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Prepared in Cooperation with the National Park Service Open- File Form 9-014 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER RESOURCES OF YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, WYOMING, MONTANA, AND IDAHO by Edward R. Cox Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service Open- file report February 1973 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 16 08863-3 831-564 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Geological Survey Water resources of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho by Edward R. Cox Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service Open* file report 73" February 1973 -1- Contents Iage Abstract ....... .... ................................... 9 Introduction-- - ....... ........ .................. n Location and extent of the area 12 Topography and drainage* -- - - - . --. -- .--..-- 13 Climate - - ................ 16 Previous investigations- -- .......................... 20 Methods of investigation . 21 Well and station numbers- ..... .... ........... .... 24 Acknowledgments---------------- - - 25 Geology-- - .............. ....... ......... ....... 26 Geologic units and their water-bearing characteristics 26 Precambrian rocks------------ -- - - -- 31 Paleozoic rocks ------- .. .--. -.- 31 Mesozoic rocks-- ,........--....-....---..-..---- .- 35 Cenozoic rocks- ....... ............................ 36 Tertiary rocks-- ........... ............... - 36 Tertiary and Quaternary rocks-- -- - - 38 Rhyolite - ............ 38 Basalt--- - ....................... .... 42 Quaternary rocks- - ...-. .-..-... ........ 44 Glacial deposits---- - .-- - 44 Lacustrine deposits---- - - 47 Hot-springs deposits - - 50 Landslide deposits---------------- -- - - 51 Alluvium- - ........................... 52 -2- Contents- continued Hydrelegy - .-..-.---..-.....-.-.. .«*........ 53 Surface water 53 Greund water- - - - .. 59 Quality of water 63 Water resources near selected sites 86 MaiUtlKT t^ n » .... ..... ' ..« .... ... ...... .....<» »......... 87 East Entrance-- ------ .--..-- - -.-..- 98 Norria Junction - - 100 Old Faithful 105 Mud Volcano--------------------------------------------- 109 South Entrance---------- .-.-..- ...-.-..-.....-..-.- 312 Tower Junction - - 317 Fountain Paint Pot -- 121 Canyon Village-- .- -. - . 125 Gal la tin Ranger Station- - *. - 130 West Thumb - - «... * ..... , ...... 331 S ho shone Lake-- . -- , ..--..-....-.. 335 Heart Lake 137 Madison Junction - - ........... .-... 333 Crystal Creek - - ..--.. .-. ........ 342 Slough Creek campground--- .. .- . .. .-- ........ 343 .3. Contents--continued Page Hydrology continued Water resources by hydrologic units- .- 144 Rhyalite plateau hydrelogic unit- * . * » 144 Abaaroka hydrologic unit - .»..»».-.....« ........ 147 Beartooth hydrologic unit ......... ........ 14% Gallatin hydrologic unit - .- ifO West Yell«w8tone hydrologic unit- » » . If2 Falls River hydrologic unit-- » -. Snake River hydrolegic unit -* * * » Conclusions-- -- -- -- -- -- .... .... 156 References cited------------------------------------ ------------ 158 .4. Illustrations Page Figure 1. Map showing location of geographic features-- - - 14 2. Graphs showing average monthly temperature and precipitation at selected locations in and near Yellowstone National Park------ -- - - -- 17 2-A. Map showing location of selected wells, selected springs, surface-water data collection sites, selected quality- of-water data, and hydrologic units------------------ 23 3. Generalized geologic map--- - --- . -- - 27 4. Graphs showing yearly and monthly mean flow at gaging stations in and near Yellowstone National Park * 55 5. Duration curves of flow at gaging stations in and near Yellowstone National Park 56 6. Graphs showing water levels in selected wells** - 62 7-16. Maps showing: 7. Location of diversion dams, a pipeline, selected test holes, and a well near Mammoth----------*-------** **8 8. Location of a diversion dam and selected test holes near Norris Junction--- .- . - 102 9. Location of a diversion dam and selected test holes near Old Faithful 106 10. Location of test holes near Mud Volcano 110 11. Location of a supply spring and selected test hole* near South Entrance- ------------------------ 113 12. Location of a supply spring, diversion dam, and selected test holes near Tower Junction - ....... 118 -5- IIlustrations--continued Page Figures 7*16. Haps shewing: continued 13. Location of a spring, hotel ruins, and test holes near Fountain Paint Pot-- - - 122 14. Location of diversion dams and selected test holes near Canyon Village-- . ....- - ..«».» 17* 15. Location of selected test holes near West Thumb*---- - 112 16. Location of supply springs and test holes near Madison Junction------ .....*.»-. ...» -. IT? -6- TabUs Table 1. Generalised section of rocks exposed*** .«.» . 28 2. Streamflow at selected miscellaneous sites- - - 58 3. Chemical analyses of water from five wells 69 4. Spectrographic and radiochemical analyses of water from five wells-- ».» « .- - 70 5. Chemical analyses of water from selected streams containing thermal-water discharge- »»- »- 73 6* Chemical analyses of water from two springs and a stream in rhyolite terrane -. - - 75 7. Chemical analyses of water from selected streams in andesite terrane ------ - - -- - 76 8. Chemical analyses of water from selected streams in basalt and andesite terrane and in basalt and rhyolite terrane- . .. ...... 78 9. Chemical analyses of water from two streams and a spring in Paleozoic rocks 79 10. Chemical analyses of water from Precambrian rocks and Mesozoic rocks-------------* -- - - ------- 81 11. Chemical analyses of water from selected streams in rhyolite terrane having thermal-water discharge- - 83 12. Chemical analyses of water from Yellows tone, Heart, Sho shone, and Lewis Lakes - 84 13. Periodic determinations of temperature , discharge, and suspended sediment in the Gardner River, Glen Creek, and Lava Creek near Mammoth 94 -7- Tables--continued F«« Table 14. Periodic determination* of discharge, sediment concentration, and color of water in Lava Creek and Glen Creek near Mammoth- .......... 97 Water resources of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho by Edward R. Cox Abstract The study described in this report is an appraisal of water re»c-trees in Yellowstone National Park. Detailed hydrologic investigations are also described at several sites in the park, selected by the U.S. National Park Service, where additional data are needed for use in planning water ftpplies for public use. Most water supplies in toe park are from surface water. Seme surface-water sources contain sediment during szurumelt and after heavy rainstorms and become temporarily objectionable to use. Ground water is not subject to seasonal increases in sediment. Most wells and test holes in the park are near streams and lakes and are in alluvium, glacial deposits, or lacustrine deposits. Pumpage is small compared to natural ground-water discharge. Ground water in stream valleys and lake basins does not move from one drainage basin to another. In general, aquifers adjacent to streams and lakes are recharged by precipitation and by water from the stream or lake. Water moves from the aquifers to the streams and lakes during periods of low streamflow and low lake levels, and, at least near the streams or lakes, water moves from the streams and the lakes to the aquifers during periods of high streamflow and high lake levels. Streamflow is greatest during May to July as a result of melting snow. Streamflow declines during the summer and fall to the lowest flows during the winter. Topographically high areas probably are drained and, except for perched-water zones, contain ground water only at great depths in bedrock. Quality of ground and surface waters varies with the geologic terrane and the hydrologic sources. In general, thermal water is highly mineralized and affects the quality of water in aquifers, streams, and lakes by adding silica, sodium, chloride, fluoride, boron, and sometimes sulfate and arsenic. Waters in rhyolite terrane and in areas having an abundance of obsidian generally have a fluoride content that exceeds the maximum limit suggested by the U.S. Public Health Service for drinking water. The concentration of all chemical constituents determined in nonthermal water sampled in terranes other than rhyolite are within the recommended limits for drinking water. -10- Aquifers in stream valleys would yield 1,500 gpm (gallons per mirnte) near Fountain Paint Pot, 250 gpm near Mud Volcano, 500 gpm near Northeast Entrance, 750 gpm near East Entrance, 200 gpm near South Entrance, and 300 gpm near Madison Junction. Aquifers near Norris Junction and Old Faithful might have yields of 35 and 50 gpm, respectively. An aquifer near Tower Junction would yield 50 to 75 gpm. An aquifer near the Yellowstone River northwest of Mammoth will yield as much as 200 gpm to single wells. Aquifers in places near streams and lakes would yield a few gallons p*»r minute of water to shallow wells equipped with hand-operated pumps to supply water for campgrounds or patrol cabins in remote areas of the park. Introduction The increasing number of tourists visiting Yellowstone National Park has required the expansion of public water supplies in the park. Some of the points of tourist interest are near the famous geysers and other areas of thermal-water discharge. Some points of interest are near streams and lakes where tourists enjoy water and mountain scenery. Water supplies that are sufficient in quantity and suitable in quality are needed but are not always readily available near some of these points of interest. Water supplies
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