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Modern Democracies, Vol. 2. [1921] The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Viscount James Bryce, Modern Democracies, vol. 2. [1921] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected]. LIBERTY FUND, INC. 8335 Allison Pointe Trail, Suite 300 Indianapolis, Indiana 46250-1684 Online Library of Liberty: Modern Democracies, vol. 2. Edition Used: Modern Democracies, (New York: Macmillan, 1921). 2 vols. Vol. 2. Author: Viscount James Bryce About This Title: In this 2 volume work Bryce surveys modern democracies including France, Switzerland, and Canada in vol.1; and the US, Australia, New Zealand in vol. 2. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 2 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/2090 Online Library of Liberty: Modern Democracies, vol. 2. About Liberty Fund: Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. Copyright Information: The text is in the public domain. Fair Use Statement: This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 3 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/2090 Online Library of Liberty: Modern Democracies, vol. 2. Table Of Contents United States Prefatory Note Chapter XXXVIII: The Beginnings of Democracy In North America Chapter XXXIX: The Frame of Government : State, Local, and Federal Constitutions Chapter Xl: the Party System Chapter Xli: the Actual Working of the National and State Governments Chapter Xlii: the State Governments In Their Working Chapter Xliii: the Judiciary and Civil Order Chapter Xliv: Public Opinion Chapter Xlv: Recent Reforming Movements Australia Chapter Xlvi: Australian History and Frame of Government Chapter Xlvii: Australian Legislatures and Executives Chapter Xlviii: the Executive and the Civil Service Chapter Xlix: Australian Parties and Policies Chapter L: Questions Now Before the Australian People Chapter Li: Labour Policies and Proposals Chapter Lii: Characteristics of Australian Democracy New Zealand Chaptee Liii: the Country and Its First Half Century of History Chapter Liv: Richard Seddon and His Policies Chapter Lv: Compuisoby Aebiteation In Tbade Disputes Chapter Lvi: the Working of the Government Chapter Lvii: Results of Democratic Government Part Iii Chapter Lviii: the Decline of Legislatures Chapter Lix: the Pathology of Legislatures Chapter Lx: the Executive In a Democracy Chapter Lxi: Democracy and Foreign Policy 1 Chapter Lxii: the Judiciary Chapter Lxiii: Checks and Balances Chapter Lxiv: Second Chambers Chapter Lxv: Direct Legislation By the People Chapter Lxvi: the Relation of Central to Local Government Chapter Lxvii: Comparison of the Six Democratic Governments Examined Chapter Lxviii: Types of Democratic Government Chapter Lxix: the Money Power In Politics Chapter Lxx: Responsibility Chapter Lxxi: Democracy and the Backward Races Chapter Lxxii: the Relation of Democracy to Letters and Arts Chapter Lxxiii: the Results Democratic Government Has Given Chapter Lxxiv: Democracy Compared With Other Forms of Government Chapter Lxxv: Oligarchies Within Democracies Chapter Lxxvi: Leadership In a Democracy PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 4 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/2090 Online Library of Liberty: Modern Democracies, vol. 2. Chapter Lxxvii: the Later Phases of Democracy Chapter Lxxviii: Present Tendencies In Democracies Chapter Lxxix: Democracy and the Communist State Chapter Lxxx: the Future of Democracy PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 5 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/2090 Online Library of Liberty: Modern Democracies, vol. 2. [Back to Table of Contents] UNITED STATES PREFATORY NOTE The chapters that here follow are not an abridgment of the full description of the constitution and government of the United States presented in my book entitled The American Commonwealth which was first published more than thirty years ago, and has been since enlarged and frequently revised. They have been written as a new and independent study of American institutions, considered as founded on democratic theories and illustrating in their practice the working out of democratic principles and tendencies. Desiring to present a general view of what popular government has achieved and has failed to achieve, I have dealt with those details only which are characteristic of democratic systems, omitting as beyond the scope of this treatise all matters, such as the structure of the Federal Government and its administrative methods, which do not bear directly upon it or illustrate its peculiar features. Neither has it been my aim in these or any other chapters to bring contemporary history up to date. It is safer not to touch, and I have carefully abstained from touching the controversial questions of the moment, questions which indeed change their aspects from month to month. My wish has been throughout the book to give the reader materials for estimating the merits and defects of each form which popular government has taken, and for this purpose events that happened ten or twenty years ago are just as profitable as those of to-day, indeed more profitable, for we can judge them by their consequences Though the main conclusions to which I was led when writing on the United States in 1888 seem to me to be still true, new phenomena have since appeared which throw further light on the nature of popular government, and these I have endeavoured to set forth and comment upon, studying the facts afresh and unbiassed by the judgments of thirty years ago. Since that year much has been done in America to vivify public interest in political theory and history by many books, excellent in plan and execution. To these, and to the American friends who have aided me by their criticisms and comments, I gratefully acknowledge my obligations. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 6 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/2090 Online Library of Liberty: Modern Democracies, vol. 2. [Back to Table of Contents] CHAPTER XXXVIII The Beginnings Of Democracy In North America Of all modern countries the United States supplies the most abundant data for the study of popular government. It has been a democracy for a century and a quarter, and is now by far the largest of the nations that live under self-governing institutions. It shows the working of these institutions, on a great scale in its Federal Government and in the governments of the most populous States, on a smaller scale in the lesser States, as well as in counties, townships, and cities, some of which latter have a frame of government that makes them resemble autonomous republics. It has exerted an immense influence on other countries, for its example fired the French people at the outbreak of the Revolution of 1789, and its constitution has been taken as a model by the new republics of the Western hemisphere. Since Tocqueville published in 1832 his memorable book on American democracy, the United States has stood before the minds of European thinkers and statesmen not only as the land to which the races of the Old World are drawn by hopes of happiness and freedom, but also as the type of what the rule of the people means when the people are left to themselves, and as the pattern of what other peoples are likely to become as they in their turn move along the fateful path to democratic institutions. Whoever in Europe has wished to commend or to disparage those institutions has pointed to the United States, and has found plenty of facts to warrant either praise or blame. No nation ever embarked on its career with happier auguries for the success of popular government. The friends of liberty in Europe indulged the highest hopes of what Liberty could accomplish in a new land, exempt from the evils which the folly or selfishness of monarchs and nobles had inflicted on the countries of Europe. The Americans themselves, although the Revolutionary War left them impoverished as well as vexed by local jealousies, were full of pride and confidence. There was much to justify this confidence. Their own racial quality and the traditions they inherited, the favouring features of their physical environment and the security from external dangers which isolation promised, made up, taken in conjunction, a body of conditions for a peaceful and prosperous political life such as no other people had ever enjoyed.
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