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Interpreting Southern California Arc Geochemistry by Multivariate and Spatial Methods Lance R Loma Linda University TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects 9-2016 Interpreting Southern California Arc Geochemistry by Multivariate and Spatial Methods Lance R. Pompe Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd Part of the Geochemistry Commons, and the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Pompe, Lance R., "Interpreting Southern California Arc Geochemistry by Multivariate and Spatial Methods" (2016). Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects. 397. http://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/397 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects by an authorized administrator of TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY School of Medicine in conjunction with the Faculty of Graduate Studies ___________________ Interpreting Southern California Arc Geochemistry by Multivariate and Spatial Methods By Lance R. Pompe ____________________ A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Geology ____________________ September 2016 © 2016 Lance R. Pompe All Rights Reserved Each person whose signature appears below certifies that this thesis in his/her opinion is adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree Master of Science. , Chairperson Benjamin L. Clausen, Adjunct Associate Professor of Geology William K. Hayes, Professor of Biology Kevin E. Nick, Associate Professor of Geology iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My deepest gratitude goes to my advisor, Dr. Ben Clausen. His scientific knowledge, guidance and patience made this project possible. I would like to express my appreciation to my committee members for their advice and input, Dr. Kevin Nick for help with defining the goals and aims, and Dr. Bill Hayes for the excellent multivariate statistics course and materials. The other members of the “hard rock” team, Ana Martinez and Luciano Gonzalez have been helpful in many ways. Their friendship will always be remembered. Allan and Jamey Cooper assisted with statistical issues. Ed Santos encouraged me to use the R statistical package on more than one occasion, and I am glad I finally listened. Thank you to Dr. Leonard Brand and Dr. Paul Buchheim for ensuring that I had the financial resources to complete the program. Lastly, my sincere appreciation goes to my wife Mogi, for her encouragement and support throughout this project. iv CONTENT Approval Page .................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iv List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... x Abstract ............................................................................................................................. xii Chapter 1. Introduction and Background ................................................................................. 1 Overview ........................................................................................................... 1 Geologic Setting ............................................................................................... 5 Geologic Background ....................................................................................... 7 Arc Processes .............................................................................................. 8 Arc Systems and Subduction ................................................................ 8 Temporal Variation in Arc Magmatism ................................................ 9 Differentiation ............................................................................................. 9 Chemical Fractionation ......................................................................... 9 Partial Melting .................................................................................... 12 Fractional Crystallization .................................................................... 13 Subduction Zone Geochemistry ................................................................ 13 Extent of Differentiation: SiO2 ........................................................... 13 Crustal Contamination: Sri .................................................................. 14 Magma Source Depth: REE and Sr/Y ................................................ 15 Alkalinity: K2O ................................................................................... 18 Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) Background ............................................. 19 Principal Component Analysis ................................................................. 19 Cluster Analysis ........................................................................................ 22 Compositional Data .................................................................................. 23 Spatial Visualization using GIS ................................................................ 26 v Peninsular Ranges Batholith (PRB), Trends and Previous EDA Work ......... 27 Northern PRB Subdivisions ...................................................................... 27 Northern PRB West/East Variation .......................................................... 29 Previous Exploratory Data Analysis in the Northern PRB ....................... 30 2. Data and Methods ................................................................................................. 32 Northern PRB Dataset .................................................................................... 32 Methods .......................................................................................................... 33 Data Preparation ........................................................................................ 33 Multivariate and Univariate Assumptions ................................................ 33 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ...................................................... 34 Spatial Variation Plots and Maps .............................................................. 35 3. Results ................................................................................................................... 36 Geochemical Statistical Variation: Principal Component Analysis ............... 36 Selecting Principal Components (PC) to Retain ....................................... 36 Biplot of PC1 vs. PC2 ............................................................................... 40 Order of Incompatibility ..................................................................... 44 Depth effect of Garnet and Plagioclase .............................................. 44 Biplot of PC2 vs. PC3 ............................................................................... 51 Geochemical Spatial Variation: Distance Plots and Interpolation Maps ........ 53 West/East Variation (1-D) ........................................................................ 54 Geochemical Interpolation Maps (2-D) .................................................... 59 Maps of Standard Geochemical Parameters ....................................... 60 Maps of Principal Components ........................................................... 69 4. Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 74 References ......................................................................................................................... 77 Appendices 1. Related Field Work ............................................................................................... 85 2. Related Lab Work ................................................................................................. 87 vi FIGURES Figure Page 1. Cretaceous granitic batholiths along the western margin of North America. ......... 2 2. Pluton map of the northern Peninsular Ranges batholith ........................................ 6 3. Ionic radius plotted against ionic charge .............................................................. 11 4. Partition coefficient plotted against atomic number for REE ............................... 16 5. Map of subdivisions of the northern Peninsular Ranges batholith ....................... 29 6. Scree plot for robust compositional PCA ............................................................. 37 7. PC biplot of PC2 vs. PC1 with samples grouped by rock type............................. 40 8. PC biplot of PC2 vs. PC1 with samples grouped by PRB block. ......................... 42 9. PC biplot of PC2 vs. PC1 – zoomed view of variables. ....................................... 43 10. PC Biplot of PC2 vs. PC1 showing the effect of deep garnet differentiation on HREE, Y ..............................................................................................................
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