Chapter 7 Questions Multiple Choice 1
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Basic Bookkeeping and Reimbursable Services
Basic Bookkeeping and Reimbursable Services Introduction to bookkeeping Bookkeeping is involved in the recording of a company’s transactions. The preferred method of bookkeeping is the double-entry method. This means that every transaction will be documented at least two ways. For example, if a company borrows $10,000 from its bank… 1. An increase of $10,000 must be recorded in the company’s Cash account, and 2. An increase of $10,000 must be recorded in the company’s Loans Payable account. The accounts containing the transactions are located in the company’s general ledger. A simple list of the general ledger accounts is known as the chart of accounts. Prior to inexpensive computers and software, small businesses manually recorded its transactions in journals. Next, the amounts in the journals were posted to the accounts in the general ledger. Today, software has greatly reduced the journalizing and posting. For example, when today’s software is used to prepare a sales invoice, it will automatically record the two or more effects into the general ledger accounts. The software is also able to report an enormous amount of additional information ranging from the detail for each customer to the company’s financial statements. Accounts General ledger accounts are used for sorting and storing the company’s transactions. Examples of accounts include Cash, Account Receivable, Accounts Payable, Loans Payable, Advertising Expense, Reimbursable Services Received, Interest Expense, and perhaps hundreds or thousands more. The amounts in the company’s general ledger accounts will be used to prepare a company’s financial statements such as its balance sheet and income statement. -
AHA 2018 Accounting Policy
Albuquerque Housing Authority Accounting Policy 2018 Revised Edition 1840 University Boulevard SE Albuquerque, NM 87106 Phone: (505) 764-3920 Fax: (505) 764-3981 www.abqha.org Albuquerque Housing Authority Accounting Policy Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Housing Authority & Compliance ................................................................................................................................... 3 Department of Housing & Urban Development (HUD) ....................................................................................... 3 HUD Financial Assessment.......................................................................................................................................... 4 Financial Compliance .................................................................................................................................................... 4 Compliance with External Policies .............................................................................................................................. 5 Board Authority .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Board of Housing Commissioners ............................................................................................................................. -
P583--1997.Pdf
Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service Contents Introduction ........................................................ 1 What New Business Owners Need To Know .. 1 Publication 583 (Rev. October 1997) Forms of Business ............................................. 2 Cat. No. 15150B Identification Numbers ...................................... 3 Employer Identification Number (EIN) ............. 3 Starting a Payee's Identification Number ......................... 4 Tax Year .............................................................. 4 Business and Accounting Method ............................................ 4 Business Taxes .................................................. 5 Income Tax ...................................................... 5 Keeping Self-Employment Tax ...................................... 5 Employment Taxes .......................................... 5 Records Excise Taxes ................................................... 7 Depositing Taxes ............................................. 8 Information Returns ........................................... 8 Penalties .............................................................. 9 Business Expenses ........................................... 9 Recordkeeping ................................................... 10 Why Keep Records? ........................................ 10 Kinds of Records To Keep .............................. 11 How Long To Keep Records ........................... 14 Sample Record System ................................... 15 Where To Go -
Internal Control Guidance (Pdf)
Kansas State University Internal Control Guidance Purpose The internal control guidelines seek to: • Provide practical tools for those charged with responsibility to process transactions. • Maintain custody of resources. • Communicate established policies and procedures. • Convey the definition of internal control. Key Guidelines Benefits of Effective Internal Control Purpose 1 One of the most misunderstood roles of internal control is the belief that it exists solely to prevent or reduce fraud. In reality, Benefits of Effective Internal Control 1 the purpose of internal control is much more broad. Benefits include: Consequences of a Lack of Internal Control 1-2 • Reliable reporting to support management decisions. • Consistent, efficient methods to process transactions. Concepts of Internal Control 2 • Compliance with university, state and federal regulations. Risk Assessment 2 Effective controls also can reduce instances of noncompliance and negative publicity with grant rules and legislative Information Technology (IT) Controls 3 dictates. These controls ensure continued good relations with students, legislators, the Kansas Board of Regents, grantors, Information and Communication 3 donors and Kansas taxpayers. Effective internal control does more than simply satisfy auditors or central administration. It allows for effective, efficient operations by providing reliable information and compliance with regulations that protect Reporting Fraud and Misconduct 4 future funding. Monitoring 4-5 Control Activities 4 Consequences of a Lack of Internal Control To illustrate the need for controls in a variety of risk areas, we have included the following excerpts from the Auburn Physical Controls 5 University Office of Audit, Compliance and Privacy newsletter. The names of individuals, states and institutions have been Transaction Authorization 5 omitted, and none are from the state of Kansas. -
Accounting for Petty Cash and Cash Short and Over by Laurie L
PrinciplesofAccounting HelpLesson #6 Accounting for Petty Cash and Cash Short and Over By Laurie L. Swanson Click the button below to navigate to the next slide. Cash Cash is one of the most important assets a business owns. Cash is the primary asset used to acquire other assets as well as to pay for operating expenses. Internal Control for Cash Because Cash is a highly desirable asset and is readily transferable, internal control over cash is especially important. Petty Cash Another internal control is to keep as little cash on hand as possible. It is often necessary, however, to keep some cash on hand. Cash kept on hand at a business to pay for small items such as postage due, a birthday card, or fuel expenses is known as Petty Cash. Petty Cash Petty Cash is generally kept in a petty cash drawer and payments are made for miscellaneous items out of this cash. Establishing A Petty Cash Fund A Petty Cash fund is established by cashing a check for the amount determined to be included in the Petty Cash fund. This amount varies by company and may be as small as $25 or as large as $500 depending on the company’s needs. Journal Entry for Establishing A Petty Cash Fund Assume that JCC has determined that $125 cash should be kept on hand for miscellaneous expenses. A check will be written on JCC’s checking account and JCC will put $125 cash in a Petty Cash drawer. The following journal entry should be recorded for this transaction. Petty Cash 125 Cash 125 Established Petty Cash Fund Internal Control Over Petty Cash Petty Cash is paid out in exchange for a petty cash voucher signed by both the recipient of the cash and the petty cash controller. -
Internal Controls and the Internal Auditor Presented By: Richard Kudlik, CPA Interrelated Components
Internal Controls and the Internal Auditor Presented By: Richard Kudlik, CPA Interrelated Components Control Environment Risk Assessment Control Activities Information and Communication Monitoring What is an Internal Control? Internal control is broadly defined as a process, …….. effected by an entity's board of directors, management and other personnel,……… designed to provide reasonable assurance…….. regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories: Protect District assets. Effectiveness and efficiency of operations. Reliability of financial reporting. Compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Limitations of Internal Control 1. Management Override Management may override the structure to commit fraud or misstate the financial statements. 2. Human Errors Human errors may arise from misunderstanding of instructions, mistakes of judgment, and personal carelessness, distractions, or fatigue. 3. Collusion Collusion may circumvent the separation of duties. 4. Changing Conditions Conditions may change, weakening a system that was adequate at a point in time. 5. Combination of duties One employee is performing conflicting job duties (lack of segregation of duties). Control Characteristics When identifying controls within processes – consider the characteristics of those controls Preventative Controls that minimize the possibility of an error or deliberate misstatement Examples: building access cards, segregation of duties, no price change without supervisor’s access code Detective Controls that -
Simple Bookkeeping Records
SIMPLE BOOK KEEPING RECORDS This document was produced by Diane West www.dijest.net for GAVS, funded by the Royal Borough of Greenwich. No responsibility is taken for the accuracy and content of the document which was revised in March 2014. If you have any further questions after you have read these documents, please contact GAVS at 020 8858 1363 or [email protected] This document gives examples of the following accounting records: Simple budget preparation Cash received book Cash paid book A sample Payment Authority Voucher Petty cash book Bank Reconciliation Budget Comparison Account Balance sheet BUDGET The XX Charitable Association applied to the Royal Borough of Greenwich for a grant of £30,000 for one year. The application was based on the following budget. Estimated Income £ £ Income from mother tongue classes 1,000 RBG – One off grant 4,000 RBG – running cost grant 26,000 Total estimated income 31,000 Estimated Expenditure Furniture and Equipment (One off) 4,000 Salary for one worker 16,000 Employer’s National Insurance 1,670 Staff recruitment advertising 900 Rent, rates, light and heat 2,400 Telephone and postage 600 Printing and stationery 500 Publicity 430 Travel Expenses 640 Insurance 200 Training and conferences 500 Mother tongue classes 2,000 Bank Charges 80 Audit fee 400 Other sundry expenses 680 27,000 Total estimate expenditure 31,000 £4,000 of the grant was a once-off ‘capital’ sum needed by the project to purchase furniture and equipment. The balance of £26,000 was required to cover ongoing expenditure. CASHBOOK The cashbook is a record of all receipts and payments of an organisation. -
Internal Control Liability Concerns Post Sarbanes-Oxley: Perspectives on Legal Liability and Reasonableness
Journal of Forensic & Investigative Accounting Vol. 2, Issue 2 Internal Control Liability Concerns Post Sarbanes-Oxley: Perspectives on Legal Liability and Reasonableness Richard Mark Roberta Ann Barra Martin E. Taylor* 1. The Role of the Accounting Profession in Internal Control With passage of the Securities Act of 1933 (the 33 Act) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the 34 Act), Congress directed the SEC “to protect the public from false and misleading information by requiring publicly-owned corporations to disclose financial and other information in a manner which accurately depicts the results of corporate activities. Congress gave the SEC broad authority to establish accounting and reporting standards as part of its mandate to administer and enforce the provisions of the Federal securities laws.”1 The Securities Acts also created a need for accountants to act as independent auditors by requiring that certain information reported to the public by corporations be independently certified.2 Under the 33 and 34 Acts, the SEC had the authority over the establishment of accounting and auditing standards. The SEC decided not to exercise that authority, but instead to rely upon accounting and auditing * Richard Mark and Martin E. Taylor are, respectively, Associate Professor and Professor, both at the University of Texas at Arlington. Roberta Ann Barra is an Assistant Professor at the University of Hawai’i at Hilo. 229 standards established by the private sector as long as these standards had “substantial authoritative support”.3 Over the years, three bodies provided authoritative support for accounting standards: The Committee on Accounting Procedure (CAP), the Accounting Principles Board (APB) and, currently, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). -
Parish Chart of Accounts
Appendix C. Accounting Chart of Accounts Account Account Name Type Description Header account - All savings accounts, checking 11000 CASH Bank accounts and petty cash Cash in Bank-General Primary operating checking account, all routine 11100 Bank Operating payments and deposits 11125 Cash in Bank-School Bank School checking account 11150 Cash in Bank-Cemetery Bank Cemetery checking account 11200 Cash in Bank - Payroll Bank Checking account for payroll A minimal amount of currency and coin set aside to pay small bills which are not convenient to pay by check. The balance is operated on an imprest 11300 Petty Cash Bank basis which means that the amount recorded will not change. Monthly entries will be to various expense accounts and operational cash which will replenish the funds given out of petty cash. 11400 Savings Accounts Bank Parish savings account Auxiliary Checking Accounts (Mass Stipend All Organization, Society and 11500 Bank account, SCRIP account, CCW checking account, Auxiliary Checking Accounts etc.) UNRESTRICTED Header account - Investments that can be used for 12000 INVESTMENTS-GENERAL Bank operational purposes FUND Unrestricted Investments-Short Term (CD's, 12100 Unrestricted Investments-ST Bank Money Markets) Valuation Adjustment-Short Term Unrestricted Valuation Adjust. Unrestricted- Investments. Record any changes in the value of 12200 Bank ST the investment resulting from the unrealized gain/loss. Unrestricted Investments-Long Term (Mutual 12300 Unrestricted Investments-LT Bank Funds, Stocks) Valuation Adjustment-Long Term Unrestricted Valuation Adjust. Unrestricted- Investments. Record any changes in the value of 12400 Bank LT the investment resulting from the unrealized gain/loss. Header account - Investments used for a specified 14000 RESTRICTED INVESTMENTS Bank purpose; only the donor can specify/change the restriction. -
Chapter 3 August 1994
DoD Financial Management Regulation Volume 13, Chapter 3 August 1994 CHAPTER 3 ASSETS 0301 GENERAL. Assets are economic resources obtained or controlled by NAF Instrumentalities (NAFI) as a result of past transactions or events. They are classified on financial statements as either current or non-current. 0302 CURRENT ASSETS. Current assets are those items of cash and other assets or resources that can be reasonably expected to be converted to cash or consumed during the normal operating cycle (12 months). These include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, inventories, and prepaid expenses. 030201. Cash. Almost all accounting transactions affect the cash account at one time or another and these transactions occur most frequently. Cash includes coin and paper currency of all kinds including amounts on deposit in a banking institution. A. Reconciliation of Bank Accounts. All bank statements or reports will be reconciled at a minimum monthly. Any discrepancies found shall be reported immediately to NAFI management. B. Cash in Imprest Funds. 1. Change funds use these funds to make change and cash checks. Cash received from operations may be used to replenish the fund at the end of the day as long as daily receipts are deposited in total and all checks cashed from these funds are deposited daily. In no case will the custodian exchange dollars for foreign currency, except as provided in paragraph 3 below. 2. Petty Cash Funds. These funds are established by the NAFI to handle minor disbursements. The AO advances to an individual from the NAFI or activity that is designated as petty cash custodian a fixed amount of funds. -
Sub-Functions and Components ______
7460.7 REV-2 CHAPTER 4: SUB-FUNCTIONS AND COMPONENTS ___________________________________________________________________________ SECTION 4: SUB-FUNCTIONS AND COMPONENTS 4-1 MAJOR AREAS OF OPERATION. For monitoring purposes, finance and budget activities have been separated into major areas of operation that are called "Sub-functions". These Sub-functions are further divided into "Components" that represent activities within the Sub-function. Each of the Sub-functions and Components are linked and as a result PHA performance in one area will affect the success or failure in others. 4-2 PHA SUB-FUNCTIONS. The success of a PHA depends on how it deals with Sub-functions in its daily operations. The major Sub-functions are as follows: 1.Establishing policies, procedures and/or systems 2.Maintaining budget and financial controls 3.Maintaining accounting books and records in accordance with HUD policy 4.Implementing internal controls 5.Financial reporting 4-3 PHA COMPONENTS. For each of the Sub-functions there are Components that the PHA is responsible for carrying out in an effective manner. The following paragraphs offer a brief description of each of the Components. 1.Budget and Financial Controls ======================================== 24 CFR 85.20 ======================================== a.All PHAs are required to effectively manage Federal funds. Budget and financial management controls must be established to ___________________________________________________________________________ __/__ 4-1 ___________________________________________________________________________ adequately monitor income and expenses. b.Budgeting is a major function of a PHA. A budget is a realistic projection of operating receipts and expenditures for a given period of time to be used as a plan of operation. It is also used to measure an agency's performance. -
Appendix B: a School's Financial Management Systems
A School’s Financial APPENDIX Management Systems a B The accounting procedures and financial management systems used by a school to record and report on the transactions in the Federal Student Aid programs play a major role in the school’s management of those programs. In this appendix, we will discuss the minimum criteria for those procedures and systems, identify areas where problems might arise, and point out poten- tial system weaknesses. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Financial management systems 34 CFR 668, Subpart K A school’s financial management system (including the school’s accounting system) must provide effective control over and accountability for all funds received from the U.S. Department of Education’s (ED’s) Grant Management System (G5). An FSA fiscal management system includes procedures for: ◆ requesting funds from ED; ◆ disbursing funds to eligible students and parents; ◆ accounting for funds and financial activities;1 ◆ keeping accurate and auditable records including providing the clear audit trail required by cash management regulations;1 ◆ meeting the documentation requirements of the individual program regulations; ◆ managing cash; ◆ ensuring proper filing of timely applications; and ◆ enabling timely internal and external financial reporting. At a minimum, a school’s financial management system, including its accounting system, must provide: ◆ accurate, current, and complete disclosure of the financial condition of each federal aid program or project sponsored by ED; ◆ records that adequately identify the source