Lessons from Three BC Communities

Globalization’s Ruptures and Responses: Lessons from Three BC Communities by Dyan Dunsmoor-Farley B.Mus., University of British Columbia, 1990 M.A., Athabasca University, 2013 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Interdisciplinary Studies © Dyan Leigh Dunsmoor-Farley, 2020, University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or by other means, without the permission of the author. Globalization’s Ruptures and Responses Supervisory Committee Dr. James Lawson, Supervisor (Department of Political Science) Dr. Pamela Shaw, Co-Supervisor, (Adjunct, Faculty of Geography) Dr. Warren Magnusson, Member (Department of Political Science) Dr. Richard Rajala, Outside Member (Department of History) ii Globalization’s Ruptures and Responses Abstract The global economy infuses every aspect of our day to day lives, from the clothes we wear, to the food we eat, to our political choices. And with its ability to “mutate, shudder and shatter” (Dicken et al), the unpredictable ruptures associated with the global economy elude our ability to grasp its impact and to govern its activities. So how, as citizens, do we imagine governing ourselves when ‘nobody appears to be in charge any longer’? How does our understanding of the state apparatuses– the legislation, regulations, policies –speak to people’s day to day experience in their communities? This research addresses two broad questions: how are communities responding to externally generated ruptures and how do they govern themselves in response? I propose that responding coherently to rupture events is inhibited by community members’ lack of awareness of the complex interrelationships of the constituent elements of the economy, and secondarily, a tendency to see the state as the primary site of governance. Through interviews, surveys, and documentary research, this interdisciplinary study (political science, human geography, sociology and history) examines how three British Columbia communities – Tumbler Ridge, Tofino and Gabriola Island – were affected by recessionary ruptures and how they responded. Each of these communities exists within Indigenous spaces. Understanding how communities perceived their relationships with their Indigenous neighbours grounds the stories within the historical impacts of colonization, although it is not part of this thesis to investigate both sides of the ‘settler’-Indigenous relationship in these communities. By telling the story of each community’s response to rupture over time and comparing their trajectories, I draw conclusions comparing each community’s response and the outcomes. I pursue four areas of investigation: the degree to which communities understood their relationship with what I call the “capital economy” and others refer to as the market or capitalist iii Globalization’s Ruptures and Responses economy, and how that understanding affected their response to rupture; how attitudes toward place shaped community responses to rupture; how community perceptions about their local economies affected the decisions they made and the strategies they employed to address economic and social challenges; and how the deployment of governance at various scales impacted the socio-economic health of the communities. The communities embraced a range of strategies from individual autonomous action, to networked autonomous action, to the creation of place-based governance entities as sites for action. Their effectiveness was determined by three factors. First of these is the degree to which communities saw the state as the locus of political action and the market economy as the primary agent for achieving community health and wellbeing had consequences for life control, self- determination and self-governance. Second is the extent to which the community was willing to work outside of the normative governance structures (normative in the sense that the state and corporate decision-making are commonly accepted as the primary and proper sources of governance and problem-solving) affected their ability to consider and create adaptive strategies that could respond to the unpredictable mutations of global capital. Finally, the failure in some communities to understand the ongoing impacts of colonization hampered their ability to create meaningful and ultimately productive relationships with their Indigenous neighbours, relationships that may have opened up valuable avenues to the wellbeing of all parties. I conclude that effective governance strategies capable of seeing communities through unpredictable ruptures will require five capacities: building on deeply situated knowledge; developing relationships across interests and social strata; employing ‘loose’ structure strategies; adopting approaches based on incremental persistence; and learning from Indigenous self- iv Globalization’s Ruptures and Responses governance aspirations. Developing these local capacities will lay the foundation for a broader scope of political action. v Globalization’s Ruptures and Responses Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ...................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... vi List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xii List of Figures ................................................................................................................. xiii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1 - Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 The Problematic ......................................................................................................................... 2 My Role as Researcher ............................................................................................................ 12 Structure and Content ............................................................................................................. 17 Chapter 2—Theoretical Perspectives .............................................................................. 26 The Current Economic and Political Context ....................................................................................... 26 Governance—Context, Challenges and Possibilities ............................................................ 38 The Contemporary Political Landscape ................................................................................................ 39 The State – Manifestations and Predicaments ...................................................................................... 43 Citizens—Challenges to Self-governance ............................................................................................ 48 Governing through Rupture .................................................................................................................. 56 The Engaged Citizen—Moving Beyond the Rational Economic Actor ............................................... 60 Understanding Indigenous Experiences ............................................................................................... 66 Demotic Possibilities ............................................................................................................................ 77 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 79 vi Globalization’s Ruptures and Responses Chapter 3—Understanding These Spaces: an Examination of History and Place ...... 84 A Historical Perspective of Economic Development in Canada .......................................................... 85 Place—a Geographic Relational Analysis ............................................................................................ 92 The Experience of Rupture ................................................................................................................... 96 In Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 102 Chapter 4—Methodology ............................................................................................... 104 Research Question, Aims and Objectives ............................................................................ 105 Constitutive and Operational Definitions ............................................................................ 106 Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Perspectives .................................................................................... 109 Community Health and Wellbeing ..................................................................................................... 110 Methods .................................................................................................................................. 110 Multi-sited Case Study—Why These Communities? ......................................................................... 111 Transformative Research ...................................................................................................................

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