This is an open access article under the CC BY 120 Maria Cecília Fonseca Scarpi etlicense al. Creative Commons
Nematological survey in coffee nursery in Espirito Santo state, Brazil
Maria Cecília Fonseca Scarpi1, Ângelo Oliveira Gonçalves1, Antônio Fernando de Souza2, Guilherme de Resende Camara1, Willian Bucker Moraes1, Fábio Ramos Alves1*
10.1590/0034-737X202168020005
ABSTRACT
Despite the important role of coffee production in the economy of Espirito Santo, the second largest coffee producing state in Brazil, productivity is still below the Brazilian average. One of the factors that explain this low productivity is the presence of nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne. Contaminated seedlings are an important and efficient agent for disseminating nematodes. According to normative instruction no. 35 (IN 35), of 11/29/2012 of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA), the presence of Meloidogyne spp. in a single plant among a field-lot of seedlings condemns it, and the plants that compose that lot should be destroyed. In Espirito Santo, no evaluation has been carried out in nurseries covering the entire State for phytonematode detection. Therefore, the objective of this work was to carry out a nematological survey in nurseries to guide the nurserymen in relation to fulfilling IN 35 of MAPA, in addition to guiding them regarding the phytosanitary care during the production of their seedlings. The nurseries were evaluated in 19 municipalities located in both the north and the south of Espírito Santo. There were Meloidogyne spp. in evaluated samples. Keywords: nematodes; Coffea spp.; seedlings.
INTRODUCTION Barros et al. (2014) made a nematological survey in Coffee farming plays a socioeconomic role of great coffee fields in the State of Espírito Santo regarding the importance for the State of Espírito Santo. According presence of Meloidogyne spp. in Coffea spp. and reported to data collected by the Capixaba Institute for the presence of M. exigua, M. incognita and M. Research, Technical Assistance and Rural Extension paranaensis, these latter two species being very (Incaper), Espírito Santo harvested about 9 million aggressive to the coffee tree. sacks of coffee in 2016. Although the state continues One of the most efficient agents to disseminate to be the country’s second largest coffee producer, nematodes is contaminated seedlings, which makes it productivity in Espírito Santo has historically always necessary to raise awareness about the preventive been below the Brazilian average, which is around 24 measures that should be taken by coffee nurseries sc/ha (CONAB, 2017). regarding phytosanitary care during the production of Many factors may be related to low coffee productivity, their seedlings (Gonçalves & Silvarola, 2001; Lordello et such as nematodes. The main species of nematodes al., 2001). associated with coffee tree belong to the genus Normative instruction no. 35 (IN 35) of 11/29/2012 of Meloidogyne, with emphasis on M. incognita, M. the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply paranaensis, M. exigua, and M. coffeicola (Barbosa, 2004; (MAPA) states that if, under laboratory analysis of coffee Contarato et al., 2014; Sera et al., 2017). plants, the presence of Meloidogyne spp. is proven in a
Submitted on July 10th, 2020 and accepted on November 2nd, 2020. 1Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Agronomia, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Espírito Santo, Campus Santa Teresa, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. [email protected]. *Corresponding author: [email protected]
Rev. Ceres, Viçosa, v. 68, n.2, p. 120-125, mar/apr, 2021 Nematological survey in coffee nursery in Espirito Santo state, Brazil 121 field-lot of seedlings, the sample will be condemned and genus level of phytonematodes with the aid of specific the seedlings will be destroyed. identification keys. Whereas no evaluation has been performed in When nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne were nurseries covering the entire state of Espirito Santo found, the genus was confirmed only by the observation regarding the presence of phytonematodes, this study of second-stage juveniles (J2), because one of the main aimed to carry out a nematological survey in nurseries, goals of the work was to guide the nurserymen in fulfilling with the following goals: i) to ascertain the possible IN 35 of MAPA, in which the presence of a single indivi- presence of phytonematodes in nurseries; ii) to guide the dual of the genus is sufficient to condemn the subplots, nurserymen about fulfilling IN 35 of MAPA; iii) to alert regardless of the species, so that the seedlings therein the nurserymen about the phytosanitary care they should contained must be destroyed. employ during the production of their seedlings and, in this way, prevent the dissemination of phytonematodes RESULTS AND DISCUSSION in coffee farming areas in the State. Some nurseries that researchers expected to visit were not accessed because no one was found at the time of the MATERIAL AND METHODS visit. The present project was performed between the years It is very important to make nematological surveys 2011 and 2013. During this period, nematological surveys not only in the field but also in nurseries, because despite were carried out in coffee farms implanted in the State of the growing incentive for the production of quality coffee Espírito Santo and registered with the Agricultural seedlings, Meloidogyne spp. were found in Ibatiba, San- Inspection Service - SEFAG/DT. ta Teresa, Linhares, Rio Bananal, São Gabriel da Palha, Samples from 85 nurseries were collected in 21 Sooretama and Jaguaré (Table 1, Figures 1a, b, c, e, f, municipalities located in the north and south of Espírito respectively), and Helicotylenchus sp. was present in Santo state, namely: Alegre, Anchieta, Brejetuba, Castelo and Venda Nova do Imigrante. According to Cam- Cachoeiro de Itepemirim, Castelo, Colatina, Conceição do pos (1999), once introduced in the area, it is extremely Castelo, Guaçuí, Ibatiba, Ibitirama, Iconha, Iúna, Jaguaré, difficult to manage phytonematodes of economic Linhares, Muniz Freire, Rio Bananal, Santa Teresa, São importance in perennial crops, such as coffee. Gabriel da Palha, São Roque do Canaã, Sooretama and Normative instruction (IN) no. 35, of 11/29/2012 of the Venda Nova do Imigrante. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA), For collection of seedlings, sampling was performed states in Article 29 of Chapter III that ‘the seedlings will be following the recommendations of Salgado et al. (2007), sampled before commercialization, in order to verify the as follows: a) the nurseries were divided into lots of a existence of defective roots and Meloidogyne spp. It is maximum of 200,000 seedlings; b) each lot was divided further stated in Article 32 that in any subplot where the into four quadrants; c) in each quadrant, alternated result of the analysis proves the presence of Meloidogyne seedbeds were selected for sampling and 0.1% of the spp. will be condemned and the seedlings must be destroyed seedlings were evaluated, with a minimum of 30 seedlings; by the producer. Article 34 reaffirms that ‘the coffee seedling d) each seedbed was divided into five sectors numbered should be free from Meloidogyne spp’. According to this from 1 to 5, from the extremities. In the center of sectors 1, information, if the seedlings from nurseries where 2, 4 and 5, two seedlings were removed. At the center of Meloidogyne spp. were present are submitted to an sector 3, four seedlings were removed; e) a composite evaluation before a certificate of phytosanitary origin (CFO) sample was formed with all the plants from each quadrant, is issued, those seedlings in the sub-plots where the which were packed in plastic bags and labeled. nematodes were detected must be destroyed. Subsequently, the samples were sent to the Barros et al. (2014) studied the distribution of phytopathology/nematology laboratory of the Center of Meloidogyne spp. in Coffea spp. in some properties of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering of UFES (CCAE- the main coffee farming regions in the State of Espírito UFES), where extractions and evaluation of soil and root Santo. M. incognita was present in 21% of the properties. samples were carried out for the presence of This species, one of the most aggressive to the coffee phytonematodes. tree, was mainly associated with C. canephora in fields in For the extraction of nematodes from the soil, the the northern and mountainous regions of the State. M. method of Jenkins (1964) was used, and for the root exigua was found mainly in C. arabica in 23.8% of the nematode extraction, the Coolen & D’Herde technique properties, and it was present in 66.6% of the municipalities (1972). After the extractions of soil and root nematodes of the mountainous region and in all the southern areas. were finished, the evaluations were done in an inverted M. paranaensis was present only in the north, and it was trinocular biological microscope for identification at the found in 100% of the properties of Baixo Guandu.
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Table 1: Municipalities of the State of Espirito Santo where evaluations were carried out for the presence of phytonematodes in coffee nurseries between the years 2011 and 2013. The municipalities were divided per region according to Law 11,174 of 09/25/2020
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This work performed by Barros et al. (2014) indicates In Espírito Santo, the areas that most present problems that some of the most damaging nematodes for coffee with M. paranaensis and mainly with M. incognita are cultivation are widely distributed in Espirito Santo and, if found in the mountainous region and in the northern part they continue to be disseminated in the State, coffee of the State. A larger number of nurseries with the presence cultivation in Espirito Santo is at risk. Therefore, the crucial of phytonematodes are observed in these localities. The point during phytosanitary management in the State is seedlings may be acting as disseminators of nematodes the production of good quality seedlings that are free in these regions. from phytonematodes. Before we started the visits to the nurseries at the In a study carried out by Lordello et al. (2001), soil beginning of this work, a questionnaire was produced samples and coffee roots were collected from 37 with several questions that were asked during the sample municipalities in the State of São Paulo, and breeds 1, 2 collections in all the nurseries visited. These questions and 3 of M. incognita, M. exigua, M. paranaensis and M. aimed to evaluate the level of technical knowledge of the javanica were found. The authors suggested that nurserymen concerning the conduct of their nurseries. nematode dissemination might have occurred through Here are some of the questions that were asked: i) what seedlings. kind of substrate do you use in your nursery?; ii) if the Helicotylenchus sp. was observed in the municipalities substrate used contains soil, what is its origin and what of Castelo and Venda Nova do Imigrante. It is important kind of treatment do you perform?; iii) is there a technical to highlight that, although it is a nematode with a large expert responsible for the monitoring of your nursery geographic distribution, it is not damaging to the coffee during the production of your seedlings?; iv) are you crop (Tihohod, 1993). aware of the soil pathogens that can be transmitted
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Figure 1: Municipalities of the State of Espirito Santo where second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne spp. were present in coffee nurseries in a nematological survey carried out between the years 2011 and 2013. Meloidogyne spp. were present in Ibatiba (a), Santa Teresa (b), Linhares (c), Rio Bananal (d), São Gabriel da Palha (e), Sooretama (f) and Jaguaré (g). through seedlings and the difficulties of controlling them It is concluded with this work that although after they are established in crop fields? phytonematodes have been found in only a few All nurseries answered that they use ravine or virgin nurseries, it is necessary to observe the choice of the forest soil without any type of treatment. All of them also substrate, irrigation water and other phytosanitary care. stated that they have a technical expert responsible for Most nurserymen in Espírito Santo produce their their nursery and that they know nematodes can be seedlings in direct contact with the soil. This is a transmitted by the seedlings and their management is situation that needs to be changed, and it is necessary difficult in the field. The seedlings of most nurseries for nursery owners to be aware that to be safer regarding evaluated in this study did not present phytoparasitic the dissemination of nematodes and other soil nematodes, probably because they receive adequate pathogens, these seedlings need to be produced orientation regarding the phytosanitary aspects of a suspended on benches. technical manager. Finally, it is important to note that during the visits to The use of virgin forest soil, common in nurseries in the State nurseries, a small number of clandestine nurseries Espirito Santo, does not guarantee that such soils do not were registered with the SEFAG/DT. These nurseries are contain Meloidogyne spp. since there are reports of these a risk to coffee cultivation because they are managed pathogens in native areas in the Atlantic Forest (Lima et without technical criteria that take into consideration all al., 2005, Carneiro et al., 2006a, 2006b). Thus, it is essential phytopathological care to avoid the suggested that nurserymen who use soil from the Atlantic dissemination of phytonematodes in Espírito Santo State Forest of Espírito Santo to produce their seedlings should nurseries should not purchase seedlings from these treat this substrate. nurseries.
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CONCLUSIONS Lima IM, Souza RM, Silva CP & Carneiro RMDG (2005) Meloidogyne spp. from preserved areas of Atlantic Forest in We have detected the presence of Meloidogyne spp. the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Nematologia Brasileira, in nurseries located in the north and south of Espírito 29:31-38. Santo, which is very worrying information, since coffee Lordello AIL, Lordello RRA & Fazuoli LC (2001) Levantamento growing is of great socio-economic importance for Espirito de espécies de Meloidogyne em cafeeiros no estado de São Pau- lo. In: II Simpósio de Pesquisa dos cafés do Brasil, Vitória. Santo and the main species, ie M. exigua, M. incognita e EMBRAPA. p.1182-1187. M. paranaensis may be being spread by seedlings and Salgado SML, Pinheiro JB & Oliveira RDL (2007) Metodologia reducing the productive potential of crops in this state. de amostragem em viveiro e em lavoura cafeeira para análise de nematoides. Belo Horizonte, EPAMIG. 5p. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, FINANCIAL Sera T, Sera GH, Fazuoli LC, Machado ACZ, Ito DS, Shigueoka LH SUPPORT AND FULL DISCLOSURE & Silva SA (2017) IPR 100 – Rustic dwarf arabica coffee culti- var with resistance to nematodes Meloidogyne paranaensis and We are grateful to Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa, M. incognita. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 17:175- Ensino e Extensão (FINEP) and Fundação de Amparo à 179. Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo (FAPES) for Tihohod D (1993) Nematologia agrícola aplicada. Jaboticabal, financial support and the Nucleus of Scientific and FUNEP/UNESP. 372p. Technological Development in Phytosanitary Management of Pests and Diseases (NUDEMAFI), Fede- ral University of Espirito Santo (UFES), for support in carrying out the research work. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in the conduct and publication of this work. REFERENCES Barbosa DHSG, Vieira HD, Souza RM, Viana AP & Silva CP (2004) Fields estimates of coffee yield losses and damage threshold by Meloidogyne exigua. Nematologia Brasileira, 28:49-54. Barros AF, Oliveira RDL, Lima IM, Coutinho RR, Ferreira AO & Costa A (2014) Root-knot nematodes, a growing problem for conilon coffee in Espírito Santo state, Brazil. Crop Protection, 55:74-79. Campos VP (1999) Manejo de doenças causadas por fitonema- toides. Lavras, UFLA. 106p. Carneiro RMDG, Almeida MRA, Braga RS, Almeida CA & Gioria R (2006a) Primeiro registro de Meloidogyne mayaguensis parasi- tando plantas de tomate e pimentão resistentes à meloidoginose no estado de São Paulo. Nematologia Brasileira, 30:81-86. Carneiro RMDG, Mônaco APA, Mortiz MP, Nakamura KC & Scherer A (2006b) Identificação de Meloidogyne mayaguensis em goiabeira e em plantas invasoras, em solo argiloso, no esta- do do Paraná. Nematologia Brasileira, Piracicaba, 30:293-298. CONAB - Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (2018) Acom- panhamento da safra brasileira: café - Primeiro levantamento – Janeiro. Available at:
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