DOCSLIB.ORG

Ground-Source Heat Pumps Applied to Federal Facilities, Second Edition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ground-Source Heat Pumps Applied to Federal Facilities, Second Edition FEDERAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM DOE/EE-0245 Ground-Source Heat Pumps Applied to Federal Facilities–Second Edition Technology for reducing heating and air-conditioning costs The ground-source heat pump technology can and exterior to the facility, are typically less provide an energy-efficient, cost-effective way to than those for conventional systems. heat and cool Federal facilities. A ground-source heat pump is a unique means of using the thermo- Potential Application dynamic properties of earth and groundwater for The technology has been shown to be techni- efficient operation throughout the year in virtu- cally valid and economically attractive in many ally any climate. This Federal Technology Alert, applications. It is efficient and effective. This Federal one of a series on new technologies, describes the Federal Technology Alert reports on the collec- theory of operation, energy-savings mechanisms, tive experience of heat pump users and evalua- Technology range of applications, and field experience for the tors and provides application guidance. ground-source heat pump technology. Alert An estimated 400,000 ground-source heat pumps Energy Savings Mechanism are operating in the private and public sector, although most of these systems operate in resi- A publication series A ground-source heat pump system (shown dential applications. A ground-source heat designed to speed the below) uses the ground or groundwater as a heat pump system can be applied in virtually any adoption of energy- source during winter operation and as a heat category of climate or building. The large num- sink for summer cooling. The stability of subsur- efficient and renewable ber of installations testifies to the stability of face temperatures results in year-round energy technologies in the this technology. The reported problems can efficiency. In general, users have reported satis- Federal sector usually be attributed to faulty design or faction with the operation and energy costs installation of the ground-coupling system— savings of the technology, and maintenance emphasizing the importance of good design, costs are reduced. Moreover, water-loop-based Prepared by the documentation, installation and system ground-source heat pumps use less refrigerant commissioning. New Technology than conventional air-source heat pumps or air- Demonstration conditioning systems, and the factory-sealed sys- Although local site conditions may dictate the type Program tems reduce the potential for leaking refrigerant. of system employed, the high first cost and its Space requirements for equipment, both interior effect on the overall life-cycle cost are typically No portion of this publi- cation may be altered in any form without prior written consent from the U.S. Department of Energy and the authoring national laboratory. Typical ground-source heat pump system applied to a commercial facility Internet: http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp FEDERAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM the constraining factors. Installation • in areas where natural gas is unavail- Implementation Barriers costs vary depending on the design and able or where the cost is higher than The major barriers to rapid implementa- application, but typically range between electricity. tion of this technology involve awareness $1,500 and $3,000/ton ($425 and $840/ The following cautions are recommended and acceptance by users and HVAC kW). Ground-source heat pumps have for any ground-source heat pump appli- designers (which is growing rapidly) the potential to reduce cooling energy cation under consideration: and higher initial implementation costs by 30 to 50% and reduce heating en- than other options. In addition, there is a ergy by 20 to 40%. • install as a complete system, with the system and each unit properly limited infrastructure and availability of Ground-source heat pumps tend to be designed and sized skilled and experienced designers and more cost-effective than conventional installers of ground-source heat pump • use only experienced and certified systems in the following applications: systems. Several Federal facilities that installers have ground-source heat pump systems • in new construction where the tech- • analyze soil type and thermal are listed in this Federal Technology Alert. nology is relatively easy to incorpo- conductivity, if appropriate The reader is invited to ask questions and rate, or to replace an existing system • be aware that local water and well learn more about the technology. at the end of its useful life regulations may restrict some system • in climates characterized by high types daily temperature swings, or where • obtain equipment and installation winters are cold or summers hot, and warranties. where electricity cost is higher than average Disclaimer This report was sponsored by the United States Department of Energy, Office of Federal Energy Management Programs. Neither the United States Government nor any agency or contractor thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any informa- tion, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, mark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency or contractor thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency or contractor thereof. FEDERAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Ground-Source Heat Pumps Applied to Federal Facilities–Second Edition Technology for reducing heating and air-conditioning costs than conventional air-source heat pumps or air-conditioning systems, with the exception of direct-expansion-type ground- source heat pump systems. Installation costs are relatively high but are made up through Federal low maintenance and operat- ing expenses and efficient energy Technology use. The greatest barrier to effec- Alert tive use is improper design and installation; employment of well- trained, experienced, and respon- sible designers and installers is Ground-source heat pump of critical importance. This Federal Technology Alert Abstract provides the detailed information and proce- dures that a Federal energy manager needs to Ground-source heat pumps can provide an evaluate most ground-source heat pump appli- energy-efficient, cost-effective way to heat and cations. The New Technology Demonstration cool Federal facilities. Through the use of a Program (NTDP) selection process and general ground-coupling system, a conventional water- benefits to the Federal sector are outlined. source heat pump design is transformed to a Ground-source heat pump operation, system unique means of utilizing thermodynamic prop- types, design variations, energy savings, and erties of earth and groundwater for efficient other benefits are explained. Guidelines are pro- operation throughout the year in most climates. vided for appropriate application and installa- In essence, the ground (or groundwater) serves tion. Two case studies are presented to give the as a heat source during winter operation and a reader a sense of the actual costs and energy heat sink for summer cooling. Many varieties savings. Current manufacturers, technology in design are available, so the technology can be users, and references for further reading are in- adapted to almost any site. Ground-source heat cluded for prospective users who have specific or pump systems can be used widely in Federal highly technical questions not fully addressed in applications and, with proper installation, offer this Federal Technology Alert. Sample case great potential for the Federal sector, where spreadsheets are provided in Appendix A. increased efficiency and reduced heating and Additional appendixes provide other infor- cooling costs are important. Ground-source mation on the ground-source heat pump heat pump systems require less refrigerant technology. 1 FEDERAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction to Ground-Source Heat Pumps ................................................................ 4 About the Technology .................................................................................................... 5 Application Domain Energy-Saving Mechanism Other Benefits Ground-Coupled System Types Variables Affecting Design and Performance Variations System Design and Installation Federal Sector Potential .................................................................................................. 14 Technology Screening Process Estimated Savings and Market Potential Laboratory Perspective Application ..................................................................................................................... 15 Application Screening Where to Apply Ground-Source Heat Pumps What to Avoid Design and Equipment Integration Equipment Warranties Energy Codes and Standards Utility Incentives and Support Technology Performance ...............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ground Source Heat Pump Sub-Slab Heat Exchange Loop Performance in a Cold Climate Nick Mittereder and Andrew Poerschke IBACOS, Inc
    Ground Source Heat Pump Sub-Slab Heat Exchange Loop Performance in a Cold Climate Nick Mittereder and Andrew Poerschke IBACOS, Inc. November 2013 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, subcontractors, or affiliated partners makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Ground Source Heat Pump Sub-Slab Heat Exchange Loop Performance in a Cold Climate Prepared for: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory On behalf of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Hvac System Covid Procedures
    HVAC SYSTEM COVID PROCEDURES August 17, 2020 Prepared by: Johnson Roberts Associates 15 Properzi Way Somerville, MA 02143 Prepared for: City of Cambridge Executive Summary The HVAC COVID procedures are a compilation of Industry Standards and CDC recommendations. However, it should be noted that good PPE (personal protective equipment), social distancing, hand washing/hygiene, and surface cleaning and disinfection strategies should be performed with HVAC system measures, as studies have shown that diseases are easily transmitted via direct person to person contact, contact from inanimate objects (e.g. room furniture, door and door knob surfaces) and through hand to mucous membrane (e.g. those in nose, mouth and eyes) contact than through aerosol transmission via a building’s HVAC system. Prior to re-occupying buildings, it is recommended that existing building HVAC systems are evaluated to ensure the HVAC system is in proper working order and to determine if the existing system or its associated control operation can be modified as part of a HVAC system mitigation strategy. Any identified deficiencies should be repaired and corrected, and if the building HVAC system is a good candidate for modifications those measures should be implemented. In general HVAC system mitigation strategies should include the following recommendations: 1. Increase Outdoor Air. The OA increase must be within Unit's capacity in order to provide adequate heating or cooling so Thermal Comfort is not negatively impacted. Also use caution when increasing OA in polluted areas (e.g. High Traffic/City areas) and during times of high pollen counts. 2. Disable Demand Control Ventilation where present.
    [Show full text]
  • Msc Thesis: 'An Investigation Into Ground Source Heat Pump
    MSc Thesis: ‘An Investigation into Ground Source Heat Pump Technology, its UK Market and Best Practice in System Design’ Pharoah Le Feuvre September 2007 Submitted in partial fulfilment with the requirements of the degree: MSc in Sustainable Engineering - Energy Systems & the Environment Department of Mechanical Engineering Energy Systems Research Unit (ESRU) Strathclyde University Supervisor: Dr Michaël Kummert Declaration of Author’s Rights: The copyright of this thesis belongs to the author under the terms of the United Kingdom Copyright Act as qualified by University of Strathclyde Regulation 3.50. Due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any of the material contained in, or derived from, this thesis. ii Acknowledgements: I would like to offer thanks to the following for their valued contribution during the course of the project. Firstly Michael Kummert for supervising the study and offering astute advice and guidance, especially as regards establishing the TRNSYS model. To the CANMET Energy Technology Centre / Caneta Research Incorporated, Jeffrey D. Spitler of Oklahoma State University and those at BuildingPhysics.com for making their simulation tools available. Without which a large part of this project would not have been possible. To all of the respondents who took the time to complete and return my questionnaire, the answers to which where both interesting and informative. Finally I would like to thank the Strathclyde Collaborative Training Account for financial assistance which allowed me to undertake the course. iii Abstract: Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) technology has the potential to assist the UK government reduce CO 2 emissions associated with domestic space and water heating requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Controls for Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
    ORNL/TM-2017/302 CRADA/NFE-13-04586 Advanced Controls for Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems Xiaobing Liu Patrick Hughes Anthony Gehl Shawn Hern (formerly ClimateMaster) CRADA final report for Dan Ellis (formerly CRADA number NFE-13-04586 ClimateMaster) Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. June 2017 DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via US Department of Energy (DOE) SciTech Connect. Website http://www.osti.gov/scitech/ Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD 703-487-4639 Fax 703-605-6900 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.ntis.gov/help/ordermethods.aspx Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange representatives, and International Nuclear Information System representatives from the following source: Office of Scientific and Technical Information PO Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone 865-576-8401 Fax 865-576-5728 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • Measured Performance of a Mixed-Use Commercial-Building Ground Source Heat Pump System in Sweden
    energies Article Measured Performance of a Mixed-Use Commercial-Building Ground Source Heat Pump System in Sweden Jeffrey D. Spitler 1,* and Signhild Gehlin 2 1 School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA 2 Swedish Geoenergy Center, Västergatan 11, 221 04 Lund, Sweden; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 3 May 2019; Accepted: 20 May 2019; Published: 27 May 2019 Abstract: When the new student center at Stockholm University in Sweden was completed in the fall of 2013 it was thoroughly instrumented. The 6300 m2 four-story building with offices, a restaurant, study lounges, and meeting rooms was designed to be energy efficient with a planned total energy use of 25 kWh/m2/year. Space heating and hot water are provided by a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system consisting of five 40 kW off-the-shelf water-to-water heat pumps connected to 20 boreholes in hard rock, drilled to a depth of 200 m. Space cooling is provided by direct cooling from the boreholes. This paper uses measured performance data from Studenthuset to calculate the actual thermal performance of the GSHP system during one of its early years of operation. Monthly system coefficients-of-performance and coefficients-of-performance for both heating and cooling operation are presented. In the first months of operation, several problems were corrected, leading to improved performance. This paper provides long-term measured system performance data from a recently installed GSHP system, shows how the various system components affect the performance, presents an uncertainty analysis, and describes how some unanticipated consequences of the design may be ameliorated.
    [Show full text]
  • PTCS® Ground Source Heat Pump Form (Required) All Fields Must Be Completed
    Last Updated April 2018 PTCS® Ground Source Heat Pump Form (required) All fields must be completed. Work must be performed by one or more technicians certified in PTCS and/or IGSHPA. Multiple technicians may be employed to meet these certification requirements, but all must be present at the time of the install. 1) Enter data on a mobile device or computer at ptcs.bpa.gov using the installing technician’s account. Issues entering data? Submit this form for entry: Customers of Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) utilities: email [email protected], fax to 1.877.848.4074, or call 1.800.941.3867 2) Submit documentation to the customer utility, including this form, the Registry Installation Report (found online), and any required backup documentation. Install Electric Site Information Date Utility PTCS Tech PTCS IGSHPA Tech IGSHPA # Name Tech # Name Installation Site Site Site Site Address City State Zip Home Type: Existing Site Built New Construction Site Built Manufactured: # of Sections 1 2 3 Heated Area: Sq Ft Foundation Type (Site Built): Crawlspace Full Basement Half Basement Slab Existing Heating System Being Replaced (If new home, indicate heating system installed): Electric Forced Air w/out AC Electric Forced Air w/ AC Electric Zonal Air Source Heat Pump Ground Source Heat Pump Natural Gas Furnace (Gas Company: ______________ _______) Other Non-Electric Space Heating: __________ ________ Back up Heat: None Electric Forced Air Electric Zonal Natural Gas Furnace Non-Electric Space Heating New Heat Pump Equipment Data *PTCS requires GSHPs to be Energy Star qualified. Visit energystar.gov. *ENERGY STAR®? AHRI# Closed Loop Vertical Loop Forced Air Furn.
    [Show full text]
  • DOE Zero Energy Ready Home Case Study 2013
    U.S. DOE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE ZERO ENERGY READY HOME 2013 WINNER Housing Innovation DOE ZERO ENERGY READY Awards HOME™ CASE STUDY Nexus EnergyHomes Frederick, MD BUILDER PROFILE When Nexus EnergyHomes’ founder Paul Zanecki partnered with Mike Murphy, Nexus EnergyHomes formerly of Toll Brothers, to start a home construction company in Maryland, Frederick, MD some might have questioned his timing. After all, it was 2008 and the country’s Mike Murphy building industry was on a steep downward trajectory. But Zanecki, a land use 301-520-5864 lawyer, had a clear vision in mind—to revolutionize the home building industry by [email protected] www.nexusenergyhomes.com implementing the energy-effi cient technologies already available to build net zero energy homes at a cost average consumers could afford. His research told him there FEATURED HOME/DEVELOPMENT: was a market for energy-effi cient homes if he could come up with the right suite Project Data: of high-performance measures that would make sense from a building science and • Name: North Pointe Lot 5 cost-competitive perspective. • Location: Frederick MD • Layout: 3 bedrooms, 3 baths w/bsmt The impressive package the builder has developed includes SIP walls, geothermal • Conditioned Space: 4,516 ft2, w/o bsmt heat pumps, solar PV, and a proprietary energy management system, among other • Completion: Dec. 2012 things. What sets Nexus EnergyHomes apart is that these high-powered features • Climate Zone: IECC 4A aren’t optional upgrades; they are part of the standard package, integrated into a • Category: Custom whole building approach that is implemented on every home.
    [Show full text]
  • Ground Source Heat Pump 8 October 2019
    Centre for Sustainable Energy | home energy advice | 2019 See all our energy advice leaflets at www.cse.org.uk/advice-leaflets Ground source heat pumps Warmth from the earth Just 2 meters below the surface the temperature of the ground is a fairly constant 11-12°C. We can capture this warmth and use it as a reliable, renewable heat source to run central heating systems for our homes. The soil, clay and stones found 2m underground may not feel warm to the touch, but there is enough heat in there – A newly dug trench, lined absorbed in the first place from the sun – for ground source with fine material to avoid damaging the pipework heat pumps to utilise and to release into homes and other buildings. This is done by means of a buried network of fluid-filled pipes connected to a compressor and pump unit. Heat pumps operate more efficiently the smaller the If you’re thinking of installing a ground source heat pump temperature difference between the collectors (the pipes it is definitely worth knowing how one works. The most in the ground) and the emitters (the heat distribution distinctive feature is the pipework, usually about 100m of it, system). Consequently, heat pumps produce heat at a lower which is buried in loops in trenches (photo, right) or in one temperature than a conventional central heating system or more vertical boreholes. Once the pipework is buried the and so a larger area is required for the heat distribution. surface of the ground can return to being a field, garden, Underfloor heating is ideal but large heat pump specific drive etc., and you wouldn’t know it was there.
    [Show full text]
  • A Systematic Review of Recent Air Source Heat Pump (ASHP) Systems Assisted by Solar Thermal, Photovoltaic and Photovoltaic/Thermal Sources
    A systematic review of recent air source heat pump (ASHP) systems assisted by solar thermal, photovoltaic and photovoltaic/thermal sources Xinru Wang a, Liang Xia a, *, Chris Bales b, Xingxing Zhang b, **, Benedetta Copertaro b, Song Pan c, Jinshun Wu d a Research Centre for Fluids and Thermal Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, China b Department of Energy and Built Environment, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden c Engineering Research Centre of Digital Community, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China d College of Architecture & Civil Engineering, North China Institute of Science & Technology, Hebei, China Abstract: The air source heat pump (ASHP) systems assisted by solar energy have drawn great attentions, owing to their great feasibility in buildings for space heating/cooling and hot water purposes. However, there are a variety of configurations, parameters and performance criteria of solar assisted ASHP systems, leading to a major inconsistency that increase the degree of complexity to compare and implement different systems. A comparative literature review is lacking, with the aim to evaluate the performance of various ASHP systems from three main solar sources, such as solar thermal (ST), photovoltaic (PV) and hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T). This paper thus conducts a systematic review of the prevailing solar assisted ASHP systems, including their boundary conditions, system configurations, performance indicators, research methodologies and system performance. The comparison result indicates that PV-ASHP system has the best techno- economic performance, which performs best in average with coefficient of performance (COP) of around 3.75, but with moderate cost and payback time. While ST-ASHP and PV/T-ASHP systems have lower performance with mean COP of 2.90 and 3.03, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Homework! from 11/13/18 Meeting
    Town of Chebeague Island 192 North Road Chebeague Island, ME 04017 Phone: 207-846-3148 www:townofchebeagueisland.org Fax-207-846-6413 Homework! From 11/13/18 meeting 1. Bob: a. Contact MMA regarding the legality, precedents, etc of requiring the following at point of sale of a property: i. Fuel tank inspection ii. Septic pumping and inspection b. Also, discuss the potential of building code requirements regarding fuel oil tanks, such as double wall, sheathed tubing on / in concrete, etc. c. Contact Ester: could the fuel assistance fund serve as a confidential collector of folks who would like a state visit to look at their fuel tank relative to possible subsidized replacement? d. Writeup for Calendar: summary of the upcoming info / PR approach to aquifer protection; plus Bev site, FB B/S/B page 2. Nancy: a. Check with school re: how to work with CIS/kids/curriculum to get info out there re: fuel tank issues b. PR stuff to bulletin boards 3. Danny: mockup designs for bumper sticker 4. Public comment? 5. Adjourn The public is welcome and encouraged to attend! ANTI-FREEZE FLUID ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH EVALUATION - AN UPDATE Everett W. Heinonen, Maurice W. Wildin, Andrew N. Beall, and Robert E. Tapscott The University of New Mexico 901 University Blvd. SE Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87106-4339 505-272-7255 505-272-7203 ABSTRACT At Stockton College’s Geothermal Heat Pump Conference in August 1995, The University of New Mexico presented preliminary environmental and health data on fluids in use or proposed as anti-freeze solutions for ground-source heat pumps (GSHP).
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of System Improvements in Solar Thermal and Air Source Heat
    Analysis of system improvements in solar thermal and air source heat pump combisystems Stefano Poppi, Chris Bales, Andreas Heinz, Franz Hengel, David Chèze, Igor Mojic, Catia Cialani To cite this version: Stefano Poppi, Chris Bales, Andreas Heinz, Franz Hengel, David Chèze, et al.. Analysis of system improvements in solar thermal and air source heat pump combisystems. Applied Energy, Elsevier, 2016, 173 (1), pp.606-623. 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.04.048. cea-01310230 HAL Id: cea-01310230 https://hal-cea.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-01310230 Submitted on 2 May 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Analysis of system improvements in solar thermal and air source heat pump combisystems. Stefano Poppi*1,2, Chris Bales1, Andreas Heinz4, Franz Hengel4, David Chèze6, Igor Mojic5, Catia Cialani3 1Solar Energy Research Center (SERC), Dalarna University College, S-79188 Falun, Sweden 2Department of Energy Technology, KTH, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden 3Department of Economics, Dalarna University College, S-79188 Falun, Sweden 4Institute of Thermal Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25b, A-8010 Graz, Austria 5Institut für Solartechnik SPF, University of Applied Sciences HSR, Oberseestr. 10, 8640 Rapperswil, Switzerland 6CEA, LITEN, Department of Solar Technologies, F-73375 Le Bourget du Lac, France *Corresponding author.
    [Show full text]
  • Analyses of Ground-Source Heat Pumps Combined with Solar Collectors in Dwellings
    ANALYSES OF GROUND-SOURCE HEAT PUMPS COMBINED WITH SOLAR COLLECTORS IN DWELLINGS E. Kjellsson Building Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden Tel: +46 414 70677 [email protected] G. Hellström Dept. of Mathematical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden B. Perers Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Brovej, Building 118, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark ABSTRACT In order to analyze different systems with combinations of solar collectors and ground source heat pumps, computer simulations have been carried out with the simulation program TRNSYS. The advantage of using solar heat was studied and compared for different systems with varied depths of the borehole for a single family dwelling in Sweden. It was found that recharging the borehole during summertime with solar heat is not increasing the efficiency in the simulated systems, but recharging during winter time, when the load is large, is efficient for systems with undersized boreholes. For well-sized systems, the best savings of electricity is found when the solar heat is used for domestic hot water during summer and recharging the borehole during winter. Recharging of solar heat reduces the net heat extraction from the borehole, which also may be useful in areas with adjacent boreholes thermally influencing each other. 1. INTRODUCTION A ground-source heat pump system is used in many single–family dwellings with a moderate to large heat demand and has often been installed when the old oil burner is removed. The ground-source heat pump systems save about 2/3 of the supplied energy to the building, but increase the electricity demand if the building was heated with oil before.
    [Show full text]