Erasmus Facts, Figures & Trends The European Union support for student and staff exchanges and university cooperation in 2013-2014

Education and Training Acronyms for country names

ISO Code Country Name

AT Austria LT Lithuania BE Belgium LU Luxembourg BG Bulgaria LV Latvia CH Switzerland MK Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia CY Cyprus MT Malta CZ Czech Republic NL Netherlands DE Germany NO Norway DK Denmark PL Poland EE Estonia PT Portugal GR Greece RO Romania ES Spain SE Sweden FI Finland SI Slovenia FR France SK Slovakia HR Croatia UK United Kingdom HU Hungary TR Turkey IE Ireland IS Iceland IT Italy LI Liechtenstein

Disclaimer

The data used in this report has been provided by the higher education institutions and validated by 10 October 2015 by the National Agencies of the 34 countries participating in the Erasmus programme (Erasmus decentralised actions) and by the Education Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (Erasmus centralised actions, Erasmus Mundus, Jean Monnet and Tempus) by 10 October 2015. The European Commission makes its best efforts to ensure the accuracy of the data, but cannot be held responsible for any errors the source data may nevertheless contain.

© European Commission, 2015

Responsible editor: Unit B1 ‘Higher education’, Directorate-General for Education and Culture, European Commission, Brussels Table of In a nutshell: Erasmus and international higher education programmes (2007-2013) ...... 4 contents Erasmus Student Mobility ...... 6 Erasmus Staff Mobility ...... 10 Erasmus Intensive Programmes ...... 14 Erasmus Intensive Language Courses ...... 16 Erasmus Higher Education Cooperation Projects . . 18 Erasmus Mundus ...... 22 Jean Monnet ...... 24 Tempus ...... 26 Annexes ...... 29 4 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

Erasmus+, now already in its second year, has started 28 EU Member States, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, In a nutshell: delivering promising results, including a higher Switzerland, Turkey and for the first time, the former recognition rate for ECTS credits earned abroad by Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. With a budget of Erasmus and students, a higher quality of mobility with better over €580 million in 2013-2014, the highest annual linguistic preparation and better accessibility. By amount of the seven-year period, 272 000 students international removing barriers to mobility, Erasmus+ will open and over 57 000 staff spent time abroad. the minds of another two million students, who Erasmus mobility, with its focus on skills development will be better equipped to build a more cohesive higher education for employability and active citizenship, is a and competitive society. Built on foundations laid central element of the European Commission’s by Erasmus, Erasmus+ provides opportunities for programmes strategies. Mobility contributes to combatting stronger cooperation between higher education youth unemployment, an objective which features institutions and their stakeholders. This will increase prominently in the Europe 2020 strategy for growth (2007-2013) innovation and enhance social inclusion, which is and jobs. It also equips the new generation with social, an essential factor in preventing radicalisation and civic and intercultural skills, an essential element of terrorism. the 2015 Paris Declaration following the terrorist Although it is still too early to measure the impact attacks in Paris and Copenhagen. of Erasmus+, we can learn a lot from the previous Student mobility contributes to individuals’ personal programme. This brochure not only presents the and professional development and equips them results of the last academic year 2013-2014, but also with transferable skills that are valued by employers provides an overview of the main achievements of and society. Students certainly improve their foreign Erasmus under the EU’s Lifelong Learning Programme language skills and develop greater intercultural (LLP) during 2007-2013. awareness; but they also develop soft skills, such With a budget of €3.1 billion Erasmus provided grants as being able to quickly adapt to changes and to 1.6 million students to study and train abroad new situations, solve problems, work in teams, and to 300 000 academic and administrative staff think critically, be tolerant of different views and to teach and learn new practices abroad. Overall, by communicate effectively. A 20141 study showed that the end of the academic year 2013-14, the Erasmus the risk of long-term unemployment at least halved programme had supported 3.3 million Erasmus for mobile students compared to those who stay at students and 470 000 staff since its launch home. Mobility boosts job prospects, encourages 27 years ago. labour market mobility and opens minds to different cultures. A third of former Erasmus students now live In 1987, 3 244 students from 11 countries spent a with a partner of a different nationality. study period abroad on Erasmus. During 2013-14, some 34 countries took part in the programme: the IN A NUTSHELL: ERASMUS AND INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION PROGRAMMES (2007-2013) | 5

Since its launch in 1987, the Erasmus programme But Erasmus is more than just student and staff contributed to its modernisation, and paved the way has seen not only a constant increase in the number exchanges. Funding around 460 transnational for the Bologna Process. It contributes substantially of students taking part, but also in the quality and cooperation projects and networks since 2007, to the EU target that by 2020 at least 20 % of diversity of the mobility activities on offer. Traineeships it has also enabled higher education institutions to all graduates should have spent a period of time abroad were introduced in 2007. Since then, the improve the quality, relevance and accessibility of studying or training abroad. The annual number number of students receiving their first professional their programmes. Out of this total, some 80 projects of Erasmus students accounts for almost 5 % of experience through Erasmus has tripled and more than were funded in 2013-14 and supported higher all graduates, thus contributing to a quarter of the 60 000 students seized this opportunity in 2013-14 education institutions in working together to address benchmark, and cooperation projects can serve as a (22 % of all Erasmus students). Overall, 290 000 the EU higher education priorities. During 2007-2013, catalyst for institutions to include student mobility in students have undertaken an Erasmus traineeship the EU also supported approximately 550 Tempus their curricula. since 2007 in companies, almost 80 % of them cooperation projects, 700 Erasmus Mundus joint Every year, the European Commission compiles being SMEs. One in three were offered a job by their degrees and international mobility projects (since Erasmus statistics from the Erasmus National host and one in ten went on to create their own 2004) and 1 200 Jean Monnet teaching and research Agencies in the participating countries and publishes company, according to the same 2014 study. With projects. a statistical overview online, providing an overall Erasmus+, recent graduates can also receive support These different forms of cooperation have been picture of the different types of actions funded, with to undertake a traineeship abroad as a route into the instrumental in improving key areas, such as the a comparison of a given year’s results with those of labour market. quality and diversity of higher education in terms previous years. Basic data from the other EU higher Higher education teachers and other staff, such as of learning and teaching, the recognition of study education programmes now complement the picture. a university’s international relations officers, can periods abroad and the provision of student support We hope you will find this information useful. also benefit from EU support to teach or be trained services. Among such advances are developments in abroad, and higher education institutions have the institutional management, links with the labour market opportunity to invite staff from companies to come and access to learning environments, which promote and teach at their institutions, a number that grew innovation and creativity. In particular, Erasmus 11-fold over the LLP period. Teachers coming from cooperation projects have led to long-term structural institutions or from businesses in other countries changes and strategic initiatives. These include the allow a wider number of students, including those European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System who cannot go abroad, the chance to be exposed that promotes the transparency and transferability to other teaching practices, other cultures and to of study credits in European higher education, the the labour market in an international setting before ‘tuning’ of academic degree programmes based graduation. All in all, the Erasmus community on learning outcomes and the many joint curricula included over 4 900 higher education institutions developed over the years. ¹ (HEIs) holding the Erasmus University Charter in “The Erasmus Impact Study. Effects of mobility on the skills and employability At a more general level, mobility and cooperation of students and the internationalisation of higher education institutions” 2013-14, of which almost 3 600 were active in projects supported by Erasmus have promoted the http://ec.europa.eu/education/library/study/2014/erasmus-impact_en.pdf sending or receiving students and staff. The number internationalisation of European higher education, of sending HEIs increased by 65 % over the LLP period. 6 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

Erasmus is the world’s most successful student • The average monthly EU grant received by Erasmus mobility programme. Since it began in 1987-88, students (including both studies and work the Erasmus programme has provided over placements) was € 274 – the level of the Student three million European students with the previous year. opportunity to go abroad and study at a higher • The number of zero EU-grant students (9 722) Mobility education institution or train in a company. In 2013- represents around 3.6 % of the total number 14 students accounted for around 80 % of the of student mobility periods. This shows that the annual Erasmus budget. Erasmus ‘branding’ has a leverage effect. For • In the 2013-14 academic year, 272 497 students example, in situations where the national Erasmus went to another European country to study or budget for an academic year has already been train, which represented a year-on-year increase allocated, additional students can benefit from of 2 %. With this new record number of student all the advantages of being an Erasmus student mobility the total number of Erasmus students (such as non-payment of tuition fees to the host has reached 3.3 million. institution) without receiving EU funding. • As in the previous academic year, Spain sent the • The average duration of student exchanges was most students abroad with 37 235 students six months. This has remained constant over the leaving for another country. France supported past decade. the second highest number of students going Erasmus also actively supports the participation abroad, followed by Germany, Italy and the • of students with special needs by offering a United Kingdom. supplementary grant. The number of students • Compared with the latest available data on the with special needs taking part has increased in the size of national student population, in 2012-13 the past few years. In 2013-14, some 401 students highest numbers of outgoing Erasmus students with special needs received additional funding in relative terms were reported in Luxembourg, to participate in Erasmus, a 3 % increase on the Liechtenstein, Latvia, Lithuania and Spain. previous year. Although this remains a relatively low figure, it reflects the low participation rates of The most popular destination among European • students with special needs in higher education in students was Spain, which received 39 277 general. students, followed by Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Italy. ERASMUS STUDENT MOBILITY | 7

• Some 3 456 European higher education Student mobility in figures in 2013-2014 institutions sent students abroad through Erasmus in 2013-14, out of a total of 4 919 Type of student mobility Total institutions holding an Erasmus University Charter Work placements (EUC) that year. If we add to this number the higher Studies Student mobility education institutions that received students (traineeships) without sending any themselves, the number of Total number of Erasmus students 212 208 60 289 272 497 institutions participating in student mobility totals to 3 720. Average EU monthly grant (€) 255 367 274 Mobility for Studies Average duration (months) 6.2 4.4 5.8 Erasmus offers students the possibility of studying Number of grants for special 331 70 401 at another higher education institution. Erasmus needs students Student Mobility for Studies, which is the most Top sending countries common action, enables students to spend a study ES, DE, FR, IT, TR FR, ES, DE, UK, IT ES, FR, DE, IT, UK period of 3 to 12 months abroad. It aims to provide (absolute numbers) students with the opportunity of studying in another Top sending countries (% share of LU, LI, ES, LT, CZ LV, LT, MT, LI, SI LU, LI, LV, LT, ES country, to promote cooperation between institutions the student population) and help enrich their educational environment, and to contribute to building a pool of well-qualified, Top receiving countries ES, FR, DE, UK, IT UK, ES, DE, FR, IT ES, DE, FR, UK, IT open minded and internationally experienced young Bachelor 70 % Bachelor 56 % Bachelor 67 % people. Master 28 % Master 31 % Master 29 % Level of studies (% share) • In 1987-88, some 3 244 students went abroad Doctorate 1 % Doctorate 3 % Doctorate 1 % to study with an Erasmus grant. Out of the Short-cycle 1 % Short-cycle 11 % Short-cycle 3 % 272 497 Erasmus students in 2013-14, 212 208 student exchanges for studying were supported, Average age of students (years) 23.4 23.9 23.5 which roughly corresponds to the result of the previous year. Number of higher education 2 407 2 829 3 456 institutions sending students

Gender balance (% of women) 60.2 % 61.6 % 60.5 % 8 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

Spain sent the most students for a study period Work placements in companies abroad have been • The average duration of work placements, which abroad followed by Germany, France and Italy. supported through Erasmus since 2007 (they had is generally lower than for study periods, was These countries also have the largest student been previously managed within the Leonardo 4.4 months, compared to 6.2 months for studies. populations in Europe. The same countries together da Vinci programme for vocational education and The average monthly grant for work placements with the United Kingdom, which receives almost training) and are increasingly popular. By 2013-14, remained at around same level as in the previous twice as many students as it sends, make up the grants have already been awarded to more than year, € 367. most popular destination countries, namely 290 000 students for this purpose. A total of 42 361 students did a placement at Spain, France, Germany, the United Kingdom • Grants enable students to spend a period of 3 to enterprises across Europe in 2013-14, a 4.6 % and Italy. 12 months (or 2 to 12 months in the case of short- rise (up from 40 480 in the previous year). Around • The average length of stay was 6.2 months, while cycle higher education) doing a work placement 44 % of the placements were done at small, 17 % the average monthly grant remained at the level abroad. Spending time in a company abroad helps at medium-sized and 18 % at large enterprises. of the previous year, at € 274. students to adapt to the requirements of the labour Students of social sciences, business and law market and develop specific skills. It also boosts • Students of social sciences, business and law made up the biggest share (29 %) of trainees. • cooperation between higher education institutions made up the biggest share (41 %) of those The second biggest share was that of students and companies. on exchanges. The second biggest share was of humanities and arts (17 %), closely followed made up of students of humanities and arts • Out of the 272 497 Erasmus students, 60 289 by students of engineering, manufacturing and (22 %). Students of engineering, manufacturing went on work placements abroad in 2013-14. construction, who represented 16 % of all trainees. and construction (15 %); science, mathematics This represents an annual increase of 9 %. Since To support work placements abroad, higher and computing (7.5 %); and health and welfare its inclusion in the Erasmus programme, work • education institutions can create consortia for (6 %) continue to participate actively, though in placements abroad have grown rapidly, and today placements. These consortia comprise higher proportionately lower numbers compared to the the annual number of placements is more than education institutions and other organisations, overall number of students taking these subjects. three times higher than the number of placements such as companies or associations. A total of 93 in 2007-08. Mobility for Work Placements Erasmus Placement Consortia organised 8 187 (Traineeships) • Placements represented a 22 % share of all work placements in 14 countries during 2013- Erasmus student mobility periods in 2013-14. 14. Work placements organised through consortia Erasmus also benefits students who do traineeships thus made up over 14 % of all work placements France sent the most students abroad for work in companies. By temporarily working in a company • abroad under Erasmus. – or an organisation – abroad students gain a better placements, followed by Spain, Germany, the understanding of other economies as well as the United Kingdom and Italy. The top destinations chance to develop specific skills. for students on work placements were the United Kingdom, Spain, Germany, France and Italy. ERASMUS STUDENT MOBILITY | 9

Agriculture and Veterinary |

Not known or unspecified | | unspecified or known Not Not known or unspecified | | unspecified or known Not

Health and Welfare | 11.24 % 6.06 % 6.06 Health and Welfare | | Welfare and Health Agriculture and Veterinary | 2.93 %

Engineering, Manufacturing

and Construction |15.29 %

8.13 % 8.13 Services | | Services

2.65 % 2.65 Services | | Services

Engineering, Manufacturing

and ComputingScience, Mathematics| 7.50 % and Construction | 15.68 % 1.86 % 1.86

1.50 % 0.83 % 0.83

Science, Mathematics and Computing | 11.40 %

Social Sciences, Business and Law | 40.64 % Share of subject Share of subject areas in mobility areas in mobility for studies for work placements in 2013-14 in 2013-14

Social Sciences, Business and Law | 28.70 %

22.01 % 17.22 %

0.12 % 0.17 %

Humanities and Arts |

Education | 3.41 % Humanities and Arts | Education | 2.66 %

General Programmes |

General Programmes | 10 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

Staff mobility for teaching has become a very The five most popular destinations were Spain, Erasmus popular action since its introduction in 1997. With Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and France. the creation of the Lifelong Learning Programme Some 2 510 European higher education Staff in 2007, staff mobility was extended to include • institutions sent staff abroad through Erasmus staff training as well as the possibility for higher in 2013-14. If we add to this number the higher education institutions to invite staff from companies Mobility education institutions that received staff without to come and teach at their institutions. sending any themselves, the number of institutions Since its launch, over 470 000 staff exchanges for participating in staff mobility totals to2 832. teaching and training have been supported. Staff mobility aims to enrich the experience of participating Teaching Assignments staff, to contribute to the internationalisation Staff mobility for teaching assignments enables staff and modernisation of higher education through from higher education institutions and enterprises cooperation among higher education institutions to spend a teaching period of a minimum of one day and staff, and to encourage student mobility. The (or at least five teaching hours) up to six weeks at a staff mobility budget accounts for approximately higher education institution in another participating 7 % of the overall Erasmus budget. country in Europe. • Some 57 488 staff exchanges were supported in • Since its introduction in 1997, the number of 2013-14, a year-on-year increase of 9.2 %. teaching assignments has grown constantly. Out of the 57 488 staff exchanges, 38 108 were The share of teaching assignments was 66.3 %, • teaching assignments in 2013-14. This represents while staff training accounted for 33.7 % of all an increase of 5.6 % on the previous year. staff exchanges. This latter share has more than doubled since 2007-08, when it was only 15 %. • On average, teachers taught 12.7 hours abroad per teaching assignment, which had an average The average duration of a staff mobility period • duration of 5.2 days. A small but constant (including teaching assignments and staff training) decrease has been observed since 2000-01 was 5.5 days and the average grant was € 733 when the average was 6.9 days. The average per staff exchange. grant per staff teaching assignment was€ 705, • Poland sent the most staff abroad, followed by which corresponds to the size of the grant in the Turkey, Spain, Germany and Romania. previous year. ERASMUS STAFF MOBILITY | 11

Staff mobility in figures in 2013-2014

Type of staff mobility Total

Teaching assignments Training Staff mobility

Total number of staff mobility periods 38 108 19 380 57 488 Average duration (in days) 5.2 6 5.5 Average total EU grant (in €) 705 789 733 Number of grants for staff 15 13 28 with special needs Top sending countries PL, TR, ES, DE, FR PL, TR, ES, RO, DE PL, TR, ES, DE, RO

Top receiving countries ES, DE, IT, FR, PL UK, ES, DE, IT, PT ES, DE, IT, UK, FR Total number of higher education 2 249 2 027 2 510 Institutions sending out staff Gender balance (% of women) 44.1 % 65.6 % 51.4 %

• Teachers from humanities and arts spent the Italian. The fivemost active countries in sending highest number of periods abroad on teaching teachers abroad on teaching assignments were assignments. This was followed by teachers Poland, Turkey, Spain, Germany and France. of social sciences, business and law and then Some 619 teaching assignments were undertaken teachers of engineering, manufacturing and • by staff from companies who were invited to teach construction. This share has been more or less at higher education institutions in other European constant in recent years. countries. This represents a 17 % increase • The five most popular destinations for staff on compared to last year. teaching assignments were Spain, Germany, Italy, France and Poland. Teachers taught most often in English, followed by German, French, Spanish and 12 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

Staff Training In addition to teaching assignments, the programme has been opened up to allow both administrative and technical staff (22 %) and administrative and academic staff to participate staff from international offices (15 %). in different forms of training abroad, such as job- Most staff received specific training (46 %) shadowing or attending job-related workshops • abroad, while 24 % of staff went for job- and training sessions. shadowing. Around 13 % of participants used the Erasmus staff mobility for staff training offers action to participate in workshops, while 17 % an opportunity to go on training for a period of went abroad for other purposes. between one week (five working days) and six Staff from Polish higher education institutions weeks in a company or an organisation, such • spent the with as a higher education institution, in another most periods abroad for training 2 841 staff training periods supported. They were participating country. followed by staff from Turkey, Spain, Romania and • Staff mobility for training continues to increase Germany. The fivemost popular destinations for in popularity. Of the 57 488 staff exchanges in staff training were the United Kingdom, Spain, 2013-14, 19 380 were staff training periods. This Germany, Italy and Portugal. represents a 17.1 % increase over the previous academic year. • In 2013-14, 4 873 higher education staff went on training to companies abroad. This represents an increase of 33.9 % compared to the previous academic year. Training in companies thus constituted 25.1 % of all Erasmus mobility for staff training. • Staff went abroad for training for6 days on average and received an average grant of € 789 which is 1.7 % higher than the previous year. • Most training periods abroad were undertaken by academic staff (41 %), followed by general ERASMUS STAFF MOBILITY | 13

Growth in staff mobility numbers from 2007-08 to 2013-14

65 000

60 000 57 488

55 000 52 627

50 000 46 522

45 000 42 817

40 000 37 776 38 108 36 389 36 071

35 000 33 318 31 894 31 620 29 031 30 000 28 615 27 157

25 000

19 380 20 000 16 556

15 000 13 204 11 197 8 745 10 000 7 774 4 737 Staff mobility periods in total 5 000 Teaching assignments 0 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Staff training 14 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

Erasmus also funds Intensive Programmes, which • The highest number of these intensive study Erasmus are short subject-related programmes of study (of courses (74) was organised by Italy, which between 10 days and 6 weeks in length), bringing represents 13 % of the total number of courses Intensive together students and teaching staff from higher organised in 2013-14. The Netherlands organised education institutions from at least three European 42 courses, Germany (41), France (35) and Programmes countries. These short study programmes encourage Belgium (28). multinational learning around specialist topics. The most popular subject area of Intensive They allow students to draw academic knowledge • Programmes were social sciences, business and from higher education institutions other than their law (23 %), engineering, manufacturing and own. They allow teachers to exchange views on construction (19 %), humanities and arts (16 %), course content and approaches to new curricula. and science, mathematics and computing (14 %). Furthermore, they enable teaching methods to be tested in an international classroom environment. • Since 2007-08 Erasmus Intensive Programmes Erasmus Intensive Programmes have been managed individually by the participating countries. They have also experienced Number of Intensive 563 strong growth during this time. Over the seven- Programmes year Lifelong Learning Programme period, some Number of 2 917 Erasmus Intensive Programmes were 18 528 participating students organised. During the academic year 2013- Number of 14, a total of 563 Intensive Programmes were 6 818 organised in 33 countries, which represents a participating teachers 4.6 % increase on the previous year. Top five organising countries IT, NL, DE, FR, BE Average duration of Altogether 18 528 students and 6 818 teachers 12.5 days • Intensive Programmes participated in Intensive Programmes in 2013-14. ERASMUS INTENSIVE PROGRAMMES | 15

Number of Erasmus Intensive Programmes from 2000-01 to 2013-14

600 563

550 538

500 462

450 404

400 384

350 319

300 257

250 232 Erasmus Intensive Programmes 222 202 203 200

150 178 174 174

100

50

0 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 16 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

Since 1996, Erasmus has financed specialised • The most popular destination was Italy with Erasmus courses in the less widely used and taught 1 142 participants, followed by Poland, Portugal, languages for students going abroad as part of the Belgium (Dutch-speaking community) and Turkey. Intensive programme. The aim is to prepare incoming students The highest proportion of incoming Erasmus for their study exchange or work placement through • students participating in a language course a linguistic and cultural introduction to the host Language remained Slovenia, where 15.9 % of the incoming country. Language courses are not organised for students took part, followed by Romania (12.2 %), the most widely taught languages, namely English, Courses Croatia (10.8 %) and Bulgaria (10.2 %). German, French and Spanish (Castilian). • The number of Intensive Language Courses supported has grown tremendously since their launch. Over the seven-year Lifelong Learning Programme period, 2 721 Erasmus Intensive Erasmus Intensive Language Courses Language Courses were organised. In 2013-14 439 courses were organised in 26 participating Number of courses 439 countries, an increase of 45 % since 2007-08. Number of students 7 169 • A total of 42 400 Erasmus students have Top hosting countries IT, PL, PT, BE (NL), TR benefited from a language course prior to their study exchange or work placement during the Lifelong Learning Programme period. In 2013-14 some 7 169 students participated in an Intensive Language Course (a similar number to the previous year). This represents 2.6 % of the total number of students participating in the programme. If we take the share of the incoming Erasmus students only to those countries eligible to organise an Intensive Language Course, the percentage is around 4.2 %. ERASMUS INTENSIVE LANGUAGE COURSES | 17

Number of Erasmus Intensive Language Courses from 2005-06 to 2013-14

500 465

450 435 439

392 400

361

350 326

300 303

250

200

150

100

50

0 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 18 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

Together with mobility, the Erasmus programme • The number of applications has grown year-on- Erasmus also fosters the modernisation of European higher year. Some 311 applications were submitted education through funding joint projects. These in 2013 (up from 250 in 2012). Among these Higher projects, which run from between one and three 79 were selected for funding, which represents, on years, aim to stimulate policy reforms through average, a 25.4 % success rate. This is somewhat Education transnational cooperation among higher education higher than the previous year (22.8 %). institutions and other relevant stakeholders across Most applications (62 out of 79) have been Europe. Applications are submitted once every • Cooperation approved under the so-called ‘Multilateral Projects’, calendar year. The available budget in 2013 was aiming at developing strategies to support the € 28.6 million, which is substantially higher than in Projects modernisation of higher education by promoting previous years (€ 20 million). curricular, governance and funding reforms, to Most of the 2013 funded projects are closely linked improve the cooperation between higher education to the following EU higher education policy areas: institutions and enterprises and employability developing mobility strategies and the removal of or address key issues such as excellence and barriers to mobility in higher education, promoting innovation, mobility learning strategies and social employability and addressing the social dimension inclusion in higher education. of higher education. It is important to note that some of these projects tackle more than one policy area. ERASMUS HIGHER EDUCATION COOPERATION PROJECTS | 19

Erasmus Higher Education Cooperation Projects in 2013

Number of Number of selected Applications Type of action applications applications success rate received approved Quality through mobility and cross- 23 4 17.4 % border cooperation Strengthening social dimension of 27 8 29.6 % higher education Multilateral Quality and relevance through Projects cooperation between HEIs and the 135 33 24.4 % (Priorities) labour market Improving governance and funding 13 3 23.1 % Knowledge Alliances 68 14 20.6 % Total 266 62 23.3 % Academic Networks 22 8 36.4 % Accompanying Measures 23 9 39.1 % Total 311 79 25.4 % 20 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

• In 2013, applications received as part of • Finally, nine applications have been approved from cooperation between higher education institutions the ‘Accompanying Measures’ proposals. These and enterprises or with the aim of establishing are innovative projects with the aim to have a Knowledge Alliances fostering innovation in higher clear relevance to the European Higher Education education and business have experienced strong Modernisation Agenda and to raise awareness of growth: 134 applications altogether as compared relevant target groups or the general public on the to 67 last year, which represents a more than importance of European cooperation in the field of 100 % year-on-year increase. These projects higher education. mainly focused on promoting creativity, Finland submitted the highest number of proposals competitiveness, entrepreneurial spirit and • (39), followed by Belgium (37), Spain (33), the employability; the development of innovative United Kingdom (30) and Italy (26). practices; and improving quality and increasing student and staff mobility throughout Europe. • Belgium was the most successful country in terms of applications approved, with 15 accepted. • Eight applications have been selected from the ‘Academic Networks’ proposals, designed to Many of the projects funded under this part of the promote innovation in a specific discipline, set Erasmus programme have led to important policy of disciplines, or in a multidisciplinary area, and developments. For example, the European Credit requiring the participation of higher education Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) was institutions from all participating countries. originally an Erasmus project, before becoming a major tool to foster mobility that is used throughout Europe.

Lifelong learning in HE ERASMUS HIGHER EDUCATION COOPERATION PROJECTS | 21

Higher Education policy priorities addressed by Erasmus Higher Education Cooperation Projects from 2007 to 2013

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30 2013 2012 2011 20 2010 2009 10 2008 2007 0

Recognition Governance Funding Employability Social dimension Lifelong learning in HESkills for new jobs Transparency in HE Quality Assurance Knowledge triangle Mobility strategies / removal barriers

The columns represent the number of times that a policy priority is covered by projects selected in a specific year. The same project can cover more than one priority. 22 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

The Erasmus Mundus programme was launched Action 3: Promotion projects Erasmus in 2004 with the purpose of supporting academic The purpose of promotion projects is to enhance cooperation and mobility between the European the attractiveness of European higher education Mundus Union and its partner countries. worldwide. Projects can aim to promote higher The Programme has three actions: education or improve accessibility and quality assurance. They may also serve to improve the Action 1 – Erasmus Mundus Joint Programmes recognition of credits and qualifications, to develop (Masters Courses and Joint Doctorates) curricula or to improve mobility opportunities. Joint programmes are operated by consortia of higher education institutions (HEIs) from the EU and elsewhere in the world. They provide an integrated Erasmus Mundus (2004-2014) course and joint or multiple diplomas following study or research at two or more HEIs. Each year, Projects and clusters students worldwide can apply for Erasmus Mundus scholarships to undertake Master and Doctorate Joint programmes 285 studies. Partnerships 308 In the two phases of the Erasmus Mundus Promotion projects and National programme (2004-2013) a total of 242 Erasmus Structure 98 Mundus Masters Courses and 43 Erasmus Mundus information projects Joint Doctorates were funded. Clusters 5 A number of these joint programmes have continued Total 696 to offer scholarships in 2014 and beyond, using Higher education organisations funding from the Erasmus+ programme. Higher education organisations 820 Action 2 – Erasmus Mundus Partnerships from EU countries Erasmus Mundus Partnerships bring together higher Higher education organisations 1 423 education institutions from Europe on the one from countries outside the EU hand and from a particular region in the world on Total 2 243 the other hand. The partnerships manage student and staff exchanges between the two regions with EU-funded scholarships at undergraduate, master, doctorate and post-doctorate levels. ERASMUS MUNDUS | 23

Staff | 19 % Top 20 nationalities: students & staff coming to Europe from 2004 to 2014

4500 Student vs. Staff exchanges in 4000 Action 1 and 2 3500

3000

2500

2000 81 %

1500 Students |

1000

500

0 EU | | EU

17 % 17 US Serb Indian Uzbek RussianChinese Mexican TunisianAlgerian BrazilianUkrainian Egyptian PakistaniGeorgian Moroccan Indonesian Argentinian VietnameseBangladeshi South African Action 1 Joint Programmes Action 2 Partnerships

Action 1 Joint Programme scholarships are open to students from all over the world, while Action 2 Partnerships focus their scholarships on specific countries Non-EU | 83 % covered by the EU’s external cooperation instruments. EU-Nationals vs. Non-EU-Nationals in mobility in Action 1 and 2 24 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

The aim of the Jean Monnet Activities is to develop The Jean Monnet Activities also provide operating Jean EU studies in the Member States and worldwide. grants to designated institutions, which pursue an They promote excellence in teaching and research aim of European interest and organise studies and Monnet on the European integration process at higher conferences with the purpose of providing policy- education level – in various disciplines, and for makers with new insights and concrete suggestions. a range of audiences (including those usually The debate between the Jean Monnet community unfamiliar with this subject). and policy-makers on the policy priorities of the They support: European Union covers many issues, including the • Teaching and research (in particular through dialogue between peoples and cultures. In particular, Academic Modules, Chairs and Centres of the annual Jean Monnet Conference and the Jean Excellence), which deepens the teaching of Monnet geo-thematic seminars allow decision- European integration studies within, for example, makers to benefit from academic reflection and higher education, teacher training and compulsory stimulate new thinking on policies. education. In addition, these activities involve Over the years the geographical coverage of the conducting, monitoring and supervising research Jean Monnet Activities has grown consistently. into EU issues. Today 78 countries from five continents are • Policy debate with the academic world, through involved in Jean Monnet Activities. Currently, thanks Networks to enhance cooperation between to specifically targeted actions, participation in EU universities throughout Europe and around the studies is increasing and new institutions in the EU world; and Projects that foster innovation sharing neighbouring countries and in other continents are and widespread discussions about EU issues. expressing a growing interest in EU-related subjects. • Associations, to organise and carry out activities The focus on traditional disciplines addressing the dealing with EU studies and EU issues, and to legal, political, economic and historical aspects of share EU facts with the public in order to enhance European integration has been expanding to include active European citizenship. new subject areas, addressing wider topical issues in keeping with the evolution of the European Union and the study of its processes. The expansion of the Jean Monnet Activities, which now cover a number of important subject areas, is supported by a consistent budget throughout the Erasmus+ period. JEAN MONNET | 25

Modules Jean Monnet projects funded by type of activity from 2007 to 2014

2014 2 360

Chairs

2014 1 040

Centres of excellence 2007 1 700

2007 2014 233 700 350

2007 105

1998 23

1989 150 Not 1989 46 1989 applicable 26 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

Tempus stands for “trans-European mobility Tempus promotes capacity building activities and Tempus scheme for university studies”. It is the EU’s the voluntary convergence of higher education external cooperation programme. Tempus has been systems in the partner countries with EU policies and supporting the modernisation of higher education processes in higher education, including the Bologna systems in the European Union’s neighbouring Process. In the fourth phase of Tempus (2007-2013) countries for over 20 years. Launched in 1990, a total of 550 projects were funded, of which 408 shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Tempus were coordinated by a higher education institution has responded to the modernisation needs of from an EU-country and 142 from a partner country. higher education in Central and Eastern European countries. Today Tempus covers 27 countries in the Western Balkans, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, Northern Africa and the Middle East1.

1Tempus partners (2013): Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Egypt, Georgia, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, the occupied Palestinian territory, Russia, Serbia, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Kosovo*.

* This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.

Albania Algeria TEMPUS | 27

Tempus IV projects by country and by region from 2007 to 2013

Total number of projects in which HEIs from the country are involved** 110

100 96 94

90 84

80

70

60 58 53 49 50 48 47 42 41 40 39 40 34 35 35 32 32 33 30 31 30 28 30 26 21 18 20 15 15 12 10 5

0

Egypt Israel Libya Syria Albania Algeria Belarus Croatia Georgia Jordan Kosovo Russia Serbia Tunisia Ukraine Armenia Lebanon Moldova MoroccoPalestine Tajikistan Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Montenegro Uzbekistan Turkmenistan

Bosnia and Herzegovina

**The number of projects per country cannot be added up to a total of projects per region, as the same project can be implemented in several countries.

Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 28 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

The total budget committed under Tempus IV has Tempus Regions Total number been € 482 million, distributed among the Regions of projects participating in the programme as follows: in which HEIs Central Asia | | Asia Central from the Eastern Europe and Russia | 39 % region are

involved 10 % 10 Eastern Europe and Russia 216 Northern Africa and Middle East 161 Western Balkans 149 Central Asia 74

Under Tempus IV 674 HEIs from EU Member Total budget States participated in the programme. 213 of these committed organisations were coordinators of one or more under Tempus IV projects. 893 HEIs from Partner Countries have 29 % (2007-2013) been involved in Tempus. 67 of these organisations were coordinators of one or more projects. Northern Africa and Middle East |

23 %

Western Balkans | ANNEXES | 29

Annexes Liechtenstein Outbound student mobility growth rates between 2007-08 (start of the

Lifelong Learning Programme) and Luxembourg 2013-14

In 3 countries the number of student mobility Malta has more than doubled (in decreasing order: HR, CY and TR)

6 countries experienced growth of between > 100 % growth 76 % and 100 % (MT, SK, DK, LV, GR and NL) 76-100 % growth 51-75 % growth 4 countries grew by between 51 % and 75 % 26-50 % growth (RO, IE, BG and UK) < 25 % growth

14 countries grew by between 26 % and 50 % (SI, ES, SE, PT, NO, BE, IT, FR, FI, EE, DE, CZ, LT and AT)

5 countries grew by less than 25 % (PL, LU, IS, CH and HU)

Turkey 1 country experienced a decrease (LI) 112 %

HR joined the Erasmus programme in 2009-10, CH in 2011-12 and MK in 2013-14

Croatia Cyprus 497 % 160 % 30 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

Growth in student mobility since the start of the Erasmus programme 1 Million 2 Million 3 Million 350 000 4 9 7 5 4 7 8 2 7

300 000 2 7 2 6 7 4 0 8 2 5 2 6 2 3 1 250 000 5 2 3 2 1 3 6 9 7 1 9 8 3 2 4 200 000 1 8 2 4 2 1 0 3 7 1 5 9 5 8 6 1 5 4 1 4 9 5 7 4 3 2 1 3 5

150 000 0 9 2 6 1 2 3 1 5 1 6 0 1 1 0 7 9 6 4 2 9 7 8 7 4 4 0 7 8 5 100 000 8 4 7 9 3 6 2 7 3 6 9 4 6 2 3 1 4 5 1 9 0 6

50 000 3 6 4 5 6 2 7 9 1 4 1 9 2 4 9 3

0 8 9 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 9 9 9 1 1 ------7 8 9 0 1 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 1 1 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 9 9 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

Reaching the three million mobility goal ANNEXES | 31

Distribution of outgoing students studying or doing work placements abroad in 2013-14

40 000

35 000

30 000

25 000

20 000

15 000

10 000

5 000

0 BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR IS TR LI NO CH MK 1 507 452 1 317 1 129 6 274 294 1 014 6 614 9 838 851 4 442 110 818 1 096 3 966 79 3 407 1 237 4 137 1 632 2 059 515 609 1 230 396 5 328 333 43 2 112 5 108 334 0 6 247 1 305 6 193 2 581 29 983 716 3 456 30 621 26 921 2 121 21 889 285 1 367 2 327 431 3 059 151 7 231 4 556 11 384 5 325 3 683 1 277 2 568 4 339 3 324 10 282 1 070 194 12 948 25 1 558 2 702 89

Mobility for placements Mobility for studies 32 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

Average monthly EU grant for student mobility (in €) from 2000-01 to 2013-14

300

250 272 274 274 255 254 250 250

200

192 150 157 140 138 135 140 125 100 Average monthly EU grant for student mobility (in €) 50

0 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011/12 2012-13 2013-14

Growth of Higher Education institutions active in Erasmus from 2003 to 2014

5 500 4 919 5 000 4 651 4 452 4 500 4 131 3 873 4 000 3 579 Number of Erasmus University 3 500 3 161 Charter (EUC) holders 3 595 3 000 3 329 3 388 2 523 3 173 Number of higher education institutions 2 374 2 982 2 500 2 191 sending out students and staff 1 982 2 746 2 568 2 000 2 075 2 182 1 500 1 700 1 570 1 000

500

0 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 ANNEXES | 33

Number of grants for students with special needs in 2013-14

140 130 130

120

110

100

90

80 68 70

60 53

50 41 40

30

20 14 12 11 8 8 10 7 7 5 7 6 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 1 0 BE CZ DE GR ES FR IE IT LT HU AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK TR HR CH

Number of grants for special needs Note: only countries with at least one special needs grant are displayed in the chart 34 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

Consortia for work placements per country in 2013-14

2 500

2 000

1 500

1 000

500

0 BG CZ DE GR ES FR IT NL AT PL PT SI FI CH 1 2 14 2 20 22 11 1 1 1 15 1 1 1 1 8 109 8 251 123 42 4 6 1 23 6 2 1 67 60 2 381 124 1 135 2 146 832 77 124 47 1 094 38 44 18

Number of consortia Number of higher education institutions in consortia Number of placements organised ANNEXES | 35

Erasmus students as a proportion of graduates in 2012-13 (in %)

30 %

25 %

20 %

15 %

10 %

5 %

0 % BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO TR HR CH

Number of Erasmus students in 2012-13, compared to the total number of graduates of the same year (in %) Average: 4.88 % Data from Eurostat 2013 (Graduate Population: EDUC_GRAD4) 36 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

Outbound staff mobility growth

rates between 2007-08 (start of the Liechtenstein Lifelong Learning Programme) and 2013-14 Luxembourg 9 countries grew by more than 100 % 233 % (in decreasing order HR, LU, TR, RO, SI, PL, SK, HU and EE) Malta Estonia 8 countries grew by between 61 % and 100 % 100 % (ES, GR, LT, NL, LV, LI, CY and IT)

11 countries grew by between 41 % and 60 % (BG, CH, PT, AT, DE, NO, UK, MT, CZ, BE and SE) > 100 % growth 61-100 % growth 41-60 % growth 5 countries grew by less than 40 % Poland 131 % 0-40 % growth (IE, DK, IS, FI and FR)

Slovakia HR joined the Erasmus programme in 2009-10, 118 % CH in 2011-12 and MK in 2013-14. Hungary 102 % Romania 161 %

Turkey 207 %

Croatia 731 %

Slovenia 146 % ANNEXES | 37

Number of Erasmus Higher Education Cooperation project applications submitted and selected per country (coordinators) from 2007 to 2013

175

150

125

100

75

50

25

0 AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR UK 56 167 25 4 10 21 96 16 14 122 148 56 60 6 28 15 1 127 0 18 3 8 2 113 9 31 55 18 15 35 19 6 149 15 82 5 1 1 2 32 3 2 40 34 17 16 0 3 5 0 40 0 1 2 1 0 52 4 5 15 7 4 8 4 0 57

Proposals submitted Proposals selected 38 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

Participation of countries in Erasmus Higher Education Cooperation projects (as coordinators and partners) from 2007 to 2013 1 300

1 200

1 100

1 000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0 AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR UK 521 1 063 426 125 189 358 1 096 354 305 1 176 712 772 510 118 416 324 104 1 130 30 377 71 243 135 767 238 594 624 511 373 370 252 396 1 196 192 496 180 51 76 152 476 151 144 487 277 338 214 40 172 163 62 479 16 159 32 112 68 330 125 263 284 225 163 144 119 179 540

Submitted as partners or coordinators Selected as partners or coordinators European Commission Erasmus – Facts, Figures & Trends. The European Union support for student and staff exchanges and university cooperation in 2013-14 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union 2015 — 40 pp. — 25.0 x 17.6 cm ISBN 978-92-79-52814-9 ISSN: 2363-1325 doi:10.2766/265886

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40 | ERASMUS - FACTS, FIGURES & TRENDS

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ISBN 978-92-79-52814-9 ISSN: 2363-1325 doi:10.2766/265886