National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS) HIMALAYAN RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP (PRO FORMA FOR THE ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT) [Reporting Period: from 1st April 2018 to 31st March 2019]

Kindly fill the NMHS Fellowship Annual Progress Report segregated into the following 7 segments, as applicable to the NMHS Fellowship nature and outcomes.

1. Fellowship Grant Information and Other Details

2. Fellowship Description at Himalayan Research Associates (H-RAs) Level

3. Fellowship Description at Himalayan Junior Research Associates (H-JRFs) Level

4. Fellowship Description at Institutional/ University Level

5. Fellowship Concluding Remarks/ Annual Summary

6. Specific Research Question(s) Addressed with Succinct Answer(s)

7. Any other information

Please let us know in case of any query at: [email protected]

PRO FORMA NMHS-Fellowship Annual Progress Report (APR)

1. Fellowship Grant Information and Other Details

NMHS Fellowship Grant ID: GBPI/NMHS/HF/RA/2015-16 Dated 30.03.2016

Name of the Institution/ University: Doon University

No. of Himalayan Research/Project Associates: 3

No. of Himalayan Junior Research/Project Fellows: 10

NMHS Fellowship Grant Progress Page 1 of 26

2. Fellowship Description at H-RA Level

Himalayan Research Associates (H-RAs)

H-RAs Profile Description:

Date of Name of the PI and S. No. Name of RA Research Title Qualification Joining Designation

1. Dr. Tripti Mishra 2nd September Energy efficiency Dr. Ujjwal Kumar Ph.D. 2016 study in 13 districts Dr. Vijay Shridhar of state and Extent of application of new policies and best practices

2. Dr. Vivek Joshi 2nd August 2016 Survey, Inventory Prof. Kusum Ph.D. and Assessment of Arunachalam traditional natural resources. Study of management practices in the context of Climate change. Development of adaptation strategies

3. Dr. Niyati Naudiyal 4th July 2017 Outmigration Prof. Harsh Dobhal Ph.D. Patterns in (Professor, School of : Factors Media and Responsible and Communication Possible Solutions Studies)

Dr. Ujjwal Kumar (Assistant Professor, School of Environment and Natural Resources)

Progress Brief (to be filled for each H-RA in separate row):

Research/ RA Research Addressed Deliverables Achievements Experimental No. Objective(s) Work*

HRA-  Energy efficiency  Support Non-  The evaluated performance descriptive file Enclosed 001 study in 13 conventional energy efficiency of 35 Electricity in : Annexure I districts of state sector (In Progress) Distribution Divisions (EDDs) under different  Extent of  Promote intervention of geographic terrains in application of state-of-the-art Uttarakhand indicate that the new policies and technology (In Progress) performance of several EDDs best practices are sub-optimal and EDDs  Existing institutions and located in hilly terrain display regulatory mechanisms greater inefficiencies strengthened (In compared to the plain areas Progress EDDs  In Oder to achieve “24 ×7 Power to all goal” the potential of solar energy in Uttarakhand using rooftop solar Photovoltaic (PV) system and ground mounted PV systems is done through remote sensing and GIS  Research publications NMHS Fellowship Grant Progress Page 2 of 26

communicated: “Energy Efficiency Study of Uttarakhand Electric Power Utilities Based on Data Envelopment Analysis” (Communicated to: Energy Policy, manuscript number: JEPO-D-18-02723 HRA-  Survey, Inventory  Development of  Survey of traditional natural descriptive file Enclosed 002 and Assessment of Participatory conservation resources complete. in : Annexure I traditional natural framework.  Inventory of Natural resources resources. of nine districts prepared.  Local natural resource  Participatory conservation  Management management institutions framework for fodder and water practices in the strengthened (In progress) resources have been developed context of Climate  Sustainable harvesting for eight (N=8) villages in change. protocols for diverse , four (N=4) villages in natural resources Chamoli and five villages (5) in  Development of developed (In progress) Pithoraghar districts. adaptation  Six farmer producer companies  Good practices documented strategies. and forty five (N=45) Gram and up-scaled. Panchayats have been supported. Annual action plans were developed for seventy two (N=72) villages and have been submitted to district horticulture offices in three districts Almora, Tehri and .  New nurseries for fodder, and aromatic plants have been proposed in 30 hectare in agriculture land of one hundred fifty (N=150) farmers in thirty villages (N=30) have been submitted in district horticulture office in Almora, Tehri and Pithoragarh.  Suggestion and a plan of conservation of natural water springs and use of spring water for minor irrigation using renewable energy resources have been submitted to major and minor irrigation department to be included in a World Bank project of government of Uttarakhand.  Sustainable harvesting protocols for diverse natural resources have been developed referring to W.H.O Guidelines and published data on conservation methods of medicinal plants and non-timber forest resources.  Strengthening of Local natural resource institutions (N.G.O/ F.P.Cs) HRA-  Study of  Recommendations of policy During the reporting period the descriptive file Enclosed 003 outmigration changes for reducing following tasks were undertaken: in : Annexure I pattern in outmigration.  Field data collection through: Uttarakhand key person interviews and Himalaya  Alternate livelihood household surveys in Tehri,  Study the factors options. Chamoli, , responsible and Champawat, (remaining solutions hill districts have been surveyed in previous field visits)  Analysis of primary field data to know the nature and pattern of migration in Uttarakhand  Primary data analysis to highlight factors influencing NMHS Fellowship Grant Progress Page 3 of 26

migration, across hill districts of the state  Review of government policies for livelihood support in hill states, highlighting critical gaps and challenges in policy implementation.  Documentation of reverse migration and model success stories for farm-based entrepreneurial opportunities in hill districts.  Documentation of model tourism ventures in Uttarakhand, that can be replicated to support local livelihoods  Research article published: Naudiyal. N., Kumar, U., Arunachalam, K., 2019. The future of mountain agriculture amidst continual farm exit, livelihood diversification and outmigration in the Central Himalayan villages. Journal of Mountain Science. Vol. 16 (4), 755-768.

*Experimental work giving full details (in separate sheet, within 300 words) of experimental set up, methods adopted, data collected supported by necessary table, charts, diagrams & photographs. Note: Data, table and figures may be attached as separate source file (.docx, .xls, jpg, .jpeg, .png, .shp, etc. ).

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3. Fellowship Description at H-JRF Level Himalayan Junior Research Project Fellows (H-JRFs)

H-JRFs Profile Description: S. No. Name of JRF Date of Joining Name of the PI Qualification

HJRF-1 Mr. Parmendar Singh 1st Dec 2016 Dr Vijay Shridhar M. Tech. (Environment Dr Archana Sharma technology)

HJRF-2 Ms. Rashi Srivastava 1st Dec 2016 Dr Achlesh Daverey M. Tech. (Environmental Dr Archana Sharma Technology)

HJRF-3 Ms. Priyanka Kumari 1st Dec 2016 Prof. Kusum Arunachalam M.Sc. (Environment Dr. Vijay Shridhar Management) Dr. Archana Sharma

HJRF-4 Ms. Ina Bahuguna 1st Aug 2016 Prof. Harsh Dobhal Masters in Economics Prof. Kusum Arunachalam

HJRF-5 Mr. Kailash Chandra 1st Dec 2016 Dr. Vijay Sridhar M.Sc. Zoology Prof. Kusum Arunachalam

HJRF-6 Ms. Shikha Arora 1st Aug 2016 Dr. Achlesh Daverey M.Sc. (Forestry)

HJRF-7 Mr. Yudhister Dutt 1st Dec 2016 Dr. Ujjwal Kumar M.Sc. (Environment Dr. Vijay Shridhar Management) Dr. Archana Sharma

HJRF-8 Mr. Vivek Kumar 1st Aug 2016 Prof. Harsh Dobhal M.Sc. (Forestry, wildlife & Kushwah Prof. H. c. Purohit environmental science) Prof. Kusum Arunachalam

HJRF-9 Ms. Priyanka Sharma 1st Dec 2016 Dr. Ujjwal Kumar M.Sc. (Environmental Prof. Kusum Arunachalam Science) Dr. Achlesh Daverey

HJRF-10 Ms. Devanshi Singh 5th Dec 2016 Dr. Ujjwal Kumar M.Sc. (Biotechnology) Prof. Kusum Arunachalam Dr. Achlesh Daverey

Progress Brief (to be filled for each JRF in separate row): Research/ JRF Research Objectives Deliverable Achievements Experimental No. Work*

HJRF-  Issues for sustainable  Ecologically compatible and  Data was collected through descriptive file Enclosed 1 tourism including equitable tourism field survey and interview in : Annexure I ecotourism promoted/implemented leading to with park officers, local  Changing patterns of stoppage of unregulated tourism. resident and tourists in tourism , in corbett national park (perhiphery only) done.  Policies reviewed (both national and international) to compare the current polices with already applied policies in Corbett national park and Rajaji national park.  Observation made on the number of domestic tourists and foreign tourists where the former has increased within last 5 years in both the national parks but the latter one shows not much variation. NMHS Fellowship Grant Progress Page 5 of 26

 Questionnaire developed and implemented for local residents and tourists regarding tourism activity, environmental awareness, facilities and waste generation in parks areas on different parameters.  Prepared database on total number of jungle safaris, tourist flow and changing patterns of tourism in parks (in selected sites). Physical carrying capacity of three sites (Chandi devi, Mansa Devi, Garjiya devi temple) calculated to observe the human impact.  Research Paper published - Assessment of environmental impact of tourism activity at Sitabani temple of Jim Corbett tiger reserve. (International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.6, Issue 1, page no. 611-618, January-2019) HJRF-  Waste management,  Existing institutions and  Solid waste management in descriptive file Enclosed 2 including management regulatory mechanisms different Urban Local in : Annexure I of hazardous substances strengthened (in progress) Bodies (ULBs) of  Innovative approaches district studied. developed (No) and  Up scaling of best practices  Structured questionnaire implemented/ Quantity supported (in progress) developed and implemented of waste treated/ covering households from managed three different socioeconomic groups low (LSEG), middle (MSEG) and high socio-economic groups (HSEG) to identify the quantum of waste generated from different groups .  Sample communities were selected by the integration of four indices including family population, income, age, and education to observe the effect of family size and income on waste generation.  Type of waste generated from each household identified by weighing waste on a daily basis from 450 households in seven different sites of .  Waste disposal system used by different socio economic groups identified.  Quantification of the Hazardous waste (HW) and the technology adopted to treat the HW generating from the industries have been identified. 

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HJRF-  The issues concerning  Scientific evidences and  Secondary data related to descriptive file Enclosed 3 development in database developed / solid waste, sewage and in : Annexure I sensitive areas augmented/ disseminated (in tourism collected from diff. progress) departments of District : Tourism, NPP Uttarkashi, Gangotri NP etc.  Different data layers developed (NDVI buffer along the NH 34, and muck sites etc.) and GIS analysis is under progress.  Primary data collected from the villages of Assi Ganga valley and Bhagirathi ESZ through questionnaire based survey.

H-JRF  Testing options for  Identify key sectors and capacity  Data Collected complied and descriptive file Enclosed 4 human capacity building needs of those having an analysed through ordinal in : Annexure I building including immediate bearing on regression from 9 districts promotion of micro- conservation and livelihoods. and 90 micro enterprises of Uttarakhand is completed. enterprises and green  Natural resource based and  Case Study of successful technologies community oriented microenterprises are microenterprises developed/ collected and documented. promoted.  SWOT analysis of Agro based, Animal based and handicrafts and handlooms done through personal observation.

HJRF-  Conservation of  Conservation of  The musk deer habitat descriptive file Enclosed 5 genetic resources of endemic/threatened/significan suitability model is in : Annexure I rare, endemic, t species augmented through complete in Askot wildlife threatened and ex situ/ in situ mechanisms Sanctuary. globally significant  The task of marking the natural habitat of various flora and fauna forests and musk deer as including agro- well as the Askot wildlife biodiversity. sanctuary has been completed by the scan method.  Askot wildlife sanctuary has used musk deer hunting areas and which types of weapons are used to mark them all and the counting of number has been completed.  Data collection of habitat use by Musk deer in spring and summer season is ongoing.  Data collection on food preferences of Musk deer in spring and summer season is being collected

HJRF-  Development of  Database of alien plants species  The first deliverable i.e. descriptive file Enclosed 6 database of alien plant (completed) preparation of database of in : Annexure I species occurring in alien plants species has been Uttarakhand  Development of bio-preservatives achieved. . (in progress)  Development of bio- preservatives:  Isolation of alien  Part of the objective directed plants extracts and towards collection, their screening for bio processing of the target preservation of wood. plant species i.e. Lantana camara, Ageratina adenophora, Bidens Pilosa and Hyptis suaveolens, their extraction followed by NMHS Fellowship Grant Progress Page 7 of 26

isolation of extracts along with their antifungal bioassay and identification of fungitoxic extract completed. Determination of TPC/TFC/TTC wherever applicable has been determined and correlated with their fungitoxicity.

HJRF-  Appraisal to plant  Database of plant resources will  A data base of plant species descriptive file Enclosed 7 diversity and be available (in progress) have been created from 57 in : Annexure I restoration of  Database of indigenous villages from Didihat blok, degraded lands in technologies of plant use Kanalicheena Block, generated (in progress) Munakot Block Pithoragarh district  Data base of indigenous /

traditional techniques being used of plant use have been prepared.  Data Base on medicinal plants being extracted from wild have been created  Herbarium file of unidentified grass, shrub, trees is also being collected for identification from BSI  Plant data has been collected from undisturbed forest as well as degraded sites at same altitude and aspect.  Database on plant, fungi, pteridophytes and bryophyte is being collected at present from controlled as well as degraded sites which will be helpful to develop a restoration plan. HJRF-  Supplementary  Recommendations on livelihood  Literature review on descriptive file Enclosed 8 livelihood options for options (achieved) livelihood activities in other in : Annexure I rural population and  Development of market linkage Himalayan state have been other populations options (in progress) done.  Collection of primary and

Study the market secondary data regarding linkages. market linkages of farm and non-farm produces has been done from four Tehsil.  Community based marketing of dairy products have been suggested to the respondents of Hilly rural area of Chakrata, Tuini and Kalsi Tehsil.  Cost-benefit analysis has been done for MAP cultivation, poultry farming and Mushroom cultivation from secondary data.   Respondents have been motivated for mushroom cultivation, backyard poultry farming and MAP cultivation in the study area on the basis of cost benefit analysis.   Himachal Pradesh mushroom cultivation model have been studied. NMHS Fellowship Grant Progress Page 8 of 26

 Farmers and Local NGOs meeting have been arranged to value addition of their farm and non-timber forest produces.  Respondents have been motivated to register themselves to the Homestay program of Government of Uttarakhand.  Two ecotourism potential sites Kathiyan valley in Tuini and Rajanu village near Budher caves have been identified.  Two potential supply chains for milk producer have been identified in district.  Training have been arranged between NGO and Households Chakrata and Tuini for Squash and Achar making. HJRF-  Effect of Forest fires  Database on impact of forest fire  Field based sample descriptive file Enclosed 9 on nutrient dynamics (in progress) collection in post-fire in : Annexure I in the soil subtropical pine forest and Himalayan Moist Temperate forest forests from Tehri and

Pauri district of Uttarakhand Himalaya  Soil physicochemical and nutrients analysis has been done  Database of post-fire macro and micro nutrients has been prepared

HJRF-  Effect of forest fires  Database on impact of forest  Changes in microbial descriptive file Enclosed 10 on microbial biomass fire (in progress) biomass carbon in in : Annexure I and diversity in soil Subtropical Pine Forest and Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest affected by forest fire

has been studied  Analysis of changes in microbial biomass nitrogen in different forest types affected by forest fire has been done  Estimation of changes occurs in soil basal respiration as a result of forest fire in Pine and Oak dominated forest has been done.  The changes occurred in enzymatic activity of Dehydrogenase, Acid phosphatases has been documented.  Statistical analysis of data has been done to find out the significant changes after forest fire in different forest type.  Database for the change in microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen has been done for control and fire affected sites in these forest type  7) Changes in microbial NMHS Fellowship Grant Progress Page 9 of 26

diversity including bacteria and fungus has been estimated in subtropical pine and oak forest of Tehri Garhwal district 

*Experimental work giving full details (in separate sheet, within 300 words) of experimental set up, methods adopted, data collected supported by necessary table, charts, diagrams & photographs. Note: Data, table and figures may be attached as separate source file (.docx, .xls, jpg, .jpeg, .png, .shp, etc. ).

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4. Fellowship Description at Institutional/ University Level

Annual Deliverables/ Outputs (during the reporting year)

S. No. Deliverables/ Parameters No. Description

1. HRA-001:

Research publications communicated: “Energy Efficiency Study of Uttarakhand Electric Power Utilities Based on Data Envelopment Analysis” (Communicated to: Energy Policy, manuscript number: JEPO-D-18-02723

HRA-002:

Impact of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Disturbances on Van Panchayat Forest in Mid and High Altitude of Uttarakhand (finalised)

Assessment of Carbon Emission by Fuel Wood Burning in Five Districts of Uttarakhand No. of Research Publications (monograph/ articles/ peer-reviewed Communicated to proceedings of Himalayan research articles): consortium

HRA-003:

Research article published:

Naudiyal. N., Kumar, U., Arunachalam, K., 2019. The future of mountain agriculture amidst continual farm exit, livelihood diversification and outmigration in the Central Himalayan villages. Journal of Mountain Science. Vol. 16 (4), 755-768. HJRF-001:

Assessment of Environmental Impact of Tourism Activity at Sitabani Temple of Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org JETIR1901682.

2. No. of Data Sets generated: HRA-001:

Solar isolation map of Almora district Statistical data of grid energy in Uttarakhand Detailed energy efficiency tables of 35 EDD. HRA-002: Data on NTFP and Medicinal plants being utilized by rural communities in Uttarakhand.

Data of fodder species being used by rural communities. Data of water springs in Van Panchayat of Uttarakhand. Data of plants being used commercially by rural communities. Data of conservation aspects in different Van Panchayats in Uttarakhand HRA-003: Dataset of availability of basic amenities NMHS Fellowship Grant Progress Page 11 of 26

(electricity, water, road access, clean cooking fuel), Proximity and quality of education facilities, Access to healthcare facilities, Availability of natural resources, Agricultural productivity and other income sources HJRF-001: Dataset on effect of Tourism on plant diversity, pollution and carrying capacity in Rajaji and Corbett.

Dataset on eco tourism on rural livelihood. HJRF-002: Description of three different socio economic communities/ Quantification of Municipal Solid waste /Sources of solid waste generation/Composition of solid waste/Collection efficiency / Effect of household size on the waste generation/Effect of income on waste generation/Quantification of treated industrial hazardous waste.

HJRF-003:

HJRF-004:

Human capacity building dataset generated for 110 micro enterprises of Uttarakhand.

HJRF-005: Dataset on habitat use pattern of Musk Deer Dataset on conservation issues in study area. Dataset plant diversity and agro biodiversity of study area. HJRF-006:

Database of alien plants of Uttarakhand Himalayas along with their nativity, life form and family

HJRF-007:

Database of plant diversity have been created for Pithoragarh district.

HJRF-008: Dataset on NTFP of 60 villages Dataset on Rural Tourism Dataset on Market Linkages farm and non-farm produces. HJRF-009:

Dataset of soil physicochemical properties of subtropical pine forest and Himalayan moist temperate forest of two districts of Uttarakhand Himalaya, which includes information on pH, EC, CEC, moisture content, bulk density, soil carbon, and macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na) and micronutrients (Mn, Cu, Fe, and Zn)

HJRF-010:

Data set generated for sub tropical pine forest at two different altitudes 1100- 1500m and 1500-2000m and Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest at an altitude of 1500- 2000m in two district of Uttarakhand Himalayas

NMHS Fellowship Grant Progress Page 12 of 26

3. No. of Conferences/ Workshops HRA-001: attended:  National Workshop on recent advances in statistical methods and application in forestry and environment science in ICFRE  Second Himalayan Research consortium Organized by GBPNIHESD Sikkim HRA-002:

 Participated in ``1National seminar cum montoring and evaluation (M&E) Workshop at GBPNIHESD Almora.  Seminar at on Biodiversity issues and threats organized by USERC  Workshop on plagiarism organized by Doon University  Environment conclave organized by HUM foundation  9th Environment summit on ecosystem services and plastic free Uttarakhand organized by CII-UCOST.  Himalayan Research consortium Organized by GBPNIHESD Sikkim Unit

HRA-003:

 National Workshop on recent advances in statistical methods and application in forestry and environment science in ICFRE  Second Himalayan Research consortium Organized by GBPNIHESD Sikkim

HJRF-001:  Second Himalayan Research consortium Organized by GBPNIHESD Sikkim

HJRF-002:  Seminar at on Biodiversity issues and threats organized by USERC  Workshop on plagiarism organized by Doon University  Environment conclave organized by HUM foundation  9th Environment summit on ecosystem services and plastic free Uttarakhand organized by CII-UCOST.  Second Himalayan Research consortium Organized by GBPNIHESD Sikkim

HJRF-003:  Second Himalayan Research consortium NMHS Fellowship Grant Progress Page 13 of 26

Organized by GBPNIHESD Sikkim

HJRF-004:  Participated and presented a poster in International Biodiversity Congress (IBC) 2018 and presented a poster on “A study of women based self-help group using traditional knowledge for livelihood in Pithoragarh district”.  Participated in National Conference on vision Uttarakhand 2040: Agenda for Socio- Economic Development in Feburary 2019.  Second Himalayan Research consortium Organized by GBPNIHESD Sikkim

HJRF-006  International conference on bioprocess for sustainable environment and energy organized by Department of biotechnology and medical engineering. 6-7 December, NIT Rourkela HJRF-008:

 Participated in National Conference on vision Uttarakhand 2040: Agenda for Socio- Economic Development in Feburary 2019.

 Second Himalayan Research consortium Organized by GBPNIHESD Sikkim

HJRF-009:  Seminar at on Biodiversity issues and threats organized by USERC  Workshop on plagiarism organized by Doon University  Environment conclave organized by HUM foundation  9th Environment summit on ecosystem services and plastic free Uttarakhand organized by CII-UCOST.

HJRF-010:  Seminar at on Biodiversity issues and threats organized by USERC  Workshop on plagiarism organized by Doon University  Environment conclave organized by HUM foundation  9th Environment summit on ecosystem services and plastic free Uttarakhand organized by CII-UCOST.

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4. No. of Sites/ Study Area Covered: HRA-001: District: , Champawt, Chamoli, Uttarakashi, Rudrprayag HRA-002: Almora Villages: Dheli, Guna, Joshi Dhura, Sirsora, Thaat, Ashota, Toli, Lamgara Chamoli Villages: Charbang, Ramni, Waduk, Luwani Pithoragarh Villages: Birthi, Girgaun, Dor, Upadiya , Saani Pithoragarh Villages : Dugu, Nagling, Baaling, Sela, Daar. Uttarkashi Villages: Sidri, Saur, netwar, purola, Dhara Pani Majeda, Nakot,Bhurmuni, Naikina, Chanapandey, Gariyagaun, Dharigaun Chamoli: Ghat, Nandpryag, Ramni, Luwani, Charbang, Sitel, Kanol, Waduk, Durmi Bageshwer: Dhur, Sorag,Khati, Loharkhet, Dakuri, Silin HRA-003: District covered this year: Rudrparayg, Chamoli, Champawat, Nanital HJRF-001: Rajai National Park Haridwar Corbett National Park Dihkuli Ramnagar JRF-002: Haridwar,, , Shivalik Nagar, Laksar, Landhaura, Jhabrera. JRF-003: Bhatwari Block of Uttarkashi District (Sangamchatti, Gangori, Villages of Assi Ganga Valley, and Bhagirathi ESZ- Gajoli, Seku, Ladari, Tiloth, Uttron Joshiyara, Uttarkashi) JRF-004: District Covered Rudrparayg, Chamoli, Champawat, Nanital JRF-005: Askot Wildlife Sanctuary The study is being carried out the distribution and abundance of the mountain ungulates (Musk Deer) in Darma valley (30 sq km), Askot wildlife sanctuary, Uttarakhand, .

HJRF-006: Dehradun district

HJRF-007: Pithoragarh: Magdanale, Chauri, Riyase, Gonch Naywad, Riyasee, Koli, Tilari, Garali, Vajkudi, Ajeda, Lemabhaat, Dunakot, Hunera,Bhandari Gaun, Kamtoli, Urai, Rawakot, Khatari, Pantsera, Bamdoli, Chamu Blocks: Munseyari, Munakot Kanalichina, Gangolihaat, Didihaat, Dharchula, Bin and Berinag.

HJRF-008: Six tehsils of Dehradun district of Uttarakhand. Study area divided into hilly and plain region and 10 villages in each Tehsil have been surveyed. Market linkages have been surveyed from Anchal milk cooperative union (Dehradun), 18 local dairy farm, and local krishi upaj Mandi at Dehradun, Sahiya, , and Rishikesh HJRF-009: Tehri and Pauri districts of Garhwal division of NMHS Fellowship Grant Progress Page 15 of 26

Uttarakhand Himalaya. 24 different forest fires affected sites has been selected for soil sampling. HJRF-010: Tehri Garhwal, Pauri Garhwal 5. No. of Best Practices suitable for IHR: 2 HJRF-002: Vermi compost plant and cluster based approach for composting are the best practices which can be replicated in every ULBs like Shivalik Nagar. HJRF-004:

Vulture restaurant a community based eco tourism venture in Nepal.

6. New Observations/ Innovations 2 HJRF-002: Shivalik Nagar Palika(SNP) is managing the solid waste in an efficient manner. More than 80% of waste is being segregated at source by the residents which is then further segregated by the rag pickers.The organic waste is then brought to the centralized field managed by ITC Sunehra Kal Mission (NGO) for vermi- composting and Cluster based composting. The recyclable portion is then sold by rag pickers to the small scale recyclers. The rag pickers are earning from the SNP and also by selling the recyclable waste. In this way, the rag pickers are helping in better collection and segregation of waste and are earning good wages from SNP and waste generators thus making the whole solid waste management to run in an effective.

HJRF-004: Rose water manufacturing in : Mr. Umrao Singh, a small farmer from village Mirg near Joshimath, was trained by CAP in Selaqui in flower distillation. CAP also helped him in setup of distillery at his village and in setting up a stall in fair. His products were tested by organic board and Tribes of India and all his products passed the tests. In Delhi fair he found buyers and currently he sells rose water in bulk and as intermediate goods with permanent 12 buyers for his product from Australia, Mumbai, Delhi and Almora. Mr. Singh just had Rs 8000 when he started he took a loan from SBI of Rs. 4 lakh with 35 percent subsidy through Udyog Bhawan Scheme. In year 2017-18 Mr. Singh raised an income of 7 lakh through sale of rose water. Mr. Singh’s enterprise is registered as Gurpal Herbal Udyog with GST and Organic board. Mr. Umaro Singh has struggled, gained knowledge and experience from different government and non- governmental organizations; he collected all his knowledge and used in becoming a success story to inspire others.

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5. Fellowship Concluding Remarks/ Annual Summary

Conclusions summarizing the achievements and indication of remaining work (within 300 words):

HRA-001 The grid efficiency of 35 Electricity Distribution Divisions (EDDs) present in the 13 district of state has been analyzed. The results hilly terrain display greater inefficiencies as compared to the EDDs located in plain area. The abundant and inexhaustible solar energy has been widely considered a viable solution to the energy-shortage problem as well as the pollution of the environment. Therefore second objective of study aims to assess the current status, availability, and future potential of solar energy options in 13 districts of Uttarakhand. The potential of solar energy using rooftop solar Photovoltaic (PV) system and ground mounted PV systems have been done.

 A GIS based method for assessing available roof and ground mounted solar energy resource are studied through the sentinel high resolution images.  The total area under the settlement is calculated by use land cover maps developed in Erdas imagine 2014 software through unsupervised classification.  The solar radiation analysis tools in GIS software ArcGIS 9.3 was employed calculate insolation across the districts of Uttarakhand. The analysis was based on hemispherical viewshed algorithm.  The total amount of radiation is as direct, diffuse, and global insolation thus producing insolation maps for entire Uttarakhand state. Work to be done With the overlay function in GIS software the solar potential in the available roof area of the settlement area and annual electricity output of the Solar PV will be calculate by using following equations. Available roof area for the installation of solar PV: Wa= αJmβδ (Wa is the available area for RMPV; α is the popularization percentage of PV; J m is the area of roof tops; β is the density rate of buildings; δ is the percentage of roof area). Calculation of annual electricity output from solar PV for grid supply. HY =W ηDT( y) ×10−3 (HY is the annual available output electricity,(kWh/y) W is the total installed peak power, η is the overall efficiency from PV output peak power converted to AC power, ranging from 0.6 ~0.87, DT(y) is the annual or seasonal peak sun- hours (h/y)). This method can be more reliable in using solar energy, and could be promoted in managing traditional energy risk and making energy development plans. HRA001 Note: the data tables and Maps supporting above is enclosed in a separate sheet. HRA-002 For this study we surveyed Van Panchayats and soyam forest area of 172 villages in 10 districts of Uttarakhand for assessing extent of anthropogenic disturbances and repeated forest fires on van panchayats and soyam forest. We analyzed the winter rainfall data of Uttarakhand for 114 years (1901-2015) to observe the reduction in winter precipitation. Total cumulative rainfall of winter months averages for the period 1966-2015 was 31.73 % less than the period 1901-1951. Reduction in (31-70.9 mm) rainfall category is about 85% of total rainfall where as in (>=70.9 mm till 90.9 mm) the rainfall has increased slightly or remain unchanged which is 19.23% of total cumulative rainfall of winter months averages. Maximum reduction in rainfall was observed in 51-60.9 mm range (1660 mm) followed by >121 mm range (-922 mm), 31-40.9 mm range (-749 mm) and 41-50.9 mm range (-655.4 mm) in winter months starting from November till March end. To assess anthropogenic disturbances in community forest 490 quadrates were laid, in 80.8% of sample plots there were heavy grazing/ browsing signs in 65.91% plots we observed signs of fuel wood collection. In 15.3% sample plots we found signs of forest fire and these were low altitude. Pinus roxburgii ( Pine Tree) dominating forest. Out of thirty two (N=32) tree species only twelve (N=12) species were having seedlings. Seedling population was only 19% of total sample size. It was found that about 99 % of the trees were having lopping of canopy and cutting of branches for fodder and fuel-wood. Data of wood consumption rate at household level was also analyzed by categorizing village’s altitude wise. All villages were categorized in three categories based on their altitudes (I) 1000-2000 mts., (III) 2001-2300 mts., (III) 2300-3200 mts. We also collected data on present status of natural springs in 98 villages we collected one time data on 138 springs. It was found that among the observed springs about only 39.93% were perennial, 47.8% of springs only give water till nine months, and 13.7% springs provide water for six (N=6) months only. 61.5% of springs have shrieked in total discharge days by 90-150 days annually. HRA-003:

HJRF-001:

HJRF-002: This study provides the conclusive and comparative data on the waste generation, collection, composition and treatment

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methods adopted in three different socio economic groups in Haridwar district. The secondary data was obtained on a regional basis by selecting Urban Local Bodies in 7 cities of Haridwar district. The primary and secondary data was collected through the detailed questionnaire developed with an assemblage of question types such as generation, collection, transportation and disposal facilities of municipal solid waste of seven regions of Haridwar district, role of different stakeholders, waste generated in different socio economic groups, effect of family size and family income on waste generation, hazardous waste generated at the beginning/end of the year, amount of waste treated by land filling/recycling/incineration and the quantity of hazardous waste stored in the occupier's premises to assess the current status of solid and hazardous waste management system of Haridwar district. Detailed study on innovative approaches adopted in Haridwar district is required to be done in Haridwar district. HJRF-003

HJRF-004  Development of document on application of potential green technology in Uttarakhand through secondary data and review of literature.  In manufacturing micro enterprises more detailed study has to be done for each major indicator like technology, training, raw material and market knowledge.  Service sector especially tourism in Uttarakhand is also one of the important growing industries. So, this sector needs to be explored more in terms of research work. HJRF-005 Database on the musk deer habitat suitability model have been completed for post monsoon and winter season in the study area, we have also collected data on habitat use patterns of the Musk deer during pre-monsoon, winter and summer season. At present data of habitat use pattern is being collected for second season of spring and summer season. Marking of the various forests types and alpine areas which are being used by Musk deer have been completed using direct and indirect evidences. Pallet collection, hoof marks, direct sighting, data collection through herders and scan methods have been used to determine the habitat use pattern and marking the home range of Musk deer inside study area. We have also collected data from villages situated around the Askot wildlife sanctuary for licensed weapons and there owners and data on illegal poaching activities inside the Musk deer habitat.

H-JRF006: The database of alien plant species occurring in Uttarakhand Himalaya has been upgraded. Earlier the database comprised of 265 species which was again updated and now the database lists more than 700 species as aliens. Almost 75% of the envisaged work as mentioned in Annexure has been completed however remaining 25% of work as mentioned below will be completed in the period of extension in order to achieve the objectives as envisaged in the project. Results of the study will also be published in reputed journals. Remaining work:  Publication of the compiled database on alien plants of Uttarakhand Himalayas.  (i) Fractionation of bio-active methanol extracts using ethyl acetate, butanol and isolation of these fractions  (ii) Bioassay studies of these fractions  (iii) Determination of the active fraction  (iv) Determination of TPC/TFC/TTC wherever applicable will be determined and correlated with their fungitoxicity using statistical tool  (v) Compilation, statistical analysis and interpretation of data  (vi)Understanding the mechanism of fungitoxicity actions of the active plant extract.  (vii) Report writing and recommendations  (viii) Dissemination of results through publications and scientific meetings. H-JRF007: A database of plant diversity has been created for eight blocks of Pithoragarh district. Due to the nature of work field data was collected during different seasons at different altitudes. Data of different forest type was used for creation of forest maps of Pithoragarh using land-sat imageries. A detailed data of trees, herbs, lichens, pteridophytes, bryophytes in degraded and controlled site is ongoing.

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H-JRF008: A total of 90 villages from Six Tehsil have been surveyed and data have been collected. It is concluded from the study done so far that Ecotourism and Rural homestay program have the highest possibilities as alternative livelihood. The study highlight the issues concerning to the market inefficiency in the rural hilly area because of that majority of rural respondents of the hill area were not willing to adopt other alternate livelihood options. Preliminary results from primary data analysis also highlight that only 68% of the respondents were poorly linked to the market. Road connectivity was the major constraints to market linkages. We also observed that presence of middleman is also a hurdle to connect with the market directly. NTFPs collectors from Tuini, Chakrata and Kalsi Tehsil have been linked to the local forest resource based NGO for value addition of their material and efficient market linkage. 65 households of the Tuini and Chakrata Tehsil have been linked To NGOs to grow Chullu (Prunus armeniaca. Linn.) And akhrot (Juglens regia .Linn.) on their farm land. Preliminary data and observation indicates that capacity building program will be beneficial to the rural respondents of the study area. To improve the economic condition of the area, an optional char-dham Yatra route Dehradun-Vikanagar-Kalsi-Chakrata-DevVan-Tuini-Hanol-Mori-Purola-Gangotri and Yamunotri would be beneficial. Benefit cost analysis have been done from the secondary data. Cost-benefit analysis of the alternate livelihood from primary data will be completed by July, 2019. Data entry and analysis of primary data will be done subsequently.

H-JRF009: To evaluate the impact of forest fire on nutrient dynamics, soil sampled has been collected from the Subtropical pine forest and Himalayan moist temperate forest (Oak) at Pauri and Tehri districts of Uttarakhand Himalaya. Selection was done on the basis of frequent fire incidence occurring in these areas. Soil samples were collected in the month of May-June, 2018 for analysis the nutrient status after fire. Soil physico-chemical and nutrients analysis has been analyzed. Statistical analysis has been done. The present findings concluded that fires affect the nutrient availability, physical and chemical properties of the soil after fire. The pH in Oak forest was acidic and slightly acidic to Pine forest. The pH value has been higher in fire affected site as compared to control sites in both forest types, due to accumulation of basic cations in soils. Most of the nutrient (T. nitrogen, available P, available K, available Na, exchangeable Ca and Mg) increased after fire in upper soil layer of fire affected site in comparison with control site in both Oak and Pine forest. Whereas soil bulk density found to be increase in lower soil layer (15-30cm) at both altitudes (1100-1500 and 1500-2000m) and soil moisture increased in control site at upper soil layer (0-15 cm). The results indicated that burning generally increase soil organic matter decomposition rates and the mineralization process, which increased the nutrient availability after fire. The result of the study shows that nutrient availability after fire was higher in oak forest comparison to Pine forest in fire affected and control site. The results also indicated nutrient availability after fire found to be higher at upper soil layer (0-15cm). For coming year, studies will be focused to analysis the forest fires changes before and after fire in remaining forest i.e. Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest and Himalayan dry temperate forest, of Uttarakhand Himalaya. H-JRF 010:

Changes in microbial biomass carbon has found when compared with fire affected and unaffected site. The results reported decreased in microbial biomass at fire-affected site in both forest type. The impact of forest fire on acid phosphatase (ACP) and dehydrogenase (DHA) enzymatic activity of soil has been estimated and the result concluded that ACP activity decreases after forest fire when compared with unburnt site of same forest type and DHA activity increases after forest fire. The soil basal respiration after forest fire has found to be decreased in both the fire affected site different forest type. The analysis of microbial properties has been to find out the changes in microbial properties. Diversity analysis will be done by adopting metagenomics methods. Decrease in percentage of Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria and increase in percentage of Proteobacteria has been observed in fire affected site at lower altitudes whereas decrease in Proteobacteria has been found at higher altitudes. Ascomycota has been found to be decrease in oak dominant fire affected forest where as in Pine forest this percentage increased. Basidiomycota percentage decrease after forest fire in pine forest and increases in Oak forest. Correlation of physical and chemical properties with microbial properties is under progress. Next sampling will be done in the coming month of June to find out the impact of forest fire in Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest and Himalayan dry temperate forest

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6. Specific Research Question(s) Addressed with Succinct Answer(s)

S. No. Research Questions Addressed Succinct Answers (within 150-200 words) HRA001 What is the relative overall efficiency, EDDs located in hilly terrain display greater technical efficiency and scale efficiency of inefficiencies as compared to the EDDs located in Electricity Distribution Divisions functional plain area. Most of the EEDs are incompetent in their (EDD) under different geographical terrain scale inefficiency rather than the technical in Uttarakhand state inefficiency. By suitable restructuring of EDDs efficiency in the state can be achieved. What are the possible solution to increase The abundant and inexhaustible solar energy and the efficiency of the inefficient EDDs other renewable energy sources such as small hydro powers can be viable solution to the energy-shortage problem What could be the needed changes and The outcome of the study will reflect the best policy implementation to increase the practices which can be replicated to enhance the efficiency energy efficiency of the state.

HRA002 What are the major tree species that are In total thirty-two (N=32) trees species were identified being used as Fuel wood in Uttarakhand? during the survey which were being used for fuel

wood consumption at different altitudes. It was observed that Pinus roxburghii was being used as a major fuel wood species (25.07%) followed by Quercus leucotricophora (13.86%) and Quercus semecarpifolia (9.2%) of the total ninety-eight (N=98) villages that were sampled.

Out of one hundred thirty eight springs (N=138) What is the present status of natural water eighty two (N=82) springs were analyzed for water springs in Van Panchayat forests? discharge capacity per month it was found that in 46.3% springs discharge capacity was between 35-79 cubic liters of water per month which is quite low, in

71.1% springs the discharge capacity was between 80- 108 cubic liters of water per month, in 15.9% of springs discharge capacity was between 136-199 cubic liter of water per month, in 11% of springs

discharge capacity was between 109-136 cubic liter of water per month, and equally 11% of springs discharge capacity was between 200-288 cubic liter of water per month.

It is evident from our data analysis that total To access effect of climate change on cumulative rainfall for the period 1966-2015 was 37 winter rainfall. % less than the period 1901-1951. We also analyzed average winter rainfall during eighty-eight (N=88) years in four different long periods viz., 1901-1924, 1925-1950, 1976-2000 and 2001-2015. The data analysis of January and February month from 1901 till 2015 clearly shows that the cumulative average precipitation in January has decreased by 10.3 mm in last eighty nine (N=89) years, whereas the decrease in cumulative average precipitation in the month of December is 12.9 mm in eighty eight (N=89) years

HRA003 What are the main reasons behind the out The main topics being addressed in the survey migration of rural population from hill included demographic information of the village, districts of Uttarakhand? availability of basic amenities (electricity, water, road access, clean cooking fuel), Proximity and quality of education facilities, Access to healthcare facilities, Availability of natural resources, Agricultural productivity and other income sources, Issues leading

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to out-migration and possible solutions, Data of out- migrated population (places and causes for out- migration HJRF001 Present status of tourism in and its The main objective of the study is to observe the effect on natural habitat of Rajaji tourist pressure inside the Rajaji Tiger Reserve National Park and Corbett Nation Park. and Corbett Tiger Reserve and to study the ecotourism related issues around protected areas of CTR and RTR by estimating a total number of tourists and vehicles. HJRF002 What are the anthropogenic pressures due to According to the present situation, overcrowding of tourism inside Rajaji National Park and the tourist is observed in all the three areas of the site. Corbett Nation Park? Thus exceeding the carrying capacity of the site. On other hand, research found that branded luxury hotel has very high pricing as comparison to local stakeholders (budget hotels and home stay) where a big amount of profit is earned by luxury branded hotels and resorts. Consequently, the local stakeholders are suffering from economic impact.

Cluster composting is one of the technology adopted What are the innovative technologies by ITC-NGO(handling and managing the waste of adopted by Urban Local Bodies? Shivalik Nagar) where 30-40 HH of particular area put their organic waste in the common composter(instead of placing common dustbins) so

that compost can be produced and organic waste can be managed properly.

Haridwar - 237 MT/day, Roorkee-104 MT/day, What is the total quantity of waste Manglaur-9 MT/day, Jhabrera- 10 MT/day, Laksar- generated in Haridwar district/ Segregation 4 MT/day, Landhaura- 4 MT/day, Shivalik Nagar- 3 practices/ Treatment and disposal? MT/day.The segregation practice is being partially followed in Roorkee and Haridwar, completely

followed in Shivalik Nagar and not at all followed in Laksar, Landhaura and Jhabrera Vermi-composting ,home composting and cluster based composting is the type of treatment technology used in Shivalik Nagar, Integrated Solid waste management plant(ISWM) to get start on 1st July 2018 in Haridwar, Dumping of solid waste on a plot taken on lease by Nagar Palikas of Jhabrera, Laksar, Landhaura and Manglaur.

What is the total quantity of hazardous The total amount of Hazardous waste (HW) generated waste managed and treated by the industries of Haridwar is 5846.191 MTA. Out of the total HW, 2419.448 MTA is send for the landfill facility while 1049.782 MTA is send for the incineration and 2332.542 MTA is send to the recyclers. The quantity of HW being co processed in cement kiln is 162.42MTA. The amount of waste stored in occupier's premises at the end of the year 2017 is 21.99 MTA

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HJRF003 How different factors associated with The diversion of land for non forest uses/and development are affecting the fragility of developmental projects is occurring and causing loss the study area? of forests and their degradation in the vicinity. A 2 km buffer analysis of NDVI along the NH-34 shows that the area under sparse vegetation with bare land has increased from 101.73 sq. km in 1996 to 115.56 sq. km in 2016. A loss of about 12 sq. km incurred in the areas having high NDVI values in the year 2016 as compared to that in 1996, while the area having medium values of NDVI was found to be more or less same (132.05 sq. km area in 1996 and 129 sq. km area in 2016). Most of the muck disposal sites (65.38%) on NH 34 are falling under a slope category

of 20 degree or more with almost one third of them falling within a drainage distance of (20-50 m.) High slope angle causes destabilization of the soil mass further leading to landslides and siltation of the river. Solid waste disposal at Tekhla, by NPP Uttarkashi. Around 7.98 Mt solid waste generated per day. All waste dumped into a second order stream (slope 31.28°), which drains into the main river after a distance of approx. 150 m. All the waste being washed away by the river during monsoon period. At Gangotri, average waste generation has increased from 0.2 MTPD in the year 2014 to 0.6 MTPD in the year 2018 (may be due to increase in number of tourists).

Approx. 30 % of the respondents surveyed were What is the socio-economic aspect of affected by the ESZ notification. Around 17.28 % of development in these sensitive areas? the respondents were hit economically as their main source of employment/ income was hit in the form of ban on mining and HEPs. Almost 30 percent of the respondents were given employment in developmental projects like HEPs, Power houses, road construction etc. All the respondents were of the view that the frequency and intensity of disasters have increased in the recent 20 years and 60 percent of them attributed it to the enhanced interference of human beings. People are not aware of the Bhagirathi Eco-Sensitive Zone and are in favour of more developmental projects like roads and HEPs for better connectivity and employment opportunities.

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HJRF004 What is the trend of contribution of micro In Uttarakhand primary sector is decreasing in enterprises in GSDP? contribution to GSDP as compared to secondary

sector and territory sector. Primary sector includes cropping and agriculture, livestock, forestry and logging and fishing. In Uttarakhand primary sector GSDP of crop growth rate at current price in year 2012-13 was 18.02 percent while in year 2015-16 it was -0.93 percent. This showed that there is a decline in growth percentage of crops contribution in GSDP. In year 2014-15 livestock growth rate in GSDP was 11.99 percent and in year 2016-17 was 9.04 percent of

growth. Livestock growth in GSDP also decreased. In year 2012-13 forestry and logging growth rate in GSDP was 15.47 percent and in year 2015-16 forestry growth rate was -1.71 percent forestry and logging

growth rate decreased. In year 2013-14 fishing growth rate in GSDP was 17.86 percent while in year 2016-17 growth rate was 6.11 percent and this showed a decline of fishing in GSDP.

 Animal Sector like dairy, Poultry, Fishery and What are the suggestions and solutions to livestock is more successful in the study area as improve the working of existing micro compare to Agriculture. enterprises?  Coordination between agro and animal based sectors to sustain in the business.  Human wildlife conflict and action taken to fight the problem has various loopholes.  SWOT analysis of Agro based, Animal Based and Handicrafts and Handlooms.

HJRF005 To develop database on the musk deer The data on Musk deer habitat suitability model have habitat suitability model? been completed using line transect and scan sampling

method for post monsoon and winter season in the study area, we have also collected data on habitat use patterns of the Musk deer during pre-monsoon, winter and summer season. At present data of habitat use pattern is being collected for second season of spring and summer season.

For this issue pallet count, hoof marks, direct To identify major issues related to sighting, data was collected, interviews were conservation of musk deer inside Askote conducted with livestock herders. This was done to wildlife sanctuary? determine the habitat use pattern and marking the home range of Musk deer inside study area. We also collected data from villages situated around the Askot wildlife sanctuary for licensed weapons and there owners and data on illegal poaching activities inside the Musk deer habitat.

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HJRF006 What is the current scenario of invasive The Indian Himalayas are now at high risk of plant alien plant species in Uttarakhand? invasion due to human interventions, climate change and economic development. The state of Uttarakhand is also facing problem of alien plant invasion which will exacerbate further Thus, documentation of the alien floras will be an initial step towards its management.

Can invasive species be used as a bio- The chemical composition and abundantly available preservative for wood? biomass of these invasive species make them a source of potential economic value that can be utilized into value added products thereby offering an efficient and effective method for its management. Further the production and indiscriminate use of the chemical

fungicides has raised serious health and environmental concerns. Therefore, development of an effective and eco-friendly bio-preservative is the need of the hour.

Can use of alien plant species as a bio- Though mechanical, chemical and biological methods preservative be prospected as a management have been used for management of the weeds, but option in the Himalayan habitat? these methods have inbuilt limitations and hence no longer affordable. Alternatively, abundantly available

biomass of the weed could be utilized for development of bio-based products for varied industrial applications.

HJRF007 What is the current status of plant diversity Quadrate survey method is being used to access the in degraded and semi degraded forest of plant diversity and anthropogenic disturbances in Pithoragarh District? degraded, semi degraded, dense forest, land slide areas and abandoned agriculture lands.

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HJRF008 What are the major livelihood option of the In the study area the major livelihood strategy was rural population and other population? agriculture and allied activity which involved more

then two-third of the population followed by travel & tourism and business but in term of income generation doing business was more beneficial. What are the major constraints in pursuing It was found in the study area that small landholding farm and non-farm livelihood option in the and irrigation facility were the major constraint study area? followed by working human capital.

MAP cultivation, value addition of forest produces, What are the potential alternative livelihood Mushroom cultivation, homestay, bee-farming, options based on resource availability and Horticulture based microenterprise and poultry people choice? farming was found suitable alternative livelihood based on resource availability and respondent choice.

What are the market linkages for farm and It was found during the field survey that respondents non-farm produces belong to hilly region linked to the market through different channels. Agricultural and Horticulture produces like apple, tomato, and khumani were directly sold to market by farmers and akhrot and chullu were sold to the NGOs and middleman. It was

estimated that expenses of selling horticulture produce to the market range from 15-20% out of the total cash value. This range exceeded for interior villages

What are the best alternative farms based It was estimated through that cost of production of livelihood options on the basis of Benefit mushroom decreased with the increase in farm size. It cost analysis? was found that maximum 64% mushroom grower sold their produce through wholesaler-retailer-consumer, followed by 26% of grower-wholesaler-consumer and minimum 10% grower sold directly to the market. HJRF009 What is the impact of post fire on nutrient After forest fire, soil organic matter decomposition availability in the forest soil? rate and mineralization process increases, which increased the nutrient availability in the soil. Most of nutrients (available P, available K, Ca, and Mg) increased after fire. The nutrients activity found to be more in the upper soil layer (0-15cm) in comparison to lower soil layer (15-30cm) in both Oak and Pine forest. Nutrient availability also decreased with increased in altitude. HJRF10 Impact of forest fire on microbial properties MBC, MBN and SBR found to be decrease in both the of soil? forest type when compared with unburned sites.

Decrease in bacterial abundance at lower altitude whereas bacteria belong to phylum Proteobacteria found to be decreased at higher altitude and increased at lower altitude.

Impact of forest fire on enzymatic Acid phosphatases activity decreased after forest fire properties of soil? and Dehydrogenase activity was found to be increased at fire affected site when compared with unburned sites of the same forest.

7. Any Other Information  …..  …..

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Report (hard copy) should be submitted to: The Nodal Officer, NMHS-PMU National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS) गोिवंद बभ पंत रा ीय िहमालयी पयावरण एवं सतत् िवकास संथान G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development (GBPNIHESD) Kosi-Katarmal, Almora 263643, Uttarakhand

Report (soft copy) should be submitted to: E-mail: [email protected]

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