Studie: Digitalisierung Und Nachhaltigkeit

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Studie: Digitalisierung Und Nachhaltigkeit Digitalisierung und Nachhaltigkeit Nachhaltigkeitsdefizite der Digitalisierung auf ökologischer, ökonomischer, politischer und sozialer Ebene. Handlungsempfehlungen und Wege einer erhöhten Nachhaltigkeit durch Werkzeuge der Digitalisierung Felix Sühlmann-Faul, Stephan Rammler „A just machine to make big decisions, programmed by fellows with compassion and vision. We’ll be clean when their work is done, we’ll be eternally free and eternally young.” Donald Fagen – „I.G.Y.“ „Wir sind ein bisschen wie die Zauberlehrlinge.” Peter Kruse Gefördert durch die Robert-Bosch-Stiftung und den WWF Deutschland e.V. Studie Digitalisierung und Nachhaltigkeit Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. EINLEITUNG 6 1.1. PROBLEMLAGEN 7 1.2. TRAGWEITE 8 1.3. KOMPLEXITÄT UND EINGRENZUNG 8 1.4. FORSCHUNGSFRAGEN 10 1.5. STRUKTUR DES GESAMTPROJEKTS: STUDIE, DELPHI-BEFRAGUNG UND FORSCHUNGSAGENDA 11 1.6. DELPHI-METHODE 12 2. WAS IST DIGITALISIERUNG? 13 3. WAS IST NACHHALTIGKEIT? 15 4. WARUM DIGITALISIERUNG UND NACHHALTIGKEIT? 19 5. WAS IST TECHNIK? DEFINITION UND CHARAKTERSTUDIE 21 5.1. DEFINITION 21 5.2. CHANCE UND GEFAHR / KONTROLLVERLUST 23 5.3. ERWARTUNGSDYNAMIKEN 23 5.4. KONTROLLCHANCEN 24 6. NACHHALTIGKEITSDEFIZITE AUF EBENE DER ÖKOLOGIE 25 6.1. ENERGIEVERBRAUCH DURCH IKT, DAS INTERNET UND DATENZENTREN 25 6.1.1. HERSTELLUNG VON IKT 25 6.1.2. DATENZENTREN 26 6.2. SMARTPHONES: VERBREITUNG UND NUTZUNG 33 6.3. ‘E-WASTE’ 36 7. NACHHALTIGKEITSDEFIZITE AUF EBENE DER ÖKONOMIE 39 7.1. RECYCLING 39 7.2. SMARTPHONES: HERSTELLER, ZULIEFERER UND ARBEITSBEDINGUNGEN 41 7.3. GEPLANTE OBSOLESZENZ 44 7.4. DIGITALISIERUNG DER ARBEITSWELT 50 7.4.1. FACHKRÄFTEMANGEL 51 7.4.2. RESILIENZ 52 2 Studie Digitalisierung und Nachhaltigkeit 7.4.3. FLEXIBLE ARBEIT 56 7.4.4. NEUE ARBEITSFORMEN 57 8. NACHHALTIGKEITSDEFIZITE AUF EBENE DER POLITIK 62 8.1. NETZAUSBAU 63 8.2. DIE BEWAHRUNG DEMOKRATIE - EINE TO-DO-LISTE FÜR DIE POLITIK 65 8.2.1. AUSGANGSLAGE 66 8.2.2. ALGORITHMISIERUNG 67 8.2.3. PROBLEMATISCHE FOLGEN 67 8.2.4. ECHOKAMMER 68 8.2.5. KOMPLEXITÄTSREDUKTION 69 8.2.6. FACEBOOK ALS NACHRICHTENKANAL 69 8.2.7. GEFAHR FÜR DIE DEMOKRATIE 70 8.2.8. VORGEHEN DER POLITIK 71 8.2.9. KRITIK 72 8.2.10. DIE CHANCE FÜR DIE POLITIK 73 8.3. BILDUNG 74 8.3.1. EINLEITUNG 74 8.3.2. STUDIENLAGE 76 8.3.3. BEMÜHUNGEN VON POLITISCHER SEITE 79 8.3.4. KRITIK 80 8.3.5. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 82 9. NACHHALTIGKEITSDEFIZITE AUF EBENE DES SOZIALEN 83 9.1. SOZIALE PROBLEMLAGEN DURCH ROHSTOFFABBAU 83 9.2. PSYCHOLOGISCHE OBSOLESZENZ UND ANDERE GRÜNDE FÜR DIE GEFÜHLTE WICHTIGKEIT DES SMARTPHONES 86 9.2.1. DEFINITION 86 9.2.2. DAS ERWEITERTE SELBST 87 9.2.3. GELTUNGSKONSUM, DISTINKTION, STATUSWIRKUNG 88 9.3. E-COMMERCE UND GÜTERVERKEHR 91 10. ZWISCHENFAZIT 95 11. WAS IST DER REBOUND-EFFEKT? 99 11.1. DER ZUSAMMENHANG ZUR NACHHALTIGKEIT 100 11.2. EFFIZIENZMASCHINE DIGITALISIERUNG: MOORE’S LAW 101 11.3. PERVASIVE COMPUTING UND REBOUND-EFFEKTE AUF SOZIALER EBENE 104 11.4. STEIGERUNGSLOGIK UND BESCHLEUNIGUNG ALS GESELLSCHAFTLICHER REBOUND-EFFEKT 105 11.5. DER REBOUND-EFFEKT DES STREAMINGS 108 11.6. DAS DIGITALE FERNSEHEN - BEISPIEL FÜR OBSOLESZENZ, REBOUND-EFFEKTE UND NACHHALTIGKEITSDEFIZITE IM RAHMEN DER DIGITALISIERUNG 111 11.7. PRIVATE UND GESCHÄFTLICHE NUTZUNG VON DATENZENTREN 113 3 Studie Digitalisierung und Nachhaltigkeit 12. HANDLUNGSEMPFEHLUNGEN 115 12.1. HANDLUNGSEMPFEHLUNGEN FÜR DIE WIRTSCHAFT, INSB. IKT-UNTERNEHMEN 115 12.2. HANDLUNGSEMPFEHLUNGEN FÜR PRIVATE ANWENDER*INNEN 117 12.2.1. MOBILES INTERNET: WIE LÄSST SICH MOBIL ENERGIESPAREND SURFEN? 117 12.2.2. MOBILFUNK: WIE SPARE ICH KOSTEN UND VERHALTE MICH NACHHALTIGER? 117 12.2.3. SMARTPHONES UND LAPTOPS LÄNGER NUTZEN FÜR MEHR NACHHALTIGKEIT 119 12.2.4. MODULARE GERÄTE UND ‘FAIRE’ GERÄTE 121 12.2.5. BOOKMARKS UND DIE HISTORY DES BROWSERS NUTZEN 122 12.2.6. DATENSPARSAMKEIT 122 12.2.7. PSYCHOLOGISCHE UND GEPLANTE OBSOLESZENZ VERMEIDEN 122 12.2.8. DER UMGANG MIT FAKE NEWS 123 12.3. GRÜNE SOFTWARE: OPTIMIERUNGSBEDARF FÜR DIE BETREIBER VON RECHENZENTREN 124 12.4. ÖKOLOGISCHE MAßNAHMEN ALS ANFORDERUNGEN AN DIE POLITIK: ROHSTOFFABBAU UND -NUTZUNG ALS ALLMENDE-DILEMMA, KOOPERATION ZWISCHEN POLITIK UND WIRTSCHAFT SIND NOTWENDIG 127 12.5. INTEGRIERTES ROADMAPPING UND DIE NOTWENDIGKEIT EINES NARRATIVS 128 12.6. EMPFEHLUNGEN FÜR DEN BEREICH BILDUNG IM RAHMEN DER DIGITALISIERUNG 131 12.7. ZUSAMMENARBEIT ZWISCHEN POLITIK UND WIRTSCHAFT ALS BASIS FÜR EINE NACHHALTIGE DIGITALISIERUNG 133 12.8. ALLGEMEINE HANDLUNGSEMPFEHLUNGEN FÜR VERSCHIEDENE ANSPRECHPARTNER IN DEN BEREICHEN POLITIK, WIRTSCHAFT, EINZELHANDEL UND VERBRAUCHER*INNEN 135 12.9. DEMOKRATIE: SCHUTZ UND ERHALTUNG. HANDLUNGSEMPFEHLUNGEN AN DIE POLITIK IN BEZUG AUF DEN UMGANG MIT DEN SOZIALEN MEDIEN 136 13. NACHHALTIGKEIT DURCH DIGITALISIERUNG 139 13.1. DEMATERIALISIERUNG 140 13.1.1. ERSATZ-STRATEGIEN 140 13.1.2. OPTIMIERUNGS-STRATEGIEN 141 13.2. ENTKOPPLUNG DURCH DIGITALISIERUNG 142 13.2.1. TEILEN STATT BESITZEN – DIE SHARING ECONOMY 146 13.2.2. WIEDERVERKAUFSMÄRKTE 147 13.2.3. CARSHARING UND MITFAHR-DIENSTE 147 13.2.4. KOLLABORATIONEN 149 13.2.5. CIRCULAR ECONOMY 150 13.2.6. CIRCULAR SUPPLY CHAIN 151 13.2.7. WIEDERVERWERTUNG UND RECYCLING 151 13.2.8. LEBENSZYKLUSVERLÄNGERUNG 152 13.2.9. KONZENTRATION AUF DIE DIGITALISIERUNG 152 13.2.10. AUF DEM WEG ZUR NACHHALTIGKEIT MITTELS SHARING UND CIRCULAR ECONOMY? 153 14. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG DER NACHHALTIGKEITSDEFIZITE 154 15. FAZIT UND AUSBLICK 160 15.1. ÜBERBLICK 160 4 Studie Digitalisierung und Nachhaltigkeit 15.2. EIN FREIER ZUGANG ZU EINEM OFFENEN NETZ 163 15.3. BEWERTUNG UND RESONANZ 165 15.4. ÜBERWINDUNG DER DIGITAL DIVIDE 166 15.5. DER KOPF GEHÖRT NICHT IN DEN SAND 167 16. QUELLEN 170 17. ERGEBNISSE DER DELPHI-BEFRAGUNG 196 17.1. ZEITRAHMEN, TEILNAHME 196 17.2. FRAGEBOGEN UND ERGEBNISSE 196 17.3. FAZIT 211 18. ABGELEITETE ÜBERLEGUNGEN UND INHALTE EINER FORSCHUNGSAGENDA ZU DIGITALISIERUNG UND NACHHALTIGKEIT 212 18.1. HANDELN UND ENTSCHEIDEN UNTER DER BEDINGUNG WACHSENDER ZUKUNFTSUNGEWISSHEIT 212 18.2. DAS MISSVERSTÄNDNIS ÜBER DAS VERHÄLTNIS VON DIGITALISIERUNG UND NACHHALTIGKEIT 213 18.3. INSTITUTIONALISIERTE UND GUT AUSGESTATTETE GRUNDLAGENFORSCHUNG ZUR ZUKUNFT DER DIGITALEN ZIVILISATION IST ERFORDERLICH: EIN „INSTITUT ZUR ERFORSCHUNG DER LEBENSBEDINGUNGEN IN DER DIGITALEN WELT“ SOLLTE DIE PERSPEKTIVEN BÜNDELN 215 18.4. „AGORA DIGITALE TRANSFORMATION“ – EINE PLATTFORM FÜR DEN POLITISCH-ÖFFENTLICHEN DISKURS 216 18.5. FRAGESTELLUNGEN FÜR DIE NACHHALTIGKEIT IN DEN BEREICHEN ÖKOLOGIE, ÖKONOMIE, POLITIK UND SOZIALES 216 18.5.1. ÖKOLOGIE 216 18.5.2. ÖKONOMIE 218 18.5.3. POLITIK 219 18.5.4. SOZIALES 221 5 Studie Digitalisierung und Nachhaltigkeit 1. Einleitung Eine Google-Suche des Begriffs „Digitalisierung“ wirft nach einer knappen Sekunde 8,3 Millionen Ergebnisse aus. Der Begriff Digitalisierung hat sich in den Google-Suchtrends innerhalb der letzten fünf Jahre auf einen der obersten Plätze geschoben – zusammen mit verwandten Begriffen wie ‚Big Data‘, ‚Industrie 4.0‘ oder ‚Internet der Dinge‘. Kein anderer Trend wie die Digitalisierung hat so viele Ebenen wie Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Bildung, Umwelt, Politik und das Leben eines jeden einzelnen Menschen in den vergangenen Jahren so verändert. Ihre Anwendungen wachsen täglich. Menschen, die ab der Mitte der 1990er Jahre geboren sind, kennen keine Welt ohne Mobiltelefone und Internet. Dies scheint begrüßenswert. Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel spricht auf der Eröffnung der Computermesse CeBit 2017 davon, dass die Digitalisierung nicht schnell genug vorankomme1. Offenbar scheint Digitalisierung eine unbedingte, notwendige und uneingeschränkt wünschenswerte Richtung zu sein, nach der sich die Gesellschaft und ihre Subsysteme ausrichten müssen. Digitalisierung wirkt alternativlos und notwendig. Häufig unbeachtet dabei ist, dass die Digitalisierung deutliche Schattenseiten hat, die in der öffentlichen Diskussion kaum Erwähnung finden. Die eingangs erwähnte Google-Suche hat 0,2g CO2 erzeugt. Warum? Der Suchbegriff wurde innerhalb der knappen Sekunde zu einem Datenzentrum geschickt, dort erfasst, umgewandelt und durch eine Kaskade von Servern - den Untereinheiten eines Datenzentrums - geleitet. Datenzentren verbrauchen wie jedes andere Elektrogerät Energie. Inzwischen trägt der Energiebedarf dieser ‘Serverfarmen’ so viel zum weltweiten Kohlenstoffdioxid-Ausstoß bei wie der Flugverkehr. Grob geschätzt hat das Verfassen der folgenden Seiten knapp 50 Kg CO2 erzeugt. Auf die Internetrecherchen fallen dabei 500 2 bis 750g, auf Erzeugung und Nutzung diverser Computer verfallen ca. 45kg CO23.Das entspricht der CO2-Menge, die bei einer Autofahrt per PKW von ungefähr 375 km oder der Produktion 3,25 kg Rindfleisch anfällt. 4 Nicht berücksichtigt dabei ist die Nutzung von Cloudspeichern - ebenfalls Datenzentren - auf denen dieser Text verschiedentlich gespeichert wurde. Und eine Infrastruktur bestehend aus Kabeln, Leitungen, WLAN und Peripheriegeräten. 1 Vgl. t3n.de 2 Es wurden ca. 1000 Suchanfragen durchgeführt. Vgl. googleblog.blogspot.de 3 Der Computer wurde über einen Zeitraum von ca. 4 Monaten zusammen 350 Stunden verwendet. Vgl. si.cdn.dell.com 4 Vgl. stromauskunft.de 6 Studie Digitalisierung und Nachhaltigkeit Angesichts der Prognose, dass bis 2030 ca. eine halbe Billion Geräte und Maschinen miteinander per Internet verbunden sein werden, legte die deutsche Bundesregierung im ersten Quartal 2016 einen elf Punkte-Plan unter dem Titel “Digitale Strategie 2025” vor. Dieser sieht u.a. politische Strategien vor, die Digitalisierung auf Wirtschaftsebene zu befördern, das Glasfasernetz weiter auszubauen und die Forschung in diesem Bereich zu fördern.5 Der
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