repre¬ their offensive. Nowhere in the Government is there a sentatives of business, labor, Government, churches and other clearer understanding of the Communist threat, nor a more organizations. We seek persons with an active interest in dedicated and experienced group of people to deal with it the Foreign Service who have either achieved preeminence in the light of their continuing responsibility for the security in their fields of activity or who give promise of such pre¬ of the United States, than within the Department of State. eminence. Fellows in Diplomacy should be private Ameri¬ When viewed in this light the five so-called “weaknesses” of cans who would have a relationship to the Association com¬ State which the article lists turn out to be vindications of parable to that of a Fellow in a National Academy. No more the deep sense of responsibility with which the Department than five would be elected in any year and election would approaches its task of protecting the US national interest be for life. in a thermonuclear age. At the July 10 meeting the Association made another The first accusation that State "glosses over critical matters change in the by-laws and elected David E. Bell, Carl T. until they turn into disasters” really means that we have Rowan and Sargent Shriver Honorary Vice Presidents, repre¬ learned to deal patiently with the problems of new countries senting the agencies they head. and the actions and statements of their leaders who are grad¬ The Board has set the spring of 1965 as the time of the ually learning to recognize the limits of independent action in first Washington symposium with what we hope will be a world which has become inexorably interdependent in an nationwide attendance. George V. Allen, a former Ambas¬ attempt at survival. sador and former head of US1A, has agreed to chair the Under weakness No. 2, the article claims that we must organizing committee. ■ “enforce our rights if we expect to survive." Since in today’s world the survival of the human race can very quickly be¬ come the issue, the exercise of great power with restraint RECRIMINATION OR RESPONSIBILITY has become the touchstone of successful policy. In that re¬ spect the record of the United States in the post-war period HE June issue of the READER'S DIGEST carried an ar¬ T is one that history will acclaim. ticle entitled “The Dangerous Failings of our State De¬ Under weakness No. 3, the article accuses the State De¬ partment” by Senator Frank J. Lausche. A subtitle partment of not having devised “a consistent plan to defeat reads "The Government agency primarily responsible for Communism's political warfare strategy." Our failure to pro¬ fighting the cold war is a study in indecision, timidity, and voke showdowns and our desire to seek areas of common inefficiency. Result: We are in danger of losing that war.” It interest in survival with the Communist world are adduced seems to us that the article does a disservice to the country. as proof of this shortcoming. No one in the Department After listing a number of recent headline-making inci¬ of State has any false hopes of reaching “gentlemanly agree¬ dents. the article concludes that all of these anti-American ments” with the Communists. Presidents Kennedy and John¬ incidents are to be laid at the door of the State Department. son and Chairman Khrushchev have left no illusions about Recognizing that the public image of Secretary of State the basic and continuing conflict of aims between our two Rusk is a good one, the article compliments him as “a sin¬ societies. We believe firmly that in the long run we will win cere, devoted diplomat” and then implies that he is unable this contest, but in order to prove the superiority of our sys¬ to control the organization over which he presides, insin¬ tem we must make sure that there is a long run. uating that his subordinates are trying to “underplay Com¬ Under weakness No. 4, the State Department is criticized munist advances.” for its slow-moving pace in decision-making. There may be To illustrate the point, the recent upheaval in Zanzibar is some truth about delays in the Department, but we believe chosen as an example. It is implied that, despite specific that most Americans appreciate the continuing and acute knowledge of Communist involvement, the State Depart¬ sense of responsibility which makes us weigh the alternatives ment tried to present this as a nationalist upheaval. In fact, and avoid snap judgments. The example of Zanzibar cited the Department, while aware of Communist involvement, also above well illustrates this point. In fact our problem fre¬ was cognizant that in this instance, as in many others, quently is to resist diverse pressures for hasty action when there were many elements which entered into the revolt. For our knowledge of the details and our concern for the na¬ some time the issue as to which elements would come out on tional security dictate consultation to allow more mature top remained in doubt. Eventually Zanzibar and Tanganyika judgment and a consensus to develop. On the other hand, formed a union, now known as URTZ which has brought the Cuban missile crisis of 1962 and the Viet-Nam crisis of about an African solution, free of Communist domination. last month show how quickly and resolutely we can move If we had immediately labeled the new regime as Commu¬ when the issues are clear. nist, we would have been precipitate and could have been Under weakness No. 5, the article criticizes the alleged accused by the Africans of meddling in their internal affairs. (Continued on page 52)

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL., September 1964 29 WASHINGTON LETTER by LOREN CARROLL

AT this season of the year the old garia, the Washingtonians are, of lish. "Not knowing the language of a saw is heard everywhere in course, all away and the tourists have country means you don't understand Washington, “Of course, the Wash¬ taken over ...” very well what's going on around you ingtonians are all away. Everyone and that's a distressing state of affairs.” Another View of Embassies you see is a tourist.” The same thing She has already plunged into the study is heard in every great city. But if it Do you remember the article on of Norwegian and having spent several is 30 per cent true in Paris during American embassies by Wolf Von hours a day with instructors and alone, August, 25 per cent true in Rome, 20 Eckhardt in the April issue of the believes she has made good progress. percent true in London, it is prob¬ FSJ? Mr. von Eckardt thinks very In all likelihood the Norwegians will ably less than 10 per cent true in highly of the newer US embassies and call her Madame Ambassador”—the Washington. tells why in clear, precise terms. title they gave to an earlier Ambassa¬ It is impossible to confuse tourists A contrary view was expressed by dor—Miss Frances Willis. What will and locals. The tourists, for one thing, the New York TIMES roving corres¬ Madame Ambassador do with her favor wildly original costumes—such pondent, Cyrus L. Sulzberger, in the leisure, if any? She will read. Read¬ as flappy men's shirts that hang out¬ TIMES of July 25. The embassy in ing is her chief diversion. Read what? side the trousers, and, for women, Bonn, he says, was "influenced by the History, biography and literary criti¬ toreadors livened up with sequins color schemes and the grace of Hit¬ cism. She doesn't go in for that favor¬ and rhinestones. The tourists flock to ler’s concentration camps.” The em¬ ite bromide of “superior” people the White House, the Capitol, the bassy in Athens is “a goldfish bowl” Literary criticism is simply a waste Smithsonian, even to the National Gal¬ because so much of it is glass. The of one’s time.” Miss Tibbett likes to lery. They ask plaintively for the filigreed concrete lattice in New Delhi plough into book reviews of all kinds Japanese cherry blossoms and are told allows easy entry to lizards. The even when she has no intention of that these appear only in the spring¬ chancery in Rabat is “an electronic reading the book. "Many of Macau¬ time. They ask for the Witches’ Grotto dovecot." Everything seems all right lay's best essays,” she points out, (why are Americans so addicted to in Mexico City except the ambassa¬ started as book reviews.” grottoes?) and are told that for these dor's private bathroom where “the ar¬ they must go to New Hampshire—or chitects forgot to put in towel racks Re-Adaptation perhaps it is Kentucky. So much for and a soap dish.” Things that are hard to get used to the tourists. Between these rival thinkers we in the United States: But those crowded buses going to shall maintain strict neutrality, but jus¬ Annoyances: Arlington, Silver Spring or West¬ tice requires us to point out that Mr. Those unrememberable telephone moreland Circle are not full of tour¬ von Eckardt seems to have seen more numbers, e.g. 393-4527 instead of the ists. Those are authentic Washington¬ embassies than Mr. Sulzberger. old JAckpot 9-4527. ians either going to work or going Norway Bound Iceberg lettuce. home to push those carts around su¬ A former director of the Foreign The price of a haircut. permarkets, to start water sprinklers, Service Association (1957-58-59) is The coffee. If the Italians and to turn on the air conditioners. But going to Norway as ambassador. Mar¬ French can produce good stuff why not to garden. Washingtonians are garet Joy Tibbetts, only 44, does not not us? backward at gardening and most of pretend to be stunned by the news. The disappearance (almost) of rail¬ them are too lazy to grow a petunia. She doesn't pretend that the idea never way porters. They prefer mixing martinis and even popped into her head. She says Those pixillated “openers” on beer burning their fingers at “cook-outs.” with engaging directness, “Of course I cans. These can be avoided, how¬ The word for these used to be, appar¬ thought of it! Isn't being an ambassa¬ ever, because American technological ently, barbecues. The upper classes dor the aim and the hope of every genius has produced “something new" now seem to prefer cook-outs and Foreign Service officer?” Miss Tib¬ the glass beer tin.” These are in¬ what the upper classes prefer the rest betts is blond, tall, and slender. She distinguishable from old-fashioned of us should be ready to accept. Cook- could probably get a job as a model beer bottles. outs are usually held in patios and a for one of those articles on “The C ook-outs. It took the human race patio in Washington usage is a slab of Magic of Good Health.” millions of years to develop articu¬ concrete, not necessarily near a wall. She does not profess to be an ex¬ lated fingers capable of handling knife This is the sort of thing that goes on pert on Norwegian geography but she and fork. Only then did it seem in Washington where most Washing¬ has visited the country twice. As a enjoyable to sit up at a table with tonians are spending August and Sep¬ tourist, she took, in 1951, a cruise the feet on a carpet. And now we tember. Perhaps they wish they were from northward and since most go backward to the days of the cave. at the seaside or in the mountains and of the bigger Norwegian towns are Cook-outs are popular among the this causes them to say that Washing¬ situated on the sea she got a rather upper bourgeoisie and we must sit out ton is deserted. comprehensive view of urban life to with the mosquitoes while we consume We dispute the old saw, but in no say nothing of the rugged 2,110 mile smoky hamburgers. rancorous mood. In fact there is coast line. Her next visit, in 1958, Admirations'. something immensely engaging about was a business trip. The courtesy of the average man. this bit of humbug. It should be On the subject of language, Miss His willingness to trust his fellow man kept alive. It is a good opener for Tibbett is not going to relax just be¬ to a reasonable degree without a trace dog day letters: “Dear Cousin Beren- cause so many Norwegians know Eng¬ of mefiance, dispetto or other shades

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 of suspicion that curdle life in other at the Westchester Biltmore Country one facile generalization. “The Boliv¬ countries. Club in 1928? And who later stood ians are undoubtedly the worst break¬ The majestic driving. How do they you to that awfully good dinner at ers I have ever met.” Or read Ber¬ manage to keep up that even speed, Vefour in Paris in 1929. And who bers, Swedes, Bulgarians, Swahili, observing lights and road rules with¬ sent the beautiful antique edition of anything you want. It’s the beginning out honking and screaming at each Voltaire’s letters? Of course! Good old for pessimistic conversation. As your other? Zifler! Outrageous to have let him slip denunciation gets sharper you think The amiability of merchants who out of your life and memory! And of La Rochefoucauld—“All general¬ actually seem to want to sell the cus¬ now his wife, good old . . . what was izations are false including this one.” tomer what the customer wants (not her name. Mary called Minnie, but has This encourages you to continue the what the merchant wants to unload he got the same one? In situations like tirade: “People who break valuable as in some countries). these a glance at “Who’s Who” will do porcelain should be sent to jail,” etc. Cocktail hostesses who actually re¬ wonders. There she is: Minnie is still What do Berbers, Swedes, etc., break member names and introduce their extant. This is most helpful of “Who’s most? Not your dime store dishes, oh guests to each other. Who” and what it calls its biographees. no, never those! It’s the Meissen com- potier, the Lowestoft platter and the The Good News at Long Last Some biographees for instance give a full account of their matrimonial ad¬ Steuben martini glasses. By this time you have doubtless ventures, e.g., married 1. Millie M. It is very difficult to gather pre¬ heard the good news concerning Bill Caspers (div.) 2. Adolphine Skinker cise figures on the misdeeds of the HR 10,700 and indeed your last pay (div.) 3. Magnolia Fraser-Jenkins. Bulgarians, Swahili, etc., but now check may have shown the results of Ever so helpful for those who don’t by some miracle the Republic Mold¬ the Congressional vote on pay raises wish to mention Millie or Adolphine. ing Corporation has provided figures for 1.7 million Federal employees. The If “Who's Who" can do it why can’t on the busting proclivities of the bill cleared the Senate-House Confer¬ the “Biographic Register?” In the Americans: ence on August 3, was passed by both Register all we get is this—Sandston, The typical family of four breaks Houses on August 4, and was signed Marvin B., b. N.Y. Nov. 25, 1918; m. or chips two dishes a month. The by the President on August 14. "The Married to whom? What’s her name smashing bill comes to $16 a year pay bill,” said the New York TIMES, . . . In no other profession do wives which rather indicates cheap crockery. “was once given up for dead but was play such an important role. When However, the record is not so bad in revived at the insistence of President they live abroad they take on end¬ view of the fact that the same family Johnson.” less burdens that pertain directly to washes about 20,000 dishes a year. What will Foreign Service personnel their husband’s job. (Obviously they haven’t got a servant; do with the increase in pay? What There is another argument: mem¬ if they had a servant the busting bill wise and judicious things? What fool¬ bers of the Foreign Service move would come higher.) Pursuing this ish and profligate things? It was mani¬ around so much that they cannot be quest for useless information we learn festly impossible to do a Roper poll on expected to remember everyone they that cup handles suffer most in the this, but a sampling was attempted by have ever met. The Register is a good hands of butterfingers. One of the tackling a certain number of people in memory jogger for the officers, but it world's most powerful thinkers on the restaurants and passages of the would be more useful if the wives busting dishes, and the breakers and Department. Most people said flatly were given names. breakeresses who commit the mischief that they didn't know. They were ob¬ is a French butler. Said he after one viously telling the truth. No one was Butterfingers notable bout of bustage, committed by planning anything silly. Only one When we move around through a guest in the house, “Breakers, mon¬ planned debauchery. This was a man foreign countries we fall easily into sieur, are born and not made.” ■ who lives in the Virginia countryside. "The first thing we do,” said the man v e by Robert W.Rind,en without a touch of shame, “is buy an Life and Lo e in the por 3Sn Service electric barbecue for the patio.” Many were planning to “improve" their houses. Three were specific: a new kitchen was to be installed, bathrooms were to be re-tiled, and a screened-in porch was to be glassed in. No one mentioned more clothes or better clothes, although surely some female heads must have harbored mink dreams. One man said, “From now on I'll be able to give taxi drivers fifteen instead of ten cents for a tip.” When another man hesitated for an inordinately long time, he was asked, “you are not planning any foolishness are you?” He answered, “No, but perhaps I'll amortize an old foolish¬ ness.” Give Those Women a Name The card is brought in and placed on your desk. First scrutiny pro¬ duces something but not much. Was Zifler M. Pulcipher the one you met "You say the plane couldn’t take off—and they’ll all be back for dinner?”

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 31 Dhahran. Ambassador Parker T. Hart wields a spade before the Dhahran Academy as a Saudi Boy Scout prepares to set a tree in place, at a combined National Day and Scouting Ceremony. Amir Abd al Muhsin bin Jiluwi of A1 Hasa oasis also participated. Lower photo shows Saudi and American Boy Scouts parading before the Ceremony, sponsored by Ambassador Hart and Consul General John E. Horner.

Monrovia. The United States Delegation is shown at the fifth inauguration of President William V. S. Tubman of the Republic of Liberia. The delegates are Mrs. Helen Gahagan Douglas, Dr. Stephen Wright and Ambassador Charles Ed¬ ward Rhetts. Mrs. Rhetts is at Dr. Wright's right.

Madras. Mrs. Albert B. Franklin, wife of Consul Franklin, holds the name board for the start of a new movie, Naandi. "The Beginning,” an episode in the life of a deaf mute. Star Kumari Harini waits with lamps to place before the household altar as the first action in the picture.

*-■> Mexico City. Ambassador Fulton Freeman and President Adolfo Lopez Mateos tour the new Embassy, accompanied by 1. to r., Nicolas Mariscal B., whose firm constructed the building, Secretary of Foreign Relations Jose Gorostiza, Min¬ ister Counselor C. A. Boonstra, the President of Mexico, Press Attache Brian Bell, the Ambassador and Hubert Foster, USIS.

32 FOREKIN SERVICE .JOURNAL, September 1964 Lives of great men all remind ns As their pages o’er we turn, That we’re apt to leave behind us,

Letters that zee ought to burn.—Anon.

by BETTY KAI.ISH Dear Anne. Charlie has done a wonderful job here—the Ambassador even sent in a glowing commendation for his file a while ago. Well, Charlie didn't get his promotion, after all. The List Can't imagine what is with Washington. I sometimes feel, came out yesterday, and Charlie was certainly in a mood here in Anthrax especially, that we’re in a repulsive little last night. world of our own, no contact with the outside world, es¬ Most years, Charlie phones me on such grim occasions, pecially Washington. and 1 have time to batten down the hatches, but the phone Anyway, to get back to our rugged evening: Charlie had a service being what it is here, I never have advance notice of couple of stiff drinks, and by the time dinner was over, he disaster until Charlie comes roaring through the door. had blown off most of his surplus steam. He’d copied down Luckily 1 had an emergency arrangement with Mary Thax- some names of people we know who did get promoted, and ter across the street to send the kids over there for dinner on most of them. I’m happy to say, pleased him. You remember promotion day in case Charlie’s overdue 2 didn't come Ned Leslie? You met him at our house in Washington. He’s through. So when 1 saw all Charlie’s storm signals flying, I made 1, and that was good news to Charlie. The rumor is scratched off a quick SOS to Mary and pushed the kids out that Ned will be DC’M in Rome or some such plushy place, the back door. and Ned’s always liked Charlie's work. So mebbe we’ll get After all I didn't want to repeat last year's flap. Don’t out of Anthrax before we’ve lost all our teeth and hair. know whether 1 told you about that. Little Big Ears listened Guess I told you Charlie’s teeth are taking an awful beating, to Charlie sounding off, and two weeks later, when Buddy and there's no decent dental help for thousands of miles. Norton was over here playing, we heard our sterling young¬ Charlie did give a few snorts and snarls about some of est say, loud and clear: "My father says your father is a jerk, the others on the list, but I don't think you know any of the and should have been fired instead of promoted!” Great. people but Joe Danvers. You met him at our house in Wash¬ Nortons are still cool to us. I don’t blame them. ington. too. He was the fat fellow in the light gabardine suit. Anyway, we had a real jolly evening here last night. I was Talked like Harold Stassen. I remember that suit because glad 1 had beef stew, which Charlie loves, and 1 had made a our boxer hated Joe on sight and tried to push him out the peach pie. Maybe I’m psychic. Last year had a dandy meal door. Left two big paw marks on those beautifully tailored in the freezer for weeks before promotion time, in case, but in knees. Charlie was so pleased that he slipped Beppo an extra Anthrax we haven't enough juice to run the thing, so I had biscuit behind the kitchen door. I was glad, last night, that to trust to luck I wouldn’t be having leftovers. Anyway after our youngest, who has the memory of an elephant, wasn’t stew and pie Charlie could cope with the fact that his dear with us to absorb Charlie’s comments on Joe. After all, our colleague. J. Barley Forster, got a 2, and Charlie didn’t. paths may cross again. God forbid. Charlie’s delegated me You know . Sister Annie, what seems to really bug the men to write Joe’s wife a note of congratulation. Says he can’t, in in this promotion thing isn't so much that they aren't on the his present mood, and that I’m a better liar than he is. list; it’s that some of their least favorite fellow-workers always Marguerite is not one of my favorites, either, but I'll do are. It’s not entirely jealousy, either. When someone they my best. They're in , yet. on top of everything else. don’t admire is promoted, you'd think they’d just had their Guess I’d better wind this tip. Charlie will be home soon, epaulets ripped off. If someone like Forster is what Wash¬ and I want to feed the kids early. By now I’m sure Charlie ington likes, they think they might as well give up. They don't will be rational, and in a soul-searching frame of mind. want to be like him. even if they could. Dead end. Stalemate. (You know: “What could I have done that I didn’t do?”) 1 Actually. Anne, Forster isn’t all that bad. He’s done some have a few thoughts along this line, believe me, but after all. darn good work here on several occasions. He gets along last night was no time for objectivity. The first day, I think great with some wheel in the Anthrax cabinet. (In fact griping should be unconfined. Rationality cometh next day. they’re sort of alike!) In his peculiar way, Barley is sort of a Incidentally, I might do a little soul searching myself. I genius—genius today and bum tomorrow—and Charlie knows was a little mouthy about Anthrax when the inspector was this. Barley’s the sort who pulls off the improbable, and here. the next day has to be rescued (usually by Charlie) from an You know, Anne, it seems to me there’s no sure way to awful boner. get a promotion, except getting beaten up by the mob as it

FOREION SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1064 33 stones the embassy. And I certainly don’t want that. But tion for Charlie. Makes me wonder how my own stock is today, I think Charlie would settle for a small beating, with doing in Washington. no internal injuries. The other tried and true methods: Good Tear this up. Solid Work, knowhow, charm, personal contacts, coat-hold¬ Bill ing, skulduggery, and the rest sometimes work, but they’re not Air Mail letter from DCM. Anthrax, to friend who was on dependable. promotion panel Anyway, hold the fort, dear sister, while I try to be a Personal and Private model of Dear Herv: consolation Been meaning to drop a line for a long time, but put it humor off as our spouses keep in touch. philosophy See you have been busy on the panels. Don’t envy you tact that job. Any luck yet on getting an overseas assignment? 1 patience notice Throbley and Smith are going out. Glad Throbley and survived his three years of make-work. objectivity Things as usual around here. Nancy and the kids are well, for the sake of our boy Charlie. but housing is a problem, and as usual we can’t get any Love, answers out of Washington on it. Since you did time here, Martha you know about this twenty-five per cent paradise. P.S. I am about to paste one of two quotes on Charlie's I know it isn’t any of my business, Herv, but off the shaving mirror—can't make up my mind which. One’s record tell me what the thinking of the panel was when you from A. E. Housman: guys passed up Charlie Walton, particularly since another “What evil luck soever Anthrax-ite, Barley Forster, made 2. Ambassador Horgan For me remains in store, and I thought the reports made it pretty clear what the feeling ‘Tis sure some finer fellows is at this end. What about the Ambassador’s commendation Have fared much worse before.” for Charlie? Plus my reviewing statement on his efficiency The other’s an old German proverb: “Luck sometimes visits report, which I thought would carry a little weight. Charlie's a fool, but never sits down with him.” done a great job and is overdue for his 2. Forster has done P.S. 2 Maybe I’ll stick one on tonight, and change to the some good work, but it’s Charlie that’s our idea of a good other tomorrow. all-around man. M. Would appreciate any sub rosa information you can pro¬ vide. Best to Sally and the kids. Anthrax Regards, My dear Marguerite: Jake How pleased Charlie and I were to learn of Joe’s promo¬ Tear this up and bury it in nearest burn bag! tion! I'm sure you are both very happy about it. I guess Air mail letteer from panel member to DCM. Anthrax Joe’s contact with your Congressman two years ago did have Personal and Confidential its uses, didn’t it? Also all the time Joe spent in the deputy Dear Jake: undersecretary’s office. Good to hear from you. I see things are as usual around Charlie was disappointed, of course, not to get his 2 after good old Anthrax. Do the lights still go off ten times a day? all this time, but Anthrax is a little out of the world. 1 guess. I love the place, you lucky guy! It’s a fascinating place, though, and Charlie feels he’s getting a Sally and the kids are fine. My sympathies to you and lot of valuable experience. yours. As you know. 1 can’t talk, so what I say here is in Hope the children are well. Spain must be a beautiful strictest confidence. place to live. I’ve been wracking my brains to recall Forster but can't Were you ever able to sell your house in Virginia? Some¬ bring up a thing. Don’t know him, and can only guess one wrote me it had been vacant a whole year. We did so someone on the panel was very high on him, and the rest enjoy our day out there with you, and the evening you spent of us went along. 1 think we did the best we could with what at our house. I hope the cleaner was able to get the marks we had. I wish you guys wouldn't expect us to read so much off Joe’s beautiful suit. I’m still apologizing for Beppo. who between the lines. has his own ideas about people. I do remember about Charlie. He almost made it. and Sincerely, I’m sure if you put in a pitch next year he’s sure to. As I Martha said, competition was stiff. One thing I’m sure of: there def¬ initely was no commendation from your ambassador. I’d re¬ Memo from Ambassador Horgan (Anthrax) to J. Barley member that. Trust it was not sent to Washington by open Forster Anthrax mail instead of by pouch. Strictly in confidence, I Dear Barley: recall that in Charlie’s file was a so-so report from his last I note with pleasure your name on the promotion list. My post. I take it that all was not quite well between Charlie hearty congratulations. and his immediate boss there. Faint praise—that sort of Sincerely, thing. Come to think of it, it seems to me his boss was Macy William Vincent Horgan Snig, and Macy can’t turn out a lucid report about anyone, so maybe it wasn’t a clash, just poor narrative. Anyway, I’m Unofficial handwritten note from Ambassador Horgan to h:s sorry we didn’t have room for Charlie this year—he's a DCM good man. Jake—how the devil did the panels promote Forster and Hope this is of some help. Better try to find out what pass up Charlie? Nothing to be done now, of course, but this happened to the commendation. That might have done it, isn’t going to help morale around here. How about sending I think. Charlie up to check on that trouble at Tarraville? And give Regards from all of us. May you continue to enjoy him time to get his teeth fixed there. Anthrax. And better luck in your next post. Do you know someone on that panel? I'd like to find out Herv the thinking that goes on. After all, I sent in a commenda- And put this in your burn bag—in small pieces!

34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 Note from publisher of Wolfton NEWS-CHRONICLE to his or not. I doubt if even Dean could do it, were he, as we in city editor. the Service put it, “in the field.” Bob, I saw Marvin Forster at Rotary yesterday. Couldn’t Of course I was happy to get the promotion, but I'd have get away from him, in fact. Seems his son Jim is about to appreciated it much more a couple of years ago. take over US foreign relations again. Got some sort of pro¬ The staff here is not exactly top-drawer, and it’s hard for motion. Beats me how Jim does it. The summer he worked a good man or two to keep things running smoothly, particu¬ here on the N-C was grim. He's smart. I’ll give him that, but larly in this far-off country where things don’t operate as he does get people’s backs up. Anyway, we have to do a well as they might. I am in constant touch with Anthrax piece on him, or Marvin won't give me any peace. You cabinet members here, though, and I think in the end things might put Marvella on it—ought to fix him. will work out all right. Our ambassador isn't a bad fellow, By the way he calls himself J. Barley now. 1 didn’t know though it’s his first ambassadorial assignment, and he depends who Marvin was talking about at first. on me heavily. Why don't you have Clyde do another editorial on the As you must see from reading the papers. Anthrax is a State Department—give it a blast? How about the Panama strategically located country. It is a mystery to me why thing, or whatever occurs to him. If Jim's such a big shot Washington does not send more of us experienced men here. there, seems State can stand some investigating. Kee-rist! Alice has been sick a good deal (the food is terrible, and the housing is worse) but we are bearing up. We know every WOLFTON MAN Foreign Service officer cannot be spared for the sophisticated SUCCEEDS AS U S. DIPLOMAT capitals of the world. My kindest regards to you and your wife. Again I appre¬ By Marvella Godkin ciate your congratulations. Alice joins me in sending our Woman’s Editor greetings. “Our foreign affairs are in good Sincerely, hands now, with my boy Barley on Barley the rise,” twinkled Marvin Forster, jovial owner and manager of the Letter from DCM. Anthrax, to friend on promotion panel Wolfton Feed and Grain Storage Personal and Confidential Company, when interviewed in his Dear Herv: spacious new office on Elm Street Thanks for passing on the information. I know that you yesterday afternoon by the NEWS- will be sure to destroy this letter, as well as the other letter I CHRONICLE. wrote you. These written-down things always worry me. Mr. Forster has received word After all, who knows? F. may be an ambassador some day! from his son, J. Barley Forster, a I may even be working for him. I needn't tell you this member of the Foreign Service of is no fairy tale. our U.S. Department of State, that About C: I was shocked about the absence of the letter of he has just been promoted to commendation, so started checking our files for the carbon. “class 2 officer.” I couldn't find it, but on a second search located it, mis¬ “That means,” smiled Mr. For¬ filed. Misfiling naturally made me think of one Gracie ster, secretary of the Wolfton Ro¬ Rathbone, one of those gems personnel sends half way round tary Club, and, with his wife. Rose, the world with the phony title of “secretary.” We had Gracie prominent in Wolfton social life. for a miserable three months until the ambassador maneuv¬ “that Barley is getting close to be¬ ered a transfer for her. Anyway, I checked her arrival and coming an ambassador. So in four departure dates, and sure enough the commendation was or five years he'll probably be written between the dates. straightening things out for us in I guess we'll never know what happened to the original Rome or Belgium or Paris.” commendation. Maybe Gracie did send it by open Anthrax “Jimmy” Forster, as he was mail, and maybe it never went at all. Its fate obviously is popularly known, not so long ago. buried deep in the mysterious little vacuum that Gracie had among Wolfton’s young social set, for a mind. with his charming wife Alice, is I’m trying to decide whether to tell Charlie or not. Think now serving his country bravely in I will. It may temporarily add to his frustration, but I think Anthrax, a brand new country. in the end he’ll feel better for knowing. I'll keep you entirely Jimmy attended our local schools out of it, of course. and our great State University be¬ Also I'm sure the Ambassador will be delighted to know fore he answered the call of duty his commendation wasn't ignored. under our country’s flag. He was We’re sending Charlie out for a week, ostensibly on busi¬ once active in . . .” ness, but really (1) to improve his morale, and (2) to get his cavities plugged. Either the teeth or the hair go first, around Letter from J. Barley Forster to friend in Wolfton here, as you recall. Anthrax Washington has finally responded to our latest urgent mes¬ Dear Cass: sage re housing. Someone will be along to look over our sad little situation within the next year or two, and to enjoy Thanks for sending me the clipping from the NEWS- hospitality in the quonset-style palaces we’re living in. Even CHRONICLE. Seems to me they might have put someone on the story other than the venerable Marvella, but she got the the residence has rats moving freely through its spacious rooms. Much larger animals would join them, but we keep gist of it. Of course I don’t care much for personal publicity, but one must allow for parental pride, I guess. And I suppose them away with our bows and arrows. Ishmapel Natuska.* the NEWS-CHRONICLE kept after him about it. Jake My father is a little optimistic about my immediate pros¬ pects for an Ambassadorship. It would be completely against *In case you've forgotten "My everlasting gratitude”—in policy to promote a fellow that fast, whether he deserved it Anthracian. ■

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL., September 1964 35 how detailed the presentation of poli¬ cies for particular problems and in particular areas, the whole panorama of United States efforts in the interna¬ tional field doesn’t make sense unless the parts are woven together into a tapestry. From this little book a pic¬ ture of the whole emerges clearly and one gets a better impression of where we have been and where we are going. —J.E.M.

VIEW FROM THE SEVENTH FLOOR, by W. IF. Rostow. Harper & Row, $4.00. The Burden and the Glory explain to all who can read why “no nation has ever been so ready to seize HE spirit of high purpose, the Cordell Hull T the burden and the glory of freedom.” style of leadership, and the essen¬ THE rangy, courtly mountaineer tial wisdom of the late President come —REED HARRIS from Tennessee who became through with remarkable force in this Secretary of State in 1933 and for THE BURDEN AND THF. GLORY, by President inspiring collection of his speeches. It Joint F. Kennedy. Introduction by Pres¬ almost twelve years presided over the is refreshingly unlike most volumes of ident Lyndon IS. Johnson. Edited by Al¬ State Department was not a simple the speeches of statesmen for there is lan Neiiins. Harper & Roto, $4.95. man. His reasoning had a strong more vitality, more sense of drive, Crystal Clear element of sentiment, his philosophy and considerably greater clarity and of political shrewdness and common economy of words. THE jacket of Mr. Rostow's book sense. He was an idealist, yet he could The foreword is a moving tribute on US foreign policy belies its lick the political machine dominating by President Lyndon B. Johnson. contents. The blue lighting suggests his state. Conservative in some re¬ Allan Nevins provides an introduction hazy outlines and perhaps even a pes¬ spects, in his long years of Congres¬ that also touches the emotions, even simistic outlook. Both are deceptive. sional service he gained the reputation as it sets the historical stage for the The book is remarkable for its clar¬ of a progressive Democrat. Yet many words to come. His footnotes ity of presentation and its optimistic of his New Deal associates found him throughout the book provide further view of the future. excessively cautious. As Henry L. historical orientation. This is a book which should be in Stimson said, he was ”a cagey old True, there are some words that the hands of the Foreign Minister of bird” and hard to fathom. came from the pens of Theodore every country with whom we deal, Adding to the difficulty of contem¬ Sorenson, McGeorge Bundy, Dean and possibly also of the Prime Min¬ porary judgment was Hull’s service as Rusk, Robert McNamara, Edward ister. It sets forth with engaging, even Secretary of State during the most R. Murrow. and a number of other though possibly oversimplified, preci¬ troublesome, complex period the distinguished members of the Adminis¬ sion the ultimate objectives of US for¬ nation had known for a hundred and tration—but there is solid evidence eign policy. Mr. Rostow lucidly sets thirty years. There was little dip¬ on every page that the clear Kennedy forth the various stages by which we lomatic and foreign policy perspective blueprint and the strong Kennedy have arrived at our current foreign by which to judge him. We who presence were always there to guide policy objectives and explains them in experienced the period and its equally these craftsmen toward the final a very convincing manner which troublesome aftermath have some structure the late President desired. should remove all doubts from the advantage in this respect. We can see And the final polishing touches were minds of foreign government officials clearly outlined Hull’s statesmanship always of his doing. about possible ulterior or sinister mo¬ at the London Economic Conference Historian Nevins and the editors of tives. The problem will be to con¬ in 1933, when much was stacked Harper and Row have arranged the vince the foreign leaders that this is against him. including the vagaries speeches by subject thereby providing the essence of the matter. Foreign and publicly-exploded bombshells of a new opportunity for the reader to Service officers should find this a very his chief. We can recognize the review in close relation all major state¬ useful primer for their discussions qualities which enabled him to lead ments Mr. Kennedy made upon each with the officers of Foreign Offices in the Conference against of several key issues, many of these any part of the world. great odds, and, compared with Talley¬ being in the field of foreign policy. We should be grateful that Mr. rand’s triumph at the Congress of The eight headings used are: The Rostow asked the Secretary if his Vienna, perceive that this gentle¬ Shape and Aims of Government: The Counselor and Planner should be seen manly, far-sighted political oper¬ Continuing Struggle for Peace; Points and heard, and even more grateful to ator there provided a classic example of International Danger; Interdepend¬ Mr. Rusk for suggesting that the of diplomacy at its twentieth-century ence; Latin America and the Alliance Chairman of the Policy Planning Stall' best, waged honorably, skillfully, suc¬ for Progress; Race Relations and Civil should concentrate on trying to make cessfully. So, too, at the Moscow Rights; The Nation’s Economy: Busi¬ clear the relations of the parts to the ness, Agriculture, Taxes, and the Role whole. This is precisely what the Conference of 1943, where, notwith¬ of Government; Science and Educa¬ book tries to do and what it succeeds standing the barrage of left-wing and tion. in doing to a remarkable degree. other criticism to which he had been Surely here is a volume that be¬ There was a time when it was the pol¬ subjected at home for his supposed longs in the collection of any officer icy within the Department to keep hostile attitude toward the Soviet who served the Government in the those concerned with planning out of Union, he thoroughly won the Rus¬ Kennedy years. It will provide in¬ the public’s eye and away from its sians’ confidence. Throughout his spiring reading, too, for officers of ear. We can only applaud the deci¬ career as head of the Department, his the future. Overseas, it will help to sion to reverse this policy. No matter quiet, patiently-sought triumphs came

36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 to provide an education in diplomacy Malaysia Today with evidences of the author's good and foreign policy to those interested Two books, both published in 1963, British common sense and tendency enough to give a little attention to consider Malaya-becoming-Malay- to understatement, the hook is analyti¬ them. sia, an area of the world which was cal as well as factual. It helpfully in¬ cludes a map, a bibliography, sixteen Hull had his weaknesess. Those of us only occasionally in the world news tables of demographic and economic who knew him were aware of these. prior to the consolidation of Sukar¬ indicator statistics, plus an analysis Most glaring was his indifference to no’s power in Indonesia and the sub¬ of the complexities of citizenship and the management and development of sequent launching of his “Crush Ma¬ nationality regulations in Malaya his establishment. Save for a war¬ laysia!” policy. Both books definitely which should be required reading for time infusion of talent produced by a support the creation of Malaysia, as specialists in the area. crisis and not his own effort, he left well for the retention of British tradi¬ the establishment little better prepared tion through economic and adminis¬ Ronald McKie’s “The Emergence for its ordeal of leadership than he trative unification as for the more of Malaysia” has an index and a front¬ had found it. Its inter-departmental pressing defense of the Singapore mil¬ ispiece map, but it has little else of the machinery sagged. Backward-looking itary base against sterilization by the scholarly character of Gullick's work. criteria of performance went unchal¬ indigenous Communists. Nonetheless, McKie, an Australian lenged. There was no tightening of The first book, called simply “Ma¬ journalist and author, writes a gen¬ standards of either performance or se¬ laya,” is a scholarly work in a some¬ uinely sparkling tale about Singapore, lection. No thought was given to train¬ what plodding style by a British na¬ Malaya and Malaysia and the person¬ ing. In the whole searching of post¬ tional, J. M. Gullick, who spent alities who control the political des¬ war needs, the need of improving the more than a decade in the Malayan tinies. Although it requires the first diplomatic establishment went un¬ Civil Service and then joined a Lon¬ hundred pages for Mr. McKie to pour heeded. Hull had frequent occasion to don firm owning rubber estates in Ma¬ forth his nostalgic reminiscences about complain he and the Department were laya. His detailed and careful study is pre-World War II Singapore, his by-passed but he is never known to one of the ten volumes on ten differ¬ word pictures throughout the book have sat down with the President and ent countries now comprising his pub¬ are delightful, and his anecdotes, at examined the causes of the circum¬ vention and to tackle them. No Secretary of State has been preeminent in all the four or five roles he must play. Hull was distin¬ guished in some, gravely deficient in others. As our chief diplomat at in¬ ternational conferences and as the Roosevelt Administration’s represen¬ tative on Capitol Hill, he was masterly and ranks among our greatest Secretaries of State. In all roles he was a thorough gentleman-—with in¬ nate courtesy and integrity—-and a knowing politician, “a cagey old bird”—of statesmanlike vision, pa¬ tience and courage. These qualities, as well as techniques of Hull's diplomacy, Ampang Road Temple, Kuala Lum¬ emerge clearly from the two-volume lisher’s series, “Nations of the Mod¬ pur by H. Kent Goodspeed. biography by Professor Pratt, who ern World.” has etched his study with the fine At first blush, one would question scholarship his earlier works in dip¬ why there should be a volume on least to a newcomer in South East lomatic history would lead one to Malaya precisely at a time when the Asia, are witty. Example; the bon mot that Malaya was once owned expect. Forming part of the series of circumscribed area of Malaya was be¬ by the British for the protection of studies of Secretaries of State orig¬ ing “merged” into a new “Nation of the Modern World”—Malaysia; but the and the benefit of the inated by Samuel Flagg Bemis, it is events since Malaysia was proclaimed Chinese. When he turns serious and one of the more solid. Where it fails is on August 31. 1963, indicate that the factual, his vivid accounts of reveal¬ in its conventional approach to its new state of Malaysia, already short of ing interviews with David Marshall. subject so as to neglect the hard one of the five entities that were to Lee Kuan Yew and Lim Chin Siong problems of management and im¬ have made it up (Brunei), is not ex¬ in Singapore and with the Tunku and provement of diplomatic performance ercising unopposed sovereignty over his deputy, Tun Abdul Razak in Kuala which world-wide responsibilities the rest of North Borneo. Gullick. Lumpur, provide an illuminated in¬ thrust upon the Secretary. Professor true to his title, does not deal with sight into Malaysian politics. The in¬ Pratt has dismissed these as Hull North Borneo areas at all, except pe¬ tricate tightrope-walking over the triple himself dismissed them. Yet they be¬ ripherally in a chapter devoted to the chasms of Islam. Indonesia and the long to any assessment of Hull’s vision then-embryonic Federation of Malay¬ local Chinese is graphically portrayed, and understanding of the diplomatic sia. But his description of the his¬ with the author leaving no doubt that responsibilities of the nation as these tory, ethnic structure, politics and eco¬ the struggle against the Communists accumulated from 1933 on. nomics of Malaya and Singapore is is by no means over. He considers certainly exhaustive and, I should the Barisan Socialis a tool of the out¬ —R. SMITH SIMPSON think, affords immensely valuable ref¬ lawed Communist Party, and writes - erence material for those directly con¬ with grudging approval of the clever CORDELL HULL, by Julius IT. Pratt. Cooper Square Publishers, 2 vols. $15.00. cerned with Malayan affairs. Replete but undemocratic referendum in

FOREIGN’ SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 37 which Singapore was given no choice of the current deterrence impasse but who believe that the two can in our by Lee Kuan Yew but to vote in favor concludes they are impractical. As an present state of revelation already be of the Federation of Malaysia. alternative he recommends an elabo¬ one will find this book sympathetic Harshly critical of his own coun¬ rate procedure for a mutual reduction and reassuring. —CHARLES W. YOST trymen for their ostrich-like attitude of military expenditures by tacit or toward the area which the Australians implied agreement—a procedure, he WORLDS APART A Dialogue oj the , still call “the Far East” but which is asserts, that would have many advan¬ by Owen Barfield. Wesleyan University really their own front yard, McKie tages of political and military flex¬ Press, $5.00. sees a glimmer of hope in the fact ibility. But here again the author takes Turkey’s Progress that made a momentous de¬ too simplified an approach. Although A NUMBER of good books on Tur¬ cision to become part of Asia by an¬ recent events have demonstrated that key have appeared in recent nouncing on March 5, 1963, that she informal methods of mutual initiative years. Nuri Eren, a Turkish diplo¬ would support the creation of the are useful in some instances as in¬ mat with long service in the United Federation of Malaysia. struments of policy, nevertheless it is States, has added another to the list. Both Gullick and McKie abstain clear that in many cases formal Its chief merits are two; it offers a refreshingly from any criticism of the treaties and agreements can be the fairly comprehensive survey of Tur¬ United States for what we should have only acceptable means of achieving key’s progress and problems both be¬ done or ought not to have done in the significant armaments regulation and fore and after the revolution of 1960; area. Indeed, both books would seem reduction. Experience shows that a and it represents the view of an intel¬ to exclude the US, by the silent treat¬ wide spectrum of means, formal as ligent citizen of Turkey who is thor¬ ment, from any influence in or even well as informal, is required to resolve oughly committed to westernization. on Malaysia. Both see Communism the many complex forms of inter¬ Eren is proud of the achievements in predominantly-Chinese Singapore national conflict. A problem with this of his country since the founding of as the major danger, Sukarno not¬ book is that, although it spotlights the the Republic in 1923. He is also criti¬ withstanding, and neither doubts the advantages of certain means for cal of her shortcomings. Ranging over essential moral rightness of the con¬ resolving conflict, these are not suffi¬ the fields of government and consti¬ tinued British presence. cient in themselves and cover only tution, parties and politics, agricul¬ —PAUL D. MCCUSKER part of the total available spectrum. ture and industry and labor, women’s —C. R. G. status, education and literature, and MALAYA, by J. M. Gullick. Praeger, $6.95. A STRATEGY OF INTERDEPENDENCE: A Pro¬ foreign policy, Eren essays an objec¬ THE EMERGENCE OF MALAYSIA, by Ronald gram for the Control of Conflict Between tive assessment buttressed by consid¬ McKie. Harcourt, Brace & World, $4.95. the United States and the Soviet Union, erable factual data. He quite natu¬ For the Control of Conflict by Vincent R. Rock. Scribner’s, $7.50. rally finds, for example, an emer¬ gency in economic planning and de¬ IN this book the author—an analyst “Spiritual Science” at the Institute for Defense Analyses velopment. He finds also insufficient As this reviewer has reason to know, acceptance of political pluralism, and —contends that US security can best k. the dialogue form, in which this be served by a “strategy of interde¬ insufficient regard for the individ¬ book is written, has in modern times ual. He finds on the other hand in¬ pendence.” The present policy of mu¬ rarely been indulged in, though it has tual deterrence is dangerous and un¬ creased acceptance of the concept many advantages. It enables an au¬ of government under law, and in¬ certain. he argues, and pursuit of mili¬ thor to present (with as much objec¬ tary superiority provokes only a fruit¬ creasing self-reliance. Despite the tivity as he may choose) various and many problems facing Turkey, Eren less arms competition that does not conflicting points of view; it does this increase national security. In or¬ emerges at the end an optimist. It is in a more lively fashion than a mere instructive to compare his conclusion der to control international conflict, exposition would permit; it is a con¬ he advocates a broad program of with that of Richard Robinson in venient and convincing way of bom¬ "The First Turkish Republic” (Har¬ "common actions” to create a com¬ barding. disintegrating and breaking munity of interest between the two vard, 1963). into its component elements a super¬ There is little here on Turkey's main adversaries. Among the “com¬ ficially plausible argument or dogma. mon actions" he urges the United military organization, and the survey Owen Barfield utilizes these re¬ of foreign policy slights the Mosul is¬ States and the Soviet Union to under¬ sources rather well in this book which take in the interest of peace are proj¬ sue in the 1920s and Turkish diplo¬ gathers together a group of scientists, macy of World War II. The impact ects in space, oceanography, meteor¬ philosophers and theologians to dis¬ ology, art, tourism, trade, and aid to of Islam receives less consideration cuss what, if anything, they have in than is its due. The book as a whole developing areas. Although this book common. The subject matter is not is nevertheless a good introduction for suggests an approach to the serious light nor its assimilation easy for a any one going to Turkey, and its problem of ameliorating conflict that casual reader. For one willing to give insights are sometimes quite penetrat¬ is somewhat original in rationale, its it the concentrated attention it re¬ estimate of the efficacy of “common quires, it is more rewarding. ing- —RODERIC H. DAVISON action" is overoptimistic. While cross¬ Since Plato set the example, one TURKEY TODAY—AND TOMORROW: An national exchanges and cooperation should probably not criticize the au¬ Experiment in Westernization, by Nuri can have merit in building mutual in¬ thor for weighting the evidence some¬ Eren. Praeger, $6.50. terests and understanding, the author what in favor of his own inclinations. Briefly Noted overrates their value for directly con¬ These tend toward what one of his ANATOMY OF A SCANDAL: A Study of the trolling conflict and assuring interna¬ characters calls “spiritual science,” Profumo Affair, by Clive Irving, Ron Hall tional peace. In the last analysis, po¬ rather in the vein of Rudolf Steiner and Jeremy Wallington. Mill & Morrow, litical problems yield best to political though with much less dogmatism. 3.95 —not cultural or economic—solutions. This reviewer leans to the view that The best of several quickies on Brit¬ The author weighs the validity of the marriage of science and spirit, for ain’s cause celebre, this reads like a concluding formal arms control and which we all hope, must be more com¬ whodunit. But it really happened that disarmament agreements as a path out panionate than sacerdotal, but those way.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 Of German Leaders cellor, , is a compilation eenth century England. But the open¬ of speeches and articles written over ing article, “The World Beyond Amer¬ ONE of the leaders of the Weimar N the whole span of the post-war period. ica at the Time of the Revolution,” Republic has been the subject of and the essay on George III—not more interesting scholarly investigation Although not likely to have a wide ap¬ peal. the book is a useful guide to Pro¬ quite the ogre our schoolbooks pic¬ than has Gustav Stresemann following fessor Erhard’s pragmatic but unswerv¬ tured him, if you believe the author— the opening of most of his papers cap¬ may justify its inclusion. Some of the tured after World War II. Although ingly liberal approach to his country’s papers are slight, but all are urbane his reputation as a great European and economic situation and the economic and witty. pacifier (he received the Nobel Peace problems of Europe and the under¬ developed nations of the world. —TED OLSON Prize in 1926) has in consequence become a matter of controversy — it —FREDERIC SPOTTS THE AMERICANS: a New History of the has for instance been variously shown People of the United States, by Oscar that Stresemann was at least cognizant How We Got That Way Handlin, Little, Brouin, $6.95. THE REINS OF POWER: a Constitutional of the Reichswehr’s secret activities in OF the writing of American history History of the United States, by Bernard Russia and that his idea of “fulfill¬ there seems to be no end. Here Schwartz. Hill & Wang, $4.50. ment” was not so much an inspired de¬ are two books that bring some new MEN AND CENTURIES, by J. H. Plumb. sign for European conciliation as it was material and new insights to much that Houghton Mifflin, $6.00. a tactic to undermine the terms of is familiar. By accident, they com¬ Rimed Guide to Diplomacy Versailles and leave Germany free to plement each other nicely, because recover her losses in the East—Strese¬ they are so different. One is concerned PAUL SCOTT MOWRER was a first mann stands as a consummate diplo¬ mostly with people, the other with the magnitude luminary in the old matist and one of the greatest German institutions through which people reach Chicago DAILY NEWS galaxy of for¬ statesmen of all time. To have re¬ some sort of consensus and make their eign correspondents—unrivaled in its stored Germany's position in the world common will effective. day but dispersed, alas, long since. community in but a few years was a Oscar Handlin has written much and Even then he was moonlighting in stunning accomplishment; to have well about our ethnic and geographic verse, and he has been at it ever committed his country to a course of origins. In this book he goes back to since. He calls his latest collection peaceful revision of the peace settle¬ the beginnings and shows how these "School for Diplomats.” It won’t re¬ ment was an enormous and noble transplanted Europeans (and later place the Foreign Service Institute, achievement. In pursuit of these aims transplants from other continents) in¬ and it is unlikely to win the Pulitzer Stresemann willingly drove himself teracted with the new environment to poetry prize. But there is wisdom as into the grave. become a new breed, and in the process well as wit in these heroic couplets Henry A. Turner Jr.’s “Stresemann remodeled the European institutions —the wisdom acquired in a lifetime and the Politics of the Weimar Repub¬ they had brought along into something of watching the conduct of foreign lic” (Princeton University Press, $6.00) quite different from the originals. He affairs with objective and ironic eyes. adds a new dimension to this picture enlivens his exposition with sharply- At their best they have some of the by treating the neglected aspect of etched profiles of individuals plucked epigrammatic sting of Pope. Stresemann's career, that of founder out of the anonymous multitude. The One sample will give the flavor— and leader of the German People’s story of Valley Forge is distilled into and incidentally prolong the current Party and key figure in the turbulent the diary entry of one starving soldier: “dialogue” on "masses” vs. “classes": politics of the Weimar era. It is essen¬ “I shall soon be no more, and all the tially the story of a political Damas¬ reward I shall get will be—‘Poor Will In every land, find where the power lies. cus: how a devoted monarchist, willing is dead!’ ” Ignore the rest, and so avoid surprise. at the time of the Kapp Putsch to One small complaint: Professor Emery Kelen’s drawings comple¬ countenance the overthrow of the Re¬ Handlin has a neat trick of incorporat¬ ment the text delightfully. Loy Hen¬ public by force, became the Republic’s ing quotations into his narrative but derson contributes an introduction. great defender and the most effective setting them apart by italics. The —T. O. champion of her foreign interests. It trouble is he doesn't tell us anywhere was largely his hundred days as Chan¬ who said it first. No footnotes, no SCHOOL FOR DIPLOMATS, by Paul Mowrer. cellor that opened the way to what bibliography. Golden (luill Press, .$3.00. peace and revival Germany knew, and “The Reins of Power” is a constitu¬ it was his long tenure as foreign min¬ tional history, concerned with that for¬ Mr. Gandhi ister that gave the government the lit¬ ever astonishing phenomenon: how can HIS IS AN extraordinarily frank tle stability it experienced. But as a a blueprint for managing the affairs T portrait of the great Indian leader party politician, Stresemann emerges of a tiny agrarian-maritime nation in based chiefly on extensive interviews from this carefully-written, sympa¬ the late eighteenth century still work with those who knew him either as thetic but by no means uncritical por¬ pretty well for an automated megastate members of his family, as co-workers, trait as, in the final analysis, a failure. in the second half of the twentieth? or as opponents around the conference The problems were too enormous for It took a lot of stretching and some table. Although it is biographical in one man to solve, but he himself was nimble rationalization: Professor form, Mr. Shahani’s slim volume is not unwilling until too late to seek real co¬ Schwartz guides us through the familiar a detailed record of Gandhi’s political operation with the socialists and left- precedents, McCulloch vs. Maryland, achievement. It is primarily a study of Marbury vs. Madison, and others less liberals and eventually lost control of a subtle, elusive personality, one that familiar, right down to Brown vs. his own party to the extreme right. So was extremely complex despite its out¬ Board of Education and “all deliberate the good he did died soon after him ward appearance of simplicity. and his errors (of omission) lived on to speed.” This may sound dull, but be¬ (he tragedy of Germany and the world. lieve me, it isn’t. —JAMES J. BLAKE Professor Plumb’s collection of essays “The Economics of Success” (Van and reviews doesn’t really belong in MR. GANDHI, by Ranjee Shahani. Mac¬ Nostrand, J>6.50) by the German Chan¬ this bundle, since it deals with eight millan. $4.95.

POREIUN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1064 39 The Diplomat Who Went Out From The Heat

by JUAN EL CUADRO and S. I. NADLER

A little hurt at the orders to return ‘'immediately” to sedan following his embassy car. None had. That the local Washington “for consultation,” Lemon was not. how¬ government had thus indicated it had not considered his ever, surprised. He had been in the diplomatic game final actions in the country of any import would, of course, too long not to have expected it. He had remembered the duly be noted on the debit side of his ledger in Washing¬ old political advice—"If you don't like the heat, get out of ton. At the airport, a final indignity had awaited him. He the kitchen”—but he had not felt that it was time for him had counted on the local government’s not sending any¬ to go out from the heat. body to see him off, an official slap in the face which would He had glanced around several times on the long trip to have helped his case not inconsiderably. Not only had the the airport, hoping but not really expecting to see a black lowest ranking member of the Foreign Ministry’s Protocol

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 Office been there, but he had shaken Lemon’s hand as a pho¬ of the project, that of making Lemon look like a Loreign tographer had recorded the scene for the front page of the Service officer on the skids. There was the initial four- local newspaper and, inevitably, thanks to AP and UPI. month period of using accrued annual leave. There was the the Washington POST AND TIMES HERALD, EVENING STAR, and stint of walking the corridors of the Department, unassigned. NEWS. Then, taking secretaries out for cocktails and making passes Now, at the Department of State, he was being escorted at them as a cover for questioning them about possible as¬ to an office on the fourth floor by an assistant desk officer, signments. Then, taking secretaries out for cocktails and named Gribble. He remembered when he would have been questioning them about possible assignments as a cover for insulted at being escorted by even a deputy assistant secre¬ making passes at them. Next, the preparation of a special tary. much less to just the fourth floor. report, which nobody would ever read, about something He asked. "What have they in mind for me?” about which nobody cared. And there was a six-week as¬ Gribble replied, “I don't know.” signment to an FSS promotion panel. Not without a trace of sarcasm. Lemon ventured. “I sup¬ At the appropriate moment. Lemon was assigned, ac¬ pose they'll suggest it's time I went out from the heat?” cording to plan, as Deputy Chief of Mission in a critical, "Heat?” repeated Gribble. “1 thought the air-conditioning emerging country. He departed swiftly, without time for was turned up too high in here.” farewells, questions, or answers, again according to plan. Lemon turned sharply to Gribble only to discover that he Whenever Lemon thought about it. which was often, he was not being put on; both Gribble and his reply were for reluctantly promoted Impersonnel, generally, and Shutree. real. This, then, thought Lemon, was a symbol of much of specifically, in his estimation. The project, he reflected, was his trouble, this new breed of diplomats with their social diabolically (having written countless despatches, he could science courses and their new realities. Silently, he cursed not help thinking in cliches) clever. The ambassador, whose World War Two, Henry Wriston. and the editorial page of deputy chief of mission he was to be. was a political ap¬ the New York TIMES. pointee: and everybody in the game knows that ambassadors Gribble left him at the door of John Shutree's office. who are political appointees are, ipso facto, incompetent Sitting across the desk from Shutree. Lemon waited for him babes in the diplomatic wood. Thus, the Department always to speak. A man of Shutree’s position and authority would assigns a top-notch career man as deputy chief of mission to be known, in a certain intelligence service, as Control. Here, such an ambassador. Lemon's activities and behavior prior he was known as Confusion. That section of which he was to this assignment were, of course, known in all the chan¬ chief is called Impersonnel, and it is unknown to the gen¬ ceries and foreign ministries in the world. Thus, his assign¬ eral public, career diplomats below the rank of FSO-1, and all ment as DCM—-as intended by the project—was viewed as newspapermen except Art Buchwald, who does not care, a clear signal that this political-appointee-ambassador, whose and James Reston. who does not believe it. Personnel does DCM he was to be. was not incompetent and no babe in career planning, handles assignments, and arranges home any wood. leave and transfers. Impersonnel ignores part of what Per¬ During the first six months of his tour. Lemon continued sonnel does and changes the rest. Amendments of Orders, according to plan. He arrived late at the embassy every for example, originate with Impersonnel, as do Cancellations morning and departed early. Several times, the duty officer of Leave (under the code designation "lack of funds”). was unable to find him on weekends when NIACTs or visit¬ Shutree finally spoke. “As we see it,” he observed, “it ing congressmen demanded action or attention. On at least really began with the Winston-Contest Affair.” five occasions, at Country Team meetings, when the ambas¬ Shades of Madison Avenue, thought Lemon, they’ve al¬ sador made an observation and asked. "What do you think. ready given it a name. Let a few years pass, he knew, and Mr. Lemon?”, he replied, “I don’t agree with you. Mr. it would be a case history in the Basic Course for Junior Ambassador.” Officers. What he said was, “It was, after all, a developing The end came with jarring suddenness. Shutree had ex¬ country. And Tom Winston was a good public affairs officer. plained to Lemon precisely how Impersonnel was going to When he made the point that private enterprise would spon¬ make the ambassador thoroughly witting to the project. sor the contest jointly with the embassy and pick up the Then, for the first time in Lemon's experience, Shutree had tab, it was very convincing. It was too late when l thought momentarily stepped out of his role of Confusion, patted his about the connotations of crowning a Miss Development of shoulder, and said, “We know you'll do exactly as we expect 1964.” you to do.” “And still later.” murmured Shutree, "when you learned Now. bitterly and helplessly, Lemon realized he had done that private enterprise came in the form of the Girlieform exactly what they had expected. He looked again at the Bra Company?” efficiency report the ambassador had prepared on him, and "Even then.” admitted Lemon, anticipating Confusion, “I he shuddered. It was, of course, factual and completely de¬ did not foresee the advertising follow-up. When that ad and molishing. that picture appeared in the local daily, 1 was sure Winston Just how diabolical the project had been was now all too would he executed. He was lucky just to have been PNG’d.” clear. The ambassador had not been briefed, knew nothing Shutree took a tear sheet from his desk drawer, studied about the project, and was as competent as he seemed. the picture, and read the text, his tone a mixture of won¬ From across the desk, the ambassador said gently, “1 had derment and sheer horror: “I dreamed I led a successful not planned to send the report to Washington until the coup d'etat in my Girlieform Bra.” middle of next week.” After Shutree had outlined Impersonnel’s project, he said. “There will be no need, sir,” Lemon replied. “M> request "It's top priority.” He added, “Of course, if it goes against for retirement will be in tomorrow's outgoing, unclassified your sensibilities or if you’re too tired, we wouldn’t want you pouch. And thank you.” to undertake it. There’s an upcoming vacancy in the Depart¬ The ambassador nodded absently. ment you could fill.” He paused. “The Secretary, as you may know, privately hopes that more assistant desk officer po¬ On the plane, on the way home. Lemon mentally gave sitions can be filled by FSO-l’s and career ministers.” several more points to Impersonnel and Confusion. When Lemon had been in the game a long, long time. “I’m you have been in the game a long time, they never just tell ready to undertake the project,” he stated. you that you are fired. Somehow, no matter how compli¬ Under the direction of Confusion, himself, Impersonnel cated, they always arrange it so that you, the career officer, devised a stunningly convincing program for the first phase publicly decide that it is time to go out from the heat. ■

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 41 "n IN INTERNATIONAL snares COMMUNICATION

by EDMUND S. GLENN

IT is too often assumed that the problem of transmitting ently in such a manner as to be described by others as the ideas of one national or cultural group to members pragmatic or empirical. of another national or cultural group is principally a The determination of the relationship between the patterns problem of language. It is likewise assumed that the problem of thought of the cultural or national group whose ideas are can always be solved by the use of appropriate linguistic tech¬ to be communicated, to the patterns of thought of the cul¬ niques—translation and interpretation. A constant and pro¬ tural or national group which is to receive the communication, fessional preoccupation with the problem of international is an integral part of international communication. Failure to communication has convinced me of the fallacy of this point determine such relationships, and to act in accordance with of view. such determinations, will almost unavoidably lead to mis¬ understandings. Patterns of Thought Soviet diplomats often qualify the position taken by their Both an eminent professional philosopher. Professor Max Western counterparts as “incorrect” nevpravilnoe. In doing Otto, and a very prominent layman. President Eisenhower, so, they do not accuse their opponents of falsifying facts, have stated that each man has a philosophy, whether or not but merely of not interpreting them "correctly.” This atti¬ he is aware of that fact. This means of course that people tude is explicable only if viewed in the context of the Marxist- think in accordance with definite methods or patterns of Hegelian pattern of thought, according to which historical thought. The methods may vary from individual to individ¬ situations evolve in a unique and predetermined manner. ual and even more from nation to nation. Thus an attitude not in accordance with theory is not in ac¬ Philosophical controversy is a historical fact. It is a mis¬ cordance with truth either; it is as incorrect as the false solu¬ take to believe that philosophical differences of opinion exist tion of a mathematical problem. Conversely, representatives only at the level of conscious and deliberate controversies of our side tend to propose compromise or transactional solu¬ waged by professional philosophers. Ideas originated by phi¬ tions. Margaret Mead writes that this attitude merely be¬ wilders many representatives of the other side and leads them losophers permeate entire cultural groups; they are in fact to accuse us of hypocrisy, because it does not embody any what distinguishes one cultural group from another. The in¬ ideological position recognizable to them. The idea that there dividuality of, for instance. Western culture, or Chinese cul¬ are "two sides to every question” is an embodiment of nomi¬ ture, cannot be denied. The fact that when speaking of the nalistic philosophy, and is hard to understand for those un¬ English, the Americans, the French, or the Spanish, we tend familiar with this philosophy or its influence. to use expressions such as “national character” should not Or again, on a slightly different plane: a simple English blind us to the fact that what is meant by “character” is in “no" tends to be interpreted by members of the Arabic cul¬ reality the embodiment of a philosophy or the habitual use ture as meaning “yes.” A real “no” would need to be em¬ of a method of judging and thinking. Thus the French de¬ phasized: the simple “no” indicates merely a desire for fur¬ scribe themselves as Cartesian: the English and the Ameri¬ ther negotiation. Likewise a nonemphasized “yes" will often cans seldom describe themselves, but still they act consist- be interpreted as a polite refusal.

42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 Denotation and Connotation Problems of this type appear in a much more compli¬ cated form whenever two words in two different languages have the same denotation but different connotations. Thus, for instance, the French word “contribuable” and the English word “taxpayer" denote the same thing, but their connotations are not identical. ' Taxpayer" is a word de¬ scriptive of physical action, of something which might have been seen with the eyes. It evokes the image of a man paying money at, for instance, a teller's window. “Contribuable,” on the contrary, embodies an abstract principle. It evokes not an image but a thought, the thought that all citizens must contribute to the welfare of the nation of which they are a part. Let us consider for a moment the connotations of these two words in the context of the North Atlantic Treaty Or¬ ganization. A normal reaction on the American side will be: Does the man who pays get a fair return on his money? Or, in other words, is the Mutual Assistance Program really the best way of getting the most security for the least cost? A typical reaction on the French side will be quite different: Does everyone contribute equally to the common cause? Are the Americans as deeply and personally involved as the French? I would be surprised if some of the differences of opinion which arose at various moments within NATO between the United States and France were not due to a large extent to this particular semantic difficulty.

The Role of Language The preceding paragraph showed how patterns of thought may influence language and in turn be influenced by it. Both “taxpayer” and “contribuable” are comparative neolo¬ gisms. If a certain method of word formation—by intension —was chosen by the French, it is because it corresponded to IT'S PROTECTED BY the pattern of thought prevalent in France. If another method of word formation—by extension—was chosen by the English, it is because it corresponded to their most gen¬ PAXTON! eral pattern of thought. Thus, peculiarities of language may constitute good indications of the prevalent manner of think¬ Anyone who has ever moved overseas ing. will appreciate this great news! Paxton’s Elowever, once created, words and expressions assume an , exclusive Speed Pak eliminates risky active role and contribute to the fashioning of thought. Thus two types of situations arise: re-packing . . . does away with time- 1. Cases where a given language is capable of expressing consuming, costly warehouse bottle¬ various shades of meaning and where the pattern of expres¬ necks! Experts pack and crate every¬ sion selected by given individuals provides a clue for the thing right in your home for immediate determination of their pattern of thought. and safer shipment! You can save up 2. Cases where a certain combination of denotation and connotation cannot be obtained in a simple manner in a to 30 days shipping time, and be sure given language. your possessions arrive intact—with An example of the first case may be found in the following Speed Pak! expressions: "What should we do under the circumstances?" and "What does the situation require?" Although the denota¬ tions of these two questions are just about identical, the "Call me personally for all your packing, answers, influenced in part by connotations, may tend to be shipping, crating, moving, and storage different. The point is that although one of these two forms needs. We have agency representation will appear more natural than the other, the English lan¬ throughout the world." guage is capable of using both. The following occurrence may be presented as an ex¬ ample of the second case: At an international conference which took place a few years ago and in which both the Albert Lee Paxton, United States and the Soviet Union participated, it became rapidly apparent that the Soviet Union would not sign the President agreement in preparation. The reason for it was a dis¬ agreement in substance, which would not be overcome. The PAXTON Russians, however, continued to participate in the work of VAN LINES. Inc. the various committees, and in particular of the drafting 5315 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, Va. committee, mainly it seemed in order to preserve diplo¬ Phone: 321-7600 matic niceties. Their representatives were seldom heard One of the World's Largest Mosers Member: Atlas Van Lines, Inc. from. Movers & Warehouseman's Association of America, Inc.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 43 Thus, considerable surprise was created when a seem¬ ingly unimportant proposal by the US delegate resulted in an outburst of violent Soviet opposition. The proposal con¬ sisted in inserting in the preamble to the proposed agreement , a clause taken from another instrument and containing the expression “expanding economy.” I would suggest the following explanation for this inci¬ dent: the expression “expanding economy” is neutral with respect to the aristotelian categories of accident and essence. WONDERFUL DAYS | An “expanding economy” may be an economy which hap¬ pens to be expanding because of various outside influences, or else an economy which is expanding because erf charac¬ teristics inherent to its nature. In Russian “expanding economy” becomes “rasshirya- yushchiyasya ekonomiya” in which the reflexive form is used. Although it would be incorrect to say that “ras- shiryayushchiyasya” has the denotation of the English ex¬ pression “self-expanding” it unquestionably carries a conno¬ tation which will lead a Russian-speaking listener to conclude that “expanding economy” means an economy expanding for reasons inherent to its nature. Thus in this case language itself directed the attention of on the s. s. UNITED STATES the listener away from one possible explanation and in the direction of another. To compound the confusion the differ¬ Plan your trip on the s.s. UNITED STATES and ence between accident and essence is much more important you’ll have 5 delightful days at sea in spacious com¬ to a person whose mind follows the Marxist-Hegelian pat¬ fort. There’s time for fun—no finer food afloat or terns than to a person whose mind follows an empirical or pragmatic bent. The fact that an economy is expanding may ashore. You’llarrive in Europe refreshed and relaxed. warrant a certain type of action in the eyes of the empiricist, The popular s.s. AMERICA offers extra hours of whichever be the cause of the expansion of the economy. To leisure at sea. a Hegelian an economy expanding for accidental causes is bound to reverse itself unavoidably and rapidly. UNITED STATES LINES Now it so happens that Marxist theory rules that the ONE BROADWAY. NEW YORK 4, N. Y. • TEL. Digby 4-5800 economy of the Western world must contract and cannot expand. Thus the recognition of an inherently expanding character in this economy, and this in an official document, could not fail to appear completely unacceptable to a Soviet "SHOP IN AN AMERICAN DRUG STORE BY MAIL" delegate.

“AN ICE CREAM SODA" is one of the few items Classification of Patterns of Thought t we cannot mail. Complete prescription and The problem of defining, describing and analysing pat¬ drug store service now available overseas. terns of thought is not the only one which needs to be faced in the field of international communications. Questions such as the translation proprio motu, choice of media and levels of We are mailing packages daily approach, etc., also deserve attention. However, as they have to every country in the world. been less neglected than were the problems of basic philo¬ sophical. ethnical, anthropological and linguistic determina¬ Vitamins — Patent Medicines — Perfumes — Cos¬ tions. they will be considered outside the scope of this paper. metics — First Aid Supplies — Baby Needs — Denti¬ I will deal here only with the analysis of pronounce¬ frices — Shaving Supplies — Photo Supplies ments made by persons belonging to the Western cultural Prescriptions on file anywhere in the U. S. can be re¬ world and using one of the European languages. filled by us. Send us the prescription number and name I. PATTERNS OF REASONING. Professor Karl Pri¬ and address of the pharmacy holding the original pre¬ bram, who has pointed out the importance of linguistically determined assumptions in the formation of concepts, dis¬ scription on file. WE LL DO THE REST. Have your tinguishes, in his book “Conflicting Patterns of Thought,” physician mail new prescriptions directly to us for the following four patterns of reasoning. fastest service. Please give EXACT shipping address. A. Universalistic reasoning. Universalistic reasoning is "SEND NO MONEY" based on the premise that the human mind is able to grasp directly the order of the universe. Reason is credited with Pay only AFTER satisfactory receipt of order. the power to know the truth with the aid of given general concepts and to establish absolutely valid rules for the or¬ ganization of human relationships in accordance with these concepts. Universalistic reasoning proceeds from the general esteem £Plwmacy to the particular; it believes that general concepts, or uni- versals. possess a reality independent from those of their com¬ 1665 35th Sheet, Dl.Wh ponents or constituents. The best way to determine what will happen in a given case is to know what happens in a 'Washington, S). C. •20007 more general category and then to determine what particu¬ lar modifiers make the case in question a slight exception to the general rule.

44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 B. Nominalistic, or hypothetical reasoning. Nominalistic philosophy rejects the belief that general concepts have a reality of their own; instead it considers them merely as names, as convenient categories, more or less arbitrarily es¬ DISCOVERED!! tablished by human minds. Reasoning proceeds front the particular to the general. Any exercise in pure reason es¬ tablished merely a hypothesis which must be verified by You’ll smile too when concrete experience. you discover the sav¬ C. Institutional or organismic reasoning. This type of ings in premiums of¬ reasoning stresses intuition rather than systematic cogitation. It is thus in a position to ignore some of the basic opposition fered to members of between nominalism and universalisnt. It considers that the the Foreign Service As¬ relationship between collectivity and its members may be sociation by Security compared to the relationship between a biological organism Storage Company. and its component cells. Organismic reasoning opposes intui¬ Security’s ANNUAL tive to discursive consciousness and claims that reliance on one's intuition enables man to be “independent yet subject GOVERNMENT SERVICE to one's duties’’ (Joel). It is often associated with extreme POLICY gives the same excellent coverage but at reduced rates to nationalism and is prevalent in Germanic and Slavic Cen¬ FSA members. For complete information write to the INSURANCE tral Europe. DEPARTMENT. D. Dialectic Reasoning. Hegelian dialectics are derived from universalism and, like universalism, believe in the pos¬ sibility of a full understanding of the universe through reasoning. “But, according to the principles of dialectics, {Security {Storage (Jontpanj) comprehension of the ever-changing nature of the phenom¬ ena and the flux of events cannot be achieved with the aid of UJashingfon of rigid concepts, alleged to be implanted in the human 1140 Fifteenth Street, N.W. cable: STORAGE mind. The course of events is believed to be determined by the operation of antagonistic forces and must be understood Washington, D. G. 20005 District 7-4040 with the aid of concepts adjusted to the contradictions logi¬ cally represented by these forces”-—Pribram. E. K. Morris Philip Larner Gore President and Marxist dialectic materialism follows the Hegelian pat¬ Chairman of the tern which it modifies by the dogma of the predominance of Board of Directors Chief Executive Officer materialistic factors. 2. THE VERB “TO BE” AND THE VERB “TO DO." The classification described above has been used very suc¬ cessfully by Professor Pribram in the analysis of a broad his¬ A A A A A A A A A A torical evolution of the patterns of thought. Other types of AUTHORIZED EXPORTER classification may be useful in supplementing it in cases of a DISTRIBUTOR REPRESENTATIVE more concrete nature. IGE EXPORT DIVISION CO. One such method of classification may be found in the ! WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC INTERNATIONAL CO. difference which separates the logic of the verb “to do" REMINGTON RAND INTERNATIONAL OTHER MAJOR BRANDS ALSO AVAILABLE from the logic of the verb “to be.” EASY • PHILCO • SUNBEAM • TOASTMASTER • The logic of the verb “to be” is basically two-valued: WEBCOR • ZENITH things are either thus or not thus. Propositions are either true or false. Meaningless propositions may be generally eliminated and reasoning presented in such a way that a two-valued logic applies. On the contrary the logic of the verb “to do” is essentially multi-valued: one does not do things truly or untruly, one does them more or less well. All men are confronted with situations in which they tend to reason in terms of the verb “to be” and with other situa¬ tions in which they tend to reason in terms of the verb “to do.” There are. however, still other situations which may be studied by either of the methods correlated with these two verbs. Choices made by various individuals are indica¬ tive of the patterns of thought followed by them. IN ALL VOLTAGES AND CYCLES OVERSEAS WARRANTIES • WAREHOUSING • PACKING Quite obviously a prevalence of reasoning in terms of the DIRECT FACTORY REPRESENTATIONS FOR EXPORT ONLY logic of the verb “to do” ties in with nominalism, while a Write for our American Household Appliance Guide for guests prevalence of reasoning in terms of the logic of the verb from abroad and American personnel going overseas “to be" ties in with universalism. Thus an analysis undertaken A A A A A A A A A A in terms of these two verbs will be helpful in detecting pat¬ terns of thought. More than that, such an analysis will also

show why it is that in some cases nominalists and universal- ■•Visit USA" ists reach different conclusions even when starting from TRADING CO. identical premises. 50 Broad St., New York 4, N.Y. WHitehall 4-0085. Cable “ARISTEXIM.” N.Y. Let us take as examples the two concepts of compromise Branch Office: 1000 Vermont Ave., Washington 5, D.C. District 7-1422. and intervention. If A wishes to paint the wall black and B 1 Cable “ARISTEXIM" Washington. D.C.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL-, September 1964 45 The American International School wishes to paint it white, they may reach an honorable com¬ Vienna, promise by painting it gray. If A now states that the wall is black, and B states that the wall is white, they may not com¬ A school based on the American education system with all in¬ promise by calling it gray as this would make liars of both struction in English. Crades 1-12. German language study in all of them. They may try to convince one another, they may grades. Graduates may enter American as well as Austrian uni¬ try to fight it out, or they may drop the subject. versities. (Outstanding record of placement of graduates in lead¬ 1 believe that the instability of the French cabinets is due ing U.S. Colleges.) College Entrance Board Examinations admin¬ to the fact that, when faced with an issue, the French tend to ask themselves, “What is right?” That is why there are so istered in Vienna. Accredited by Austrian Federal Ministry of many issues which often come up for debate and seldom Education. Boarding facilities for students in grades 7-12. reach the stage of solution. That is also why action can be undertaken only at the expense of excluding from the cabinet Detailed information available on request. for the time being those who do not agree with the majority and who can compromise only by being absent, even tem¬ John Formanek, Director, Vienna XIX., porarily. Baucrnfeldgasse 40 It may be noted that the verb “to compromise” has a dual meaning both in French and in English, as for instance in “compromise the difference” and “compromise one's integ¬ AN AMERICAN EDUCATION rity.” The first of these two meanings is by far the more frequent in English, the second one by far the more frequent FOR YOUR CHILD in French. Let us now turn to the concept of intervention. A and B APPROVED COURSES: Kindergarten-8th Grade intend to have lunch together but have not agreed on the Wherever you may be stationed, Calvert SCHOOL-AT-HOME choice of a restaurant. C, who has not been invited, over¬ Courses can provide, by mail, a modern education for your child. Courses are kept up to date by continuous pretesting in hears the conversation, steps in and tells them what to do. Calvert’s laboratory-school in Baltimore. Calvert guides your C’s attitude would be unanimously considered extremely teaching with helpful step-by-step instructions. Courses stress the three R’s and cultural subjects; are used to enrich the edu¬ rude: the action taken by a group to which he doesn't be¬ cational experience of the above-average child. Children may start long. in a case when this action does not affect him, is none any time, transfer easily to American schools. More than 100,000 children all over the world have used Calvert Courses. 59th year. of his business. Non-profit. Write for catalog (give age, grade). Once more A and B intend to have lunch but are not in agreement on the choice of a restaurant. This time, however, they conduct their discussion in terms of the verb “to be.” CALVERT A SCHOOL A saying that the food is better at one place and B that it ■ The School That 130 Tuscany Road . is better at another. C, who still has not been invited, again Comes to You Baltimore 10, Md. overhears their conversation, again steps in offering some factual information about either or both of the two places. This time C’s attitude will probably be quite acceptable. Yet in fact there is no difference between the two situa¬ tions. If a person wants to have lunch at a certain restau¬ rant. it is probably because the person in question believes that the food is good there. Conversely, to say that the food is good at a place means simply that one likes what is served there. As for factual information, one might do well to remember Goethe's own saying: that which we call facts are nothing but our own pet theories. Thus again the dif¬ ference is not in the situation, but in the patterns of thought. It may be noted that French has several words which more or less mean intervention, for instance “intervention,” “immixion” “ingerence.” The two latter have a pejorative meaning. If now we pass from the nouns to the verbs, we see that the verbs corresponding to the pejorative nouns take the reflexive form, thus: “S’immiscer,” “s’ingerer,” but “in- tervenir.” Thus clearly what brings in the pejorative mean¬ ing is an insistence on the intervener, the doer, as opposed to an insistence on the situation. Let us now consider the hypothetical case of the country A which wishes another country B to take a certain step of a very controversial nature. Country A is basically nomi¬ nalistic, Country B is basically universalistic. Country A will not try to influence public opinion in country B: its govern¬ ment thinks of intervention in terms of the verb “to do” and considers it a priori as an unfriendly gesture. Country A will try to negotiate directly this issue at government level, offering perhaps some inducements in another field as basis for a compromise, which being nominalistic, it considers honorable. Unfortunately, country B, being universalistic, cannot accept a barefaced compromise. At the same time it would not necessarily have resented an intervention, even addressed directly to its own public opinion, if such inter¬ vention were made in sufficiently theoretical and impersonal terms.

46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 3. DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION. Of the two methods of classification suggested above, only one may qualify as linguistic. Yet language may influence thought or else be used as an indication of an existing pattern of COMPLETE thought correlated with a pattern of expression in many more ways than one. INSURANCE SERVICE It appears clear that a search for connotation as distinct for Foreign Service Personnel from denotation may clarify many concrete situations. Some examples of situations of this kind have been given pre¬ viously, some others will be found below. Effective, low-cost protection across the broad range of your insurance needs has been the mark of de Sibour & Company service to Foreign Service personnel since 192fi. A Day in the Security Council We offer you a wide range of policies to fit your in¬ I conclude with a few examples taken from the steno¬ dividual requirements—each one backed up by more than graphic record of the 100th meeting of the UN Security 35 years of experience and service. Council. ■ Low-Cost protection for your personal property 1. The President, a Belgian, says, “Aucune proposition In Transit . . . On Location overseas n’etant faite dans ce sens, /’ en deduis . . The de Sibour Government Service Floater offers The last word becomes “I assume” in the English trans¬ you both in-transit, all risk coverage and named lation. "I deduce” would have been stiff, “I conclude” al¬ peril coverage at overseas posts for less than you most impolite, implying that no change of opinion or of would expect to pay for in-transit coverage interpretation on the part of the Assembly would be wel¬ alone. come. "I assume” is correct because that is the word which ■ Homeowners policies (U. S. only) an English speaking chairman would have chosen in all ■ Automobile Insurance probability, and also because, in a nominalistic or hypo¬ ■ Accident and health insurance, for income pro¬ thetical reasoning, one acts upon assumptions. Assumptions tection, issued worldwide become certainties only after action has resulted in their ■ Life Insurance verification. Write or phone, tell us your insurance requirements, and The President could not have used the French equivalent we will tailor a program to fit your needs. of “I assume.” If one considers that reason is capable of reaching entirely valid conclusions one does not act upon as¬ sumptions. “Je suppose" would have implies that the mem¬ ]. Blaise de Sibour

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 47 The United States delegate finds that the situation is clearly one of procedure. The question is “simple” because the “only concrete” action which may be taken is a proce¬ dural one. The procedural situation should not be “seized upon in order to introduce long arguments about substance. It might be noted that the expression “draft resolution” becomes “project de resolution” in French and “proyekt rez- olyutsiyi” in Russian. A draft is something you work upon and try to perfect. A project is something which may be rejected in toto; the implication is that the desirability of such a project should be decided upon theoretically before any work is spent in trying to reach perfection. The Soviet delegate reiterates that “otvyet mozhet byt’ tol'ko”—there is but one answer to the question. Once again the Soviet delegate asks how it is possible to consider a ques¬ tion of procedure—about which nothing is said in the theory of historical evolution—independently from the question of substance, which is the one to which an answer can be found through dialectics. For the French delegate the question is “la question dont il s’agit." This is translated into Russian by the equally imper¬ sonal “ryech idyet," but becomes in English “the question with which we are concerned” with a shift of emphasis from the situation per se to the people dealing with it. “II est naturel” remains “it is natural” in English but be¬ comes “yestyestvenno” in Russian. This word derives from the root “yestyestvo” meaning “substance”: and itself deriv¬ ing from the word “to be.” It is much closer in its conno¬ tations to the aristotelian original than is “natural.” There are two French words which correspond to the English word “probable.” These are “probable” and “vrai- semblable.” the latter containing the connotation of a judg¬ ment as to truth value which is absent from the first. It might be interpreted as meaning “something similar to the es¬ tablished scheme of truth.” The one Russian word translating "probable,” “vyeroyatno" corresponds to the French word “vraisemblable.” The delegate of the United States presents a draft res¬ olution for the purpose of "giving concrete form” to opinion and to enable “the Council to dispose of this matter.” It would be "the acme of futility” to discuss questions of sub¬ stance when there is need for an immediate procedural decision. The President says, “Je tie voudrais prejuger en rien la decision que le Conseil de securite va prendre.” “Prejuger” remains “pryedugadyvat” in Russian (etymologically, “to guess before my turn”) but becomes “to prejudice” in Eng¬ lish, thus implying that prejudging by a President could not fail to influence the action of the Council. Once again the emphasis is shifted from situation to action. The impression obtained is that whereas the French and the Belgian members of the Assembly on the one hand and the American and the Australian on the other have retained their individuality, communication between them has been established. On the contrary, the degree of communication KNOWLEDGEABILITY between the Soviet delegate and the delegates of Australia VS and of the United States appears to be nil. Once again po¬ COST STRUCTURE litical situations may not be disregarded. When the Soviet IT COSTS NO MORE TO DEAL delegate states that he does not understand the attitude of his WITH EXPERTS—FREQUENTLY opponents, he may be simply be seeking to gain some rhe¬ torical advantage. At the same time, however, the very fact IT COSTS LESS. MAY WE SHOW YOU? that this form of argumentation should have occurred to him shows that he genuinely believes that it is at least conceivable APPLIANCE that people of good will might find the attitude of the Aus¬ COMPANY tralian and the American delegates difficult to understand. At the same time no attempt is made by anyone to explain the basis of his manner of thinking; all that the various 1136 Wilson Blvd. speakers do is to present arguments which appear pertinent Arlington, Va., 22209 once a certain manner of thinking is accepted. 525-7303 265-5244 To sum up, it appears that all difficulties of international communication have not been solved in the case above. The

48 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 purely linguistic problem was solved superbly, insofar as translation and interpretation may solve it, by the staff of the United Nations Secretariat. The question of patterns of thought, however, does not appear to have been given any attention whatsoever. Conclusion I do not wish to say that it is possible to arrive at a rigid classification of patterns of thought which would apply in all cases. Neither do I wish to imply that national or cul¬ tural groups are characterized by a rigid and constant ad¬ herence to definite patterns of thought. Nor again do 1 wish to imply that there is a rigid correspondence between lan¬ a Active guages and patterns of thought. m/ienyou What I hope to have shown is: 1. That there exist correlations between patterns of come Acmte? thought and patterns of expressions and that those correla¬ Save time, trouble, and expense. Tell us exactly tions may be used in the analysis of patterns of thought. what kind of house you want. And where. We’ll 2. That patterns of thought will be more easily recognized quickly bring you up-to-date with current market through the connotations appearing in the patterns of ex¬ prices, taxes, schools, area development, neigh¬ pression than in the denotations of statements. borhood changes, and such —and locate the 3. That forms taken by language tend in many cases to house you have in mind. Homerica does not encourage certain patterns of thought and to discourage charge you for these services (practically impos¬ others. sible to obtain by yourself) —nor for acting as 4. That connotations appearing in language have at least your deputy. Homerica safeguards your interests. as much a part in influencing thought as do denotations. 5. That even an imperfect method of classification may greatly help in analyzing patterns of thought as they appear in concrete cases, and thus to make it easier to overcome some of the obstacles inherent in international communica¬ tions. ■ the homefinding service of America New York: 200 Park Avenue, 661-3111 Excerpted from “Semantic Difficulties in International Chicago: Marina City, 6023 East Tower, 527-31 11 Communication,” by Edmund S. Glenn, ETC., XI (Spring Los Angeles: 3460 Wilshire Blvd.. 387-31 1 1 1954), 163-180. Also reprinted in “The Use and Misuse of Language,” edited by S. I. Hayakawa (Fawcett Publications, 1962), pp. 47-69.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL*, September 1964 49 RETROSPECTIVE REPRESENTATION-

THE LASTING KIND

by C. F. BALDWIN

AN HABITUAL visitor to the airport in the Asian capital city would have quickly perceived that something of more than usual importance was happening. In one corner of the reception lounge a steadily growing throng of people sur¬ rounded an American couple—an Embassy officer and his wife. Most of the officers of the American Embassy and their wives were in the group. They were outnumbered, however, by members of the staffs of other diplomatic mis¬ sions, by countless local residents, Asian and “European,” and by several local government officials, including two Cabinet ministers. The departing officer and his wife were leaving their post on transfer. They had been popular and had formed many friendships. It was necessary only to observe and listen to the farewell remarks of the persons who had come to see them off to appreciate the warmth and sincerity of their feelings for the departing American couple. More than a year later the officer and his wife continued to be enshrouded in a veil of silence so far as their former Embassy associates were concerned. That was not unusual, and was understandable; at most posts a senior officer of the Foreign Service and his wife are too busy to engage in regular correspondence with their former colleagues. Unfortunately, however, their silence was not limited to their former col¬ leagues but extended to their large circle of friends and ac¬ quaintances in other missions and in private life. The silence was so complete that those local friends and acquaintances were beginning to realize that their frequent inquiries about the couple had become embarrassing to American Embassy personnel. As I observed this episode in human relations, it occurred to me that effective representation by an officer of the Foreign Service and his wife need not necessarily be terminated by their transfer. I realized for the first time that such termina¬ tion can greatly reduce the value of the time, effort, and expense which officers and their wives devote to representation while at a post. If, when they leave, they abruptly terminate the friendships and other associations they have formed, they may create in the minds of their foreign friends an impression that their friendship was cultivated only as a means of assist¬ ing the Americans in the performance of their duties. The raising of doubts about the sincerity of a friendship can en¬ gender skepticism with respect to the sincerity of Americans in general so far as their social relations are concerned and thereby embarrass and handicap other American officers who follow in the footsteps of those who created the unfavorable impression. It would, of course, be impossible for Foreign Service offi¬ cers to maintain close contact with all friends and acquaint¬ ances whom they leave behind at each of their posts. It would not be impossible, however, for them to maintain sporadic contact, if only by a Christmas card with a friendly word of greeting. Even a brief annual greeting would serve to remind the foreign friends that they had not been completely for¬ gotten, and to maintain a bond, however tenuous, with the closer association of the past. A determined effort by more Foreign Service officers and their wives to keep at least a few ties with people in their previous posts would, I am convinced, greatly enhance the value of Foreign Service rep¬ resentational activities and strengthen the belief that Ameri¬ cans are truly friendly with people of other countries. ■

50 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 JOURNAL CONTRIBUTORS

JOHN M. CATES, JR., Latin American Adviser to the US Mission to the UN since July, 1963, served previously as Deputy Director of Regional Political Affairs (RPA) and as Alternate US Representative on the OAS Council. Prior assignments were in the embassies in Caracas, Mexico City and Bonn, the National War College and the Office of UN Affairs in the Department.

To prepare for the Foreign Service, EDWARD W. LOLLIS, II studied geology at Yale (BS 1959), Princeton and Mel¬ bourne, Australia, then served in the US Army Artillery. STATE DEPARTMENT BETTY MCKELVEY KALISH, wife of Stanley E. Kalish, USIA, is now in Dacca where Mr. Kalish is Public Affairs FEDERAL CREDIT UNION Officer. Mrs. Kalish is the author of “Siti’s Summer” re¬ viewed in the July issue of the JOURNAL and she reported on AAFSW affairs for the JOURNAL until her departure.

EDMUND S. GLENN is Chief of the Interpreting Branch of CONVENIENCE the Division of Language Services, Department of State. This paper was presented at the Conference on General Seman¬ USE IT TO HELP SOLVE THOSE tics. Washington University, St. Louis, in 1954 and published FINANCIAL PROBLEMS. SEE YOUR in ETC. thereafter. It also formed the basis of the Scien¬ ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER tific Conference on Interpreting and Intercultural Barriers to FOR DETAILS. Communication, held in Washington, in 1956 under the aus¬ 2V\ pices of the State Department and the Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation. TOTAL j L0ANS-$6,773,769

MARIE SKORA, wife of FSO George W. Skora, now lives in ( SHARES-$ 8,774,617 Caracas where her husband is Consul General. Mrs. Skora studied art under various teachers, including Frederick O'Hara. Mrs. Skora has exhibited in the Smithsonian Insti¬ tution, the Corcoran Gallery, Stanley Galleries and Collec¬ tor’s Gallery in Washington, the Burr Galleries in New York, the Free Library in , in the Universities of Maine, Virginia, Las Vegas and , and in the Civic Cen¬ ter Art Gallery of Maryland. Her most recent exhibit was ASSIGNMENT WASHINGTON! held in April and May in the Centro de Bellas Artes in Cara¬ cas where 65 examples of her woodcuts, lithographs, and TOWN OR COUNTRY? Top Virginia locations prints were shown. for city, suburban or rural properties. “TOWN S. I. NADLER, of USIA, has served in China, Singapore, &: COUNTRY” has an excellent selection of avail¬ Taiwan and Argentina, and is currently on the faculty of the National Interdepartmental Seminar. He claims he is not at able homes in beautiful Northern Virginia. FHA liberty to divulge any information about his collaborator, In-Service, G.I., and Conventional Financing. JUAN EL CUADRO. Three offices to serve you. A complete property management and rental service.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 51 FRANCIS SCOTT KEY HOTEL RECRIMINATION OR RESPONSIBILITY The Nicest Small Hotel in VTashington 600 - 20th St., N.W., Washington, D. C. NAtional 8-5425 (Continued from page 29) Why Foreign Service Personnel prefer the inadequacy of State Department personnel. Statements by Francis Scott Key Hotel Deputy Under Secretary Crockett which indicated a contin¬ (1) It is only two blocks from the State Department uing and sustained effort to improve the quality of State’s (2) It offers family accommodations (3) One room, kitchen, dinette and bath, completely furnished personnel are cited to imply a decline in the quality of people efficiency suites (4) Completely air-conditioned now present in State. (5) Coffee shop with excellent food at moderate prices We can understand and. to some extent, sympathize with ROOMS—Single $6.00 Double $7.50 the implied sense of frustration which is reflected in this EFFICIENCY SUITES—DOUBLE BEDS Single $7.00 and up. Double $8.00 and up article. The fact that the strongest nation in the world TWIN BEDS with the highest ideals of democracy and freedom cannot, in Single $7.00 and up. Double $8.00 and up the thermonuclear age, go around imposing its will on Additional persons $1.50 each. smaller nations may be frustrating, but, on reflection, to im¬ 10% discount for weekly occupancy. pose our will on smaller nations would be a betrayal of all Rowena F. Ward, Mgr.—Gladys L. Warner, Asst. Mgr. our ideals and would remove the very basis on which we contest the Soviet power drive. The times are difficult. They require a sense of continuing and responsible dedication to the ideals which made and keep this nation great. This every citizen has a right to demand of the State Department. Those who take the time and trouble to find out the facts, we think, would not be dissatisfied with what they find. If there is real evidence of any of the insinuations which are made in the article, there is established machinery be¬ tween the Executive and Legislative Branch to ascertain the facts and take remedial action. g

PARAPHRASES “After careful study, Department perceives necessity com¬ pilation detailed analysis resources, extent development, pro¬ duction, marketing and expansion possibilities thimble indus¬ try your area . . .” (Need grist for mill.)

“Embassy’s points well taken but certain amount rephras¬ ing required in order convey USG intentions to host gov¬ ernment . . .” (Fuzz it up.)

"Under Secretary expressed appreciation views contained Deptel 789 and seemed concur in validity our position and necessity close coordination . . (Couldn't care less.)

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52 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 J. F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS THE circular letter sent on August 28, 1963, to all mem¬ bers of the Association by the Association’s then presi¬ dent, Lucius D. Battle, seeking contributions to the Nation¬ al Cultural Center, met with generous response. To date the sum of $8,330 has been received and sent to the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. The Association has now learned that if its contributions reach a total sum of $10,000, a plaque will be placed in a box of one of the auditoriums, identifying it as endowed by the American Foreign Service Association. The board of Directors is anxious to meet this goal and will welcome ad¬ ditional donations. We hope that we can count on the con¬ tinued support and generosity of the membership. Checks should be made out to the American Foreign Service Association, appropriately identified as being for the J. F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, and sent to the headquarters of the Association; Suite 505, 815-17th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 20006.

Minutes June 19: The Board agreed to invite the heads of AID. US1A and the Peace Corps to become Honorary Vice Presidents of the Association during their incumbency. The Board approved a motion by Mr. Fox that the Asso¬ ciation provided the conditions stipulated in the re-draft of the agreement are accepted by that organization. This grant will be used for scholarship purposes. The Chairman of the Committee on Legal Affairs reported that the Committee was trying to compile a leaflet dealing with legal matters useful to Foreign Service officers and their families. June 26: The Board expressed appreciation to Mr. Edward V. Nef for his services and accepted his recommendation of Mr. Nuel Pazdral as his successor. : The Honorable George V. Allen agreed to serve as chairman of the Committee on the Symposium. Mr. Arthur W. Hummel, Jr., was appointed to the Board to replace Mr. Leslie Brady. The Board decided to ask for additional contributions to the National Cultural Center Fund. If donations total $10,000 a plaque will be placed on a box identifying it as endowed by the Association. Mr. Beale suggested that nominations for the new Fellows in Diplomacy category be solicited from Association members. It was agreed that this would be done by letter to those who replied to the “Important Message” and through the columns of the JOURNAL. : Mr. Nathaniel Davis was elected Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors. The Board approved the appointments of Messrs. William L. Krieg and H. Franklin Irwin, Jr., as Directors of the American Foreign Service Protective Association. Mr. Weiner reported on a project for expanding parking facilities in the Department. The Board discussed the possibility of offering life mem¬ berships in the Association. The proposal is to be given further study.

FOREIGN' SERVICE JOURNAL, September 19G4 53 (Continued from page 2)

HIGGINS. Herbert N. Higgins, FSO, died on , in San J.F.BEGG INC. Salvador, El Salvador. Mr. Higgins was appointed a Foreign Service Auxiliary officer in 1943 and became a Foreign Service officer in 1956. His posts were Mexico, HAS Berlin, Frankfurt, Bombay, Sao Paulo, the Department and San Salvador where he was First Secretary and Eco¬ COMPLETE nomic Officer at the time of his death.

FACILITIES LUDEWIG. Charles K. Ludewig. former Foreign Service officer, died on June I, at his home in Bethesda. Mr. Lude wig joined the Foreign Service in 1947 and served at TO Sao Paulo, Karachi, and Guatemala. He left the SERVE YOU service in 1962 to work for the Department of Commerce. MYERS. Myrl S. Myers, FSO-retired, died on , in WELL Berkeley, California. Mr. Myers entered the Foreign Serv¬ ice as a student interpreter (China) in 1907. He served as Deputy Consul General and interpreter at Canton in Sales Rentals Insurance 1909 and thereafter at various posts in China. He served Property Management also in the Department and at Calcutta, retiring in 1947.

in NUNLEY. William T. Nunley, Department of State, died on , in Washington. Mr. Nunley joined the Department Washington-Maryland-Virgin'a in 1948 and served as assistant to the Chief of Foreign Why not get the best when it costs no more. Service personnel, as attache in The Hague, special assist¬ ant to Secretary Dulles, Undersecretary Ball and former Main Office—1714 Connecticut Ave., Washington DU 7-2480 Undersecretary Bowles. A memorial fund is being estab¬ Bethesda Office—7908 Old Georgetown Rd., Bethesda OL 4-9333 lished to help provide for the care and education of Mr. Nunley’s three children. Contributions may be sent to Clement Sobotka, Deputy Director, Office of Refugee and J. F. BEGG, INC., Realtors Migration Affairs, Department of State, made payable to Cable: BEGG, Washington the William T. Nunley Memorial Fund.

O'DONOGHUE. Sidney E. O'Donoghue, FSO-retired, died on , in New York City. Mr. O’Donoghue entered the Foreign Service in 1920 and retired in 1951. He served at Vladivostok, Singapore, Trieste, Saloniki, Prague, , JOURNAL Berlin. Guatemala, Habana, Mexico, , Sofia and The Hague, where he was Counselor of Embassy at PHOTOGRAPHIC CONTEST the time of his retirement. PHILLIPS. Mrs. Irene S. Phillips, wife of FSO Richard 1. Phillips, died on July 23, in Washington, D. C. Mr. Phil¬ The Foreign Service JOURNAL will award prizes totaling $100 for the best photographs submitted by members of the lips is Director, Office of News in the Department of State. Foreign Service and other JOURNAL readers: In lieu of flowers, contributions may be made to the Amer¬ First prize $50.00 ican Foreign Service Association Scholarship Fund.

Second prize $35.00 SCHNEIDER. Robert M. Schneider, FSO, died on , in Third prize $15.00 Salisbury, Southern . Mr. Schneider served at •Any additional photographs considered worthy of publica¬ Paris, Nairobi, Johannesburg, Calcutta, the Department tion will be awarded Honorable Mention and will be paid and Salisbury where he was assigned as Consul at the time for at the usual rates. of his death. The Robert M. Schneider Fund is being es¬ The following rules will govern the contest: tablished to assist in carrying on the work of the Episcopal 1. Photographs may be submitted by any member of the Church in the Diocese of Swaziland and Zululand in Foreign Service (State, USIA or AID) or any other reader of Africa. Contributions should be sent to the Treasurer, the JOURNAL, with the exception of professional photog¬ raphers—those earning all or most of their income from Episcopal Diocese of Chicago, 65 E. Huron Street, Chi¬ photography, whether in government service or privately. cago, . 2. Only black-and-white positive prints measuring not less than 8 x 10 will be considered. WHITAKER. Robert L. Whitaker, FSO, died on , 3. Entries must reach the JOURNAL office not later than in . Mr. Whitaker entered the Department of State close of business October 1, 1964. in 1948 and the Foreign Service in 1950. He served at 4. The JOURNAL assumes no responsibility for pictures sub¬ London, Tehran, Vientiane, the Department and Beirut mitted, but will endeavor to return any accompanied by stamped, self-addressed envelopes. where he was assigned as First Secretary and Adminis¬ trative Officer at the time of his death. 5. Entries will be judged by Paul Child, Yoichi Okamoto, and Wallace Marley. 6. Entries should be well protected with cardboard and WILSON. Evan M. Wilson, Jr., son of Mr. and Mrs. Evan should be mailed to Foreign Service Journal, Suite 505C. M. Wilson, died on June 30, in Seattle, Washington. Mr. 815- 17th St., N.W., Washington, D. C. 20006. Wilson, currently Counselor at Beirut, is the newly ap¬ pointed Consul General at Jerusalem.

54 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL,. September it)64 WHAT YOU BEFORE YOU BUT AN APPLIANCE FOR OSE OUTSIDE THEU.S.A. ■ Appliances used here are 110-volt, 60-cycle; current abroad is usually 220-volt, 50-cycle. ■ Warranties good in the U.S.A. don't apply overseas. ■ General Electric makes special overseas appliances with special overseas warranties. ■ Send in the coupon below for information on your appliance requirements overseas.

If you’re taking appliances overseas You can even get General Electric with you—or sending them there as hair dryers, the G-E cordless auto¬ i gifts—you should fill out this coupon. matic toothbrush and General Electric General Electronics, Inc. In most cases, a 110 volt appliance Blenders and can openers in 220 volt 4513 Wisconsin Ave., N.W., Washington 16, D. C. —even with a transformer—can’t do models. Please tell me what the electrical requirements the job as well as a model specially GE makes these 220 volt, 50 cycle, arein designed for foreign conditions. The models with the same care and under (CITY ( (COUNTNYI 50 cycle factor is most important for the same rigid standards as their do¬ These are the appliances I’m planning to send or many appliances. mestic models. They’re all specially take overseas: A dishwasher for overseas use warranted for overseas use. You’ll ap¬ 1. should heat its own water: many preciate their quality—and the world¬ 2. homes don’t have big capacity hot- wide network of General Electric Rep¬ 3. water heaters as we do here. There¬ resentation — when you’re far from 4. fore the 220 volt, 50 cycle version of home. 5. the G-E Mobile Maid Portable auto¬ So plan ahead. Send in the coupon matic dishwasher has a built-in water¬ today. 6. heating unit. You also can buy all these General Electric appliances in YOUR NAME special overseas models: refrigerators, GENERAL ELECTRONICS, INC, STREET ranges, washers, dryers, dishwashers, 4513 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. disposals, air conditioners — and all Washington, D. C. 2001G CITY STATE small appliances such as toasters, ZIP CODE coffeemakers, mixers, irons, skillets, AUTHORIZED EXPORTER L l fans. International General Electric Co. appearing on page 56 from Mr. Wil¬ an ambassador to marry when she’s liam B. Miller, entitled “Collector's thirty years old.) Corner.” The editor's note was par¬ ticularly encouraging. Science vs. Society Being a local employee, l am not I WOULD like to congratulate the sure whether I am within my bounds JOURNAL for the article on the to address this communication to you, scientific revolution by Dr. E. Rabino- but as an active stamp collector 1 do witch in the January issue. Although I believe there will be a good response don’t agree entirely with Dr. Rabino- if the names of those interested are witch’s point of view, nor with some of published. If it is permitted, may I Fiscally Speaking his statements, I think that this is ex¬ request that my name also be included actly the type of article that we should THREE cheers for your editorial on in the list of persons interested in the have more of in the JOURNAL. The the annual budget crisis in the exchange of stamps? April JOURNAL: Foreign Service needs a strong intel¬ V. RAMAMURTY lectual base and Foreign Service offi¬ Surely emergency situations in for¬ New Delhi eign affairs calling for more personnel cers should be encouraged to think and greater expense bear some slight Descriptive deeply about foreign affairs and about resemblance to natural disasters like subjects which relate to it. The JOUR¬ FEW readers of Ambassador earthquakes and floods, for which spe¬ A NAL can encourage this through stimu¬ Trimble’s waggish remarks about lating and relevant articles, even when cial appropriations are speedily ap¬ "giant,” “jumbo,” “king,” and “econ¬ proved by Congress. they are controversial in nature and omy-sized" ambassadors may recall not representative of the Department’s The disruption of normal overseas that day in The Hague when Ambas¬ operations to pay the expenses of un¬ policy. The amusing vignettes from sador Baruch received a letter ad¬ overseas life and the constructive de¬ foreseen crises results in greater waste, dressed by a protocol-conscious Neth¬ a more inefficient use of personnel, bates on the administration and goals erlander to “His Excellency, the Ex¬ of the Service are fine, but the “think and, ultimately, greater expense, than traordinary Ambassador of the United if such expenses were realistically pro¬ pieces” such as the recent Kennan States.” And who will say that he series and the Rabinowitch article vided for in a larger budget. wasn’t? Perhaps the lack of funds has been make the JOURNAL a forum for dis¬ EX-HAAGENAAR cussion of more vital matters. accepted with good grace and patience Washington for too many years and the time has One comment on the article itself. come to propose a budget which Earmarking Ambassador X There is much truth in what Dr. makes adequate, rational provision for Rabinowitch says, but one thing strikes Y name is Mary Ann Jones. I'm the expenses of normal operations and M me: he is insufficiently critical of Sci¬ a junior, clothing and costume special separate allocations for emer¬ ence itself. He says that it is changing design major, at Old South University. gency use. society, and it certainly is, but he I'm writing to you in the process of This annual curtailment of opera¬ speaks of it as if it were some inexora¬ compiling a report to present in my tions and rotation for several months ble force that cannot be controlled, Housing 330H course. The question of the year does not seem justified in neither does he hint that it should be. I’d like you to answer is: how have a country otherwise noted for its I maintain that Science has no more you changed the Embassy residence in affluence. inherent virtue than an automobile, a which you live to make it a home for GAIL A. KELTS computer, a machine tool, any given your family? (Have you had to make San Francisco chemical, or a mathematical formula. drastic remodeling changes, or have Its virtue, or the lack of it, depends en¬ The Foreign Service Story you simply added personal touches to tirely on what it is used for or not the rooms? Have you utilized handi¬ DURING a recent home leave I was used for. Furthermore, none of these crafts of Ecuador in your decorating?) very conscious of a growing items, nor Science in general, can pro¬ I’d surely appreciate even the brief¬ interest throughout the country in the vide any guidance to human beings as work of Foreign Service. Americans est of replies. You see, my interest is to how they should or should not be twofold—I want to make an interest¬ appeared to be more aware of the employed. Science is an extremely ing class report, but I’m also person¬ Service and at the same time curious powerful and dangerous instrument, ally curious. 1 think it would be excit¬ about many details of Foreign Service but offers no new system of values for ing to marry an ambassador after I'm work and life. For this reason 1 was its own direction. For such we must thirty years old. delighted to learn of the work of the look elsewhere, bearing in mind, as Office of Community Advisory Serv¬ MARY ANN JONES Dr. Rabinowitch indicates, that it is ices which is obviously prepared to (The Ambassador’s wife, Mrs Mau¬ possible that some of our ancient in¬ take our story to the increasingly re¬ stitutions and relations may not be en¬ ceptive American people. rice S. Bernbaum, writes: I answered this at some length, explaining that tirely up to the task in their present G. EDWARD CLARK form. But look we must, and in my Capetown any “remodeling” is done by the State Department, but that we Ambassadors’ opinion the worst possible thing will Stamps Anyone? wives bring what we can to give our be to assume that Science is a new I have the opportunity, thanks to residences a personal touch, and that divinity which will provide its own the courtesy of Mr. E. Paul Taylor, 1 have hung my own paintings as I answers and that they will be ornni- the Consul of New Delhi, of reading am an artist. I also let the young lady beneficent for human dignity and hap¬ your JOURNAL regularly. The articles know that my husband and 1 were piness. It is my impression that Com¬ therein are very interesting and I enjoy married many years ago when he was munism, which tries to be very scien¬ reading them. a young vice consul—and have only tific, is beginning to discover this in¬ Just this morning 1 got the Febru¬ recently stored our furniture which we adequacy in its god. ary 1964 issue of the JOURNAL and used to take with us to each country. J. M. was greatly interested in the letter Perhaps the JOURNAL can help her find Cochabamba

56 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, September 1964 * --

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