Annual Index 2020 Independence

Annual Index 2020

Series Editor: Tracy Biram

Complete A-Z index

independence educational publishers First published by Independence Educational Publishers The Studio, High Green Great Shelford Cambridge CB22 5EG England

Copyright This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published without the publisher’s prior consent.

Photocopy licence The material in this book is protected by copyright. However, the purchaser is free to make multiple copies of particular articles for instructional purposes for immediate use within the purchasing institution. Making copies of the entire book is not permitted. ‘2.4 children’ 363.8 procedure 367.2 ‘5 a day’ 339.11–12, 20–3 pro-choice movements 302.16 7/7 bombings 355.41 providers 367.1 9/11 bombings 355.3, 41 refusals 302.5, 20, 21, 24, 29 10,000 hours rule 341.5 and religion 367.13, 31–2 10 Minute Shake Up Campaign 307.39 repeat 302.2, 10 10 R’s of sustainable living 368.10–11 restrictions 302.11–15, 23–7, 31, 34, 35 16 Days of Activism 293.32 risks 302.1, 3, 7, 14, 23, 24–7, 30–1, 34, 35, 367.2 20mph speed limits 313.34 secularism 302.15 100,000 Genomes Project 352.11–13 selective 367.24 statistics 367.4–6, 28–30 stigma 302.13 and stress 302.17–18 A surgical 302.2–3, 6–7, 367.2, 15–16 A&E department, waiting times 323.21 time limits 302.4, 15, 26, 29 A4 Challenge 307.19 travel abroad for 302.23, 34, 35 abiotic stress resistance 352.3 two agreements for 302.1, 5, 25, 33 abortion 367.1 unmarried status 302.1 alternatives 302.19 unsafe 302.15, 22, 25, 26, 367.15–17, 26–7 availability 367.3 unviable foetuses to term 302.34, 35, 36 complications 367.16–17 views on 367.7–8 confidentiality 302.5 waiting times for 302.5 conscientious objection 367.3 and women’s rights 302.15, 27, 39 costs 302.23 Abortion Act 1967 302.1, 2, 29–31, 367.3, 10–11 decisions about 367.1–2 absolute poverty 305.30, 306.27–8, 35, 377.1, 3, 41 decriminalising 367.11–12, 26 abstinence 379.3, 13 deprivation 302.2 abuse devolution of law 302.33, 39 in childhood 373.2–3 and domestic abuse 296.4, 10–11 child-on-parent abuse 296.35–6 early 302.2, 17 domestic 296.11, 354.35, 37 eligibility for 367.1, 3 elder 378.22, 41 emotional responses to 302.3–5 emotional 354.28, 37, 370.1, 41, 379.29 failures 302.7 financial 296.2, 3, 7–8, 28, 354.28, 370.1, 41 further pregnancy 302.7 gang 379.30 gender selection 302.30–2, 37, 319.36 harrassment 376.4, 41 help and counselling 302.4–5, 6, 17, 18, 19, 27 non-verbal 361.41 human rights 302.11, 34, 35, 36 online 371.14–15, 26–7 and human rights 372.35–8 physical 354.28, 370.41 incomplete 367.16 and poverty 377.2 increase in rate of 367.28–31 in relationships 354.28 late 302.3, 17, 26–9 sexual 354.28, 370.1, 41, 379.29–30 legislation 302.1, 2, 11–13, 21, 25, 26, 29–31, 367.3, 10–11 verbal 361.27, 41 medical 302.2, 3, 6, 10, 23–4, 367.2, 15 see also animal abuse; child abuse; domestic abuse; domestic violence; men’s responsibilities 302.39 drug abuse; emotional abuse; racism; trauma men’s rights 302.37–9 abuser programmes 370.38–9, 41 and mental health 302.1, 4, 27 academic freedom 347.5 moral status 302.13 academies 353.2–3, 5–6, 28, 41 NHS provision 302.2–4, 11, 16, 21 Academies Act 2010 353.5 in Northern Ireland 367.3, 10, 19–20 Acas (Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service) 304.25, 28 objections to 367.3, 9–10, 13–15 on age discrimination 311.6 in Poland 367.21–2 access to higher education 333.10–12, 25–8 and politics 367.13–15 accidents, road traffic 323.24, 324.33 and poverty 367.31–2 acetone 337.41 prenatal screening 302.36–7 acid (LSD) see LSD private provision 302.2, 3, 4 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome see AIDS

Vol. numbers appear first (in bold) followed by page numbers; a change in volume is preceded by a semi-colon. Vol. 291 Today’s Social Classes Vol. 331 Global Conflict Vol. 356 British Armed Forces Vol. 298 Business and Trade Vol. 332 Species Under Threat Vol. 357 The Climate Emergency Vol. 300 Human Rights Vol. 333 Student Life Vol. 358 Religion Today Vol. 304 Bullying Vol. 334 Dealing with Depression Vol. 359 Migration & Immigration Vol. 305 Globalisation – Good or Bad? Vol. 335 Working Life Vol. 360 Government Vol. 310 Sexualisation Vol. 336 Homelessness Issues Vol. 361 Cyberbullying Vol. 312 Citizenship Vol. 337 Facts About Smoking Vol. 362 Euthanasia Vol. 313 Fitness & Health Vol. 338 Coping with Death Vol. 363 Population Change Vol. 314 HIV & AIDS Vol. 339 Food and Nutrition Vol. 364 The Gender Equality Debate Vol. 315 Waste & Recycling Vol. 340 Social Networking Vol. 365 Tourism Today Vol. 316 Marriage Vol. 341 Sport Culture Vol. 366 Crime in the UK Vol. 317 Privacy Vol. 342 The Rights of Children Vol. 367 Discussing Abortion Vol. 318 Selling Sex Vol. 343 Complementary Medicine Vol. 368 Sustainable Living Vol. 319 Reproduction & Fertility Vol. 344 Renewable Energy Vol. 369 LGBT+ Issues Vol. 320 Child Abuse Vol. 345 Consumer Affairs Vol. 370 Domestic Violence and Abuse Vol. 321 Disordered Eating Vol. 346 Mental Health Vol. 371 The Internet and Us Vol. 322 Money Issues Vol. 347 The Censorship Debate Vol. 372 Our Human Rights Vol. 323 Our National Health Vol. 348 World Health Vol. 373 Drug Use and Abuse Vol. 324 Teenage Health Vol. 349 Gambling Culture Vol. 374 Animal Rights Vol. 325 Housing in the UK Vol. 350 Lifestyle Diets Vol. 375 Body Image Vol. 326 Alcohol Vol. 351 The Anxiety Epidemic Vol. 376 Racism Vol. 327 Disability in the UK Vol. 352 Biotech & Bioethics Vol. 377 Poverty Vol. 328 Understanding Cannabis Vol. 353 Education Vol. 378 Ageing Vol. 329 Changing families Vol. 354 Relationships Vol. 379 Understanding Sexual Health Vol. 330 Suicide & Self-injury Vol. 355 Terrorism

3 ActionAid 306.32 advanced decisions 362.41 Action for Children 306.12 adventure tourism 365.1 Action on Elder Abuse 311.21–2 advertising active euthanasia 287.1, 2, 362.1, 16, 41 and body image 375.16, 19, 21–3, 25, 33 active travel 313.34–5 consumer affairs 345.28, 41 activism 371.10, 372.35–8 and gambling 349.6, 12, 17, 25, 34–5 Activities of Daily Living (ADL) 378.4 gender stereotypes in 364.32–3 activity levels, and gender 341.16, 20 online 371.4 actors, pressures on 375.26–7 and sexualisation 310.2, 27, 34 Acts of Parliament 360.3, 6–8, 41 and tobacco 349.17 acupressure 343.7 see also marketing; media acupuncture 343.6, 16–17, 21, 41 Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) 364.41, 375.33, 41 Adams, Gerry 355.2 on gender stereotypes 364.32–3 addiction Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (Acas) 304.25, 28 consequences of 373.2, 32–3 aesthetic labour 375.26–7 and crime 373.1 aesthetic surgery see cosmetic surgery definition 373.1, 41 affluence see wealth drugs 301.33, 37, 324.20, 334.5, 6 affordable housing 336.13–15 environmental factors 373.2–3 Afghanistan, armed forces in 289.6, 15, 27, 28, 33, 356.15, 27 gambling 324.16, 334.7, 12–14, 25–6, 349.26–7 aflatoxin 348.19 gaming 324.16 Africa genetic factors 373.2 death penalty 295.39 as health/medical issue 301.29, 32 and digital technology 322.30 heroin 301.34 economic impact of travel and tourism 294.2 impact on family and friends 301.38 fertility rates 363.26, 31 internet pornography 318.33 global poverty 306.28 mobile phones 334.6 HIV 314.2, 5, 18 natural highs 324.20 life expectancy 378.5, 6 nicotine 324.18 nutrition 348.4 over-the-counter medicines 301.10 population growth 363.20–1, 27–9 physical 373.1 poverty 377.21–2 pornography 318.32 retirement age 378.12–14 psychological 373.1 and women’s unequal labour 364.1 rehabilitation 373.12, 33, 35–9 African elephants 332.14, 17 risk factors 301.36–7, 373.3, 31–2 African medicine 343.8–9 services 301.35 African National Congress (ANC) 355.2 signs of 373.2 after school clubs, and sport 313.11 social media 340.13, 15–16, 18–19, 36, 38–9, 41 age stereotyping 373.32–3 of adulthood 354.1 teenagers 324.15, 16 and the Armed Forces 356.2, 9–11 withdrawal 373.1, 3, 41 and body image 307.1, 3, 5, 22 see also dependency; Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) and British identity 312.2 Additional Member System (AMS) 360.25 and cohabitation 316.18 Adelie penguins 357.19 compulsory school age 353.1–2, 7–8 ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) 324.2, 334.6 of consent 297.26, 299.9, 320.38, 354.33–4 adjustment disorder 334.2–3 of criminal responsibility 295.19, 354.1 admissions to university 333.7 and cyberbullying 361.4 see also UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service) and dementia 323.23, 24 adolescent marriage 342.25 discrimination 311.6, 16–17, 378.19, 41 see also child marriage and eating disorders 321.2, 5, 18–19 adolescents and teenagers and fertility 319.3, 5, 6–7, 10, 24, 25 abusive relationships 370.22–3, 34–6 gender pay gap 293.24, 25, 29 access to services 334.13 heart disease 323.24 anxiety 351.26–7 and home buying 325.21 body image issues 375.10, 18, 22, 34 and internet use 371.1 dating violence 370.20–2 milestones 354.1 depression 334.33–4 and obesity 313.21 and domestic abuse 354.35 of raised participation 353.4 LGBT issues 369.16, 34–5 restrictions mental health problems 334.10–13, 33–4, 351.26–7 arcades 349.1 pregnancy 309.19–20, 324.32 betting 349.2 relationship abuse 296.18–20 lotteries 349.2 rights of 354.1 and self-esteem 307.33–4 and romantic relationships 354.26–7 stereotypes 378.22–3 school-based counselling 334.13 structure of UK population 292.2 teenage births 324.32 and surrogacy 319.28 teenage parents 309.18, 20 and university 333.11–12, 13, 30–2 see also young people see also ageing; children; older people; young people adoption 297.26, 31–2, 319.29–30, 354.13 age discrimination 311.6, 16–17, 378.19, 41 background identity 319.30 ageing 311.1, 3, 16, 25 emotions and feelings 319.30 brain 311.38 fostering 319.29 community 311.17 help and support 319.30 definition 378.41 adult gaming centres (AGCs) 349.1 economic contribution 311.17 adulthood employment 311.23 legal age of 354.1 families 311.26, 36 milestones 354.1 fitness 311.17, 23 redefining 345.1–2 global 292.18–19 adult magazines, and retail industry 310.31–2 health 311.11, 17, 35–6 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (2014) 346.11 housing 311.17, 24, 37, 325.21

4 memory 311.39 “all lives matter” 376.9–10 pensions 311.7, 8 All-Party Parliamentary Groups (APPGs) 360.41 and smoking 337.1 All Saints’ Day 358.23 social isolation 311.35 All Souls’ Day 358.23 in urban areas 311.25–7 almshouses, history of 306.5 volunteering 311.17 al-Qaeda 355.3, 4, 5, 41 see also life expectancy; older people Al-Shabaab 355.15–16 ageing population 363.4–5, 6, 12, 41, 378.1–3, 20, 41 alternative therapies 346.35 and economics 378.2 definition 343.1 agency workers 335.2 types of 343.2–17 Age UK see also individual therapies on elder abuse 370.19 alternative tourism 365.41 Internet Champions 299.23 Alternative Vote (AV) 360.24–5 on old age care 378.29, 31 Alzheimer’s disease, and death 323.23, 24 on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) 379.19 Amazon 340.5 aggression, in sport 341.41 Amazon rainforest 290.6–7, 357.6, 16 agitation 334.3 American Apparel, and advertising 310.34 agnosticism 358.14, 19, 41 ammonia 337.41 agoraphobia 351.4, 41 Amnesty International 300.17–18, 20–1, 369.24, 372.35–6 agricultural biotechnology 352.2 on abortion 302.35–6, 367.10 see also crops on cobalt mining 344.32–3 agriculture 332.10, 357.24–7 on prostitution 318.3–5, 6, 7, 13 net zero targets 357.37 amphetamine 373.5, 22, 28, 41 see also farming amputees 323.38 Aguilera, Christina, and sexualisationaid 310.24 AMR (antimicrobial resistance) 323.32, 33 Ahmed, Samira 364.17 amyl nitrates (poppers) 301.19, 30 aid 305.22–3 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 338.8 and global poverty 305.22 anabolic steroids 301.14, 15–16, 341.28–9, 41, 373.4, 22 and healthcare 305.22, 23 anaerobic digestion 315.24 and sanctions 305.14 anal cancer 309.25 AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) 314.1, 11, 12, 39, 348.17, anarchist terrorism 355.6, 7 379.16–17 anencephaly 302.35 and animal experimentation 374.15 anger, and grief 319.11 death 314.2, 3, 6, 14, 15 Animal Boarding Establishments Act 1963 303.2 global investment in 314.3 Animal Defenders International (ADI) 303.10, 26, 374.20 innate defence 314.36 on badger culling 303.27 memorials 314.27 on hunting 303.27 misinformation 314.24 on primates as pets 303.28 and mortality 363.20 Animal Health and Welfare (Scotland) Act 2006 374.5, 8 stigma 314.11 Animal Protection Index (API) 374.6–7 timeline 314.6 animals see also HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) abuse of 296.21 airbrushing 307.11, 16, 18, 25, 375.30, 41 gene editing 352.38–9 airlines husbandry 288.16–17 budget 365.6, 12 research and experiments 303.13, 14, 33, 35, 36, 374.14–25, 41 frequent flyers 365.24–5 banning cosmetics tests 303.38–9 air pollution 323.26, 348.3, 5, 6, 10, 11–12, 41, 365.30 cost–benefit analysis 303.13 and sleep 323.26 and firebombing 303.13 from tourism 294.16–17 and GM animals 303.15–16, 35 see also emissions and legislation 303.39 airships 294.36 to replace, refine, reduce 303.33–4, 35 air travel 365.24 rights 303.6, 12, 13, 14, 24, 25, 37–8, 350.8 alcohol 324.15, 19, 22, 333.32–3, 354.1, 356.9, 26, 373.9, 14–15 consent 374.38–9 and assaults 309.27 defining 374.1, 41 binge drinking 324.15, 25 dog racing 303.16 consumption trends 301.4, 6 extremists 374.41 cutting down 322.25 firebombing 303.13 dependency 334.5, 336.7, 38–9 fur farming 303.30, 31–2 and depression 346.28 hunting 303.27 and domestic violence 296.5, 11 legislation 303.21, 27 drink-driving 324.33 and moral judgments 374.3–4 and fertility 319.2, 14 personhood 303.22–3, 24–5 impacts of 324.33, 39 petting zoos 303.22 and the law 301.19 poaching 303.27 and military veterans 289.25, 27, 33, 34 sentience 374.9 parental influence 301.4 suffering 374.1, 9, 19 public health/economic costs of 301.7 welfare 288.8–9, 10, 15, 31, 32, 303.1, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17–18, 29, -related accidents 324.33 350.8, 12–13, 34 substance abuse programmes 324.20 Animal Protection Index (API) 374.6–7 substitutes 301.31 badger culling 303.27–8 teetotalism 324.25 banning primates as pets 303.11, 28 see also drink driving bullfighting 303.5 alcoholism 373.2 circuses 374.26 A-levels (Advanced Level) 333.1–2, 41, 353.18–19, 41 dog festival 303.17–18 Alexander Technique 343.11 dog fighting 303.8–9 Algeria, censorship in 347.11 dog trafficking 303.3, 4 alkaline diet 288.35 elephant riding trips 303.29 allergies, food 339.17, 350.27–9, 41 fur farming 303.30–2 Allergy UK 350.27 legislation 303.1–2, 10, 26, 27, 374.5, 8 all-inclusive resorts 294.30–1 live exports 303.15–16

5 overweight 303.19–20 celebrities with 334.26, 27 and pets 374.5, 8, 12–13 in children 346.11 puppy farms 303.3, 4 in college students 334.6–7 trophy hunting 374.28–9 disorders 351.3–5, 35–6 wild animals in circuses 303.10, 26–7, 29 epidemic 351.6–7 zoos 374.33–5 and exercise 313.9 Animals Asia, on dog festival 303.17–18 explaining 351.1, 41 Animal Welfare Act 2006 303.1, 374.5, 8, 41 inherited 351.2 Annual Population Survey (2018), on non-religious population 358.18 in the modern world 351.6 Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) 364.15 and mortality 351.7 anonymity, and cyberbullying 361.18–19 and physical health 351.12 anonymous apps 361.18–19 and poverty 351.17–18 anorexia athletica 321.23, 30 self-help for 351.24 anorexia nervosa 307.16, 321.1, 5, 21, 24, 31, 38, 350.18–20 sleep problems 304.18, 324.36 death 321.5 statistics 351.10–11 genetic traits 321.5–6 symptoms 351.1–2, 20–1, 37 help and support for 321.26–7, 28 in teenagers 351.26–7 history of 321.28 treatments for 346.12, 33, 351.7, 9, 24–5, 28–9, 32, 35, 37–9 multiple factors 321.39 triggers 351.18–20, 30, 37 OCD 321.30 ‘anxiety economy’ 351.7–9 social factors 321.38 APEDs (appearance and performance enhancing drugs) 321.12 treatment for 321.24–5, 26, 27, 28–31 appearance trivialisation of 321.38 and gene editing 352.9–10 antenatal depression 346.1, 351.22–3 see also body image antibiotic resistance 348.16, 37–8 appetite changes 334.1 antibiotics 352.2 Apple technology 317.21–2, 34, 340.5 farming 288.19 applied relaxation therapy 351.24 herbal 343.31–2 apprenticeships 323.34, 333.41, 335.2–3, 33–7 prescription 323.32, 343.32–3 case studies 333.4–5 resistance 323.32, 33 funding of 323.34, 333.13–14 unprescribed 323.32–3 inequality 308.38, 39 anti-bullying app 361.27 rates of pay 335.5, 33, 37 antidepressants 334.1, 29–32, 41, 351.24, 373.13–14 vs university 333.3–5, 36–7 and anorexia 321.27 vocational degrees 333.3 and happiness 314.37 apps 299.5, 307.21, 22–3, 322.30, 351.9 anti-English sentiment 376.24–5 anonymous 361.18–19 anti-immigration policies 359.27 anti-bullying 361.27 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) 323.32, 33, 348.41 anti-racist tools 308.37–8 anti-racist practices 376.28, 39 disclaimers 307.21 antiretroviral therapy (ART) 314.4–6, 8–9, 17–18, 29, 348.1 fertility 319.9 antibody trials 314.35 gaming 307.21–2 global statistics 314.3 healthcare data 323.36–7, 39 and other conditions 314.31 healthcare diagnoses 323.36, 37 and viral suppression 314.8–11, 24, 26, 35 health tracking 313.38 anti-Semitism 355.17, 376.12, 41 healthy living 341.4–5 anti-social behaviour 336.10 for mental health 346.38–9 of tourists 294.31 online privacy 323.37 anti-terrorism see counter-terrorism safety contracts 320.32 anti-virus software 371.26 Sesame Credit 299.3 antivirus software 340.21 Snapchat 299.3, 9 anxiety 304.17, 19–20, 26, 29, 324.2, 36, 334.41, 346.1, 41 spending on 299.5, 322.7, 26, 35 accessing treatment 351.25 student planning 299.17 avoiding 351.2 see also social media awareness of 351.6–7 Apulia and Calabria migration route 292.23 causes of 351.1–2, 6, 37 aquaculture 332.6

6 ‘aquatic cocaine’ 332.11 countries permitting 362.4, 8–9 Arafat, Yasser 355.2 as criminal act 362.8, 28 arcades 349.1, 17 definitions 287.1, 2, 19, 362.1, 4, 8, 16, 19, 41 ARFID (Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder) 321.6 and dignity in death 362.32 arguments and disabled people 362.18–20, 38 in families 354.9–10 distinction from euthanasia 287.35 with friends 354.23 legal position 287.1–2, 18, 19–21 in relationships 354.15–16, 379.27 legislation 362.1–5, 7, 10–14, 16, 21 Aristotle 360.1 physician-assisted 287.4, 6–7, 19, 21, 27, 39 armed conflict see war and conflict public view of 362.6–7, 21, 28, 30 Armed Forces 289.1–39, 372.7 statistics 362.5–6 under-18s recruitment 289.7, 9, 11, 15 and terminal illness 362.18, 20, 32–6 attitudes to 356.3–4, 20 see also assisted dying; euthanasia; physician-assisted suicide (PAS) definition 356.41 Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) 374.34 as heros 356.3–4 Assumption of Mary 358.23 recruitment and selection 289.8–11, 17, 19, 24 Assured Shorthold Tenancies 336.10, 13 recruitment approaches 356.5–7, 9–11 asylum restructuring and downsizing 289.17–18, 26 applications 359.2, 30, 35–6, 41 role in society 356.20 asylum seeker status 359.30–1, 35–6 support for 356.20 refugee status 359.30–1 transition from 356.30–9 Syrian refugees 359.31 women in 289.9, 20–2, 293.20 worldwide statistics 359.31–4 see also military; personnel; war and conflict asylum seekers 359.30–1, 35–6, 41 Armed Forces Day 356.3, 20 age-disputed cases 342.2 Army 289.2, 8 children 342.1–3, 37–8 Cadet Force 289.12 numbers of 292.7 recruitment and selection 289.9, 15, 17 see also refugees reservists 289.2, 15, 17, 28 asymptomatic viral shedding 379.3 risks 289.6 atheism 316.7, 355.41, 358.2, 13–14, 19, 41 see also British Army athletes Army Foundation College 356.11 injuries 341.31–2 aromatherapy 343.6, 41, 351.32, 37–9 performance 341.5–6 arranged marriage 316.21 as role models 341.6 arrest, and violence 320.16–17 Atlantic Ocean, and waste 315.14 arrhythmia, and exercise 313.7 ATMs (Automated Teller Machines) 322.8–9 arsenic 374.15 Attachment-based Compassion Therapy (ACT) 343.22 arson 366.2 attachment 354.12–13 art Attenborough, David 357.17, 31, 368.19, 22 artistic freedom 347.36–9 attendance, school 353.22–3 middle class participation 291.12 attention spans 371.8 therapy 343.6, 346.35 atypical depression 334.2 artificial intelligence (AI) 357.23 austerity 305.33, 306.21, 338.2, 4 in care homes 378.26 policies 377.14, 41 and criminal culpability 299.35 and poverty 306.4, 9, 11, 23, 318.2 Ascension Day 358.22 and work 306.21 asexuality 297.6, 369.2, 13, 41 Australia Asgardia 312.14–15 abortion 302.15 ASH (Action on Smoking and Health) on e-cigarettes 337.32 AIDS 314.11–12 ashes, scattering 338.27 compulsory voting 360.17 Ash Wednesday 358.22 digital technology 322.31 Asia domestic violence 320.5 Asian history in Britain 376.35 fertility 319.24–5 economic impact of travel and tourism 294.2 globalisation 305.8–9 global poverty 306.28 Great Barrier Reef 357.17 HIV 314.18 healthcare 323.6–7 life expectancy 378.5, 7, 10 high temperatures 357.29 mobile payments 322.30–1 home building 325.38 population decline 363.27–9 human rights issues 372.30–1 population growth 363.20, 27–9 immigration statistics 359.3–4 retirement age 378.13–14 international trade 305.35 Asian elephants 357.19 Islamophobia 308.37 Asian ethnicity 308.9–10 prostitution 318.27–8 Asia-Pacific region, and religion 358.2 racism 308.37 ASMR (Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response) videos 346.36–7, 41 retirement age 378.13–14 aspirin 311.14–15 school bullying 304.37 gastrointestinal bleeding 311.15 and voluntary euthanasia 362.9 heart disease 311.14, 15 Austria stroke 311.14, 15 immigration statistics 359.4 assertiveness 307.31, 35 online privacy 317.38 assimilation 359.26, 41 autism 343.35–6 assisted dying 287.4 and anxiety 351.28 arguments for and against 287.5–6 and smoking 337.6 definitions 362.4, 8, 19, 41 aviation 357.37 law 287.18, 19–39 see also air travel vulnerability 287.11, 21, 23, 25, 30, 31, 33 avocados 339.34–5 see also assisted suicide; euthanasia avoidance 351.2, 21 Assisted Dying bills 287.14, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24–8, 33, 34, 35–6, 37, 362.3, 13 Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) 321.6 Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill 362.2 Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) 354.14 assisted suicide 287.1–39 AWOL (absent without leave) 356.41 arguments for and against 287.2–3, 5–6 Ayurveda 358.21

7 euthanasia 287.1, 7, 11, 12, 22, 25–6 B and euthanasia 362.9, 26–7 B&B (bed and breakfast) accommodation 325.15–16, 336.26 immigration statistics 359.4 see also temporary accommodation beliefs babies and birth versus faith 358.16 baby blues 334.3, 14 nature of 358.16–17 birth rates 292.2, 5, 358.3 philosophical 358.16–17 and HIV 314.2, 24, 29–30 see also humanism; religion; individual religions life expectancy 311.4 Belly Button Challenge 307.19 mortality 306.27 benefits system 377.1, 3, 5, 7, 19, 41 mothers born outside UK 292.3, 6, 11 Child Benefit 335.8 premature babies 302.26 Child Tax Credit 335.9 prison births 295.23–5 Council Tax Support 335.8–9 stillborn 338.10–11 freeze of 336.3–4 teenage births 324.32 Housing Benefit 335.8–9, 336.3–4, 10–11 see also fertility; postnatal depression Jobseekers’ Allowance 335.8, 10, 336.2, 10 baby boom 363.3, 8 people not claiming 335.10 baby boomers 345.30, 33, 368.5 Universal Credit 335.6–9 drug abuse 373.14–15 Bentham, Jeremy 358.16 and meat-free diets 350.4–5 benzodiazepines 373.5, 13, 22 and obesity 339.4 benzodiazepine tranquillisers 351.24 backbenchers 360.41 Bercow, John 360.10 backpacking 365.38–9 on diversity 308.32 back pain 343.2, 4, 11 bereavement 338.21, 28–36 bacteria 348.16, 19 counselling 338.29 bacterial genes 352.30 sensing the dead 338.35–6 badgers, culling 303.27–8 and social media 338.30–1 Baha’i faith 303.37, 358.2, 8–9, 31 and young children 338.34–5 Bahrain, immigration statistics 359.3 Berlin, studying in 333.2 balanced diet 339.11–12, 17–19, 34–5, 350.23 beta-blockers 351.24 see also diet; healthy eating Bethlem Hospital, history of 306.5 bamboo 357.18 Better2Know, on sexual health 379.3 BAME personnel, in the Armed Forces 356.16 betting Bangladesh age restrictions 349.2 and fertility 293.2 Fixed-Odds Betting Terminals (FOBTs) 349.1, 17, 26–30 and gender equality 293.2, 3 pools 349.2, 41 and girls’ education 293.2 and World Cup 349.14 and sexual health 293.2 see also gambling Ban Ki Moon 293.32 Beyoncé 310.26 Bank of England 298.33 bias 364.41 ‘Bank of Mum and Dad’ 322.3, 325.1–2 unconscious 364.3 banks 298.12–13, 23, 305.38, 306.12, 34 Bible 358.13, 31, 34 apps 322.26 Big Butterfly Count 357.34 ATMs 322.8–9 big cats circuses 303.10, 26 basic accounts 306.37 endangered 303.27 charges 306.37 hunting of 303.27 debt with 306.9 Big Fat Gypsy Weddings (TV) 308.7 digital technology 322.9, 30, 32 bikes see cycling financial inclusion 322.22 Bill of Rights 360.14, 372.5 human touchloans 322.24, 27 Bills, process through Parliament 360.6–8, 41 mobile banking 322.27 bin death 336.41 online banking 322.27 binge drinking 324.15, 25 protectionism 305.32 binge eating disorder (BED) 321.1, 2, 33, 324.2 Barbie bingo 349.2, 7, 41 gender inclusive dolls 364.37 biocapacity 368.4 images 307.13 biodegradable waste 315.2, 16, 368.4, 23, 41 surveillance 317.37 biodiversity 357.34 barbiturates 373.22 loss 290.2–3, 20 Barclays 356.38–9 and overpopulation 363.22–3 Barnardo’s 342.2 targets 357.1 on child poverty 306.13 bioethics 352.3–4, 31–9 on sexual exploitation 320.9–10, 25 biofuel energy 344.21, 40, 352.3 basic income 377.35–6 biohacking 352.21–2, 32, 41 bathing, as treatment 351.39 biological sex 369.2, 3 batteries 315.26 biological weapons 355.4 Battersea Dogs and Cats Home, on puppy farms 303.4 biomass energy 344.3, 5, 40 BBC, and gender discrimination 364.17 biomonitoring 352.7 bears 332.17 biotechnology beavers 332.17 agricultural 352.2 BED (binge eating disorder) 321.1, 2, 33, 324.2 applications 352.2–3, 7 bedded down 336.7 definition 352.1, 41 see also rough sleeping in food 352.19 beef, and climate change 357.24–7 and forests 352.26–8 bees 332.21, 37–8, 352.17 industrial 352.3 ‘before and after’ photographs 375.17 and inequalities 352.33 begging 300.6–7, 336.28, 41 medical 352.1–2 Begum, Shamima 355.25–7 in medicine 352.11–13, 16, 23–4 behaviour disorders, in children 346.10–11, 20 pharmaceutical drugs 352.1, 3 Belarus, death penalty 295.39 bioterrorism 352.34 Belgium bioweapons 357.23

8 biphobia 369.13 getting help 307.2 bipolar disorder 334.3, 20, 32, 41, 346.2, 41 healthy bodies 321.22 celebrities with 334.26, 27 humour 307.27–8 BirdLife International, on slaughtered birds 303.9 impact of lockdown 375.18 birds infantilisation 307.26–7 endangered 332.5, 10, 17–18, 22, 34 influences on 375.1 feeding 357.33 mannequins 321.38 as pets 374.13 marginalisation 307.27, 28 slaughter of 303.9, 12 media alternatives 307.15 tracking 332.36 media pressure 307.1, 4 Birmingham, and tourism 365.4 and mental health 375.1–2 birth see babies and birth narcissism 307.6 birth control see contraception ‘normal’ parameters 307.26 birth rates 363.2–3, 7–11, 29, 36–7, 41 safety 307.26 ‘birth strikers’ 363.38–9 social pressure 307.19, 27 bisexuality 369.2, 12, 13, 15, 20–3, 41 status 307.6 see also LGBTQIA+ community teasing 307.1–2 bison 332.16 see also sexualisation Bisphenol A 379.7 body language, and consent 379.31 bitcoin 322.34, 35–6 body positivity 375.3, 17, 29, 35–9 app 322.35 body weight and ransomware 322.36 and anorexia 321.21, 27, 28, 30, 32 black and minority ethnic (BME) people 308.9–10, 18, 19, 310.26 and contraceptive pill 309.3 education 308.28 and disordered eating 321.17 employment 308.12, 27, 38–9 and eating disorders 321.1, 6, 7, 8 films 308.9, 32 and exercise 307.39, 313.5 hate crime 308.12 and fertility 319.4 HIV 314.2, 5 and IVF 319.21 inequality 308.9, 12 see also overweight and obesity labelling as white 308.31 Boko Haram 355.15–16 marriage 316.26 bones personnel recruitment, armed forces 289.9, 24 and exercise 313.6 politics 312.30 and sport 313.6 racial stereotyping 308.31–2 bookmaker 349.41 schools 308.16 books sexualisation 310.26, 30 and censorship 347.31–5 violence 308.37–8 gender–neutral labelling 293.14, 15–16 Black Friday 345.10–13, 41 booze cruises 365.11 black history, in Britain 376.1, 35 borders, and migration 318.38–9 Black Lives Matter 376.4, 6, 9–10, 13–14, 26 Born Free 374.26, 28–9 Black Panthers 310.26 borrowing see debt ‘blacksplaining’ 376.33 Botswana blaming government 360.39 in relationships 354.28 and SDGs 314.9 see also control bovine TB, and badger culling 303.27–8 blasphemy 347.1, 4, 6, 358.36–7, 41 bowel cancer blocking 371.39 and exercise 313.5 blogging 350.19–20 surviving 323.31–2 on clean eating 321.14–15, 16–17, 36 boycotts 342.41 freedom of speech 347.1 as campaign tool 345.38 and online privacy 317.39 boyfriends 354.26–7 blood pressure 339.19, 21 see also romantic relationships blood transfusions, and HIV 314.2 boys and young men Blue New Deal 294.9 and accidents 323.24 ‘Blue Planet’ effect 368.19, 23 and addiction 324.16 BME see black and minority ethnic people and body image 307.15 BMI (body mass index) 307.3, 16, 313.12, 18–19, 21, 339.1, 6 and diabetes 324.3, 35 and calorie intake 313.12 education inequality 364.19 and fertility 319.14 and exercise 324.31 board games 378.33 and fashion industry 310.2 bodybuilding 375.14–15 and fitness 313.10 body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) 307.8, 9–12, 13–14, 351.3, 375.3, 6, 11, 21, and gender equality 314.32 41 and HIV 314.16–17 and social media 340.17 mental health and wellbeing 324.11–12 body image 293.7, 34, 307.1, 2, 3, 5, 13, 15, 28, 310.33, 369.36, 379.1 mortality 323.23–4 and airbrushing 307.16, 18, 25, 375.30 and obesity 313.21–2 and anorexia 307.16 and pornography 310.7, 38, 39, 318.34, 35 and Barbie images 307.13 and self-esteem 307.38 and BMI 307.3, 16 and selfies 318.35 body positive campaigns 307.17–18 and sex 309.29 comparing to others 375.2, 24 and sexual abuse 320.15 comparisons 307.6–7 and sexual bullying 304.7 cosmetic surgery 307.20, 21–4 and sexual dysfunction 309.16 definition 375.1, 41 and sexual exploitation 320.9–10 and disability 375.19 sexualisation of 310.2 disordered eating 321.12, 13, 16–17 shamed by feminist ideology 293.17–18 dissatisfaction with 375.4–5, 10, 16, 31 and STIs 309.25 eating disorders 321.8, 20, 22–3 and suicide 324.8–9 emotions 307.26, 27 see also children; men friendship 307.7 BPI (brief psycho-social intervention) 334.33

9 brain bricks-and-mortar stores 345.5–6 and addiction 324.20 bridge, sport status of 341.10 and animal research 303.33–4 ‘bring your own device’ (BYOD) 299.17 and anorexia 321.3, 29, 30, 31 Bristol University 333.6 brain stem death 287.23 British Army 356.41 and cannabis 301.11 ‘Belonging’ campaign 356.6 impacts of drugs on 373.4 equality and diversity 356.16 impairment 324.34 partners 356.29 and memory 311.38 recruitment 356.6 reward systems 373.1, 28 Royal Engineers 356.14 and sugar 324.34–5 women in 356.13 brain drain 305.6 British Bill of Rights 300.30, 33, 36–7 brain training, online 311.20–1 British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) 347.24 brands 305.7–8 British citizenship 312.3 clothing label sizes 305.8–9 see also citizenship and consumerism 345.16–17 British Humanist Association (BHA) multinational 345.35 on animal welfare 303.7 Brazil on marriage 316.6, 10 and abortion 302.24 British identity 308.4, 5, 312.1–2, 10, 16 and animal research 303.38 and civic identity 312.2 and body image 307.23–4 and devolution 312.10–11

CO2 emissions 357.3 and ethnic identity 312.2 rainforest 357.16 and globalisation 305.7–8 breakfast clubs 306.17, 36 history of 312.10 breaking up 354.38–9 as minefield 312.16 Breakthrough UK 287.34 and multiculturalism 312.13–14 break ups 379.28 British Medical Association (BMA) 323.12 breast cancer on abortion 319.36 chemotherapy 319.8 on assisted dying 287.4, 362.29 and death 323.24 on assisted suicide 287.4, 27 and fertility 319.8 on employment 323.13, 14 and selfies 310.36 on funding 323.12–13, 20 breastfeeding on HIV 314.23 and sexualisation 310.21 on restricted access 323.13–14 and vegan diet 288.4 on training 323.14 breasts, and sexualisation 310.21, 22, 28 British overseas citizens 312.4 breathing techniques 351.37–8 British overseas territories citizens 312.3–4 Breeding and Sale of Dogs (Welfare) Act 1999 303.2 British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS) 367.1 Breeding of Dogs Acts 303.2 British Social Attitudes (BSA) survey Brent 368.9 on non-religious population 358.18 Brexit 360.10, 11, 28 on religion 358.1 and anxiety 351.13–14 British Social Attitudes survey, on euthanasia 362.6 citizenship 312.13, .35, 36, 37, 38, 39 British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) 374.21 and consumer rights 345.24 Brit Milah (circumcision) 296.14 and European Union (EU) citizens 359.13–14 broadband 299.24, 25, 340.1 and globalisation 305.20, 21, 36, 38–9 broken heart syndrome 338.33 and human rights 372.6 Brook 309.17 immigration 359.22–5 brothels 318.11, 16, 22–3 impact on tourism 365.7 brownfield land 325.20, 29 and low pay 335.5 and greenfield land 325.25 and racism 376.1–2 villages 325.29 and residence rights of children 342.3–4 brucella 348.19 risks to health 348.38–39 Bt protein 352.2 and work 335.5 Buddhism 355.2, 358.2–4, 9, 11, 17, 18, 31, 41 bribery, apps 307.22–3 and assisted dying 287.3

10 and euthanasia 362.17 parental separation 316.36, 37–8 Budget (Finance Bill) 360.41 caffeine 351.9, 19 budget airlines 365.6, 12 Caged North West, on dog racing 303.16 budgeting 333.17 calcium 350.23 see also money; tuition fees Call The Midwife 367.38–9 Buenos Aires, prostitution 318.4–5 Call to Men UK, A 293.17 building of new homes 336.9, 13, 15 calories bulimia 375.12–13 checker 341.4 bulimia nervosa 321.1, 5, 34 intake 313.12, 20 bullfighting 303.5 CAM see complementary and alternative medicine bullying 304.1, 3, 6–8, 12–15, 22–4, 32, 334.6, 356.16, 361.41, 369.19 cameras, on drones 317.30 and advertising 304.23 Cameron, David 356.12 anti-bullying app 361.27 Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE) 325.24–8, 36, 37 anti-bullying strategies 297.23, 304.1 campus life 333.16–17, 21–5 and anxiety 304.17, 18, 19–20 Canada 360.39 and appearance 304.3 and animal research 303.38, 39

and consumerism 345.17 CO2 emissions 357.3 definition 304.4 and euthanasia 362.9 and depression 304.20, 21 immigration statistics 359.3–4 face-to-face 361.10 and renewable energy 344.25 and friendship 304.32, 33 women in armed forces 289.21 and gender 361.4, 11 cancer 337.1–2, 4, 9, 10, 13, 16, 19, 24, 27, 32, 352.20–1, 29–30, 378.5, 8, 21, and health 304.14–15 35–6, 379.20, 41 help and support 304.1, 13, 32–3, 316.36 anal 309.25 impacts 304.3, 6, 16, 19, 24 and anxiety 351.12 intervention 361.10 bowel 313.5, 323.31–2 lack of support 297.23, 30 cervical 309.25 and leadership 304.15 and exercise 313.5 and mental health 304.6, 17, 19, 20 home death 338.16 name calling 304.2 Kaposi’s Sarcoma 314.6 online 371.20 liquid biopsies 348.37 and peer pressure 304.7 obesity and 339.4 and popularity 304.10 palliative care 311.2 prevention 361.28–9 surviving 323.31, 32 racist 304.7, 308.36, 361.26, 41 as taboo subject 338.6 recording 304.1 see also breast cancer reporting 304.3, 4, 13 cannabis 301.1–2, 324.15–16, 373.4, 9, 22, 23 risk factors 304.7–8 consumption trends 301.5, 6, 21 and self–esteem 304.23, 32 effects on the brain 301.11 sexual 304.7, 361.41 and emergency medical treatment 301.7 sibling 354.14 legalisation of 373.26–7 sleep problems 304.18 medical benefits 373.27 and social isolation 304.17 medicinal 346.32 statistics 361.10 penalties for possession 301.19, 22 and stress 304.24 synthetic 373.20–1, 22, 28 violent 361.11 synthetic cannabis alternatives 301.6–7, 31 witnessing 304.6, 16 canned hunting 294.31 in the workplace 361.14–15 Canterbury, pilgrimage 358.26 see also cyberbullying; homophobic bullying; school bullying; workplace Capita, on army recruitment 356.6 bullying capital punishment, of animals 374.4 bumble bees 332.21, 37–8 caps, contraceptive 309.6 burglary 366.1–2, 3 captive animals, as tourist attractions 294.31 burial, cost of 338.18–20 carbohydrates Burma, religious persecution 358.38–9 cutting down on 339.14–15 burqa 358.32–3, 41 sources of 341.36 bursaries 323.34, 333.19–20 sport and 339.18 business see also starchy foods ethics 298.39 car bombs 355.3–4 family businesses 298.17–19 carbon high-growth companies 298.4–5 footprint 357.41 law violations 298.12–13 offsets 357.41 reducing environmental impact 290.36 tax 357.5–6, 41 schools 298.13 carbon capture and storage (CCS) 357.36 start-ups 298.2, 5, 15, 21 carbon dioxide (CO2) 344.3, 357.6

studies see also CO2 emissions and corporate crime 298.12–13 carbon footprint 290.14, 17, 24, 344.3, 350.2, 11, 365.27 research programmes 298.13 Carboniferous period 332.1–2 business travel 365.1, 3–4 carbon monoxide 337.37 butane hash oil (BHO) 301.6 carbon neutral 357.2 ‘butterflies in the stomach’ 351.1 carbon offsetting 294.20–1 buttocks, and sexualisation 310.22 car design, and gender equality 364.1 ‘buy a homeless’ project 336.19–20 cardiovascular disease 337.16–17 CareConfidential, on abortion 302.4, 18, 19 cared-for children 309.18 Career Colleges 333.41 C careers advice Cabinet 360.2 city careers 291.19–20 Cadet Forces 289.12 for girls 293.34 cadmium 337.41 Career Transition Partnership (CTP) 356.37 Cafcass (Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service), on care homes 311.5, 30–1, 378.26

11 Care Homes Reading Project 311.30–1 chamomile 351.38 Care Not Killing 362.28 Change4Life programme 307.39 Care Quality Commission (CQC) 323.18–19 Sugar Smart app 341.4 Caribbean, and abortion 302.24, 25 Channel Islands, tourist board 294.12 Carlson, Jimmy 336.21 character building 307.36–7 carpooling 368.3 charities 311.28 cars and driving 313.35 anti–bullying 304.39 commuting 325.27 charity treks, impacts of 294.32 driverless vehicles 311.27 and digital technology 322.33 energy efficiency 325.31 and fairtrade 305.16 green 368.14 and sexualisation 310.37 legal age 354.1 Charity Commission 360.2 and product liability 317.32 chat rooms 340.1 and smoking legislation 324.18, 337.14 cheetahs 332.24, 357.18 smoking legislation 337.14 chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) 355.4–5 and smoking legislation 337.23 chemical weapons 355.4 smoking legislation 337.23 chemotherapy, and fertility 319.8, 31 and waste 315.5 cheques, and contactless payments 322.31 cash economy 298.33 chewing and spitting (CHSP) (eating problem) 321.11 casinos 349.2, 9, 38, 41 chhaupadi 379.10–11 caste system 308.25–6 chickens history of 308.25, 26 and food poisoning 348.9 and suicide 308.26 sentience of 374.9 and violence 308.26 child abuse 320.1, 3, 4, 27, 324.3, 354.18–19 CAT (cognitive analytic therapy), and anorexia 321.26 and bullying 304.7–8, 19–20 catfishing 361.6, 41 and compulsory action 320.30 Catholicism custody and detention 320.16–17 and abortion 302.12, 15, 21 disease risks 320.24 and euthanasia 362.17 and domestic violence 320.5, 6 and food poverty 306.25 emotional abuse 320.3, 4–5 and population growth 292.29, 30 emotional responses 320.1 Cathy Come Home 336.2–3 fabricated illness 320.19–20 cats 303.18, 374.10–11, 13 and fault 320.1 dieting 303.20 help and counselling 320.1, 2, 324.3 as meat 303.17, 18 impacts of 304.19 overweight 303.19, 20 internet 295.13 see also big cats and mental health 320.1 CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy) 351.7, 24, 27, 41 multiple impacts 320.1 CCGs (clinical commissioning groups) 323.1–2 neglect 320.5, 16 on funding 323.20 in prisons 295.22–3 on integrated healthcare 323.35 under-reporting 304.19, 20 CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) 317.23 reporting 320.1–2 and children’s rights 342.9 under-reporting 320.8, 27 as deterrent 317.25 reporting 320.27–8, 30 and human rights 317.25 sharing sexual images 361.25–6 CEASE therapy (Complete Elimination of Autism Spectrum Expression) socio-economic impacts 320.23 343.35–6 trust 320.8 CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination violence 320.5–6, 16, 34 against Women) 293.1, 300.2, 23 withholding money 320.16 celebrity see also sexual abuse and animal welfare 303.10 Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) 346.16–17, 39 and body image 307.5, 12, 15, 20, 24, 25, 310.33 Child Benefit 335.8 and cyberbullying 304.33–4 childbirth diets 288.21–2 complications 348.1 on mental health problems 334.26–8 young mothers 348.2 and thinspiration 310.33 child brides 364.1 Celiac Disease Foundation 350.24 childcare 353.30, 377.10 censorship 347.6–7 and income 322.2 definition 347.40 Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (CEOP), on grooming and films 347.26–7 361.34 internet 347.6–7, 9 childhood experiences, and anxiety 351.2 social media 347.2, 6–7, 8, 11 childhood obesity 313.12, 19, 21–2, 24 and surveillance 347.8 BMI 313.12, 21 technology of 347.8 exercise 313.24 world map of 347.9–10 goals 313.24 see also blasphemy; freedom of expression; freedom of speech; no- and inequality 313.22, 24 platforming shock tactics on 323.25 censorship resistance systems 347.7 undiagnosed 313.26, 323.25 centenarians 378.4, 41 ChildLine 307.38, 316.36, 324.3, 354.10, 17, 369.19 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), on antibiotics 343.33 on bullying 304.32–3 Central African Republic, and war zones 300.20 on divorce 316.36 Central Mediterranean migration route 292.23 on exam stress 346.14, 353.15–16 Centrepoint 336.22–3 on forced marriage 316.20–1 Centres for Agricultural Innovation 290.33 on internet pornography 318.33 cereal products 350.23 on mental health 324.1 ceremonial mace 360.12–13 on mental health referrals 346.16–17 cervical cancer 379.20, 41 on parental separation 316.36 cervical cancer, vaccination 309.25 on racism 308.1–2 CHAIN (Combined Homelessness and Information Network) 336.6 child maintenance 316.15 Challen, Sally 370.3 child poverty 306.7, 10–11, 13–14, 16–17, 23, 29–30, 38, 377.8, 11–13, 15, 29

12 and death 306.26 nonconforming 369.10–11 and food poverty 306.13, 17, 23, 25, 28, 36, 320.18 nutritional needs of 350.23 and happiness 306.16 obesity 339.1, 2, 6, 13 and health 306.23, 26, 30 one-child policy 363.36–7 history of 306.5 online grooming 342.35 and housing 306.7 online privacy 317.35–6, 38–9 and income 306.13, 14, 16 online safety 371.12–17, 22–7 and mental health 306.14, 15, 23 overweight 339.1, 2, 6, 13, 348.1 and rich-poor gap 306.13, 15 parental responsibility 354.3 and salvaging from waste dumps 306.32 peer approval 345.16–17 and school costs 306.15 physical activity guidelines 341.12–13 and state benefits 306.7, 11 physical literacy 313.29 and transport poverty 306.13 pocket money 322.4, 5–6, 7 and wellbeing 306.14–15 and politics 312.27 and work 306.11 and pornography 318.33 children of prisoners 295.23–5, 35 ‘2.4 children’ 363.8 protecting 337.26, 346.20–1 access to services 334.13 protection from cyberbullying 361.28–9 ADHD 324.2 PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) 318.28 age of criminal responsibility 295.19 racial discrimination 308.36 and AIDS 314.14 refugees 342.1–3, 37–8, 359.34, 37 and air pollution 348.10 residence rights of 342.3–4 asylum seekers 342.1–3, 37–8 and resilience 346.20–1 behaviour problems 334.10, 346.10–11, 20 and the retail industry 310.31–2 British nationality 312.4–5 reuniting with families 342.2–3 cared for 309.18 rights of 342.5, 10, 25–39, 372.3, 11–13 care for older parents 311.13 risk factors 346.20–1 child labour 342.13–24, 41 rules for 361.28–9 child marriage 316.13, 342.25–32, 372.27–9, 41 school-based counselling 334.13 ‘Cinderella’ law 296.12 screen time 371.5–7, 18 and ‘clean eating’ 350.23 secure attachment 354.12–13 consumerism in 345.16–17 and selfies 317.35 as crime victims 295.9–10, 33 and sexual assault 309.39 in crisis 346.18–19 sexual harassment of 342.39 custody and detention 295.16, 395.22–3 and sexualisation 310.2–3, 15–16 and depression 334.10 in single-parent households 354.11–12 designer babies 352.36–7 slavery 342.17–18, 20 detention of 342.1–2 and smoking in cars 337.14, 23 digital independence 371.11 and social media 342.9, 345.16, 354.10, 361.1, 5, 28–9, 371.10 disabled 319.30, 320.10, 29 and social relationships 354.9–10 disadvantaged 353.10 social transitioning 369.37 discipline 320.31, 34 socio-economic groups 313.11 and divorce 316.30, 34, 36, 38, 39 spending habits of 345.3–4 domestic violence 296.1, 2–3, 24, 25, 35–6, 354.35, 370.9–10, 18 and sport 313.11, 341.24 drug abuse 373.8–9 surveillance of 317.37 education 342.11, 34–5 temporary accommodation 336.7–9, 15 and employment 311.13 trafficking 342.4, 11, 41 equality for 364.13–14 and TV streaming 347.28–9 ethnic minorities 308.35 unaccompanied 342.1–3, 37–8 and euthanasia 362.9, 27 unconscious bias 364.3 exam stress 346.13–14 undocumented 342.4 and exercise 313.6, 12 of unmarried parents 354.7 experiences of cyberbullying 361.2, 3–5, 7–10, 22 in urban areas 313.34–5 exploitation 294.31, 342.41, 366.12–14 video classification 347.24 and fake news 347.21–2 vulnerable 353.24–7, 361.22 family background, effect on outcomes 291.28–9 see also adolescence; adolescents and teenagers; babies and birth; boys; and the fashion industry 310.35 education; gender identity disorder (GID); girls; school; young people and financial education 322.6, 7, 13–14 Children Act 1989 336.34 first-time parents of 354.1 Children Act 2004, and smacking 320.31 and fitness 313.10, 12–13 Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (Cafcass), on fussy eaters 339.19 parental separation 316.36, 37–8 and gambling 349.16–17, 22–4 Children and Social Work Act 2017 354.9, 379.6 gender development 369.10, 38–9 Children Missing Education (CME) 342.11, 34–5 gender issues 364.28–9, 35–7, 369.4–5, 19 Children’s Charter 1908 306.5 genetically engineered 352.14–15 children’s residential care, and sexual abuse 320.28–9 healthcare 342.5–6, 12, 15–16 children’s rights 316.15 and HIV 314.3, 14, 15, 31, 36 and child abuse 320.16–17 homeless 336.7–9, 34, 364.20 see also United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in hospital 343.24 Children’s Society, The, on cyberbullying 361.2 immigrant 342.12 Children’s Society, The 324.4, 36–7 immunisation 348.29 on anxiety 324.36 impacts of internet 310.5, 15–16, 371.8–10, 12–13 on child poverty 306.11, 14–15 Internet pornography 310.7, 32, 318.30, 32–3, 34 on mental health 324.4, 36 malnutrition 348.1, 3 on mental illness 306.14 mental health of 334.10–13, 346.3–4, 8, 10, 15–18, 353.9, 15–16, 354.9– on parental debt 353.35 10, 361.1–2, 20, 22 on wellbeing 306.14 mortality 348.1 child sex tourism 294.31 naturalisation 312.7 Child Tax Credit 335.9 negative body image 375.22, 34 child trafficking 300.5 and nicotine in dust 337.9 and child exploitation 300.4

13 global prevalence 300.7 Chronic Trauma Encephalopathy (CTE) 341.31–2 sex trafficking 300.6 churches see religion Chile 360.39 Church of England Chile, home building 325.38 disestablishment of 358.18 China and financial education 322.7 ageing 311.26 and marriage 316.4 and animal welfare 303.16–18 ‘Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster’ 358.4 black market 332.11 CIA, on surveillance 317.21, 22, 35 censorship in 347.26–7 cigarettes 334.6, 337.41

CO2 emissions 357.3–4, 6, 32 chemical compounds 337.1, 36 death penalty 295.38 consumption trends 301.4, 6, 21 drug policies 301.28 hand-rolled 337.1 ethical brands in 345.2 packaging 337.1, 27 fertility rates 363.30 tar 337.1, 36 funerals 338.22 see also e-cigarettes; tobacco government 360.36 ‘Cinderella’ law 296.12 healthcare 323.4–5 cinema see films herbal medicine 343.4–5, 28 circular economy 315.38–9, 344.33, 37, 345.28 and HIV 314.39 global strategy 315.29 and Hong Kong 312.4, 318.4 manufacturing and retail potential for 298.24–5 housing 311.2 and recycling 315.39 human rights issues 372.30 circulation, and smoking 337.1 immigration statistics 359.4 circumcision 296.14, 314.16–17 and international trade 305.31, 32 circuses investment in the UK 298.26 and animal welfare 374.26 one-child policy 292.34–5, 36–7 and banning wild animals 303.10, 26–7 religion in 358.3 tricks 303.29 and renewable energy 344.25–6, 345.26 cisgender 369.1–2 selective abortion 367.24 CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) 332.14, 32 Sesame Credit (social monitoring) 299.31 cities two-child policy 292.34–5 and tourism 365.4 waste 315.8, 26–7, 35 see also urban areas chines liver fluke 348.19 citizenship 359.2 chip and pin 322.30 see also culture and citizenship chlamydia 309.5, 11, 379.3, 14–15, 20, 24, 25 City careers, and social mobility 291.19–20 cholera 348.19 city technology colleges 353.4 chores, and pocket money 322.4, 13 civil liberties 372.5 Christianity 358.2–5, 8, 11, 41 Civil Partnership Act 2004 316.8–9 Bible 358.13, 31, 34 civil partnerships 316.3–5, 8–9, 15, 354.3, 4–5, 7, 40, 369.23–4 decline of 358.3 civil rights holidays 358.22–3 of ethnic minorities 306.5 marriage 316.26 and racial discrimination 308.3 rejection of 358.6–7 and racism 308.29 theocratic states 358.4 of women 306.5 UK population 358.18 of young people 308.3 US population 358.20 Civil Service 360.3 youth conferences 358.6 civil solidarity pacts 316.9 see also Catholicism; Church of England civvy street 356.41 Christmas, and family arguments 354.15 Clare’s Law 370.41 chromosomes, and biological sex 369.1, 3 Clare’s Law (Domestic Violence Disclosure Scheme) 296.22, 26 chromosome shattering 352.29 class see social class chronic depression 334.2 clean eating 321.14–15, 16–17, 36, 350.22–3 chronic fatigue syndrome 343.5 cleaning products 368.15 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 338.17, 348.5–6 clearing system 333.7 chronic pain 343.22, 373.3 clickbait 317.10

14 climate change 332.14, 20, 344.13, 345.33, 352.6, 363.22, 24, 368.13, fears about 297.10 372.31 National Coming Out Day 297.10, 11 and air travel 365.24–6 as personal decision 297.4 attitudes towards 357.7 Commando Joe’s school mentoring teams 289.36–7 definition 357.41 Committee on Climate Change (CCC) deniers 357.5, 31–2 report on net zero 357.1 effect on animal species 357.18–19 on responsible travel 365.24 effect on oceans 332.6, 15 ‘common law marriage’ 316.15, 16, 354.6–7, 40 effect on primates 332.20 see also cohabitation effect on rare birds 332.5 Commonwealth, the emergency 357.1–2, 10 and the Armed Forces 356.7 and golf 341.39 veterans 356.28 government targets 357.1–2 Commonwealth Fund, on NHS 323.1 and human extinction 357.22 communicable diseases 348.2, 41, 378.5 models 357.41 communication 310.3, 8, 311.12, 31, 335.38 and political instability 357.5–6 and family life 316.35 projections 357.8–9 interpersonal communication skills 299.3 refugees 357.41 reading 311.30–1 social divisions in belief 357.7 skills 335.38 and spirituality 358.15 and social isolation 299.30 targets 357.1–2, 36–7 technology 340.4–5, 11 Climate Change Act 2008 357.1, 8 voice-vs. text-based 299.6 clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) 323.1–2 voicework 310.28 on funding 323.20 Communications Act 2003 361.37 on integrated healthcare 323.35 Communications Data Bill 317.27 clinically assisted nutrition and hydration (CANH) 362.2 communism 360.1 Closed Party List 360.25 community food growing 290.31, 32 close quarter attacks 355.4 community mental health team (CMHT) 351.25 closeted 369.13 commuting 325.27 clothing to university 333.24–5 and child labour 342.23–4 company pensions see pensions religious 358.32 Compare the Market, on veganism 350.6 cloud computing 340.2 competition law 298.31 cloud storage 371.30 competitive dieting 321.11

CO2 emissions 357.22–3, 368.3, 9, 24 Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) 343.1–2, 41, 346.35 and agriculture 357.24–7 definition 343.1 ‘Hothouse Earth’ 357.11–12 pregnancy and 343.20 per capita 357.4 types of 343.2–17 pre-industrial revolution 357.3 see also acupuncture; aromatherapy; Chinese medicine; herbal reducing 357.36 medicines; homeopathy and reforestation 357.38–9 comprehensive schools 353.41 worldwide 357.3 compromise 354.28 see also net zero compulsive behaviour 351.35–6 coal 357.5 compulsory coal forests 332.1 education 353.1–2 coastal erosion 357.9 school age 353.4, 7–8 coastlines voting 360.16–17 ‘dead zones’ 332.15 computers 311.28–9 restoration 294.9–10 misuse 366.2 threats to 332.6, 15 safety 340.20–5 see also oceans skills 335.39 cobalt mining 344.32–3 and surveillance 317.14–15 cocaine 301.2, 373.4–5, 9, 22 see also internet; tablet computers classification and penalties for possession 301.19, 22 concentration, problems with 334.2–3 consumption trends 301.7 concussion 341.31–2, 38 codeine 373.22 condoms 309.2, 3, 6, 23, 310.9, 379.3, 4, 8, 11, 13, 41 coeliac disease 339.18, 350.24–5 female 309.6 coercive control 296.3, 12–13, 22–3, 370.2–3, 19, 41 male 309.6 see also emotional abuse and STIs 309.2, 3, 9, 23, 24, 314.4, 318.2, 4 coffee see caffeine Cone Communications Millennial CSR Study 2015 345.33 coffee shops, and waste 315.21 confidence cognitive analytic therapy (CAT), and anorexia 321.26 and cyberbullying 361.9, 15, 38–9 cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) 346.41 see also self-esteem and anorexia 321.26 confidentiality cognitive rehabilitation, VR therapy 323.38 abortion 302.5 cohabitation 316.8, 15–20, 338.38–9, 354.3, 5–7, 8, 40, 363.2 agreements, and sexual abuse 320.13 see also living arrangements; marriage child abuse 320.2 Cohabitation Rights Bill 316.16–17 and HIV 314.20 co-housing communities 311.37 sexual health 309.17 cold plasma pyrolysis 344.37 conflict 351.19 Collarbone Challenge 307.19 see also war and conflict college conflict-induced displacement 292.22 technology 353.4 Confucianism 358.4, 10 university technical colleges (UTCs) 353.5 conscientious objection 367.3 see also university conscious consumerism 345.33–5 colonialism 376.1, 26, 38 ‘conscious uncoupling’ 316.34 colouring books, for adults 351.37 consent 354.29–31, 40, 379.26, 31–2, 37 comics (magazines), and sexualisation 310.30 age of 354.1, 33 coming out 297.10–11, 369.12, 13, 17–19, 41 conservation 332.12, 29–31, 38–9, 41, 365.41 average ages 297.10 wild animals 374.28–9

15 see also animals; sustainable tourism; zoos see also Thomas Cook Conservative Party 360.21–2 cooking peers 360.11 dumpster dinners 315.31 constitutional law 360.4 preserving food 315.17 constitutional monarchy 360.1 cooking club 311.35 consumer contracts 345.7 Co-op, on social isolation 323.27–8 consumerism 368.5 co-operatives and fairtrade 305.17 and children 345.16–17 COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) 337.1, 2 conscious consumers 345.33–5 coping skills 346.3 and the environment 345.8 copper 344.25 ethical 345.25–7, 29, 32–9, 41 coral 357.17 and mental health 345.8–9 coral reefs 365.34–5 and self-esteem 345.16–17 Corbyn, Jeremy 360.19, 21 see also consumer trends on climate change 357.1 consumer rights 345.18–24 Corfu, holiday costs 294.14–15 and Brexit 345.24 coronary heart disease (CHD) digital products 345.19 and aspirin 311.14, 15 faulty goods 345.18 and death 323.23, 24 General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 345.21 coronavirus see COVID-19 late goods 345.19 coroners, on suicide 324.8 package holidays 345.22–3 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 362.2 refunds 345.18–19 corporal punishment, banning 320.34 sale items 345.18–19 corporate manslaughter 366.6 terms and conditions 345.19 corporate responsibility consumers business ethics 298.39 and globalisation 305.7–8 competition law 298.31 see also shopping corporation tax 298.34 consumer trends 345.31 and corruption 298.32 Black Friday 345.10–13 manufacturing and the circular economy 298.24–5 bricks-and-mortar stores 345.5–6 to pay a living wage 298.36–8 children 345.3–4, 16 sustainable practices 298.25 Cyber Monday 345.12–13 corporate social responsibility (CSR) 368.2, 4 eco-friendly materials 345.26 corporation tax, payments 298.34 ethical consumerism 345.25–7, 29, 32–9, 41 Corpus Christi 358.22 ethical eating 345.27, 39 corruption 298.32 Generation Z 345.5–6, 30–1 cosmetics industry grabbing attention 345.6 and animal research 303.38–9 green spending 345.36 and waste 315.15, 30 millenials 345.5–6, 30–1 cosmetic surgery 307.20–4, 375.8, 16, 25, 34, 41 Mintel survey 345.1–2, 25 Costa Coffee, on waste 315.21 online shopping 345.5–6 Costa Rica, and renewable energy 344.7 renewable energy 345.26 cost of accommodation 336.4, 8–9, 12, 13–15 Retail Sector report 2018 345.5–6 cost of smoking, to society 337.21 social comparison 345.17 cot deaths 337.14 sustainability 345.25–7, 33–5 cotton 368.24–5 zero waste shopping 345.26 Couch to 5K running 341.5 consumption 345.27–8 Council of Europe 300.2, 30, 372.7 see also consumerism Council of the European Union 312.34 contact abuse 299.1 councils see local authorities contactless payments 322.31–3 Council Tax Support 335.8–9 Content Management Systems (CMS) 340.1 counselling 351.35, 369.8 contraception 292.20, 27, 309.6, 7–8, 15, 17, 324.39, 348.2, 354.33, 40, abortion 302.4–5, 6, 17, 18, 19, 27 379.2, 4, 8–9, 11–12, 41 bereavement 338.29 access to 379.8–9 child abuse 324.3 condoms 379.3, 4, 8, 11, 13, 41 school-based 334.13 contraceptive caps 309.6 talk-based therapies 334.1, 41 contraceptive pill 379.8–9, 12–13, 41 therapy 343.6 diaphragms 309.6 counter-terrorism 317.26, 355.3, 12, 30, 39, 41 effectiveness 379.12–13 legislation 355.12 emergency 379.4, 41 and surveillance 317.26, 27 hormones 309.6 see also Prevent implants 379.9, 12, 41 Counter Terrorist Checks (CTC) 289.10 injections 379.9, 41 ‘country of birth’ 363.4 intrauterine 309.6–7 county lines 366.10–12, 41 methods 379.12–13 courts see justice system natural family planning 309.7 COVID-19 service cuts 309.26 and access to contraception 379.8–9 sterilisation 292.32–3, 309.7 and animal welfare 374.6 talking about 324.39 and the environment 368.2 vaginal rings 309.7 ethnic differences 376.8, 26 see also condoms; pill, contraceptive and homelessness 377.37–8 controlling behaviour 354.28, 36, 370.2 and human rights 372.38–9 Convention against Torture 300.2, 17, 21, 372.3 impact of lockdown 370.17, 377.8 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against and poverty 377.3, 35–6 Women (CEDAW) 1979 293.1, 300.2, 23, 372.1, 3 cows and bulls Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna bovine TB 303.27–8 and Flora (CITES) 374.36–7 bullfighting 303.5 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) 2008 372.3 sentience of 374.9 Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) 1989 372.3, 11–13, 41 and slaughter 303.15 Cook, Thomas 365.7, 9 CPRE (Campaign to Protect Rural England) 325.24–8, 36, 37

16 CQC (Care Quality Commission) 323.18–19 Cruelty Free International (CFI) 374.20–1 crabs (pubic lice) 309.12 cruelty-free products 374.2, 20 crack cocaine 373.4–5, 22 see also animal experimentation craving 373.1 cruelty to animals 350.8 Creating a Working Future for Young Women 293.35 see also animals: welfare creativity 335.39 cruise ships 294.31 imaginary friends 354.18 cryogenic preservation 338.12–14 credit 345.41 cryptocurrencies 322.34–6 credit crunch see austerity app 322.35 cremation 338.19, 20 and ransomware 322.36 crime and justice 295.1–15, 317.26 Crystal building 290.38–9 2019 statistics 366.1 crystallized intelligence 378.23 animal rights 374.4, 5, 8 crystal meth 373.5, 22 animal welfare 303.8–9, 17, 18 cuckooing 366.12, 41 arson 366.2 cultural tourism 365.1 burglary 366.1–2, 3 culture and citizenship 312.1–9, 11, 13–15, 17–24, 19, 32 coercive control 296.12–13, 22–3 ceremonies 312.18 computer misuse 366.2 and domestic abuse 370.28–9 criminal damage 366.2 education 312.21 definition 366.41 and food 288.1 domestic abuse 364.6, 19, 366.2 and forced marriage 316.20–1 drugs 366.10 and globalisation 305.5–6 elder abuse 311.21–2 and immigration 359.15–17, 25–6 forced marriage 300.13, 14, 15–16, 316.20–3 and marriage 316.26 fraud 295.1, 5, 366.1, 2 and tourism 294.6, 31 homicides 366.1, 2, 6, 17 see also British identity homophobic bullying 304.11 curriculum 353.2–4, 6–7, 12, 15, 41 hospital admissions 366.9, 17 and emotional intelligence 304.36 knife 295.1, 5 custody and detention 320.17, 366.41 mapping and forecasting 295.32, 37 arrest 320.16–17 men as victims of crime 364.19 compulsory 320.17 motoring offences 366.34 mental health impacts 320.17 petty crime 300.6–7 and violence 320.17 and politics 366.6–7 youth detention 295.16, 22–3, 26 prevention 295.32–9 see also crime and justice; prison public order offences 366.2, 41 customer loyalty 345.2 reporting 295.10, 366.7 cutting see self-harm robbery 366.3 CV (curriculum vitae) 333.36 sexual offences 366.3 see also employability surveillance 317.25, 26 cyanide 337.41, 348.19 theft 366.1–2, 3 cyber-attacks 352.32 victims of crime 295.9–11, 317.33 see also surveillance and access violent offences 366.1, 3, 6–9 cyberbullying 296.23–4, 299.2, 8, 15, 304.4–7, 11–13, 32–6, 39, 334.6, waste crime 315.4–9 340.25, 32–5, 41, 354.10, 371.20 weapons offences 366.1, 3, 6 adult 361.14–15, 29–30 youth crime 366.4 and age 361.4 see also hate crime; law; young offenders anti-bullying app 361.27 crime rates, and overpopulation 363.23 being negative online 361.16–17 Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) 366.8–9, 41, 370.25 catfishing 361.6, 41 2019 statistics 366.1–3 and confidence 361.9, 15, 38–9 on domestic abuse 370.4 cyber stalking 361.6, 7 on elderly abuse 370.19 definition 361.1–2, 41 criminal damage 366.2 denigration 361.6 criminalisation of homeless people 336.27–8 duty of care 361.24 Criminal Justice Act 1948 366.31 exclusion 361.6, 7, 14–15, 41 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 366.36 experiences of 361.2, 3–5, 7–10 Criminal Justice System (CJS) 318.10, 366.41 flaming 361.6, 7, 41 see also justice system and gender 361.4 criminal record 366.34 harassment 361.6, 7, 25–6, 41 criminal responsibility, age of 295.19, 354.1 how to help 361.2–3 Crisis impacts of 361.1–2 on hidden homelessness 336.12, 364.20 impersonation 361.6, 7 on rough sleeping 336.16 online safety legislation 361.24–5 crisis centres 296.17, 36–9 outing 361.6 CRISPR 352.5, 9, 15, 35, 41 parental mediation 361.28–9 Crohn’s disease 288.34 perpetrators 361.19, 31 crops protection from 361.28–9, 33–4, 38–9 abiotic stress resistance 352.3 recording evidence of 361.3 genetically engineered 352.2 reporting 361.9, 32–3 pest resistant 352.2 in schools 361.3, 22, 37 crossdressing people 297.19 and self-harm 361.19 crowdfunding signs of 361.2 disadvantages 298.16 in sport 361.34–5 and entrepreneurial growth 298.5 statistics 361.3–4, 7–9 equity crowdfunding 298.15 and suicide 361.19, 23 for homelessness 336.30–1 trickery 361.6 internet-mediated nature of 298.16 trolling 361.5, 6, 12–13, 20–1, 36–7, 41 pre-seeded campaigns 298.15–16 types of 361.2, 6 Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), on coercive control 370.2–3 in universities 361.25–6 cruciferous vegetables 339.21, 34 in the workplace 361.14–15, 29–30

17 ‘cyber holiday’ 361.39 in hospital 338.16–17 Cyber Monday 345.12–13 leading causes of 321.5, 323.23–4, 324.32–3 cyber-predators 371.20 masks 338.21 cybersecurity 371.28–9 maternal 348.1 cyber stalking 361.6, 7 neonatal 348.1 cybertarianism 299.29 numbers, UK 292.5–6 cyborgization 352.33 obesity-related 339.1 cyclical unemployment 335.1 painless 311.12 cycling 313.34–5 perceptions of 338.8–9 cyclones 357.13 premature 323.30, 339.20–1 Czech Republic preparing for 338.6–7 drug policies 301.27 in prison 295.26 and IVF 319.35–6 readiness for 311.12 of refugees and migrants 300.20–1 rights 316.16 rituals 338.21–2 D and sleep 348.7 D&E (dilation and evacuation) abortion 302.2, 3, 6–7 statistics 338.5 dads2b courses 293.11 as taboo subject 338.6, 21 daily prayer 358.28–30 talking about 338.6, 8, 15, 21–2 dairy products 288.3, 8, 14, 339.11, 16, 35, 350.23, 36 work-related 338.6 Dalai Lama 358.15 see also accidents; bereavement; euthanasia; life expectancy; suicide dams 344.7, 12 Death Cafes 338.15, 41 see also hydro energy death-denying culture 338.9 dancing, and sexualisation 310.25 death penalty 295.30, 362.15, 366.30 Dangerous Dogs Act 1991 303.21 global trends 295.38–9 Dangerous Drugs Act 1920 373.26 public support falling 295.31 dark tourism 365.1, 22, 41 death rates 363.3, 13–17, 41 Dartmoor National Park, and exercise 313.33 death threats 308.22 Darwin, Charles 332.38 Death with Dignity Act 1997 362.13, 25, 32 data privacy 352.31–2 debating 360.10 Data Privacy Day 317.9 debt 305.38, 306.9, 322.14, 16, 18–21, 25, 353.35, 366.10 data protection see General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and austerity 305.33 Data Protection Act 1998 317.25, 31–2 debt bondage 318.23 data sovereignty 317.32 and earnings 322.20 dating violence 370.20–2 and exports 305.33 Davidson, Emily 364.12 and financial flows 305.33 Davison, Emily 360.15 and gambling 349.5, 26–7 Dawkins, Richard 358.2 help and support 322.20 ‘dayhab’ 373.39 and income 322.18–19 D-Day landings 356.8 inequality 322.21 Dear White People (film)308 .32 interest payments 322.18 death and mortality 306.27, 311.12, 324.35 and mental health 346.26–7 AIDS-related 314.3, 6, 14–15, 27 multiple factors 322.18 alcohol-related 338.5 decarbonisation 368.8, 9 and anxiety 351.7 decentralised energy 344.28–9 armed forces 289.6 Declaration (Scottish Arts festival) 300.25 from bullfighting 303.5 decriminalisation 369.24–8, 373.29–30 and child poverty 306.26 defamation 347.1, 14, 40 decline in 363.20 defence spending 289.18–19 in detention centres 359.2 deforestation 288.14, 18, 290.6–7, 36, 294.16, 18, 332.9, 41, 357.16 fear of 338.8–9 see also reforestation financial impacts 316.15 degrees HIV/TB-related, global statistics 314.3 classifications 333.41 of homeless people 336.16–17, 28–30, 41 and students’ school background 291.38–9

18 see also universities and economic development 312.32–3 dehydration 339.8 referendums 312.10–11, 36 deities 358.17 devolved governments 360.2, 3, 4, 9 Deloitte 356.30–1 diabetes 288.23, 33, 35–9, 313.23, 324.35–6, 339.14, 19, 30, 343.34 delusions 334.3 and animal research 303.13 dementia 362.7, 28, 378.5, 26, 29–30, 38–9, 41 and death 323.30, 324.35 brain training 311.20–1 health checks 323.30 and death 323.23–4 impacts 323.30, 324.35 urban areas 313.35 and insulin 313.23, 324.35 demisexual 369.2 and meat-free diets 350.16–17 democracy 360.1, 28–9, 32 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 346.8–9 Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 357.16 diamorphine 373.5 cobalt mining 344.32 Diana, Princess of Wales, on HIV 314.25 poverty 377.21 diaphragms 309.6, 379.41 demographics diazepam 373.11, 22 definition 363.41 dictatorships 360.1 see also population Dieselgate scandal 345.24 Dench, Judy 374.31 diet 378.39 denigration 361.6 and anxiety 351.2 Denmark 360.39 balanced 339.11–12, 17–18, 34–5 and animal welfare 303.6 demographics 350.4–5, 32 drug policies 301.28 and depression 334.18 and SDGs 314.9 eating habits 375.2 Department for Education (DfE) enhanced 378.20–1 on bullying in schools 361.11 flexitarian 288.7–8, 18–19 on cyberbullying 361.3–4 food choices 339.30–1, 34–7 on school funding 353.31 food poverty 306.19, 21, 31 Department for Work and Pensions 360.2 and health 291.14 dependency healthy eating 341.4 to alcohol 334.5 high-salt 339.28–9 to drugs 334.5–6 Japanese 378.10 see also addiction and loneliness 378.25 deployment 356.29, 41 meal planning 339.39 depopulation 363.34–5, 41 Mediterranean 378.34 see also overpopulation and mental health 346.28 depressants 373.41 obesity and 339.2 depression 304.20–1, 26, 321.17, 324.2, 346.1, 41, 351.41, 354.19, 369.35– pregnancy and 339.19 6, 373.2–3, 13–14, 378.17, 38 sustainable 288.2, 11, 19, 33, 339.19, 368.5, 33–5, 41 and alcohol 346.28 see also dieting; eating disorders; food; healthy eating; nutrition antenatal 351.22–3 dietician 321.36, 339.17 atypical 334.2 dieting causes of 334.1, 17, 18 and body image 307.2–3 celebrities with 334.26–8 impact of 321.10–11 chronic 334.2 for pets 303.19–20 and consumerism 345.8–9 tracking 313.39 and cyberbullying 361.19 DigiKnow 361.37 gender differences in 334.8, 10 Digital 5 A Day 340.23 how it feels 334.21–2, 24–5 digital abuse 354.40 major 334.2 see also cyberbullying peripartum 334.15 digital assets 338.38–9 and physical health 351.12 dependency 340.4–5 postnatal 334.3, 14–15, 41 detox 340.19, 36–9, 41 psychotic 334.3, 5 fitness tools 341.4 signs and symptoms of 334.1, 2, 14 footprint 340.24, 27–8, 41 situational 334.2–3 legacy 338.38–9, 41 treating 346.12, 32, 33 wellbeing 340.14–15, 31–2 treatments for 334.1, 14, 29–39 digital bullying see cyberbullying types of 334.2–3 digital citizenship 361.19 see also mental health digital currencies 322.29 depressive realism 334.22 cryptocurrencies 322.34–6 deradicalisation 355.27 pocket money 322.5, 6–7 desalination 290.28 risks 322.29 descriptive stereotypes 378.22 digital divide 371.3 destitution 377.1 Digital Economy Bill 318.30 detention 359.2 digital footprint 371.25 see also custody and detention Digital Inclusion Fund 371.4 detention centres 359.2, 41 digital personas 345.2 detox 373.33–4, 37–8, 41 Digital Quotient scores 299.6 detoxification (detox) 321.17 digital technology 305.24–5, 27, 34, 37, 325.22, 27, 34–5, 351.14 developing countries ATMs 322.9 and contraception 292.20, 27 and cash 322.28, 30–1 and drinking water access 294.29 chip and pin 322.30 and fertility 306.27 contactless payments 322.31–3 and global poverty 306.27 digital parliaments 312.31 and inequality 293.2–3, 21–3, 30–1 and financial inclusion 322.30 as meaningless term 306.27–8 inequality 291.32–3 and population growth 363.24 and security 322.28 see also aid; country by name; globalisation; MDGs; SDGs see also apps; computers; internet; mobile phones devil rays 332.32 Dignitas 287.5, 8–10, 25, 33, 362.5, 8, 14, 34–5, 36–7, 39, 41 devolution 312.9, 11–12, 39 dignity in death 362.32

19 Dignity in Dying 287.24, 28–9, 32 PAS 287.4, 6–7, 19, 21, 27, 39 dilation and evacuation (D&E) abortion 302.2, 3, 6–7 and sexual health 309.17 diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine (DTP) 348.29–30 and training 323.9 diplomatic sanctions 305.14 views on euthanasia 362.6–7, 22–6, 28–9, 31, 39 direct discrimination 376.3 dodos 332.7 Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), on assisted suicide 362.2 dogs 374.10–11, 12–13 Disability Discrimination Act 1995 372.3 and animal experimentation 374.18–19 Disabled Activists for Dignity in Dying (DADID) 287.32 dangerous 303.8, 21 disabled people fighting 303.8–9 and abortion 302.1, 2, 22, 31 hunting with 303.27 and assisted suicide 287.15, 25, 26, 29, 30–2, 362.18–20, 38 as meat 303.17–18 attitudes to 287.31, 34 overweight 303.19, 20 and bullying 304.7, 8, 361.11 puppy farms 303.3, 4 disabled children 319.30, 320.10, 29 racing 303.16, 349.31 and Down’s syndrome 302.36–7 slaughter 303.17, 18 and euthanasia 362.27 trafficking 303.3, 4 and politics 312.26 welfare legislation 303.2 see also disability; learning disabilities dolls disadvantaged backgrounds 333.10–11, 25–7, 29–32 images 307.13 disadvantaged children, and early schooling 353.10 and surveillance 317.37 disasters 357.23 domestic abuse 296.1–5, 16–17, 27, 29, 320.5–6, 336.4, 354.35, 37, 364.6, discharge 356.28, 32, 41 19, 366.2 voluntary 356.10 and abortion 302.32 discipline 353.28–9 and alcohol 296.5, 11 discrimination 364.3, 17, 18, 41, 369.13, 372.1–3, 4, 7, 35, 377.2, 378.19, 41 attitudes towards 370.28–9 age 311.6, 16–17 awareness training 296.11, 15, 17 in the Armed Forces 356.16 coercive control 296.3, 12–13, 22–3, 370.2–3, 19, 41 cultures of 376.16 cultural factors 296.33–4 direct 376.3 dating violence 370.20–2 employee rights 335.2 and death 296.1, 2, 5, 10–11 gender 335.11–13 definition 370.41 harrassment 376.4, 41 disclosure 296.22, 26, 30 against HIV 314.22 elder abuse 296.2, 15, 38, 311.21–2 indirect 376.3–4 elderly people 370.19 and mental health 346.4 emotional abuse 296.2–5 pay 335.4–5, 25 exposure to 296.1–3 racial 376.3–4, 8–9, 11–12, 41 female perpetrators 370.16 religious 308.1, 3, 4, 8 global prevalence 296.1, 3, 5, 10–11 same-sex 316.11 health impacts 296.1–2, 5, 10 victimisation 376.4 high-risk 296.24–5 in the workplace 293.37–8 and homelessness 370.27–8, 32–3 see also racial discrimination ‘honour’-based 296.3, 33 diseases 321.16 impact of lockdown 370.17 communicable 348.2, 41 impact on children 370.9–10, 18 and death 324.33 impacts 296.24–5 foodborne 348.19 increase in 370.13–14 genetic 319.21, 31, 33–4, 38, 39 intervention (perpetrator) programmes 296.31–2 noncommunicable 348.1, 2 and justice 296.22 see also individual diseases and justification given 296.4 Disney Company, exercise programme 307.39 legislation 370.8, 18, 30–3 disordered eating 321.3–4, 10–15, 16–17, 36, 350.18–20, 26, 41, 375.17, 41 men as victims of 370.10–11, 16, 24–6 see also eating disorders myths 370.9–11 displaced people see refugees prevention 370.38–9 disposable cups 368.11 PTSD 318.28 disposition 351.33 repeat victimisation 296.1–2 distraction 351.14 in Scotland 370.6–7, 12 distressed relationships 316.29 signs of 370.36–7 Ditch the Label 304.24 social support networks 296.10, 20, 25, 30–1 diuretic 341.41 societal acceptance of 370.28–9 diversity 333.8, 10–12, 25–32 statistics 370.3–5, 24–5 in the Armed Forces 356.1–2, 16–18 teenagers 370.20–3, 34–6 divorce 316.4, 24, 30, 31, 38, 39, 354.3, 6, 40 victim identification 296.24–5, 30–1 common reasons for 316.30 and violence 370.9–10 and ‘conscious uncoupling’ 316.34 Domestic Abuse Bill 370.8, 18, 30–3, 41 emotions and feelings 316.31, 32, 36, 38–9 domestic extremism 355.3, 17 and fault 316.31–2, 34 domestic servitude 372.17, 21, 41 legal steps 316.28 domestic tourism 365.1, 4 online 316.33 do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DNACPR) 287.2 overseas 316.4 dopamine 373.28 and prenuptial agreements 316.14–15 and gambling 349.8 talking about 316.36, 38–9 doping, in sport 341.25–30, 41 time factors 316.28 see also drugs Diwali 358.25 double effect treatment 362.41 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) 352.1, 41 Dove Campaign for Real Beauty 307.18 database, and surveillance 317.29 Dove Global Beauty and Confidence Report 307.4 three-parent IVF 319.19, 33–4, 38–9 downsizing 378.18 doctors 323.6, 9 Down’s syndrome 302.36–7 and abortion 302.1, 4–6, 13, 25–6, 31, 33, 319.36 draft legislation 360.3, 6 and assisted dying 287.4, 13, 24, 30 Draize test 374.16, 18 and funding 323.4–6 draught proofing 344.40

20 drill and grime music 366.27, 41 treatment 321.2, 13–14, 35 drink driving 324.33, 373.14–15, 24–6 see also anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa; disordered eating drinking culture 333.32–3 eating habits 375.2 drinks eating problems 346.1–2 fizzy 350.22–3 in children 346.11 water 348.3, 350.36 Eatwell Guide 288.2–3, 339.11–12, 13–14, 350.2 driverless vehicles 311.27 Ebola virus 348.22, 28, 35, 37, 374.15 driving see cars and driving e-bullying see cyberbullying drones 317.30 echinacea 343.32 drop-out rates 333.11–12, 30–2 Echinococcus tapeworms 348.19 drowning 324.33 e-cigarettes 301.6, 324.17, 26, 27, 337.10, 17–18, 24, 28–30, 41, 373.16–19 drug addiction see addiction as aid to quitting 337.10–11, 18, 24–5 drug driving 373.14–15, 24–6, 41 and depression 334.6 drug-related deaths 373.10–12, 34–5 flavours 324.26 drugs 301.1, 324.15, 19–20, 21, 33, 373.1–2 harmful effects of 337.13, 29–30, 32–4 addiction 324.20 knowledge 324.26 among young people 301.13, 21, 37 as route into smoking 337.10, 15 and assaults 309.27–8 eco-friendly 368.5, 41 and child labour 342.21–2 materials 345.26 costs 309.24–5 products 368.4, 24 criminal gangs 366.10 eco funeral 338.41 definition 301.1, 373.41 ecological footprint 290.1 dependency 334.5–6 urban areas 290.17 and driving 301.25 e-commerce 345.41 drug testing of released offenders 295.27 see also online shopping intravenous 301.14, 15–16, 23, 314.1–2, 6, 15–16 economic migrants 359.37–8, 41 legalisation campaigns 301.20–1, 24, 27, 29–32 economics, and population ageing 378.2 and military veterans 289.27 economy 306.5, 6, 27 policies, global 301.27–8, 32 see also globalisation; poverty; see also austerity polydrug/polysubstance use 301.5, 13 ecosystems 332.2–4, 9, 15–17, 29, 38, 41 and social networking 324.28 degradation 306.38 statistics 373.6–8 and tourism 294.17–18 substance abuse programmes 324.20–1, 22–3 and water management 290.19 teachers as information sources 301.13 ecotherapy 334.18 treatment 324.24 ecotourism 294.19–20, 24–5, 32–3, 365.1, 28–9, 41 UK trends 301.5, 23–4, 23–4, 27, 29 ecstasy 373.5, 9, 22 war on drugs 301.23, 24, 28, 29 ecstasy (MDMA) 301.2, 5, 7–8, 11, 19, 22, 31 and welfare benefits claims 301.26 Ecuador 360.36 drug-trafficking 373.1 Edinburgh, and tourism 365.4 DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) on EDNOS (eating disorder not otherwise specified) 321.1 peripartum depression 334.15 education 320.22 dumpster dinners 315.31–2 and the Armed Forces 356.11 Dussehra 358.23–4 boys falling behind 364.19 Dutch Caribbean, and marriage 316.5, 6 and character building 307.36–7 duty-free 365.11 and child poverty 306.13, 15, 30 DVDs, ownership 299.7 citizenship 312.21–2 dying compulsory 353.1–2 cost of 338.18–20 and couples’ stability 316.25–6 fear of 338.8–9 and emotional intelligence 304.36–7 at home 338.16 equality and diversity education 297.24 see also death and mortality and feminism 308.24 dysthymia 334.2 fostering entrepreneurship in schools 298.8–9, 11 further 353.2, 41 and gender equality in work 293.30–1 gender gap 293.2, 23 E government policies 291.25 earnings graduate entrepreneurs in universities 298.6–7 gender pay gap 293.3, 22, 23–5, 28–9, 31 and inequality 308.5, 28 and household waste 315.19 inequality of 364.19 and house prices 325.3–4 national curriculum 313.11 low 322.20 and politics 312.21 and pocket money 322.4, 13–14 and poverty 306.12, 377.2, 8 and selective education 291.26–7 pre-school 353.4 and social background 291.36–7 primary 353.4 see also income; salaries; wages right of girls to 364.6 ears, tissue engineering of 352.18 secondary 353.4 Earth Overshoot Day 290.14–15 and social mobility 291.21, 32 earthworms 350.13 and social prejudice 291.6 Easter eggs, shrinking of 345.14–15 stages of 353.4–5 Easter Monday 358.22 and tackling racism 376.7, 34 East Riding, and exercise 313.33 ‘whitewashed’ curriculum 376.7, 38 eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) 321.1 see also financial education; higher education; schools; students; eating disorders 288.27–8, 307.1, 321.1–2, 3, 5–6, 10, 18–19, 20, 34, 324.2, universities 334.27, 350.18–20, 26, 41, 375.6, 9, 12–14, 21–3, 29, 41 Education, Health and Care Plan 353.4 and exercise 321.23 Education Act 1996 353.1, 3–4 gender indiscriminate 321.21 Education Policy Institute (EPI), on off-rolling 353.25 and genetic traits 321.5–6 eggs 339.34 help and support 321.5, 35 Egypt social factors 321.38, 39 censorship in 347.11 stages 321.7, 8–9 death penalty 295.39

21 and surveillance 317.28 see also migration

Eid-al-Adha 358.25 emissions see CO2 emissions Eid al-Fitr 358.25 emotional abuse 296.2–5, 8–9, 320.3, 4–5, 354.28, 37, 370.1, 41, 379.29 ejaculation 379.4 abuser behaviour changes 296.9–10 elder abuse 296.2, 15, 38, 311.21, 22, 370.19, 41, 378.22, 41 ‘Cinderella’ law 296.12 elderly people see older people coping strategies 296.9–10 elections 372.4 gaslighting 296.6 abstaining from voting 360.19 and mental health 320.5 compulsory voting 360.16–17 multiple factors 320.4 first-past-the-post 360.9, 24, 26–7 teenage relationship abuse 296.18–21 general 360.41 see also coercive control local 360.18 emotional disorders, in children 346.10–11 mandatory voter identification 360.18 emotional distress 338.33 manifesto 360.41 emotional intelligence 304.36–7 right to vote 360.20 and mental health 304.36 voting systems 360.24–5 employability 333.35–6, 335.38–9 Electoral Register, and right to vote 360.20 employees electric cars 345.36–7, 368.2 definition of 335.2 electricity 357.36–7 rights of 335.2 demand for 344.29 well-being of 335.20–1 energy-as-a-service models 344.28 employers generation 344.10, 38 and harassment 304.25, 27 reducing bills 344.3, 6, 31 and surveillance 317.14–16 renewable 357.34 and workplace bullying 304.25, 27, 29 safety 325.11 employment 308.27, 29, 323.1, 333.27, 35, 377.1, 3, 11–12, 34 saving 344.39–40 and agency staffing 323.22 selling back to grid 344.3 and apprenticeships 308.38, 39, 323.34 standby mode 344.39 burnout 317.16 and waste 315.23–4 deteriorating global conditions 317.16 see also renewable energy direct discrimination 311.6 electrification 357.36 equal rights at work 364.2, 30–1 electronic cigarettes see e-cigarettes ethnic minorities 291.7 electronic monitoring 366.39 for ex-armed forces personnel 356.30–1, 36–9 electronic waste see e-waste 368.38–9 ex-service personnel 289.25–6 elephants 303.29, 332.14, 16–17, 357.19 and gender 293.3, 21–31 circus tricks 303.29 and health 313.31 poaching 303.27 indirect discrimination 311.6 riding trips 303.29 and inequality 308.2, 4, 12, 27, 30–1, 38–9, 311.6 trophy hunting 374.28–9 and mental health 324.6 zoos 374.33 and pensions 311.7, 8–9, 11 elite class 291.2 and racial stereotyping 308.16 elite firms, recruitment 291.19–20, 22 and retirement 311.23 elitism in public life 291.10, 23 and role models 308.16, 27 email 304.27, 371.2 and segregation 308.13 embryonic stem cells and surveillance 317.14–16 and fertility 319.32 tribunals 311.6 see also therapeutic cloning vacancies 323.22, 34 emergency care, failure of 338.17 victimisation 311.6 emergency contraception 379.4, 41 working hours 323.14 emergent service workers 291.1–2 work-life balance 299.7, 26 emetophobia 351.5 see also migration; recruitment and retention; unemployment; women in emigrants the workforce; work definition 359.4, 41 empty properties 325.20 see also migration endangered species emigration 363.2 birds 332.5, 10, 17–18, 22, 34

22 Chinese herbal medicine 343.5 ethical eating 345.27, 39 insects 332.21, 37–8 ethical food consumption 288.8–9, 32–3, 290.32 large carnivores 303.27 ethical issues 352.4, 9, 31–9 mammals 332.12, 14, 16–17, 24–8 see also bioethics marine life 332.11, 13–15, 22–3, 35 ethical shopping 368.15 End Child Poverty Coalition 377.15 ethical tourism 294.19–20, 24–5, 32–3 endemism 332.1 ethical trade 305.28 End of Life Assistance Bill (Scotland) 362.3 and advertising 310.34 end-of-life care 287.1, 16–17, 311.2, 12, 338.7, 15–17, 362.41 see also fairtrade see also palliative care ethical veganism 358.16–17 End of Life Choice Bill 362.20 Ethiopia 377.22 endometriosis, and fertility 319.3 and MDGs 306.29–30 energy 305.10 ethnic minorities 306.5, 308.3, 35, 38, 376.41 conservation consumption 290.29 in the Armed Forces 356.2, 18–19 decarbonising 368.8 and British identity 308.4, 5, 312.2, 13–14, 16 efficiency 290.36, 317.31, 325.31–3, 368.9–10, 14–15 and childhood obesity 313.22 green 368.41 and diversity 308.10–11, 13, 35 renewable 368.3–4 and education 308.28 saving 368.15 and employment 308.13 storage 290.27 as entrepreneurs 298.21 sustainability 290.27–8 and financial inclusion 322.24 see also electricity; gas and national identity 312.1–2 energy, foods for 339.17 and oath of allegiance 312.5 energy loss 334.2 and politics 308.4, 13–14, 32–3, 312.25, 30 energy saving 344.39–40 and segregation 308.13–14 energy storage devices 344.13 and social care 304.8 enforced returns 359.2 and social mobility 291.7–8 English Baccalaureate (EBacc) 353.19 and women-led (EMW) businesses 298.21 English Bill of Rights 1689 372.2 see also diversity enlistment 356.10 ethno-nationalism 355.6 entomophagy (insects as food) 288.29–33 etizolam 373.11 entrepreneurial extracurricular activities 333.36 eugenics, and IVF 319.38 entrepreneurs eulogy 338.23, 41 crowdfunding 298.5, 15 Eurogroup for Animals 374.26 ethnic minorities as 298.21 Euromillions lottery 349.21 and gender 293.22 Europe graduate 298.6–7 growth in tourism 365.19 micropreneurs 298.4 as holiday destination 365.6 motivational factors 298.20 life expectancy 378.5, 7 necessity-driven businesses 298.20, 22 population decline 363.27 opportunity-driven businesses 298.20 population growth 363.33 self-employed categorised as 298.22 population of 363.32–3 start-ups 298.2, 5, 15, 21 and renewable energy 344.23–4 environment 332.41 retirement age 378.12–14, 19 and addiction 373.2–3 tourism statistics 365.19–21 and hydro energy 344.11–12 see also European Union (EU) impacts of tourism 365.27–37 European Commission 312.33–4 plastic waste 365.32–3 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 300.1–2, 372.2, 5–6 see also ecosystems; habitat; sustainability on assisted dying 287.28, 36 Environment Agency 357.9 on freedom of expression 347.2 environmental issues see climate change; ecosystems; greenhouse gases; on privacy 317.3, 25 sustainability; waste; wildlife and rights 300.27–8 environmentally friendly products 290.36 and the UK legal system 300.27, 29–31, 34 environmental migrants 357.41 European Council 312.33, 34 Environmental Protection Act 1990 315.5, 6 European Court of Human Rights 300.2, 34, 372.5–6, 7 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 374.19 on assisted dying case 287.18 environmental tourism 294.19–20, 24–5, 32–3 on surveillance 317.14–15 epidemics 363.23 European Economic Area (EEA) 359.1 epigenetics 319.23 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), on poultry inspections 348.9 epilepsy 351.24 European Parliament 312.34, 360.25 Epiphany 358.22 European Social Survey (ESS), on acknowledging climate change 357.7 equality 356.17, 372.1–3, 9–10, 377.3, 32–3, 35 European Union (EU) 312.33 versus equity 364.4 on animal welfare 303.7, 15–16 and gender 379.2 and Euroscepticism 312.37 in relationships 354.28 and globalisation 305.4, 9, 29, 38 role models for 364.23 history of 312.33 see also gender: equality; gender. equality immigration to UK 359.6–7 Equality Act 2010 308.30, 311.6, 364.41, 372.3, 376.3–4 and impacts of leaving 312.37 and religion 358.16 institutions 312.33–4 equal opportunities 353.30 and international trade 305.10–14 see also inequality migrant workers 359.18–19 equal pay 364.9–10, 12, 15–16 on migration 318.38–9 Equal Pay (Amendment) Act 1983 364.12 nationals 359.2 Equal Pay Act 1970 364.12 and naturalisation 312.7 essential oils see aromatherapy and pooled sovereignty 360.4 established middle class 291.2 population trends 292.7 ethical brands 345.2 on privacy 317.32 ethical consumerism 345.25–7, 29, 32–9, 41, 368.5, 18, 41 referendums 312.37 Ethical Consumer Markets Report 2018 345.36–8 on surveillance 317.28 ethical consumption 368.16 on waste 315.2, 3–4, 10, 25, 38

23 see also Brexit of humans 357.22 European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2018 355.5 insects 332.21, 37–8 euthanasia 287.1–3, 6–7, 19–21, 25, 35 mammals 332.12, 14, 16–17, 24–8 abuse of 362.29 marine life 332.11, 13, 14–15, 22–3, 35 and children 362.9, 27 natural 332.41 countries permitting 362.4, 8–9 preventing 357.33 as criminal act 362.8 at risk of, birds 332.5, 10, 17–18, 22, 34 definitions 362.1, 4, 8, 16, 39 ‘sixth mass extinction’ 332.2–4 and dignity in death 362.32 species at risk 357.18–19, 33–5 doctors views on 362.6–7, 29, 31 Extinction Rebellion 357.2, 10–11, 31–2, 41 and ‘do no harm’ 362.6, 17 extinct species 332.7–8 ethical issues 362.16–39 extreme travel 294.36 history of 362.2 extremism 355.31, 41 and human rights 362.2, 15 see also right-wing extremism; terrorists and terrorist groups legislation 362.1–5, 7, 16–17 and malpractice 362.7 parental consent for 362.9 public view of 362.6–7, 28, 30 F and religion 362.17 fabricated or induced illness (FII) 320.19–20 slippery slope argument 362.41 Facebook 304.1–3, 5, 10, 29, 33, 41, 324.29, 371.10, 33 statistics 362.5–6 age of consent 299.9 terminology 362.4 bullying and 340.33–5 types of 362.1 cyberbullying on 361.8 see also assisted suicide; physician-assisted suicide (PAS) and depression 334.23 everyday sexism 342.39 digital wellbeing tools 340.14–15 evictions 336.10–12 and friendships 354.17 evolution 332.1–2, 41 hate crime 295.15 e-waste 315.8–10, 25–8, 368.38–9, 41 Messenger 340.6, 7 exams missing children searches 299.32 and age 353.11–13 privacy and 299.15, 340.21 English Baccalaureate (EBacc) 353.19 reporting/dealing with abuse on 361.32 GCSEs 353.14–17, 19 revolutionary invention 299.4 gender-based results 353.16–17 sharing childhood images without consent 317.38 International Baccalaureate (Ibac) 353.41 teen disengagement 340.7–9 A-levels 353.18–19 time spent on 361.5 and stress 333.23, 346.13–14, 353.15–16, 20–1 travel 294.5 exclusion, as cyberbullying 361.6, 7, 14, 41 see also cyberbullying; social media; social networking exclusions 353.26–7 facial recognition technology 372.31–2 executions 372.33, 34–5 factory farming 350.8, 41, 374.41 executive agencies 360.2 fad diets 350.26 executor 338.41 faecal matter 344.35 exercise and activity 307.39, 312.35, 313.1–5, 8, 12, 20, 324.31–2, 33, 351.9, failure, coping with 333.1–2 39, 378.11, 38–9 Fairtrade 305.16, 17, 28–9, 345.38, 41 active travel 313.34–5 on fashion 345.32 barriers to participation 313.35 renewable energy 344.32 benefits of 346.28 fair trade 368.16, 41 cardiac risks 313.7 Fairtrade Foundation 305.28 cycling 313.34–5 faith and depression 334.19 versus belief 358.16 foods for 339.18 as dynamic and personal 358.1 goals 313.1–2 popularity of 358.2 gyms 313.16–17 see also religion health benefits 313.3–4, 24 faith schools 353.2, 3, 41 lack of 334.18 fake fur 374.32, 41 music 313.30 see also fur-free outdoors as green prescriptions 313.32–3 fake news 340.3, 26, 347.18–22, 40 over-exercising 321.23, 30 and children 347.21–2 physical literacy 313.29 Falklands conflict veterans, suicide rates 289.34 reintroduction 321.23 families running 313.1, 9, 12, 30 childcare 322.2 and self-esteem 307.31, 39 cohabiting couples 363.2 and sexualisation 310.23 definition 354.40, 363.2 and weight control 313.5 and distressed relationships 316.29 see also sport and leisure activities and divorce 316.31, 32, 34–5 Exeter, care home volunteering 311.30–1 government policies 291.25 Exmoor National Park, and exercise 313.33 homeless 336.7–9, 34 exoskeletons 352.33 household spending 322.1–2 expat 359.41 housing 325.35 see also migration living together 311.26, 36 expiring content 371.33–5 marriage 316.13 explosive devices 355.3–4 of military personnel 356.29 on aircraft 355.4 in temporary accommodation 336.7–9, 15 suicide bombers 355.2, 4, 7, 20–2 see also parents exports 305.15, 26, 33 family businesses 298.17–19 live exports 303.15–16 Family Justice Young People’s Board 316.37 and peak globalisation 305.31 Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006 316.15–16 extinction family planning 348.2, 379.11–12 and biotechnology 352.25–6 see also contraception; sexual health causes of 332.1–4 family planning clinics 367.1 events 357.12 family-related visas 359.1

24 fans, exploitation of 341.8–9 see also birth rates fantasy football 349.2 F-gases 357.37 FareShare 377.13 FGM see Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) farming 332.10, 39, 350.12–13, 31, 41, 374.9, 41 fialuridine 374.15 Agricultural Technologies Strategy 290.33–4 fibre intake 339.17 antibiotic use 288.19 fibromyalgia 343.22 fairtrade 305.16–17 fidget spinners 351.7 and global food supply 292.27–8, 30–1 Fields in Trust 313.15 greenhouse gases 288.2, 10–11, 14–16, 18, 30, 32 fight or flight response 351.1, 41 land 288.2, 18–19 FII (fabricated or induced illness) 320.19–20 pressure on water resources 288.2, 19, 30–1 film and theatre, and gender equality 364.2 small farms 290.12–13 film censorship 347.26–7 subsidies 288.16–17 filming sexual abuse 296.5 supermarkets’ treatment of farmers 290.30–1 filters 375.29, 41 vertical farms 290.34–5 financial abuse 296.2–3, 7–8, 28, 354.28, 370.1, 41 see also animal welfare; food production financial affairs, after death 338.38–9 fashion industry financial assets global 291.13 and advertising 310.34 and trade 306.34 and body image 307.16–18, 321.38 financial crisis (2008) ethically sourced 345.32 and globalisation 305.32, 36 ethical shopping 368.15 and international trade 305.32 Fairtrade 345.32 financial education 306.12 fast fashion 345.26, 39 budgeting 322.14 and sexualisation 310.1–3, 35 and financial skills 306.12, 322.4, 10, 10, 14, 15 sustainability in 368.2–3, 26–31 online financial sites 322.14 fast fashion 368.2, 11, 30–1, 41 and pocket money 322.13, 14 sustainability in 368.11 and savings 322.7, 10, 13–14 fatalities see death and mortality talking about money 322.6, 13, 14 ‘fatbergs’ 344.34 financial planning control 322.12 fathers wills 287.1, 6 and abortion 302.37–9 fire, safety 325.11 absence of 364.20, 23 firearms 355.4, 366.1 and family life 293.8–11, 26 firewall 340.21 and gender disappointment 319.37 first-past-the-post 360.9, 24, 26–7 and marriage 316.26 first-time buyers and role models 310.3 home building 325.38 role of 354.12–13 homeownership 325.19 and surrogacy 319.27 housing 325.3–4 talking to 354.9–10, 16 first-time parents 354.1 teenage parents 309.20 fish fats 339.14–15, 34 and animal experimentation 374.19 Fawcett, Millicent 364.10 overfishing 357.30 Fawcett Society, on gender stereotypes 364.28–9 as pets 374.10–11 FBI, on surveillance 317.21–2 fishing industry339 .12, 16, 34 fear 351.21 aquaculture 288.30 ‘fear of missing out’ (FOMO) 334.17, 340.15, 19, 351.15, 41 farming 332.6 Feast of St Francis of Assisi 358.23 new regulations 332.32 Feast of the Immaculate Conception 358.23 overfishing 288.3, 19 feelings see emotions and feelings recommended intake 288.3 fellowship 358.21 unsustainable 332.6 female condom 379.13, 41 see also marine life Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) 296.2–3, 14, 300.19, 309.38, 320.12, 20–1, fitness 311.17, 313.12–13 358.35–6, 41, 364.7, 41, 372.23–6, 41, 379.2 apps 341.5 female sterilisation 292.32–3, 309.7 and BMI 313.12 female terrorism 355.18, 25–7 and gyms 313.16–17 femicide 370.15 risks 313.10, 322.25 Femicide Census 2018 370.15 supplements 321.12 feminism 364.41 tracking 313.38, 39, 341.4 and abortion 302.15, 23, 27, 39 see also exercise and activity; sport and anorexia 321.39 five freedoms, of animal welfare 374.5, 8 and eating disorders 321.38–9 Fiver programme 298.8–9 and gender equality 364.5–6 Fixed-Odds Betting Terminals (FOBTs) 349.1, 17, 26–30, 41 and men 293.4 fizzy drinks 350.22–3 men as feminists 364.22 flaming 361.6, 7, 41 and politics 360.30–1 flatpack homes 325.37–8 and press 308.24 prices 325.37–8 and prostitution 318.8–9, 17–18, 20–1 sustainability 325.38 fermented foods 288.20–1 tiny houses 325.30–1 fertilisers 288.2, 16–17, 357.35 Flesch Reading Ease test 345.7 fertility 306.27, 319.1, 14 flexible learning 333.8 career security 293.36, 319.7 flexible working 335.14–15, 20–1, 340.5 clinics 319.2IVF, 15–17, 35–6 flexitarian diet 288.7–8, 18–19, 290.10, 345.27, 350.1, 21, 30–5, 41 global population 292.17 Flintoff, Freddie 375.12–13 holidays, IVF 319.35–6 flirting, and assault 309.27 problems 319.2–4, 6–8, 14, 16, 20, 30 flood risks 357.9, 20 protection 319.8, 16, 31 flooring, generating energy 290.37, 38–9 rates 293.2, 302.25, 319.5–6 flower remedies 343.6 and smoking 337.1, 19 Floyd, George 376.6, 10, 13, 38 time factors 319.1 flu see influenza fertility rates 363.3, 6–11, 19–21, 26–7, 30–1 fluid intelligence 378.23

25 flying, phobia of 351.4 footsteps generating energy 290.37–9 fly-tipping 315.5–7 forced labour 300.6, 372.4, 14–17, 21, 41 focal psychodynamic therapy (FPT), and anorexia 321.26 see also slavery; trafficking FODMAPs, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 339.18 forced marriage 296.3–4, 33–4, 300.10–11, 13–16, 316.20–2, 364.20, foetuses, unviable to term 302.34–6 372.14–15, 27, 29, 41 FOG (fats, oil and grease), and methane gas 344.34 Forced Marriage (Civil Protection) Act 2007 316.22 FOI (freedom of information) 317.12 Forced Marriage Protection Orders 316.21–2 folk religions 358.2 forced moves 336.10–11 FOMO (fear of missing out) 371.9 forced religious conversion 342.36–7 food forced swim test 374.19 allergies 339.17, 350.27–9, 41 foreign aid see aid banks 306.20, 22, 24–5, 36, 335.8 foreign travel see travel choices 339.30–1, 34–7 forests 352.26–8 ethical eating 345.27, 39 deforestation 357.16 global demand 288.1, 18 rainforest 357.6, 16 GM (genetically modified) 352.41 reforestation 357.38–9 groups 288.3, 339.11, 350.23 forest schools 353.8 growing your own 290.31–2 Forfeiture Act 1982 362.14 intolerances 288.23–6, 28, 339.17, 350.27–9, 41 ‘forgotten unemployed’ 335.10 labelling 303.7, 350.34 formaldehyde 337.41 labels 339.24–5 Fortnite 349.23 packaging 350.36 fossil fuels 332.6, 344.1, 4, 6, 7, 10, 18–19, 25–6, 348.11, 357.5–6, 6, 12 poisoning 348.9 see also coal; gas; oil poverty 306.13, 17, 19–21, 24–6, 28, 31, 36, 315.19, 33, 320.18 fossils 332.1–2 production fostering 319.29 impacts 305.11 and adoption 319.29 and increasing population 292.25–6 and children’s rights 320.16 See also meat production Foundation for a Smoke-Free World 337.31 rationing 339.9 foundation schools 353.2 ‘shrinkflation’ 345.14–15 Foundling Hospital, history of 306.5 supplements 341.37, 343.6 Four Paws 374.36–7 supply chain 288.2 FPT (focal psychodynamic therapy), and anorexia 321.26 sustainability 290.7–8, 11, 30–2 fracking 357.2 synthetic 352.19 FRAME, on banning cosmetics tests 303.39 trends 288.20–1 France waste 290.7–8, 10, 315.17, 18–20, 36, 339.38–9 citizenship 312.1 see also diet; healthy eating; hunger; nutrition; veganism; vegetarianism and civil solidarity pacts 316.9 food banks 368.16, 377.4–6, 16–17, 18–19 and dark tourism 365.22 foodborne diseases 348.19 healthcare 323.4 food industry, sustainability in 368.3 immigration statistics 359.3 Food Standards Agency (FSA) Islamophobia 308.37 on food allergies 350.27 and palliative sedation 362.9 on household waste 315.17–18 refugee camps 359.41 on poultry inspections 348.9 see also Europe on waste 315.17 FRANK website 301.12–13 food waste 368.32, 36 fraud 295.1, 5, 366.1, 2, 371.1 football 320.14, 324.22 and cancelled cards 322.32 exploitation of fans 341.8–9 freedom 354.28, 30, 372.4 hooliganism 341.7, 41 of expression 347.2–3, 40 pools 349.2 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 347.2 and problem gambling 349.12–13, 37 laws 347.3 and racism 376.29–30 and school uniform 353.34 and sexual abuse 320.12–15 and surveillance 317.4 violence 341.7–8 of information 317.12 women and 341.14–24 of the press 347.12–17

26 and religion 358.32–9 advertising 349.6, 12, 17, 25, 34–5 see also liberty age restrictions 349.1–2 freedom fighters 355.1–2 among sports people 349.12–13 Freedom in the World 2019 360.32–3 arcades 349.1, 17 Freedom of Information Act 2000 347.40 the ‘big win’ 349.3 ‘free-from’ groceries 350.24, 27 bingo 349.2, 7, 41 free press 347.14, 16, 40 casinos 349.2, 9, 38, 41 free-range 350.31, 41 and children 349.16–17, 22–4 free school meals 306.23, 377.8, 13 compulsive nature of 349.8–9 and hunger 320.18 and debt 349.5, 26–7 and inequality 306.13 definition 349.1, 41 free schools 353.3, 41 dependence on 349.5 free speech 310.21–2, 347.1, 361.18, 371.14–15, 372.4, 33 distorting reality 349.8–9 Free Speech University Rankings 2018 347.4 and dopamine 349.8 free trade 305.6, 11, 27, 35, 306.28 as entertainment 349.3 NAFTA 305.11 Fixed-Odds Betting Terminals (FOBTs) 349.41 and protectionism 305.31–2 gaming machines 349.1, 2, 9 frenemies 354.17 and gender 349.7, 10 frequent flyers 365.24–5 ‘loot boxes’ 349.22–5 freshers’ week 333.32 lotteries 349.2, 10, 21, 41 fresh water depreciation 363.23 online 299.14, 324.16, 349.4, 7, 10, 14, 15, 18–23, 41 friend requests, unwelcome 361.5 participation statistics 349.10–11 friendships 354.17–25 prevalence in UK 349.7, 10 best friends 354.19, 21 as a problem 349.3, 4–7, 10, 12–13, 26–30, 32, 37–9, 41 falling out 354.23 as public health issue 349.27, 32 imaginary 354.18 reasons for 349.3 importance of 354.21–2, 25 remote 349.41 toxic 354.24–5 self-help tips 349.33 fringe medicine see complementary and alternative medicine ‘skin gambling’ 349.18–20, 41 Fromm, Erich 358.15 stopping 349.3 frontbenchers 360.41 and video games 349.24 frozen zoo 332.30 and young people 349.5, 7, 15–20, 37 fruit and vegetables 339.11, 20–2 see also betting hybrid vegetables 288.20 Gambling Act 2005 349.1, 6, 17 organic 288.5 Gambling Commission 349.41 ‘ugly’ vegetables 288.20 on fixed odds betting 349.26–30 fruit machines 349.2, 41 on young people gambling 349.7 FSM (free school meals) pupils 333.10–11, 26–7 Gambling With Lives charity 349.4, 30 fuel banks 306.8 gaming 299.13, 307.21–2, 340.12, 18, 371.10, 38–9 fuel poverty 306.8, 25, 325.12, 377.41 and dopamine release 299.21 and bill payments 306.8 educational games 299.14 and fuel banks 306.8 gender inequalities in 364.25–6 and pre-payment meters 306.8, 325.12 and Internet Addiction Disorder 299.13–14 fuel tax 345.36–7 online 324.16 full-time reserve service personnel (FTRS) 356.1, 7 potential benefits of 299.21 funding ‘gaming disorder’ 340.19 additional 333.19–20 gaming machines 349.1, 2, 9 of apprenticeships 333.13–14 see also arcades of higher education 333.8, 18–20 gamma butyrolaction (GBL) 373.22 for mental health services 334.16, 346.22 gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) 373.22 funerals Gandhi, Mahatma 374.2 celebrating life 338.25–7 on animal rights 350.8 cost of 338.18–20 Ganesh Chaturthi 358.23 facts 338.20 gang abuse 379.30 inspirational songs 338.24–5 gangs 366.10, 41 living 338.41 impact on mental health 295.4 planning 338.23–7 young offenders 295.16 rituals 338.20–3 GAPS (Gut and Psychology Syndrome) 288.34–5 scattering ashes 338.27 gap year 333.5, 41 and young children 338.34–5 gardening 368.14 see also death and mortality gardens fur farming 303.30–2 ponds 357.35 fur-free 374.30–2 wildflower lawns 357.33 further education 291.31–2, 333.1–5, 41, 339.19, 353.2, 41 garden villages 325.36 see also higher education home building 325.36–7 fur trade 332.14 as locally led 325.36 future prospects 333.35–9 garlic 343.31 Future Reserves 2020 356.1 gas (fuel source) 315.24, 325.11 ‘gaslighting’ 296.6, 354.37, 370.41 gastrointestinal bleeding, and aspirin 311.15 gay people 369.2, 12, 13, 20–3, 32 G age of consent 297.26 gabapentinoids 373.13 and AIDS 314.6 GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder) see Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and armed forces 289.23–4, 297.26 gagging order 347.40 and civil partnerships 316.9 Galapagos 332.38–9 criminalisation of 297.2, 39 Galentine’s Day 354.21 ‘gay’ as homophobic term 297.28–9 GambleAware 349.12–13, 32 gay pride 297.13 gambling gay rights issues 297.25–6 addiction 349.26–7 and marriage 319.28

27 pardons for convicted gay men 297.39 therapy 352.4–6 portrayal of gay men on TV 297.34–7 General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 317.32, 345.21, 41 and private life 317.3 general elections 319.19, 360.41 queer 297.5, 9, 28 Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) 313.9, 346.1, 351.5, 7, 24, 41, 375.28 self-identification as 297.7–9 General Osteopathic Council (GosC) 343.3 and surrogacy 319.28 general practitioners violence against 297.25–6 see also GPs see also LGBTQIA+ community; same-sex relationships ‘Generation Me’ 358.14 Gaza, and war zones 300.20 Generation X 345.30, 350.4–5 GCSEs 353.14–17, 19, 20–1, 41 Generation Y 340.41 GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and the Armed Forces 356.41 impact of female employment 293.21 Generation Z 335.19, 350.4–5 from travel and tourism 294.1–3, 7 consumer trends 345.5, 30–1 GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) 317.32 and religion 358.1 gender 293.12 genetically altered animals 374.24–5 abolition of 293.12–13 genetically modified organisms (GMOs) 352.4–6 and activity levels 341.16, 20 genetic data 352.31–2 archaeological evidence of gender roles 293.19–20 genetic diseases 319.33 binary 369.2 and fertility 319.31 and body image 307.1, 5, 9, 13, 15 and IVF 319.21, 33–4, 38–9 and bullying 361.11 genetic engineering and cyberbullying 361.4, 11 of children 352.14–15 defining 364.41, 369.1–2, 3, 41 of crops 352.2 development 369.10 genetic factors, in ageing 378.11 and diet 350.32 genetic modification (GM) 303.35, 352.4–5, 41 difference 364.4 genetics, and addiction 373.2 disappointment 319.37 genetics testing 341.32–3 discrimination 341.15, 364.3, 17, 41, 372.7 and sport 341.5 and drug abuse 373.7 genital herpes 309.9, 11, 13, 379.20, 24, 25 dysphoria 297.14–15, 369.5–8, 37, 41 genital warts 309.11, 379.20, 24, 25 and eating disorders 321.21 vaccination 309.25 equality 364.4–5, 8–9, 22–3, 372.9–10, 27, 30 genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic 367.1 equal pay 364.9–10, 15–16 genomic medicine 352.11–13 equal rights at work 364.2 genomic vaccines 348.36–7 and ethical consumerism 345.39 gentrification 306.4 and exam results 353.16–17 geoengineering 357.23, 41 and gambling 349.7, 10 geopolitics 357.6 identity 369.1–2, 4, 6, 37–9, 41 geothermal energy 344.2, 5, 17, 20, 40 imbalance in voting 360.36 Germany and internet use 371.2 and animal welfare 303.12 and life expectancy 363.5, 13, 15 attitudes to Armed Forces 356.3–4

and mental health 346.7, 8–9, 17, 20 CO2 emissions 357.3 nonconforming 369.10–11 healthcare 323.6 norms 379.2 immigration statistics 359.3–4 pay gap 293.3, 22–5, 28–9, 31, 335.11–13, 341.18–19, 21 quotas for women on company boards 293.27 and pocket money 322.4–5 refugee statistics 359.34 preferences 369.5 studying in 333.2 quotas 293.27 and surveillance 317.27–8 roles 369.3–4 war guilt 356.3–4 and rough sleeping 336.6–7 women in armed forces 289.21 and school uniform 364.13–14 Ghana, waste 315.9 selection, and abortion 302.30–2, 37, 319.36 giant panda bears 357.18 socialisation 369.10–11 ‘giggle doctors’ 343.24 and social media 340.12 ginger 343.31 and spending habits 345.4 giraffes 303.6, 332.25 and sports 341.11, 14–24 girlfriends 354.26–7 stereotypes 293.7, 310.24, 364.27–39, 41, 369.3–5, 10 see also romantic relationships and unconscious bias 364.3 Girlguiding Girls’ Attitudes Survey 2014 293.33–4 variant 369.2 on sexual harassment 310.18 and violence 320.22 girls and young women and work 293.3, 21–31 and anorexia 321.28 see also LGBTQIA+ community; men; women and body image 307.4 gender gap 364.2, 10–12 and bullying 361.11 gender identity disorder (GID) 369.5–8, 37 as child brides 364.1 gender inequality 370.13 and eating disorders 321.19 gender-neutral and education 293.2, 23, 314.18, 320.21–2 labelling 293.14–16 and exercise 310.23, 324.31 title 293.13 female genital mutilation (FGM) 358.35–6, 364.7 toilets 297.33 impact of social media 361.1 gender pay gap 364.9–10, 15–16, 41, 368.9 and mental health 310.20, 324.11–12 genderqueer 297.8, 15, 369.1–2, 9 periods 309.30 Gender Recognition Act 2004 297.26, 37 persecution of 358.38–9 gene 313.20 and pink toys 364.35–6 editing 314.35, 348.23, 352.6, 9–11, 31, 36–9, 41 and pregnancy 309.22 epigenetics 319.23 pressures of appearance 293.34 and health 311.19 right to education 364.6 and IVF 319.38 and school bullying 310.4 and perceptions of ageing 311.18 school uniforms 310.14–15 and rates of ageing 311.18, 34 and self-esteem 307.38 stem cells 319.32 and selfies 318.35

28 and sex 309.29 and deleting searches 317.17 and sexual abuse 320.35–6 Street View, tourist sites 294.37 and sexual bullying 304.7 Go Set a Watchman 308.9 and sexual dysfunction 309.16 Gothenburg, housing 311.27 and sexual harassment 310.17–18 Gove, Michael 357.31, 359.22 and sexualisation 310.2, 4, 6, 30 on climate change 357.8 and suicide 324.8–9 government glass ceiling 364.41 on AIDS 314.27 glass floor 291.36–7 Cabinet 360.2 Glastonbury Festival, and waste 315.11–12 Civil Service 360.3 Global Challenges Foundation (GCF), on population growth 363.24 definition 360.41 Global Coalition to End Child Poverty 377.29 departments 360.2 Global Corporate Sustainability Report 2015 345.33 duties and responsibilities 336.32–4 global displacement 359.34 executive agencies 360.2 global economic cycle 305.4 funding 333.8, 13–14, 18–20 Global Employability University Survey 333.35 on home and housing 325.8, 13–14, 16, 18–20, 24, 36–7 global financial crisis (2008) on household waste 315.19–20 and globalisation 305.32, 36 how it works 360.2–3 and international trade 305.32 on IVF 319.19, 33–4, 38 global footprint 368.4, 41 legislation overview 336.32–4 Global Footprint Network 290.14–15 local 360.3, 18 Global Gender Gap Index 2018 364.2, 30 ministers 360.2, 4 Global Gender Gap Report 2017 364.6 on NHS 323.1 global inequalities 364.2 non-departmental public bodies (NDPBs) 360.2 globalisation 305.1, 4–7, 20–1, 36–9 spending 360.4 and aid 305.22–3 subsidies 344.16, 18–19 and banks 305.32, 38 support for homelessness 336.29–32, 38–9 and brain drain 305.6 types of 360.1 and brands 305.7–8, 8–9 see also devolved government; legislation; Parliament and consumer patterns 305.7 Government of Wales Act 1998 360.9 cultural 305.5–6 graduate wage gap 333.38–9 and debt 305.33, 38 grammar schools 353.3, 41 and digital technology 305.24–5, 34, 37, 322.9, 30 and social mobility 291.18, 24, 26–7 and environment 305.2, 6 grandparents and financial flows 305.32 and parental separation 316.37–8 and global economic cycle 305.4 time spent with grandchildren 311.13 history of 305.3–5, 36, 38 grants 333.19–20 impacts 305.1–2, 9, 20–1, 24, 36–8 graphic warnings on cigarettes 337.3, 36 and inequality 305.5, 39 great apes 332.14 and localism 305.21 great auk 332.8 and migration 305.4, 6, 31 Great Barrier Reef 357.17 political 305.5–6, 37–9 Great British Bake Off (TV) 312.16 and protectionism 305.32–3 Great Men Value Women 293.17 and regionalism 305.29–30 Greece and sovereignty 305.20 and abortion 302.14 see also international trade; manufacturing and tourism 365.16 global population greenbelt land 325.17, 20, 23–8 decline in 363.26, 27–31, 34–5 and golf courses 325.28 depopulation 363.34 and house prices 325.25 growth of 363.1–2, 6, 19, 24, 27–30, 34–6 and neglect 325.28 overpopulation 363.22–5, 30 and poverty 325.27–8 global poverty 305.22, 30, 306.26–8, 35–6, 38, 377.20–8, 30–1, 34–5 and urban sprawl 325.26–7 Global Terrorism Index 2018 355.14–16 visits 325.26 global tourism 365.6, 27 and work 325.27 Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) 348.29 green cities 368.9 global warming 332.14, 22, 357.2, 6, 20–1, 38, 41, 363.22 green consumerism 368.5 see also climate change; energy efficiency; greenhouse gases green driving 368.14 gluten 350.23, 24, 41 green energy 344.40, 368.41 gluten-free diets 339.18, 350.24–5 see also renewable energy gluten intolerance 288.23–6 greenfield land 325.23 glycaemic index 288.23, 36 and brownfield land 325.25 GM see genetic modification (GM) green funeral 338.41 God Green GB Week 357.8 as all-powerful deity 358.17 greenhouse gases (GHGs) 288.2–3, 10–11, 14–16, 18, 30, 32–3, 290.10, 17, belief in 358.2, 19 315.39, 357.6, 8, 12, 36, 37, 41, 368.3 existence of 358.19 see also methane emissions; see also carbon dioxide emissions see also religion Green Papers 360.6 gods 358.17, 23 Green Party 360.21 see also deities; religion on climate change 357.2 Golden Rice 352.2 Greenpeace, on waste 315.15 goldenseal 343.32 Greenpeace UK 365.24 golf courses 294.16, 325.28, 341.39 green prescriptions 313.32–3 gonadotrophins and fertility 319.14 health benefits 313.32–3 and IVF 319.16 green spaces see parks and green spaces gonorrhoea 309.10–11, 379.14–15, 20, 24, 25 Green Stars Project 345.35 Good Childhood Report 2013, The 354.9–10 green tourism 294.19–20, 24–5, 32–3 Good Friday 358.22 green turtles 357.19 Good Friday Agreement 300.33, 36 greenwashing 345.33–4, 368.41 Good Lad workshops 293.17 Grenfell Tower 325.14 Google greyhound welfare 349.31

29 grief 319.12, 334.18, 28, 338.21, 28–9, 31–3 anti-harassment strategies 304.27 stages of 319.11–12 getting help 304.25, 27, 28 time factors 319.13 racial 308.2–3 see also bereavement; death and mortality sexual 310.17–18 Grindr 340.2 in universities 361.25–6 grooming 320.25, 38, 340.35, 342.35, 361.34 Harlow’s monkeys 374.18 online 299.1, 32 harassment 376.4, 41 see also sexual exploitation Harry, Prince (Henry of Wales) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 345.41 on HIV 314.25 Groundswell 336.21 on mental health 304.35 groups Harry Potter books, and censorship 347.34–5 exclusion from 361.6, 7 hashtags 340.34, 41 social exclusion 361.11 hate crime 308.8, 12, 17, 29, 34, 355.17, 369.30–1, 41, 376.30, 41 group therapy 334.37, 41 homophobic 297.25–7 guilt 334.2, 15 and social networking 295.14–15 Gurkhas 356.1, 7 transgender 297.25–6 Guru Nanak Birthday 358.25 hate mail 371.26–7 Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Martyrdom 358.25 hate speech 347.1, 2, 3 Gut and Psychology Syndrome (GAPS) 288.34–5 hazardous chemicals 348.2 gut health 321.17 hazardous waste 315.25 gyms 313.16–17 Heads Together campaign 304.35 Gypsy communities 376.23–4, 41 headstone 338.41 health and social care 378.29–30, 41 funding 323.10 in Japan 378.11 H health and wellbeing 311.17, 323.2, 324.32 habeas corpus 372.5, 374.3 chronic conditions 313.28, 324.13 Habeas Corpus Act 1679 372.2 diet-related problems 288.12–13, 19, 33–6, 39 habitat and increasing life expectancy 311.4 definition 332.41 and inequality 306.13, 308.6–7 destruction 332.14 and intergenerational communities 311.36 loss, from tourism 294.18 new technologies 348.36–7 habitat loss 363.22 physical inactivity and 313.4, 14, 31, 37 habits to help depression 334.38–9 and physique 310.27 habituation 349.5 and religion 358.21 hacking 361.6 sleep 348.7 see also surveillance and access and social class 291.14–15 haemorrhage 367.16 and social isolation 311.35–6 hair, and sexualisation 310.22 universal coverage 348.2 Haiti 377.22 and vegetarian diets 288.4, 10, 37–8 halal slaughter world health statistics 348.1 banning 303.6 see also addictions; fitness; mental health; sexual health; wellbeing; and labelling 303.7 individual illnesses halls of residence 333.16, 24, 41 health and wellbeing boards 323.2 hallucinations 334.3 health anxiety 351.5 and bereavement 338.35–6 healthcare 305.22–3, 29–30, 323.4–5, 6–7, 39 imaginary friends 354.18–19 of children 342.5–6, 12, 15–16 hallucinogenics 373.4, 41 see also care provision for older people; doctors; hospitals hand-rolled cigarettes 337.1 health food eating disorder 288.27–8 Hannukah 358.25 health policy, effect on life expectancy 338.2 happiness 306.16, 312.22, 314.37, 321.17 health professionals, awareness training of domestic violence 296.11, 15, 17 and ageing 378.32 Health Profile for England 2017, on life expectancy 363.14 harassment 304.25, 361.6, 7, 41 health risks of smoking 337.1–2, 4–5, 10, 16–17, 19, 32 age discrimination 311.6 health statistics 338.5 anti-harassment policies 304.27 Health Survey for England (2014) 334.4–5

30 healthy eating 290.9–10, 341.4 and innate AIDS defence 314.36 eatwell plate 288.2–3 key affected populations 314.15 and fertility 319.14 late diagnosis 314.4, 5, 7, 8 see also diet; nutrition misinformation 314.19, 20, 23, 24 healthy habits 378.35–6, 39 mother to child transmission 314.2, 29–30 healthy life expectancy 291.15, 35 and other conditions 314.29 healthy life expectancy 363.14, 16 paediatric and adult care 314.18 see also life expectancy related illness 348.1, 17–18 healthy lifestyles 323.29 risks 301.1, 314.4, 15, 16, 23 and health impacts 323.29 statistics 348.17 healthy towns 313.37 and steroid injecting 301.14, 15 heart arrhythmia 313.7 stigma 314.6, 11, 18, 20, 22–6 heartbreak 354.38–9 and testing 314.4–5, 8, 9, 17, 21, 24–5, 28–9, 39 heart disease 348.5–6, 378.5, 9, 11, 21, 35, 39 timeline 314.6 and aspirin 311.14, 15 treatments 343.5, 9, 38–9 and death 323.23, 24 and viral loads 314.2 and smoking 337.1–2, 16–17, 32, 35, 37–8 see also AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) heated tobacco products 337.28–30 hoarding disorder 351.3 see also e-cigarettes hobbies, and self–esteem 307.31 Heathrow airport, expansion 357.2 Holi 358.23 heating household 290.27 holidays and poverty 325.12 consumer rights 345.22–3 heat pumps 344.17 costs 294.14–15 see also geothermal energy countries visited 365.5 heatstroke 357.29 destinations, British people 294.13 heavy drinking see alcohol ecotourism 365.1, 28–9 hedgehogs 357.34–5, 374.13, 15 of the future 294.35–9 HeForShe campaign 293.4 See also tourism helmeted hornbill 332.18 global tourism 365.6 hen harriers 332.34 length of 365.11 Henn-na Hotel 294.39 popular destinations 365.6, 12–13 Henry of Wales (Prince Harry) religious 358.22–5 on HIV 314.25 trends 365.3–5, 11–12 on mental health 304.35 Holocaust 358.13 hepatitis 343.5 Holy Saturday 358.22 B 309.11, 13 home 325.2, 6 C 309.13 energy efficiency 290.36, 325.31–3 vaccination 309.10–13 energy generation 290.27–8 hepatitis A 348.19 leaving 354.1 herbal medicine 343.6, 8–9, 14–15, 26–8, 31–4 owning own 354.1–2 herbivores 332.16–17 and privacy 317.3, 25 hereditary peers 360.4, 11 retirement homes 311.17, 24, 25–7, 32–3 heredity see genes and safety 325.6 Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons 360.2 sustainability 290.29, 325.32–3 heroin 301.2–3, 11, 19, 22–3, 34, 373.3, 5, 11, 22 working from 325.2 heros see also housing; living arrangements Armed Forces as 356.3–4 home building 325.4–6, 8, 18, 19, 21, 36–7 see also veterans flatpack homes 325.30–1, 37–8 Herpes 379.3 and greenbelt land 325.17, 20, 23–8 herpes, genital 309.9, 11, 13 land 325.17, 18, 20, 23, 25, 29 heteronormative 369.13 prices 325.7, 19, 37 heterosexism 369.13 and skills 328.22 heterosexual 369.2, 13, 15, 41 time factors 325.18 hidden homelessness 336.12–13, 22, 24–7, 35–6, 41, 364.20 home buying higher education and budgeting 325.1–2 access to 333.10–12, 25–8 and financial support from parents 322.3, 325.1–2 choices 333.1–5, 7–8 inequality 322.3, 325.21 diversity 333.8, 10–12, 25–32 prices 325.1, 13 government funding 333.8, 13–14, 18–20 and rented accommodation 325.19 see also further education; graduates; students; universities; university and spending 325.1–2 high-growth companies 298.4–5 home care hijab 353.34, 358.32 care transfer delays 311.5 Hinduism 358.2–4, 9, 11, 12–13, 41 and integrated healthcare 323.35–6 and assisted dying 287.3 home death 338.16 Ayurveda 358.21 home-educating 342.11 caste system 308.25–6 homelessness 325.6, 14, 364.20, 377.37–8 gods 358.23 among veterans 356.32 holidays 358.23–4 causes of 336.1, 22–3 rise in 358.18 criminalisation of 336.27–8 sacred texts 358.31 definition of 336.1, 41 Hippocrates 362.23 and domestic abuse 370.27–8, 32–3 Hippocratic Oath 362.6, 17 ex-service personnel 289.25, 26–7, 30, 39 and assisted dying 287.26 flatpack homes 325.37–8 hippos 332.16 government support for 336.29–30, 31–2, 38–9 hiSbe (social enterprise supermarket) 298.30 hidden 336.12–13, 22, 24–7, 35–6, 41 HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) 301.8–12, 14–16, 21–2, 23, 25, 35, increase in 336.4, 7–8, 15, 27 38–9, 309.3, 12, 13, 24–5, 314.1–5, 324.32, 379.2, 16–18, 24, 25 intentional 336.34 and animal experimentation 374.15 legislation overview 336.32–4 early diagnosis 314.5, 8, 10 and mental health 356.33 global statistics 314.3 and problem gambling 325.15–16

31 and right to vote 360.20 House of Commons 360.2, 4–7, 10, 12–14 see also rough sleeping House of Commons Women and Equalities Select Committee 375.18 Homelessness Act (2002) 336.32 House of Lords 360.2, 4–7, 11 Homelessness Reduction Act (2017) 336.3, 9, 30, 32–3, 34 bishops’ bench 358.18 homeopathy 343.6, 9–10, 19–20, 29–31, 35–6, 41 Select Committee on Medical Ethics 362.2–3 home ownership 325.1, 3–4, 7–8, 19, 336.13–14 house sitting 294.23 home schooling 353.24 housing 289.26–7, 39, 306.7, 325.3, 9, 18, 21–2, 34–5 home stays (tourism) 294.23 affordable 336.13–15 homework 353.36–9 availability of 336.13 and social media 340.12 building of new homes 336.9, 13, 15 home-working 335.20 co-housing and friends 311.37 homicide rates 295.5, 297.25, 26 cost of 377.2 homicides 366.1, 2, 6, 17 costs 306.7 domestic 370.3, 15 empty properties 325.20 see also femicide leasehold 325.20 homophobia 369.13, 30–1, 32, 41 and loneliness 378.37–8 in the Armed Forces 289.22, 24 and poverty 325.22 casual 297.9, 11 prices 325.3, 5–7, 16, 18–19, 21, 25 as hate crime 297.25–7 temporary accommodation 306.7 homophobic language 297.28–9 wealth 325.3 legislation against 297.27 Housing (Homeless Persons) Act (1977) 336.2 term 297.2 Housing Act (1988). Section 21 (S21) 336.10–11 homophobic bullying 297.23, 30, 304.7, 11–12, 39 Housing Benefit 335.8–9, 336.3–4, 10–11 homosexuality 369.2, 13, 15, 41 and homelessness 325.14 declassified as mental illness 346.8 Howard League for Penal Reform is 366.41 decriminalisation of 369.24–8 HPV (human papillomavirus) 309.10, 11, 13, 22, 25, 379.5–6, 20, 41 see also gay people; LGBTQIA+ community; same-sex relationships HRAs (Housing Revenue Accounts) 336.13–14 honesty 354.28 HSC (Health and Social Care), and funding 323.10 honey 343.31 HSI (Humane Society International), on banning cosmetics tests 303.38–9 Hong Kong Humane Cosmetics Act 303.39 and British nationality 312.4 human embryos see embryos and prostitution 318.4 Humane Society International (HSI) 374.21 ‘honour’-based violence 296.3, 33 on banning cosmetics tests 303.38–9 honours degree 333.41 Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Mitochondrial Donation) Regulations hooliganism 341.7, 41 2015 319.34 hope, lack of 346.5 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 302.1, 367.3 hormones 309.6, 313.5 Human Genome Project 2003 352.11, 29 gonadotrophins 319.14, 16 human germline editing 352.35–6 insulin 313.5, 23 human immunodeficiency virus see HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) oestrogen 313.5, 319.21 humanism progestogen 309.6–8 and abortion 367.7–8 testosterone 309.8 and marriage 316.6, 10 hormone therapy 369.8 and secularism 302.15 hornbills 332.18 humanitarian horseracing, doping in 341.27 aid 359.32, 34 horses, welfare legislation 303.2 crisis 359.33–4, 37 hospices 287.25–7, 29, 338.15–16 policy 359.34 hospital admissions, and violent offences 366.9, 17 humanitarian intervention 300.23–4 hospital death 338.16–17 humanitarian relief 306.38 hospitals 311.17A&E, 323.21 human overpopulation 332.2–4 and abortion 302.2–4, 6 human papillomavirus see HPV (human papillomavirus) and anorexia 321.26, 28 human rights 297.2–3, 302.35–6, 317.2–3, 25, 379.2 care of the dying 287.16–17 and being human 300.23, 26 care transfer delays 311.5 breaches of 372.7, 30–1, 33–4 and end-of-life care 311.2 campaigns to protect 300.21 and funding 323.4–5 children history of 306.5 See children’s rights and integrated healthcare 323.35–6 and civil liberties 372.5 and public opinion 323.16–17 countries with poor records 300.21 and restricted access 323.13 and decriminalisation 318.3, 5–7, 13, 17 and surveillance 317.31 definition 372.1, 41 waiting times 323.22 definitions 300.1 hospital smoking ban 337.34 gender and sexuality 369.24–5 hostels 336.17–18, 25–6, 41 global policy 318.3 hotels history of 372.2–3 eco-hotels 294.22 international conventions 300.2 hotel rooms of the future 294.35 and lack of choice 318.21 staffed by robots 294.39 legislation 372.2–7 ‘Hothouse Earth’ 357.11–12 multiple abuses of 318.3–4 hot springs 344.5 as non-binding 317.14 household and obligations 372.1 definition 363.2 obligations of the State 300.1, 26–7 living alone 363.2 and precedence 317.14–15 household responsibilities, and gender equality 364.9 and proportionality 317.24–5 household waste 315.36 and restrictions 302.11, 34 e-waste 315.10 sexual rights 309.1–2 fly-tipping 315.5–6 social justice and equality 300.38–9 food 315.17–20, 31–2, 37 and war zones 300.20–1 and recycling 315.2 and women’s rights 293.32 waste hierarchy 315.22 Human Rights Act 1998 355.41, 372.3, 4, 5–7, 12, 41

32 Article 2. right to life 362.15 impacts of 359.15–17 and the European Convention on Human Rights 300.1–2, 27, 29–30 media representations of 359.20–1 freedom of expression 347.2–3 negative outcomes of 359.16–17 public perception 300.39 and NHS 323.13 social benefits 300.34–5 offences 292.2, 3, 6, 10, 14 and social justice 300.38–9 policies 359.13–14, 27–8 Human Rights Day 293.32 and population growth 292.11–12 Human Rights Watch, on violence against women 360.36 population statistics worldwide 359.3–5 Human Tissue Act 2004 338.12 see also migration human trafficking 359.38, 364.6, 372.14–22, 41 immune system 303.34, 339.20–1, 343.18, 34 see also trafficking immunisation 348.29, 379.5–6 Human Trafficking and Exploitation Act 2015 372.17 impersonation 361.6, 7 humour imprisonment see prison and belittlement 307.27–8 Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) 346.5, 12 and religious ceremonies 316.7 inalienability 372.1 Hungary 360.33 inbound tourism 365.1 and animal welfare 303.3 incineration, WTE 315.23–4 hunger 288.1, 306.19–20, 24–6, 28, 36, 339.38 inclusion, financial 322.22–4, 30 and food theft 306.23, 31 inclusive sport 341.41 hunting 332.12, 14, 41 income 306.1, 18, 20–1, 322.18–19, 377.5, 24–5 canned 294.31 basic 377.35–6 with hounds 303.27 and childcare costs 322.2 lions, trophy hunting 303.27 and inequality 291.15, 306.2, 3, 10, 13–14, 19, 21, 26–7, 31–2, 33 see also poaching; trophy hunting low 306.13, 16, 17, 20, 322.11, 19, 325.14–15, 21 Hunting Act 2004 303.27 median 377.3, 12 hurricanes 357.13–15 Minimum Income Standard (MIS) 377.1, 41 hydrocarbon fuels 357.12 wealth inequality 377.32–3 hydroelectric dams 332.9 see also earnings; living standards; retirement; salaries; wages hydro energy 344.2, 5, 11–12, 20, 40 Income Tax and environmental damage 344.11–12 and NHS 323.15 hydrogen 357.36–7 see also taxation hygiene, obsession with 350.27 incomplete abortion 367.16 hyperactivity disorder 346.11 Indecent Displays (Control) Act 1981 310.31 hypertension see high blood pressure Independent ATM Deployers (IADs) 322.9 hypnotherapy 343.6 Independent Domestic Violence Advisors (IDVAs) 296.23 hypocrisy, and racism 376.1–3 independent monitoring boards 360.2 hypomania 334.20 Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO) 347.16 hysteria, as mental disorder 346.8–9 independent schools 333.6, 353.4 background of public figures 291.10, 23 and degree performance 291.38–9 India I caste system 308.25–6 IAD see Internet Addiction Disorder CO2 emissions 357.3 IADs (Independent ATM Deployers) 322.9 and digital currencies 322.35–6 IAPT (Improving Access to Psychological Therapies) 334.16–17, 351.7 fertility rates 363.31 ibuprofen 373.13 immigration statistics 359.3 Ice Ages 357.11–12 mMitra 299.33 Iceland mobile technology initiatives 299.33–4 and alcohol 324.19–20 partitioning of 358.13 and drugs 324.19–21, 23 population growth 363.28 and smoking 324.20 safe public space mapping (Safecity) 299.34 substance abuse programmes 324.19, 21–3 selective abortion 367.25 ice sheets 357.20–1 sterilisation camps 292.32–3 ICRs (internet connection records) 317.6–8 TB 299.33–4 ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) 319.15, 24–5 waste 315.8–9, 26, 27 health risks 319.24–5 see also Hinduism identity, and immigration 359.25–6 indirect discrimination 376.3–4 IDVAs (Independent Domestic Violence Advisors) 296.23 Indonesia IFS (Institute for Fiscal Studies) CO2 emissions 357.3 on graduate wage gap 333.38–9 death penalty 295.38 on Universal Credit 335.6–8 industrial biotechnology 352.3 IGCSE (International GCSE) 353.41 Industrial Revolution 360.15 ‘illegal immigrants’ 359.36 inequality 368.3, 370.12–13, 376.26–7, 377.3, 32–3 see also asylum seekers in education 353.30 illegal tobacco 337.7–8, 12 in school 353.28 illiteracy 364.6 infanticide 366.6 see also education infant mortality 338.1–3, 378.4, 6, 379.11 illness infant mortality rate 363.41 see also health infantry 356.7, 11, 12 imaginary friends 354.18 influencers 371.10, 32 imagination, as anxiety treatment 351.29–30 influenza 338.2–3 IMF (International Monetary Fund), and globalisation 305.37 pandemic (1918) 348.14–15 immigrants, definition 359.3 viruses 357.23 immigration 363.2 InfoCircus 374.26 and assimilation 359.26 Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO), on cyberbullying 361.5 attitudes to 359.15–17, 22–5 inhuman treatment 372.4 benefits of 359.15–17, 27–8 initiative 335.39 and children 342.12 injuries and culture 359.15–17 in the Armed Forces 356.27 and identity 359.25–6 in sport 341.31–2

33 inquests, on suicide 324.8 access 371.1–2 insect life 332.21, 37–8 access inequality 291.32–3 insects, as food 288.29–33, 368.37 broadband 299.24–5 insecure workers 335.22–3 censorship 347.6, 9 insomnia 346.29, 351.14, 17, 373.13 chat rooms 340.1 Instagram 299.9, 340.1, 2–3, 5, 10, 18, 371.10, 33 clickbait 317.10 cyberbullying on 361.15 cloud computing 340.2 reporting/dealing with abuse on 361.32 crowdfunding 298.5, 15–16 instant messaging 340.1, 41 dependency on 340.4–5 Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) 368.8 gaming 371.10 Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) impacts of 371.8–10, 12–13 on relative poverty 356.33 mobile 340.2 on school spending 353.31–2 pornography 299.2, 310.7, 32, 318.30–6, 34–5 institutional racism 376.15–19, 24–5 risks 371.4, 9–10, 12–14, 14, 18–24 insulin 313.5, 324.35 safety 340.20–5, 371.12–17, 22–7 resistance 313.23 time spent on 361.5 insurance use 371.1–5 and financial inclusion 322.23 Web 2.0 340.1 medical 323.4–7 see also digital footprint; social media integrated healthcare 323.35–6, 343.2 Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) 299.13–14, 21, 324.16 and community 323.35–6 Internet connection records (ICRs) 317.6–8 and funding 323.35–6 Internet of things (IoT) 317.31–2, 344.29, 371.28–9 and hospital cuts 323.36 digital life in 2025 299.36–9 integration 312.5, 17–18 and personal data 299.27, 317.33 intelligence 378.23 potential benefits and disadvantages 299.28–9 and gene editing 352.9–11 and privacy intelligence analysts 356.5 See also online privacy; surveillance and access intensive farming 350.12–13, 41, 363.23, 374.6, 41 and product liability 317.32 intentional homelessness 336.34 safety risks 317.32 interest fees 345.41 and the Solow Paradox 299.29 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 357.2, 6, 20, 39, 41 internet service providers (ISPs), and internet pornography 318.30 internally displaced persons 359.31, 38, 41 Internet Watch Foundation (IWF), on revenge porn 361.26 International Baccalaureate (Ibac) 353.41 internships 335.2, 3, 31–2 International Bill of Human Rights 300.26 interoception-directed therapy 351.28–9 International Centre for Responsible Tourism 294.27–8 interpersonal therapy (IPT), and anorexia 321.26 International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) 346.10 intersectionality 378.22 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) 372.9, intersex people 369.1, 2, 3 379.2 legal recognition of 297.22 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial LGBTQIA+ community 297.10–12 Discrimination (CERD)1965 372.1–2 term 297.2 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 300.2, 26 intimidation 354.28 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) 319.15, 24–5 1976 300.26, 372.2 health risks 319.24–5 International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals intrauterine devices (IUDs) 309.6–7 374.17 intrauterine insemination (IUI) 319.14, 20 International Humanitarian Law (IHL) 359.41 intrauterine systems (IUSs) 309.7 International Men’s Day 364.18 intra-vas devices (IVDs) 309.8 International Monetary Fund (IMF), and globalisation 305.37 Investigatory Powers Act 2016 317.4–8, 19–20 international students 333.27–8 ‘invisible homelessness’ see hidden homelessness international terrorism 355.3 in vitro fertilisation see IVF international tourism 365.1 in vitro meat 352.41 international trade 305.4–5, 14–15, 18–19, 21–7, 29–32 involuntary euthanasia 287.1, 3 see also European Union (EU); fairtrade; free trade; manufacturing see also non-voluntary euthanasia International Women’s Day 299.33, 364.1, 8, 22 involuntary smoking see passive smoking internet 317.10, 340.41 iodine 350.38–9

34 IoT see internet of things ivory trade 303.27 IPPR (Institute for Public Policy Research), on benefit reforms 377.7 Iran censorship in 347.11, 36 CO emissions 357.3 2 J Iraq 356.14, 24, 39 jail see prison censorship in 347.11 Jainism 358.2, 4, 9–10, 31 conflict 289.6, 27, 28, 33, 300.20 Janmashtami 358.23 Ireland Japan and abortion 302.34 ageing 311.27 abortion laws 367.18–19 and animal research 303.38–9 and animal welfare 303.3–4 CO2 emissions 357.3 and British nationality 312.4 drug policies 301.27–8 healthcare 323.4 government 360.39 prostitution 318.10 health and social care 378.11 see also Northern Ireland healthcare 323.5 iRights 299.3 and international trade 305.13 Irish Republican Army (IRA) 355.2, 3–4, 7 life expectancy 378.10 ceasefire 355.12 religion in 358.9 iron 350.38–9 retirement age 378.14 in the diet 288.4–5, 10, 19 robot hotel staff 294.39 Iron Man (comic), and sexualisation 310.30 Jedi Knights, as alternative religion 358.4–5 irreligiosity (no religion) 358.1–2, 6–7, 18–20 Jesus Christ 358.8 see also non-religious population and Christian holidays 358.22 irresponsible tourism 294.30–2 see also Christianity irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 339.18 jihadist attacks 355.5, 6 ISAs 325.19 job satisfaction, in the Armed Forces 289.7 ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and al–Sham) 300.20, 23 Jobseekers Allowance 335.8, 10, 336.2, 10 Islam 355.41, 358.2–5, 8, 11, 41 Johnson, Boris 360.11 burqa 358.32–3 on child poverty 377.15 and euthanasia 362.17 on immigration 359.13–14 and halal slaughter 303.6–7 Joint Committee on Statutory Instruments (JCSI) 360.8 hijab 358.32 jokes and banter holidays 358.25 racist 308.2 and LGBT 369.32–3 as workplace bullying 304.29 Muhammad, prophet 358.8, 25 Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF) pilgrimage 358.27 on austerity policies 377.14 Quran 358.8, 25, 31 defining poverty 377.1 radical Muslims 355.2, 17 Minimum Income Standard (MIS) 377.1 see also Muslims Minimum Income Standards 336.13 Islamic State (IS) 355.3, 4, 5, 14–15, 41 on poverty 306.6 Islamic theocratic states 358.3 poverty in working households 377.11–12 Islamophobia 308.4, 15, 34, 37, 358.1, 376.30–1, 41 journalism Isle of Man, and civil partnerships 316.9 freedom of speech 347.1 Isle of Wight Festival, and waste 315.11–12 and internet 317.10 isolation 334.6, 18, 38, 354.28, 36 and surveillance 317.4–5 ISPs (internet service providers), and internet pornography 318.30 violence against 347.17 Isra and Mi’raj 358.25 see also press Israel 358.4, 8 journalling 361.3 women in Israel Defence Forces 289.21 Journal of Adolescent Health 379.2 Israelites 358.13 Judaism 358.2–5, 8, 11, 13, 41 IT see information technology anti-Semitism 376.12 Italy circumcision 296.14 and food poverty 306.31 and euthanasia 362.17 healthcare 323.5–6 food poverty 306.20 immigration statistics 359.3–4 funerals 338.22 and surveillance 317.27–8 holidays 358.24–5 waste 315.3 Holocaust 358.13 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 332.18, 41 kosher slaughter 303.6–7 IUDs (intrauterine devices) 309.6–7 rise in 358.18 IUI (intrauterine insemination) 319.14, 20 Rosh Hashanah 358.20 IUSs (intrauterine systems) 309.7 sacred texts 358.31 IVDs (intra-vas devices) 309.8 Talmud 358.31 IVF (in vitro fertilisation) 319.14–17, 20–1, 24–5, 31, 35, 337.1 Tanakh 358.13, 31 costs 319.17, 21, 35–6 Torah 358.25 and DNA 319.19, 33–4, 38–9 jungle camps 359.37, 41 and embryo donation 319.21 junk food 339.5, 32–3, 350.16, 19, 41 and genetic screening 319.21 junk mail 315.36 as global business 319.36 justice system 295.16–31, 366.30–9 health risks 319.23–5 2018 statistics 366.32–4 low birth weight 319.21 on divorce 316.28, 33 multiple embryos 319.15–16, 21 on domestic violence 296.22 OHSS 319.21 on forced marriage 316.22–3 premature babies 319.21 global criminal justice response to trafficking 300.7 number of cycles 319.17, 21, 36 going to court 295.10–11 calculator predictions 319.22 and human rights 300.38–9 funding 319.18 on parental separation 316.36–8 overseas 319.17 peer courts 295.18–19 and pay 319.35–6 on prenuptial agreements 316.14 ultrasounds 319.15–16 prison 366.30–1, 35

35 prosecutions and convictions 366.32–3 agricultural use 288.2, 18–19 on prostitution 318.2, 16 brownfield 325.20, 25, 29 and protection of civilians in war zones 300.21 degradation from tourism 294.16, 18, 32 remand 366.33 footprint 290.24 restorative justice 295.11 greenfield 325.23, 25 sentencing 366.34 prices 325.17 sovereignty of UK courts 300.28, 31, 33, 36 shortage 290.5 on suicide 324.8 see also greenbelt land on surrogacy 319.27 landfill 315.2–4, 11, 22, 24, 26, 368.3, 19 for torture survivors 300.18 Landfill Directive 1999 315.2 youth justice timeline 295.17 landlords 325.7, 10–12, 14 see also crime and justice language and equality 364.23 offensive 361.5, 6 Latin America K and abortion 302.15, 24–5 Kaposi’s Sarcoma 314.6 and mobile payments 322.30–1 karo-jisatsu 378.11 population decline 363.27 karoshi 378.11 population growth 363.20 keeping fit see fitness women’s political representation 360.34–5 Kefir 343.37–8 Latitude Festival, and waste 315.12 Kellogg’s, and free meals 306.17 Latvia, and tourism 365.16 Kenya, and child poverty 306.32 laughing gas 343.24, 373.23 ketamine 346.32, 373.5, 9, 22 lavender 351.32, 37–8 classification and penalties for possession 301.19, 22 law see justice system; legislation effects on the brain 301.11 Law of Property Act 1922 364.12 keyhole surgery, and fertility 319.14 Lawrence, Stephen 376.16–18 key workers 336.4 Laylat al-Qadr (Night of Destiny) 358.25 khat 301.22, 373.22, 23 leadership skills 335.39 kidnappings 355.4 League Against Cruel Sports, on dog fighting 303.8–9 King, Martin Luther 372.3 Learning and Skills Act 2000 353.5 King’s Fund learning disabilities on funding 323.7–8, 11, 20 and bullying 304.2, 361.11 on healthy lifestyles 323.29 and poverty 306.9 Kinsey scale 297.7 leaving home 333.24, 33, 354.1, 363.2 Kissinger, Henry 359.39 left-wing extremism 355.6 knife crime 295.1, 5, 6, 366.1, 17–29, 41 legal age of adulthood 354.1 and community work 366.25–6 legal highs 301.9, 17–18, 31–2, 324.16 drill and grime music 366.27 alcohol substitutes 301.31 effects of 366.18 and emergency medical treatment 301.6–7 increase in 366.4–6, 22, 24 health risks of 301.18, 23, 31–2 in rural areas 366.23 impact on homeless communities 301.9 statistics 366.17, 22–4 incidents involving 301.17–18 see also weapons offences laws against 301.30–1 Kode with Karlie Scholarship 293.15 phenethylamines 301.31 Kopimism 358.4 synthetic cannabis 301.6–7, 31 kosher slaughter use by young adults 301.5 banning 303.6 see also nitrous oxide; Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) and labelling 303.7 legal profession, fair recruitment 291.19–20 Krishna 358.23 legumes 339.34 Kunis, Mila 359.38 leisure see sport and leisure activities Kuwait leisure travel 365.1 see also holidays CO2 emissions 357.4 immigration statistics 359.3 lemon balm 351.39 Kyrgyzstan 377.23 Lent 358.22 lesbian 369.2, 12, 13, 20–3 lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender see LGBTQIA+ community Lesotho, and HIV 314.25 less developed countries (LDCs) 377.20, 34, 41 L Let Books be Books campaign 293.15–16 labelling leukaemia 337.1 black people as white 308.31 Leveson Inquiry 347.16 clothing label sizes 305.8–9, 321.37 Lewinsky, Monica, on trolling 361.20–1 fairtrade labels 305.16, 28 LGB 369.20 of food 350.34 LGBT community 369.12, 41 gender and sexuality 369.17 and body image 375.10–11, 18–19, 34 by multiracial and biracial people 308.20–1 relationship abuse 379.30 see also food labelling rights 369.24–5, 28 laboratory animals see animal experimentation LGBTQIA+ community 297.2–5, 10–12, 320.10, 369.2, 12, 14, 41 labour force participation, women 293.21–3, 27 in the Armed Forces 356.17 Labour Party 360.21–2 in armed forces 289.21, 22–4 on climate change 357.1 and asylum applications 359.2 peers 360.11 coming out 297.10 racism and sexism in 376.22 in films 297.34–5 lacto-ovo-vegetarians 288.4 and HIV 314.1–2, 4–5 lacto-vegetarians 288.4, 350.21 human rights 372.6, 36 lads’ magazines, and retail industry 310.31–2 mental health 297.30 Ladybird books, gender-neutral labelling 293.14–16 and religion 358.1 Lag B’Omer 358.24 resistance to term 297.9 Lake District, holiday costs 294.14 self-identification as 297.7 land 325.18 36 violence against 297.25–6 local food 288.9 see also gay people; non-binary people; same-sex relationships; sexual local government 360.3, 18 orientation; transgender people localism 305.21, 27 LHA (Local Housing Allowance) 336.4, 8–10, 13, 15 local shops libel 347.15, 40 impacts of supermarkets 290.30 Liberal Democrat Party, peers 360.11 supporting 290.31–2 liberalisation of trade see free trade lockdown, impact on body image 375.18 liberty locked-in syndrome 362.6 civil liberties 372.5 ‘Lodgers for Codgers’ 378.27–8 right to 372.1, 4 London Liberty, on surveillance 317.5 and dark tourism 365.22 Libya, and surveillance 317.28 and tourism 365.4 lice, pubic 309.12 London Assembly 360.25 licensed family entertainment centres (FECs) 349.1 London Living Wage 298.36, 306.7 life chances London Pride 356.17 and family background 291.28–9 loneliness 334.18, 354.9, 378.21, 24–6, 37–8, 41 and personal connections 291.28 see also social isolation life-changing events 334.2 lone parent see single parenthood lifecycle assessment 290.26–7 lone-parent families 364.20, 23 life expectancy 291.15, 35, 311.4, 338.1–5, 352.33–4, 363.5, 13–18, 23, long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) 379.8–9 378.1–8, 10, 11, 34, 38–9, 39 Long-Term International Migration (LTIM) 363.3–4 gap 368.9 ‘loot boxes’ 349.15, 18–19, 22–5, 41 history of 311.4 loot boxes 371.10 improving 378.35–6, 38–9 Lose Hate, Not Weight campaign 307.18 measuring 378.6 Lose the Lads’ Mags campaign 310.32 men 378.1–3, 8, 36 losing weight 339.18–19, 341.4 and pensions 292.6, 8–9, 311.4, 9 lotteries 349.2, 10, 21, 41 and quality of life 378.6, 9 Love Island 354.37, 375.9, 25 women 378.1–3, 8, 36 Love Your Body campaign 307.18 life situation 351.2 low-carbon economy 344.33 lifestyle, and mental health 346.28, 33 see also carbon dioxide light bulbs 368.15 low-GI diet 288.36 light therapy 334.19, 41 low-income households, nutrition and 339.13–14 LinkedIn 340.1–2, 8 low mood 334.1, 2 lions 332.25, 29–30, 374.26 low pay 291.25 as endangered status 303.27 Low Pay Commission on NLW (National Living Wage) 335.4–5 hunting 303.27 LSD (acid) 301.3, 373.4, 9, 22 liquid biopsies 348.37 classification and penalties for possession 301.19, 22 listeria 348.19 effects on the brain 301.11 literature, and reading 311.30–1 Lucy’s Law 374.28 lithium 344.25 lung cancer 337.1–2, 19, 32, 36, 348.5–6 Lithuania Luxembourg and animal welfare 303.3 assisted dying 287.1, 22 substance abuse programmes 324.22 and euthanasia 362.9 litter see waste immigration statistics 359.4 littering 365.30 lynx 332.17 liver, as food 288.13 lyocell fabric 368.28–9 Liverpool Care Pathway 287.16 Livewell 2020 Diet 290.10 living alone 363.2 living arrangements 354.7 M and age 354.1–2 Macao, immigration statistics 359.4 see also cohabitation mace, ceremonial 360.12–13 living at home 333.24–5 Macmillan, on surviving cancer 323.31–2 living funeral 338.41 macrobiotic diets 288.34 Living Planet Index 290.2 Macron, Emmanuel 357.6 living standards 377.3 Made in Chelsea 291.3 see also income magazines living together 311.26, 36 and anorexia 321.38 see also cohabitation; relationships, personal and body image 307.16, 18, 25 living wills (advance decisions) 287.1, 6 and retail industry 310.31–2 lizard venom, and blood clots 348.34 and sexualisation 310.30 Lizzo 375.36 see also media loans 322.17–18, 26 magic mushrooms 373.4, 22 and financial inclusion 322.22–4 Magna Carta 360.4, 14, 372.2, 5 mortgages 322.24, 325.3–4, 8 Maha Shivaratri 358.23 multiple factors 322.18 maintained schools 353.2 see also debt maintenance loans 333.13 local authorities major depression 334.2 on ageing 311.17 malaria 348.1, 41, 352.7 on animal welfare 303.1–2 gene-editing 348.23 on contraception 309.26 in the UK 348.24–6 on crime 317.26 using drones to fight 348.26–7 and devolution 312.32–3 Malaysia, and tourism 365.16 home and housing 325.13–14, 17–18, 20 Malaysia, and abuse 296.11 on household waste 315.5–6, 19–20 Maldives, and divorce 316.24 on local food systems 290.32 male breadwinner families 293.26 on waste 315.6–7 male pill 309.8 Local Authority 353.1–4 male sterilisation 309.7 local communities, effects of tourism 294.23, 29–33 malnutrition 306.31, 324.33, 348.1, 3, 350.23

37 malpractice 362.7 for millenials 354.4–5 malware 371.21 and naturalisation 312.7 MAMA (Mobile Alliance for Maternal Action) 299.33 overseas 316.3 mammals 332.12, 14, 16–17, 24–8 and prenuptial agreements 316.14 Manchester 311.27 refusals for 316.8 and tourism 365.4 registration costs 316.4 mandatory voter identification 360.18 religious ceremonies 316.4–7, 11 Mandela, Nelson 355.2 separation and divorce 354.3, 6, 40 mania 334.20 and tradition 316.8, 13 manic depression see bipolar disorder see also civil partnerships; cohabitation; forced marriage manifesto 360.41 Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 316.11 Man-Portable Air Defence System (MANPADS) 355.4 Marriage of British Subjects Facilities Acts 316.3 manslaughter 366.6 marsupials 332.20 manual therapy 343.4, 6, 41 Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Sahib 358.25 see also osteopathy; physiotherapy Marx, Karl 360.29 manufacturing 305.1, 10 masculinity rules 293.6 business disasters 298.23–4 Matalan, and sexualisation 310.35 and exports 305.33 match-fixing 341.41 potential for the circular economy 298.24–5 material footprint 290.24 using sustainable biological resources 290.28 materialism 345.9, 358.14–15 water usage 290.24 and health 291.14–15 see also international trade see also consumerism MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) 334.30 materials, strength fibres 352.3 Marburg virus 374.15 maternal leave 354.13 Marie Stopes UK 302.6, 367.1 maternal mortality 348.1 marijuana see cannabis 373.4 maternal smoking 337.6 marine environments maternity coastline management 294.9–10 discrimination at work 293.37–8 impacts of tourism 294.18 see also babies and birth and waste 315.13–16, 30 mature students 333.11–12, 13, 30–2 marine life 332.6, 11, 13, 14–15, 32, 35 maturity, as factor in sentencing young people 295.26 marine litter 315.16 Maundy Thursday 358.22 marine parks 332.35 Mawlid (Prophet’s Birthday) 358.25 Marines see Royal Marines May, Theresa 360.19, 21–2 Marine Stewardship Council 345.38 on online safety legislation 361.24 marital rape 364.12 MBCT (mindfulness-based cognitive therapy) 334.36–7 marketing MDMA powder 373.9, 28 and surveillance 317.17–18 see also ecstasy viral 340.2 meals see also advertising planning 339.39 Markle, Megan 376.2 skipping 351.19, 39 marriage 316.3–4, 9, 12, 17–18, 25–6, 354.40, 369.23–4, 29 mealtimes, and communication 316.35 adolescents 379.2 meat alternatives as equal 316.8–9, 12 benefits of 350.1 arranged 316.21 consumption 288.9–17, 32–3, 315.18, 350.32 average age for 354.1–2 ‘human steak’ 352.20 child marriage 372.27–9 lab grown 352.19–20 of children 342.25–32 production 288.9, 14–17, 32, 290.10, 303.16–18 cultural factors 316.26 risks to health 350.2 definition 354.4 substitutes 350.31, 41 financial and legal implications 354.3 in vitro 352.41 and happiness 316.27 meat consumption 368.17 health benefits of 354.8 see also veganism humanist 316.6, 10 meat-free diets 350.1–2, 31 and legal age 354.1 costs of 350.3–5

38 growth in 350.3–5 mental health of 364.18, 39 health risks of 350.16–17 and obesity 313.13, 21 reasons for 350.1 paternity leave 293.11 regional variations 350.5 physical health of 364.18–19 see also pescatarian diet; veganism; vegetarianism and pornography 310.8 Mecca 358.27 and prostitution 318.8–9 media and rape 318.36 and body image 307.1, 4, 15, 375.19, 22, 30, 32–3 sexualisation 310.21–2, 28–9 campaigning 312.23 toxic masculinity 364.34, 38–9, 41 physical media 299.6–7 as victims of crime 364.19 and racial stereotyping 308.7 as victims of domestic abuse 370.10–11, 16, 24–6 representation of women 293.33–4 see also boys and young men; fathers ethics argument on assisted dying 287.3–4 meningitis 324.37–8 fake news 347.18–22 vaccination 324.37–8 freedom of speech 347.1 men’s lifestyle magazines, and retail industry 310.31–2 see also films; internet; journalists; magazines; press; radio menstruation 309.30, 379.2, 10–11 median age 363.27, 29, 378.1 in Nepal 379.10–11 median income 377.3, 12 mental capacity, and assisted dying 287.1, 7, 21 medical abortion 367.2, 15 mental health 304.17, 35, 324.1, 5–6, 33, 333.32–4, 371.7, 23, 27, 373.2–3, 6, medical biotechnology 352.1–2 27, 30, 32, 378.16, 21, 25–6, 30 medical insurance 323.4–7 and abortion 302.1, 4, 27 medically-assisted dying 287.4, 6–7, 19, 21, 27, 39 in adolescents 346.15 Medical Research Modernization Committee (MRMC) 374.15 and alcohol 356.26 medical treatment apps 346.38–9 emergency treatment 301.6–8, 21 in the Armed Forces 289.27–30, 33–5, 356.11, 21–6, 33, 41 rights to refuse 287.1, 14, 19 in black and ethnic minority groups 346.24–5 see also complementary and alternative medicine; end-of-life care; and body image 375.1–3, 6, 28 healthcare; hospitals and bullying 304.6, 17, 19–20 medicine 323.39, 334.41, 346.35, 351.2, 18–19, 24–5, 41 and child abuse 320.1 antidepressants 351.24 and child poverty 306.23 beta-blockers 351.24 in children 346.3–4, 8, 10, 10–11, 13–14, 15–18 dependence on 373.13–14 classification 346.8–9 funding 323.5–7 and commercial sexual exploitation, multiple impacts 318.29 habit forming 373.3 and confidence levels 324.11–12 herbal 343.6, 8–9, 14–15, 26–8, 31–4 and consumerism 345.8 misuse of 301.13 coping skills 346.3 pain relief 373.3, 13–14 custody and detention 320.17 prescription 343.26–7, 31, 32–3 and cyberbullying 304.35, 361.1–2, 20 restricted access 323.13–14 and death 338.6 tranquillisers 351.24 and debt 346.26–7 viral suppression 314.8–11, 24, 26, 35 definition 346.41 see also antibiotics; antidepressants; drugs; herbal medicines; pain relief diagnosing 346.8–9 Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) 323.33 effect on business 346.7, 17 meditation 343.6, 22, 346.41 and emotional abuse 320.5 Mediterranean diet 339.17, 350.2, 23, 378.34 and emotional intelligence 304.36 Mediterranean sea crossings, refugees 292.23 and employment 324.6 megafauna, loss of 290.20 and exams 353.15–16 meltwater 357.20 existing problems 351.2 MEM (Multiple Equality Measure) 333.10, 26 and funding 324.4 memorialisation of the dead 338.21–2 and gender 346.7, 8–9, 17, 20 memory 378.33 gender and sexuality 369.35–6 and anxiety 351.34 help and counselling 324.3–4, 6–7, 36 and effects of smoking 337.4–5 and homelessness 336.4, 7, 17, 29, 38–9, 41 men and inequality 310.20, 24–5 and anorexia 321.21 and labelling 346.6, 30 body image 307.20, 22–3, 28, 321.12–13, 20 LGBT 297.30 body image issues 375.4–5, 7–10, 12–15, 28–9 and lifestyle 346.28 and body weight 321.21 managing 346.28 circumcision 296.14 of men 364.18, 39 crisis centres for 296.17, 39 and mental disorders 346.10–11 discrimination of 364.18 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 356.11, 22, 24–5, 35, 41 and domestic violence 364.19 in prisoners 346.34 and eating disorders 321.20–1 protective factors 346.20–1 and emotional abuse 296.8 reporting on 346.6, 30 and exercise 310.23 risk factors 346.20–1 as fathers 364.20 risks 324.1–2 as feminists 364.22 seeking help 346.4–5 and fertility services 346.22–3 See fertility and sexual abuse 320.7, 12 gay community 364.19–20 and smacking 320.31 gender equality campaigns 293.4–6 and smoking 337.22 gender equality for 364.5 social intelligence 324.14 and gender stereotyping 364.28–9 and social media 340.13, 17, 19, 25–7, 29–32, 36–7 and heart disease 323.23–4 and social networking 324.5, 11, 14 and homelessness 364.20 spectrum 346.3 International Men’s Day 364.18 and starting school 353.9 life expectancy 311.4, 378.1–3, 8, 36 statistics 346.7 male role models 364.18–19 and stigma 324.6, 346.4, 6, 7, 30 male sex chromosome 369.1 suicidal thoughts 375.16 and mental health 346.7 suicide 356.23–4

39 treatments 343.5, 346.12, 32, 33, 35 and tourism 294.5 in the UK 346.7 from United Kingdom (UK) 359.8–10 and volunteering 312.22 to United Kingdom (UK) of women 351.17–18 See immigration and working conditions 291.14 see also citizenship; ethnic minorities; immigration; refugees of young mothers 351.22–3 milestones 354.1 see also anxiety; body image; disordered eating; self-esteem; self-harm; military stress; suicide; wellbeing ethos 289.5, 13–14, 36–7, 356.41 Mental Health Act 320.17 housing 356.29 Mental Health Awareness Week 369.36 partners 356.29 Mental Health of Children and Young People Survey (2017) 346.10 strength 356.1 mental health services 318.28, 324.8, 13, 334.16–17 training 356.11, 14 waiting times 324.5 see also Armed Forces; war and conflict mental suffering, as grounds for assisted dying 287.7, 11–13 Military Tasks 289.3 mentoring millenials 339.4, 340.41 relationships 351.31 and the Armed Forces 356.8, 41 of young people by ex–service personnel 289.13–14 consumer trends 345.5–6, 30–1 Mercury, Freddie 359.38 as ethical consumers 368.5, 18 mercy killing 287.1–4 and marriage 354.4–5 metabolic syndrome 377.8 and meat-free diets 350.4–5 methadone 373.11, 22 and mental health 345.8–9 methamphetamine 373.5, 22 and religion 358.14 methamphetamine (crystal meth) 301.3 ‘wealth transfer’ 345.33 effects on the brain 301.11–12 Mind methane emissions, from livestock farming 288.2, 14–15, 30 on disordered eating 321.3–4 methane gas 344.34 on sport 313.9 #MeToo movement 360.31, 364.9–10 mindful consumerism 345.29 Mexico see also ethical consumerism border crisis 359.33, 37 mindful eating 321.10, 350.30–1

CO2 emissions 357.3 mindfulness 307.32, 334.36–7, 41, 343.6–7, 346.41, 351.38, 41 disappearances 300.21 minerals 339.26–7, 350.38–9 and global poverty 306.27 minimally conscious state (MCS) 362.2 and international trade 305.11 Minimum Income Standard (MIS) 377.1, 41 migration 359.5 minimum service period 356.10–11 torture 300.18 minimum wage 377.11, 34 MHRA (Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency) 323.33 mining, children and 342.19–20 on e-cigarettes 337.11 ministers 360.2, 4 MI5 355.3, 12 Ministry of Defence 360.2 mica 345.9 on location of personnel 356.2 mice recruitment approaches 356.5 cloned 303.35 on transition to civilian life 356.30–1 stem cells 319.32 on women in Armed Forces 356.12–13 microaggressions 376.20–1, 28 Ministry of Food 1939 339.9 micro-businesses 298.1 minority ethnic groups see ethnic minorities microcephaly 302.24 Mintel, on consumer trends 345.1–2 microcrime 366.15–16 ‘Mintropolitans’ 345.2 microfinancing 377.35 miscarriage 319.13 microflats 325.39 missing children, searches 299.32 microgeneration 344.40 Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 301.19, 24, 30, 31, 373.41 micro-moments 345.6 mitochondrial diseases 319.33 microplastics and IVF 319.33–4, 38–9 dispersal 315.13–16, 30 mitochondrial donation 319.33, 39 ingested by marine life 315.13–15 and family identity 319.38 micropreneurs 298.4 health risks 319.38 middle classes 291.3, 5 timeline 319.33–4 and arts participation 291.12 mixed-race couples 354.7 global 291.13 MK (Mebyon Kernow) 312.11 Middle East mMitra 299.33 death penalty 295.39 Mobile Alliance for Maternal Action (MAMA) 299.33 and digital technology 322.30 mobile banking 322.27 and renewable energy 344.25–6 mobile internet 340.2 Middleton, Kate (Duchess of Cambridge), on mental health 304.35 mobile payments 322.28, 30–1 Mid Piacenzian Warm Period 357.12 and security 322.28 Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust scandal 311.2 mobile phone addiction 334.6 midwives, and abortion 302.12, 20–1, 27–9 mobile phones 299.5, 351.14 migraine 343.25–6 as anti–racist tools 308.37 migrant workers 359.18–19 bill payments 299.5 migration 305.4, 6, 31, 333.27–8, 363.3–4, 20 BYOD 299.17–18 and death 300.20–1 and children’s internet access 299.21 desired destinations 359.11–13 and growth in internet addiction 299.14 from European Union (EU) 359.6–7 as invention of the century 299.4 and HIV 314.7 MAMA 299.33 impacts 305.38–9 ownership rates 299.4–5, 7, 26 impacts of 359.29 separation from and cognitive performance 299.11 long-term 359.7 and surveillance 317.6, 11, 21–4 migrant routes 292.23 and text neck 324.30 and population growth 292.7, 11–12, 22 use for everyday activities 299.26–7 population statistics worldwide 359.4–5 see also apps; internet and sending money home 359.5 modelling see fashion industry and sex trafficking 318.38–9 modern slavery 372.14–22

40 Modern Slavery Act 2015 342.4, 372.17 music Molluscum contagiosum 309.12 and dancing 310.25 Momentum Kids 312.27 festivals 315.11–12 Monaco, immigration statistics 359.4 and online safety 320.33 monarchy (UK) and physical boost 313.30 changing views on 312.29 and sexualisation 310.24–6 governments 360.1 therapy 343.7 political roles 312.28 Muslims role of 360.38–9 Army recruitment 289.24 Royal Assent 360.6 and British identity 308.5, 312.13, 16 royal prerogative 360.4 and domestic violence 296.33–4 money and Islamophobia 308.4, 37 and anxiety 351.10–11 and marriage 316.26 worries 351.19 UK population of 358.18 Money Bills 360.8 see also Islam monkeys Muslim women 308.8 and animal experimentation 374.15, 18 and clothing 308.8 and self-consciousness 374.3 and feminism 308.24 monotheistic religions 358.8–9, 41 and hate crime 308.8 mood, low 334.1, 2 and healthcare 308.24 moorlands 332.34 and inequality 308.8 morality, and censorship 347.1, 9 and Islamophobia 308.15, 34 moral judgments, and animals 374.3–4 MWNUK 296.33–4 Moral Maze (radio), and SRE 310.12 and Twitter 308.8 moral values, and irreligiosity (no religion) 358.19 see also Islam more developed countries (MDCs) 377.20, 34, 41 Muslim Women’s Network (MWNUK) 296.33–4 morning after pill 379.4 Mx (gender–neutral title) 293.13 Morocco, torture 300.18 My Death, My Decision (MDMD) 362.28 morphine 373.3, 11, 374.15 ‘mystery chests’ 349.18–19 mortality see death and mortality mortgages 322.24, 325.3–4, 8 Moses 358.13, 24 mosquitoes 348.23 N Mos-Shogbamimu, Shola 376.2–3 NAB (National Assistance Board) 336.2 mothers NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) 305.11 and abortion 302.10 name-calling 304.2, 11, 38, 361.11 and child abuse 320.19 hidden impacts of 304.38 and flexible working 335.14–15 see also bullying and gender disappointment 319.37 nano-technology 352.41 and HIV 314.2, 29–30 nanotechnology, dates information 315.37 MAMA 299.33 narcissism 307.6 and marriage 316.26 narco-capitalism 301.29 in prison 295.23–5 National Assembly for Wales 360.25 and surrogacy 319.27 National Audit Office (NAO) talking to 354.9–10, 16 on homelessness 336.8–9 teenage parents 309.18, 20 on housing supply 336.13 motions 360.41 on military personnel 356.5, 7 motoring see cars and driving National Cancer Act 1971 374.15 motoring offences 366.34 National Centre for Social Research, on assisted suicide 362.6 motor neurone disease 338.16, 362.6, 10–12, 34–6 National Childhood Measurement Programme 339.6 mountain biking, impacts 294.32 National Children’s Bureau (NCB) 342.11, 34 mountain regions, impact of tourism 294.17 National Citizen Service (NCS) 312.24 mourning 338.21, 41 National Coming Out Day 297.10–11 see also bereavement; grieving National Consumer Week 2018 345.20 movies see films national curriculum 353.2, 4, 6, 41 Mozambique 377.21 key stages 313.11 MPs (Members of Parliament) 360.4, 41 national databases DNA 317.29 debating 360.10 and surveillance 317.23 see also elections; Parliament National Day of Prayer 358.28 MSM 369.14 National Diet and Nutrition Survey 339.10 Muhammad, prophet 358.8, 25 national emergencies, role of armed forces 289.3 Muharram 358.25 National Food Survey (NFS) 339.9 multiculturalism 312.13–14, 376.41 National Grid history of 312.13 on ‘off-grid’ generation 344.2 multilingual brain implants 294.37 on wind energy 344.8 multi-networking 340.6 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) multiple sclerosis (MS) 338.16, 362.6 on back pain 343.2, 4 multiracial and biracial people 308.20–2 on homeopathy 343.10 labelling by 308.20–1 National Insurance 354.3 and privacy 308.21 and NHS 323.15 and skin whitening 308.22–3 National Living Wage (NLW) 298.36–8, 335.4–5 multitasking 371.8 vs Universal Credit 335.9 Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy 320.19–20 National Lottery 349.10 murder see homicide; homicides 366.6 National Minimum Wage 298.36–8, 335.2–3, 5 muscle dysmorphic disorder (bigorexia) 307.9, 13, 375.14–15 National Pet Month 374.10–11 musculoskeletal system National Referral Mechanism (NRM) 342.4 and exercise 313.6 National Secular Society 358.18 and sport 313.6 national security 347.1, 2 and standing up 313.31 National Transfer Scheme (NTS) 342.1 Museum of Homelessness 336.21 National Transport Survey 2018 365.24

41 National Union of Students see NUS New Testament 358.21 National Unplanned Pregnancy Advisory Service (NUPAS) 367.1 see also Bible natural disasters 348.3, 357.23 New Zealand 360.39 natural extinction 332.41 drug policies 301.32 natural family planning 309.7 and exercise 313.32 natural gas see gas and prostitution 318.9, 21 natural habitat 332.41 and voluntary euthanasia 362.9 naturalisation 312.6–8 NHS (National Health Service) 323.1, 1–3, 12, 21, 22 language requirements 312.6–8 on abortion 302.2–4, 11, 16, 21 tests 312.6–8 on anorexia 321.26–7 natural medicine 351.37–9 apps 323.36–7 see also complementary and alternative medicine; herbal medicines on aspirin 311.14–15 natural resources 288.1 care transfer delays 311.5 depletion of 363.22, 25 CCGs 323.1–2, 20, 35 impact of tourism 294.16 on child abuse 320.19–20 nature, spending time in 346.29 on childhood obesity 323.25 Naturewatch Foundation 374.21 on commercial sexual exploitation 318.29 Naval Service 289.1–2, 8, 17–18 on contraception 309.6–8 Navaratri 358.23 digital fitness tools 341.4 Navy see Royal Navy on eating disorders 321.1–2, 35 NCS (National Citizen Service) 312.24 on e-cigarettes 337.11, 24–5 neck pain 324.30 employment 323.1, 9, 13–14, 22, 34 needle and syringe programmes 301.15–16 on exercise 313.4, 8 needle exchange 373.29, 41 on fertility 319.1–2, 24–5 needle sharing, and HIV 314.1–2, 6, 15–16 on FGM 320.20–1 NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training) 293.35, 335.25–8 Fitness Studio 341.5 negative coping skills 346.3 as free 323.1–2, 10 negative thinking 351.19, 22, 35 funding 323.1, 3, 7–13 neglect 377.2 and funding 323.11–12 negotiation 354.28 funding 323.20, 22 neonatal mortality 348.1 for mental health services 334.16 Netflix 340.5 health and wellbeing boards 323.2 Netherlands healthy towns 313.37 and abortion 302.14 on HIV 314.24, 28–30, 33 assisted dying 287.1, 11, 13, 22, 25, 30, 39 on homeopathy 343.29 burqa ban 358.33 Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) 334.16–17 care home volunteering 311.30 and integrated healthcare 323.35–6 and dark tourism 365.22 on IVF 319.17–18, 24–5 drug policies 301.27 on mental health 324.8 and euthanasia 362.8–9, 26–7, 39 multiple impacts 323.14 immigration statistics 359.4 on obesity 313.20–1, 23, 25–6 and SDGs 314.9 on pain 323.20 net international migration on physical inactivity 313.4 and population growth 292.11–12 on pregnancy 319.1 UK 292.2–3, 6, 10, 14 and public opinion 323.15–18, 22 ‘netiquette’ 361.29 and restricted access 323.13–14, 22 net migration 363.3–4, 6 on self-harm 324.10 net zero 357.1–2, 36, 41 on sexual abuse 320.11–12, 38 net-zero carbon emissions, and air travel 365.24 on sexual exploitation 320.38–9 neurocognitive function and effects of smoking 337.4–5 on sexual health 324.38–9 New Deal For Consumers package 345.24 on social isolation 311.28–9 New Orleans jazz funerals 338.23 on standing up 313.31 New Psychoactive Substances see legal highs on STIs 309.11–12, 24–5 newspapers see press on stress 324.10 new technology, and health 348.36–7 on suicide 324.10

42 on talking therapies 346.12 population growth 363.2 training, and funding 323.14 teenage parents 309.20 vanguards 323.2 and terrorism 355.2, 3, 7 waiting times 323.21–2 tourist board 294.12 see also doctors; hospitals; social care see also Ireland NI (National Insurance) 335.3, 8 Northern Ireland Act 1998 360.9 Nicaragua 360.33 Northern Ireland Assembly 360.25 NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) Northern Ireland Executive 360.9 fertility guidelines 319.8 North Korea IVF guidelines 319.17 censorship in 347.27 nicotine addiction 324.18, 337.2, 8–9, 10, 13, 17, 29, 41 and international trade 305.14 replacement therapy 337.5, 22 North London Cares 311.35 see also e-cigarettes Norway Nigeria domestic violence 296.16–17 death penalty 295.39 and HIV 314.34 religious persecution 358.38–9 and prostitution 318.4, 14 torture 300.18 No Second Night Out 336.16, 41 and war zones 300.20 Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) 373.9, 27–8 waste 315.9 NSPCC (National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children) 370.18 ‘night owl’ students 333.21 on internet pornography 310.7, 318.30, 32–6 night shelters see hostels for homeless people on online privacy 317.35 nightshelters 336.17–18, 41 on pornography 318.32–3 Nightstop 336.26 on safety and the internet 320.32 nitrogen pollution, from food production 288.14–16 on sex 309.29 nitrous oxide 373.23 on sexting 318.35 consumption trends 301.8, 17 on sexual abuse 320.11, 26–7 festival bans of 301.17 on sexual exploitation 320.39 and the law 301.30 on SRE 309.33 physical numbness/tingling 301.8 nuclear power 344.1, 40 Nobel Peace Prize 355.2 nuclear weapons 355.5 Nobody’s Child, and advertising 310.34 armed forces role 289.3 No Bra Day campaign 310.36 nude images 354.30 No Fault Divorce Bill 316.32, 34 Nuffield Trust 323.12, 22 noise pollution 365.30 on employment 323.22 noise pollution from tourism 294.17 on funding 323.11–13, 22 No Kill Advocacy Center 374.39 on restricted access 323.13–14, 22 non-binary 369.2, 6, 9, 39, 41 on waiting times 323.21–2 non-binary people 297.19–20 numeracy 364.6 media coverage of 297.20–1 see also education non–binary icons 297.21 numeracy skills 335.39 pansexuality 297.5 nursing and care homes pronouns for 297.20 care transfer delays 311.5 on the sexual scale 297.7 and HIV 314.26 see also gender dysphoria; LGBTQIA+ community; transgender people volunteering by young people 311.30–1 non-coeliac gluten sensitivity 350.25 NUS (National Union of Students) noncommunicable diseases 378.5 on debt 322.26 nonconforming 369.10–11 on prostitution 318.19 non-contact sexual offences 295.13 nutrient supplementation 352.2 non-departmental public bodies (NDPBs) 360.2 nutrition 324.33, 348.4 non-discrimination 372.1 5 a day 339.11–12, 20–3 non-EEA (European Economic Area) nationals 359.1 African region 348.4 non-EU (European Union) nationals 359.2 balanced diet 339.11–12, 17–18, 34–5 non-invasive intervention (NIV) oxygen 338.17 fibre intake 339.17 non-ministerial departments 360.2 food choices 339.30–1, 34–7 non-religious population 358.18 food labels 339.24–5 non-reproductive cloning see therapeutic cloning gluten-free 339.18 non-verbal abuse 361.41 information 339.10 nonviolent protest 374.2 malnutrition 348.1, 4 non-voluntary euthanasia 287.1–4, 362.1, 16, 41 minerals 339.26–7 no-platforming 347.2, 5, 31 poverty and 339.13–14 noradrenalin 334.29 sports 341.36–7 Nordic countries vitamins 339.26–7 prostitution policy 318.8–9, 14–15, 18, 20–1 see also diet; healthy eating; malnutrition women’s political representation 360.35 nutritional therapist 339.18 #normalizenormalbodies 375.37 nutritionist 321.17, 36–7, 339.17–18 North America nuts 339.35 life expectancy 378.5, 7 population growth 363.28 retirement age 378.13–14 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 305.11 O Northern Ireland oath of allegiance 312.5 and abortion 302.11–12, 14, 367.3, 10, 19–20 Obama, Barack 360.17 British and regional identity 312.9 on bullying prevention 361.28 car bombs 355.3–4 on multiracial and biracial people 308.20 and devolution 312.36, 39 and UK-US ‘special relationship’ 317.27 devolved government 360.2, 3, 9 obesity 288.1–2, 19, 23, 313.18–21, 23, 28, 338.4–5, 339.1–8, 377.8, 378.9– domestic violence 296.2 10 39 HSC 323.10 and BMI 313.18–19 natural change in population 363.3 and brain function 324.34 population 292.3 and calorie intake 313.20

43 and cancer 339.4 on youth crime 366.13–14 causes of 339.2 on zero-hours contracts 335.16, 18 children and 339.1–2, 6, 13 Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) 377.15 costs 313.19, 21, 23–6, 28 officer training 356.14 and death 313.19 off-rolling 353.24–7 definition 339.1, 3 offsetting carbon 294.20–1 and diabetes 313.23 offshore wind farm 344.40 and eating disorders 321.10 ‘off the grid’ children 353.24–5 and exercise 307.39, 313.20, 30, 32 OHSS (ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome) 319.15, 21 and fitness 313.13 oil industry 298.23 food choices 339.30–1 oil prices 294.3 and genes 313.20 old age care health consequences of 339.2 cost of 378.29–31 health risks 313.18–19, 24 see also health and social care as long–term condition 313.28 old-age dependency ratio (OADR) 363.5 and meat-free diets 350.16–17 older people and medical factors 313.20, 22 and animal welfare 303.11 perceptions of obesity 313.27 and aspirin 311.14–15 pets 303.19–20 and body image 307.5 physical inactivity on 313.18, 20 body image issues 375.5 preventing 339.2 brain training 311.20–1 rising rates of 339.3 citizenship 311.32 stigma 313.19, 28 and debt 322.21 and sugar 324.34 digital exclusion of 299.30 and undernutrition 339.2 elder abuse 296.2, 15, 38, 311.21–2 and underweight 313.18 and employment 308.39 undiagnosed 313.26 and exercise 313.6 see also diet; nutrition and food poverty 306.18 objectification 375.41 and globalisation 305.7 Obscene Publications Act 1959 & 1964 361.37 in global population 292.18–19 obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) 321.30, 334.4, 5, 346.2, 41, 351.3, 7, and HIV 314.15, 26 35–6, 375.28 and housing 311.32–3 occupational pensions see pensions and monarchy 312.29 occupation sectors, gender pay gap 293.25, 29 NHS 323.13, 35–6 ocean energy 344.11 and obesity 313.21 oceans and poverty 306.18 coastal erosion 357.9 and social isolation 299.30, 311.28–9, 32 coastal flooding 357.20 and STIs 309.21 Great Barrier Reef 357.17 technological literacy 299.23 impacts of tourism 365.34–5 urban areas 311.32, 313.35 overfishing 357.30 and volunteering 306.18 sea levels 357.8, 20–1 see also ageing; retirement threats to 332.6, 15 olive leaf 343.33–4 warming of 332.22 Olympic Games 341.41 see also marine environments and British identity 312.10–11 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co–operation and Development) investment in 341.1–3 on healthcare 323.8 relevance of 341.11–12 social mobility report 291.34 Olympic Park and Village 325.29 oestrogen 313.5 Oman, immigration statistics 359.3 and IVF 319.21 Omega 3 288.5, 351.38 Ofcom 347.40 one-child policy 292.34–5, 36–7, 363.36–7 on communication technology 340.4, 19 ‘one nation’ ideal 291.25 on cyberbullying 361.5 One You Easy Meals 341.4 on fake news 347.22 onions, and antibiotic resistance 348.30–1 on TV streaming 347.28–9 online abuse 371.14–15, 26–7 Offences Against the Person Act 1861 302.13, 25–6 online access, barriers to 291.32–3 Offender Rehabilitation Act 295.27–8 online activism 371.10 offenders online advertising 371.4 previous convictions 366.34 online banking 322.27 see also justice system; prison; young offenders online brain training 311.20–1 offensive language 361.5, 6 online communities ‘off-grid’ generation systems 344.2 benefits 299.2–3, 23 Office for National Statistics (ONS) hours spent on communication 299.6–7 on birth rates 363.7 missing children services 299.32 on coercive control 370.3 Skype 299.4 on death rates 363.15 see also social networking on domestic abuse 370.4, 24–5 online dating 379.32–4 on fertility rates 363.30 online disinhibition effect 361.18 on gender pay gap 335.11, 364.15–16 online divorce 316.33 on homicides 366.6 online financial sites 322.14 on life expectancy 338.1 online gambling 299.14, 349.4, 7, 10, 14, 15, 18–23, 41 on lone-parent families 364.20 addiction 324.16 on NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training) 335.26–7 online gaming, addiction 324.16 on non-religious population 358.18 online grooming 299.1, 32, 340.35, 342.35 on personal and economic well-being 351.10–11 see also sexual exploitation on population growth 363.6 Online Harms White Paper 361.24–5 on ‘shrinkflation’ 345.15 online pharmacies 323.32–3 on UK tourism 365.6 online pornography see internet pornography on unemployment 335.1 online privacy 304.36, 317.13, 32–3, 35 on violent crime 364.19 and absolute privacy 317.21

44 Convention on the Rights of the Child 299.16 and data sovereignty 317.32 P deleting searches 317.17 package holidays 345.22–3 as differently viewed by adults 317.35–6 packaging 350.36, 368.11–12, 14–15, 20–2 and healthcare data 323.37 of cigarettes 337.27 and increased age 317.13 Packaging and Packaging Waste Directives 315.2 lack of consent 317.38 packaging waste 315.25, 31 multi-party privacy conflicts 299.2, 15 plastic 315.29, 34 parental monitoring of online activities 299.16–17 and recycling 315.2 as permanent images 317.39 Packham, Chris, on one-child policy 363.36–7 private and public arenas 317.35–6, 39 pain risks 317.10 abortion 302.3, 7 safety risks 317.39 back 343.2–4, 11 sharing childhood images 317.39 chronic 343.22 see also surveillance and access management 343.23 online racism 308.37 neck 324.30 online shopping 345.5–6, 31 relief 301.10, 13, 323.38 apps 322.7, 35 pain medication 373.3, 13, 22 credit card payments 322.37 Pakistan 360.36 terms and conditions 345.7 and abortion 302.22 online socialising see social networking censorship in 347.6 online tracking 313.38 and education 308.24 only children 292.37–9 and feminism 308.24 opiods 373.3, 13–14, 30, 41 healthcare 308.24 Opposition, the 360.41 refugee statistics 359.34 optimism 351.33 religious persecution 358.38–9 Ora, Rita 359.39 Paleo Diet 288.21, 27, 28–9 oregano 343.32 Palermo Protocol 372.17 Oregon State, assisted dying 287.23, 25 palliative care 287.1, 4, 14, 16, 25–7, 311.2, 338.7, 15–17, 362.1, 41 organ harvesting 372.21–2, 41 choice and compassion 311.2 organ harvesting, and trafficking 300.4 failures 287.25, 27 organic food 288.5 palliative sedation 287.2–3, 27, 39, 362.4, 41 organisational skills 335.39 voluntary 287.7 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 377.24 palm oil 345.39, 357.16 on healthcare 323.8 Palm Sunday 358.22 social mobility report 291.34 panda bears 357.18 on superbugs 348.31 pandas 332.14 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 344.26 pandemic 348.41 organs-on-a-chip 348.36, 352.16 pandemics 357.23, 363.23 orthorexia 288.27–8, 321.13–15, 17, 36, 350.18–20, 26, 41 pangolin 332.26–8 osteopathy 343.2–4 panic attacks 324.2, 334.27, 351.4, 36–7, 41 osteoporosis 378.39 panic disorder (PD) 334.4, 5, 346.1, 351.4, 375.28 outbound tourism 365.1, 12–13 Pankhurst, Christabel 364.12 see also holidays pansexual 369.2, 14 outing 361.6, 369.14 pansexuality 297.5 ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) 319.15, 21 Pantanal 332.9–10 overconsumption 332.2 paper and card waste, and waste hierarchy 315.22 overdose 373.1–2 paper bags 368.24–5 overfishing 357.30 Papua New Guinea, and prostitution 318.4 overpopulation 332.2–4, 363.22–5, 30–1, 41 para-athletes 341.11 see also depopulation paracetemol 373.13 overseas civil partnerships 316.3 Paralympic Games 341.1–3, 11, 41 overseas divorces 316.4 parasites 348.19 overseas forced marriage 316.21 Parekh Report 312.13 overseas IVF 319.17 parental orders 319.27 overseas marriage 312.3 parental responsibility 354.3 overseas prenuptial agreements, and UK agreements 316.14–15 parental separation 316.2, 25 overseas residence 312.3–4 emotions and feelings 316.36–8 and UK marriage 316.3 help and support 316.36–8 overseas surrogacy 319.26–8 and maintenance 316.15 overseas voters 312.26 talking about 316.36–8 overshoot 290.14 parents overstayer 359.41 and abortion 302.5 over-the-counter medicines and advertising 310.2 drug driving and the law 301.25 and British nationality 312.3–4 harm from abuse of 301.10 and bullying 304.8, 15, 32 psychological dependence 301.10 and child abuse 304.19–20, 320.4–5, 19–20 overthinking 334.8 and contraception 309.15 overtourism 365.8, 17–18 and debt 322.14 ovo-vegetarian diet 350.21 and divorce 316.30, 36 ovulation see fertility and drugs 324.20–1 owning own home 354.1–2 ethnic minorities 308.35 Oxfam and fashion industry 310.3 Even It Up campaign 377.32 and fertility 319.5–7, 10 on global poverty 306.33 and financial education 322.6, 13–14 on refugee resettlement 359.34 and gender disappointment 319.37 Oxford Internet Survey (OxIS) 371.3 helping children get good jobs 291.36–7 OxHoP (Oxford Homeless Pathways) 336.17–18 and HIV 314.18 and home buying 322.3, 325.1–2 and homophobic bullying 304.11–12

45 and housing 325.4 part-time students 333.8, 12–13, 26, 32 and internet 310.15 part-time work 335.14, 20 and internet pornography 318.30, 32 gender pay gap 293.24, 28–9, 335.11 and IVF 319.19, 33–4, 38–9 while studying 333.17 and marriage 316.2, 26–7 passenger arrivals, to UK 359.1 and mental health 324.1, 12 passenger pigeon 332.7 as mobile phone bill payers 299.5 passive euthanasia 287.1–2, 362.1, 5, 16, 41 older parents cared for by children 311.13 passive smoking 324.16, 337.1–2, 4, 8, 14, 23, 26, 41 and online privacy 317.13, 38–9 banning 324.18 parental consent and children’s personal data 299.9 impacts 324.17 parental control, software 299.16–17 Passover 358.24 parental leave 293.11 passwords 317.11, 34, 371.31 parenting education for fathers 293.11 Pastafarianism 358.4 and pocket money 322.4–7 pastoral care 333.33 safety and the internet 320.32 paternal leave 354.13 same–sex parents 297.26–7, 31–2 pathogens 352.1–2 and sexual abuse 320.26 pathological gambling see problem gambling and sexual health 309.15 Pavegen 290.37, 38–9 and sexualisation 310.2–3, 6 pay and smoking 324.17 discrimination gap 293.3, 22–5, 28–9, 31, 335.4, 25 socio–economic status 320.5 and gender 335.11–13 and SRE 309.32, 38, 310.3 PAYE (Pay As You Earn) 335.3 and STIs 309.15 pay gap see gender pay gap and substance abuse programmes 324.21–2 PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome), and fertility 319.7, 14, 20 and surrogacy 319.26–7 PDSA (People’s Dispensary for Sick Animals), and overweight 303.19–20 talking to 354.9–10, 16 PEACH (Preventing Domestic Abuse for Children) 354.37 teenage parents 309.18, 20 peak globalisation 305.31–2 see also adoption; families; fathers; mothers; single-parent families peer approval 345.16–17 Parent Zone, on ‘skin gambling’ 349.19–20 peer courts 295.18–19 Paris, ban on women wearing trousers 293.1–2 peer pressure 299.3 Paris Agreement 2015 344.20, 25, 357.5–6, 11, 21, 41 and bullying 304.7 Parkinson’s disease 373.28 peer-to-peer lending 298.5 parks and green spaces 313.15 pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) 319.3, 379.3 and exercise 313.32–3, 35 penguins 357.19 perceptions of threats to 313.15 penicillin 374.15 tourism impacts 294.18 pensions 311.8–10, 378.2, 18, 41 see also greenbelt land costs 311.7 Parliament 312.28, 360.2, 3, 41 delays 311.7, 11 Acts of 360.3, 6–8, 41 history of 311.8–10 Bills 360.6–8, 41 and increasing life expectancy 311.4, 9–11 ceremonial mace 360.12–13 and inequality 311.9 composition of 360.4 and marriage 354.3 and constitutional law 360.4 retirement age and pension pots 298.14 debating 360.10 risks 316.18 Draft Bills 360.3, 6 state pension 378.1, 15–17 functions of 360.4 State Pension age 378.1 House of Commons 360.2, 4–7, 10, 12–14 unprotected 311.9 House of Lords 360.2, 4–7, 11 Pentecost 358.22 motions 360.41 Pentitentiary Act 1799 366.31 MPs (Members of Parliament) 360.4 people, gender roles 293.19–20 sovereignty 360.4, 38–9 People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (Peta) two-House system 360.5 on animal experimentation 374.19, 21 women in 360.34–5 on animal rights 374.1–2 Parliament Act 1911 360.8 People’s Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA), on pet-keeping 374.38 Parliament Act 1949 360.8 People’s Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA), and overweight 303.19–20

46 people trafficking see trafficking philosophy, and animal rights 374.1, 3 ‘perfect’ body 375.30, 33 phishing 371.21 Perfect Body campaign, The 307.17 phobia disorders 351.4, 41 perfectionism 346.13 phobias 324.2, 334.5, 346.1 performance, censorship of 347.36–9 graded-exposure VR therapy 323.38 performance-enhancing substances 301.14 see also individual phobias Period Friendly Points 336.23–4 phone hacking 347.16 period pain 343.21 phone-tapping 372.8 periods (menstruation) see menstruation 319.1, 14 phoning 311.28 peripartum depression 334.15 see also mobile phones Permian Period 332.1–2, 13, 357.12 Photoshop 375.2, 29, 32, 39, 41 perpetrator programmes 370.38–9, 41 Photoshopping see airbrushing perpetrators, of cyberbullying 361.19, 31 Phunky Foods study 307.3 persecution, religious 358.38–9, 41 physical abuse 354.28, 370.41, 379.29 perseverance 351.33 physical activity see exercise persistent vegetative state (PVS) 362.2 physical addiction 373.1 Personal, Social and Health Education (PSHE) 310.12–13 physical health, and anxiety 351.2, 12, 18 and social media 340.26 physical literacy 313.29 personal data 317.2, 33 physical media 299.6–7 consumer control of 299.28 physical sexual health 379.1 economic value of 299.27–8 physician-administered euthanasia 287.19, 21 online personal data 299.27 physician-assisted suicide (PAS) 287.4, 6–7, 19, 21, 27, 39, 362.8, 22–5, 39, 41 and parental consent 299.9 see also assisted suicide potential personal value of 299.27 picture warnings 337.3 see also privacy PID (pelvic inflammatory disease), and fertility 319.3 personal information, and social media 340.28 pilgrimage 358.26–7 personality, and anxiety 351.33 pill, contraceptive 309.2–3 personality disorders 334.4, 5, 346.2, 41 hormones 309.6–7 person-borne improvised explosive devices (PBIEDs) 355.4 male 309.8 see also suicide bombers and weight control 309.3 personhood 374.41 ‘pink tax’ 364.24, 41 personnel pink triangle 297.13 diversity of 356.1–2, 16–18 Pinta Island tortoise 332.8 location of 356.2 Pinterest 340.1–2, 371.10 minimum service period 356.10–11 pipe bombs 355.4 overseas 356.2 piperazines (BZP) 373.22 ‘regulars’ 356.41 piracy, software 347.9 size of 356.7 placebo 343.4, 16–17, 29, 31, 41 staffing crisis 356.5 planet overshoot 290.14 targets 356.1–2, 7, 16 planning system 336.15 see also recruitment see also building of new homes Peru and animal welfare 303.26, 28 plant-based eating 350.2, 9, 15, 36–9, 38, 41 and MDGs 306.29–30 see also vegan diet; vegetarian diet pescatarian diet 288.18, 350.3, 21, 32, 35, 41 plant-based foods 368.5, 33–4 costs of 350.4–5 plastic 357.35 pesticides 332.21, 352.2, 357.35 plastic bag charges 345.29, 34 pest resistant crops 352.2 plastic bags 368.11, 24 PETA see People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (Peta) theft of 366.15 Pet Animals Act 1951 (1983) 303.1–2 plastic packaging 368.11–12, 14–15, 20–2 Pet Census 2018 (Petplan) 374.10–11 plastic surgery Pet Fit Club 303.19–20 and Snapchat 340.17 pets see also cosmetic surgery abuse of 374.38 plastic waste 315.11, 14, 16, 28, 34, 345.34, 365.32–3 banning primates as 303.11, 28 as biodegradable 315.16 dieting 303.19–20 costs 315.28–9 and domestic violence 296.21 and green energy 344.36 ethical issues 374.38 microplastics 315.13–16, 30 exercise 303.19 as recyclable 315.23 history of 374.12 rethinking 345.2, 25 overweight 303.19–20 and waste hierarchy 315.29 by popularity and region 374.10–11 and water 315.34 puppy farming 374.28 playgroups for dads 293.11 puppy farms 303.3–4 play streets 313.35 trafficking 303.3–4 PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder) 334.3 welfare legislation 303.1–2 PMS (premenstrual syndrome) 334.3 welfare of 374.5, 8, 12–13 pneumonia 348.6 petting zoos 303.22 poaching 332.19, 41 petty crime, and trafficking 300.6–7 elephants 303.27 pharmaceutical drugs 352.1 pocket money 322.4–7, 14 biohacking 352.21–2 apps 322.7 see also medicines cashless and cash 322.5–7 PHE (Public Health England) and control of 322.4–5 on e-cigarettes 337.32 and earnings 322.4, 13–14 on quitting 337.36–7 and financial skills 322.4 phenethylamines 301.31 inequality 322.4–5 philanthropy 365.41 savings 322.6 philanthropy, and tourism 294.23, 33–4 podcasts, fitness 341.5 Philippines, torture 300.18 poisoning, and death 323.24 Phillips, Jess 370.8 Poland philosophical beliefs, as protected characteristics 358.16 and abortion 302.14, 23–4, 367.21–2

47 and animal welfare 303.3 campaign against 310.32 and immigration 363.4 censorship 347.6 impacts of migration 359.29 and coercion 310.39 polar bears 357.19 and communication 310.8 POLAR classification 333.10, 11, 30 and condoms 310.9 police effects on the brain 318.32 and bullying 304.4, 13 extreme 318.33 and child abuse 320.1–2 and inequality 310.38–9 and children’s rights 320.16–17 revenge porn 296.23–4, 299.2, 354.39 crime, reporting 295.10 and sexual expectations 299.2, 309.29 and domestic violence 296.1–2, 13, 22, 35–6 and sexual violence 310.38–9 and elder abuse 311.22 SRE 310.12–13 and homophobic bullying 304.11 and visibility 310.31–2 new technology use 295.36–7 see also internet pornography officer numbers 366.5, 39 porpoise 332.11 and prostitution 318.4–5, 8–9, 14–16, 21, 22–3 Portugal and racial discrimination 308.36 and abortion 302.14 and selfies 310.10–11 and drugs 301.27, 29 and sexual abuse 320.13–14 positive action 376.4 and sexual offences 310.19 positive coping skills 346.3 and surveillance 317.6 positive discrimination 291.18 and violence 308.37–8 positive mindset 334.38–9 see also crime and justice Positive Regard Teaching school 353.26–7 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, 366.36 possession of drugs 373.22–3, 29–30 political correctness, in universities 347.4–5 postal explosive devices 355.4 political divides, and attitudes to Armed Forces 356.4 post-Christianity 358.6 political media, censorship 347.9–10 post mortem 338.41 politics and government (UK) 312.21–2 postnatal depression 334.3, 14–15, 41, 346.1 British and regional identity 312.9 in men 334.15 and British identity 312.10–11, 13 and peripartum depression 334.15 campaigning 312.21, 23 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 356.11, 22, 24–5, 35, 41 and devolution 312.11–12, 32–3, 36 poultry, and food poisoning 348.9 and disengagement 312.21, 25–6, 31 poverty 306.1, 4, 6, 9–11, 18, 23, 318.2, 325.22, 333.6, 339.13–14, 38, and diversity 308.32–3 356.33, 368.16, 372.28 and employment 308.4 and abortion 367.31–2 general elections 319.19 absolute 377.1, 3, 41 girls’ attitudes to 293.34 and anxiety 351.17–18 minimum ages for 312.27 and banks 306.9, 12, 37 monarchy 312.28–9 and bill payments 306.12 national and regional identity 312.11 causes of 377.2, 9–10, 14, 18–19, 27 Parliament 312.28, 31, 39 children and young people 377.8, 11–13, 15, 29 Prime Minister 312.28 consequences of 377.2 referendums 312.36 and debt 306.9 and segregation 308.13–14 defining 377.1, 18, 41 and social class 291.8–9 and deprivation 306.1, 3–4, 10 and voting 300.30–1, 312.25–6, 30, 319.19 and financial education 306.12 see also Brexit; government; Parliament and financial skills 306.12 pollotarian diet 350.21 and forced marriage 300.10 pollution 332.6, 14–15, 348.2, 357.35, 365.30, 368.2–3, 25, 41, ssee also and fuel poverty 306.8, 25, 325.12 ‘Blue Planet’ effect and gentrification 306.4 air 348.3, 5, 6, 10, 11–12, 41 global 377.20–8, 30–1, 34–5 and tourism 294.16–17 and health 306.13 and vegan diets 350.9 history of 306.5 see also emissions; environment; waste and housing 306.7, 10 polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and fertility 319.7, 14, 20 impact of lockdown 377.8 polydrug/polysubstance use 301.5, 13 and income 306.1–3, 10, 18, 21 polytheism 358.41 levels of 377.1 ponds 357.35 measuring 377.1 pool betting 349.2, 41 poverty lines 306.2, 10 ‘poo power’ 344.35 regional variations 377.12 Poor Law Acts 306.5 relative 377.1, 3, 18, 41 population 292.1–39 in retirement 378.21, 41 decline 363.26, 27–31, 34–5 solutions for 377.30–1 global 292.16–17, 21 and state benefits 306.5, 7, 9 as global risk 363.24 and unemployment 306.7 growth 288.2, 363.1–2, 6, 19, 24, 27–30, 34–6, 41 and Universal Credit 335.6–8 controlling 290.1 and urban confinement 325.27–8 EU 292.7 and wages 306.7 and food supply 292.25–6 and water management 290.19 global 292.1, 10, 16–17 and wellbeing 306.1 and housing 325.21 and work 291.28, 306.5, 7, 10 and migration 292.7, 22 in working households 377.11–12 United Kingdom (UK) 292.2–4, 10–12, 13–15 see also food poverty; global poverty; rich-poor gap; see also child impact of migration 292.11–12 poverty regional 292.3–4, 6 poverty premium 377.2 United Kingdom (UK) 292.2–6 poverty tourism 365.41 see also ageing population; global population; overpopulation Powell, Enoch, and racism 308.10 pork tapeworm 348.19 power pornography 310.8–9, 12, 31, 38–9, 354.34, 370.10, 379.4, 38–9 and gender equality 364.6 and blocking 318.33 in relationships 354.28

48 ‘power to gas’ technology 344.9 prisoners, rights of 372.7–8 prayer 358.28–30 privacy 299.9, 317.1, 9, 31–2, 35, 361.18, 33–4, 371.21, 26, 30–1, 372.4 prebiotics 339.18 and absolute privacy 317.21 precariat 291.2 global rights 317.2 pregabalin 351.24 human rights 317.2–3, 25 pregnancy 309.3, 319.1, 14 and invasion of 308.21 and broken abstinence pledges 309.22 and rights 317.1 complementary therapies for 343.20 see also online privacy; surveillance and access and diet 288.4, 13, 339.19 private renting and discrimination at work 293.37–8 cost of 336.4, 8–9, 12, 14 and domestic violence 296.1–2, 10 evictions 336.10–11 FGM risks 300.12 private sector, gender pay gap 293.24, 28 health risks 319.5 privilege of invisibility 293.5 and HIV 314.2, 29–30 probiotics 339.18 impacts 300.10 problem drinking see alcohol and miscarriage 319.13 problem gambling 349.3, 4–7, 10, 12–13, 26–30, 32, 37–9, 41 multiple 319.2, 15, 21 self-help tips 349.33 in prison 295.23–5 tackling 349.32, 33 risk of 379.4 problem solving skills 335.39 and smoking 337.2, 19 processed foods 350.22 teenage 309.19–20, 324.32 pro-choice abortion movements 302.16 unwanted 379.9 producing drugs 373.22–3 see also abortion; babies and birth; contraception productivity, UK 291.31 pregnancy, and Zika virus 348.21 professionalism 335.39 prejudice see discrimination; homophobia; racism 374.2 profile cloning 338.37 gender and sexuality 369.13 profiling, racist 308.15 against women 364.3 progestogen 309.6, 8 premature aging 337.1 progestogen-only pill (mini pill) 309.7 babies 302.26, 319.21 pro-life abortion movements 302.8–9, 12, 16, 23, 32 deaths 337.17, 338.2–4, 339.20–1 and gender selection 302.31–2 premature ovarian decline, and fertility 319.7 and late abortion 302.28, 32 premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) 346.9 and travel abroad for abortion 302.32–3 prenuptial agreements 316.14–15 and unviable foetuses to term 302.35–6 prenuptual agreements 354.3 pro-life movement 367.9–10, 23, 33–8 pre-school education 353.4, 30 propaganda 355.5 Preschool Implicit Association Text (PSIAT) 307.33 property, protection of 372.4 prescriptions see antibiotics; medicines proportional representation 360.41 prescriptive stereotypes 378.22 prospects after university 333.35–9 press 308.24 prostitution 318.1, 4–6, 10–12, 14–15, 20, 22, 26 and campaigning 312.23 and abuses of power 318.7–9 free 347.14, 16, 40 and austerity 318.2 freedom of 347.12–17 average age 318.2 Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO) 347.16 and basic expenses 318.19 Leveson Inquiry 347.16 and condoms 318.2, 4 phone hacking 347.16 and debt 318.23 and racial stereotyping 308.7 and decriminalisation 318.2, 5, 8–9, 13, 17, 20–1 Reporters Without Borders 347.12 global data 318.12, 26 and social networking 324.28–9 and healthcare 318.5 World Press Freedom Index 2018 347.12, 14, 16 history of 318.11 see also journalism; media; political media human rights 318.3–4, 5–7, 13, 17, 21 Press Complaints Commission (PCC) 347.40 and inequality 318.18, 21 pressure groups 360.4, 6 and invisibility 318.22–3 Prevent 355.24, 31–5 lack of choice 318.1, 20, 21, 23 Prevention is Possible report 293.32 legal steps 318.2, 16 Prevention of Crime Act 1908 366.31 and pastoral support 318.19 Prevent strategy (counter–terrorism) 308.13–14 PTSD 318.27–8 Pride 369.14, 19 rape 318.21 primary schools 353.2, 4, 36–7 and rights 318.6, 11–12 and sexualisation 310.15–16 safety risks 318.12, 16–17 primates (apes and monkeys) 303.24–5, 37–8, 332.20 and sex tourism 318.10 banning as pets 303.11, 28 and sex trafficking 300.3, 8, 318.1, 5 and personhood 303.22–5 street prostitution 318.14 and SIV 314.35–6 and support to exit 318.15, 17–18 Prime Minister 312.28, 360.2 and union representation 318.24–5 Prince’s Trust, The, on mental health 324.6–7 and violence 318.2, 4–7, 9 priority need 336.2, 30, 32–4, 41 protected areas, benefits of sustainable tourism 294.24 prison 295.20, 308.7, 366.30–1, 35 protected characteristics 376.3 and children 295.22–3 of religion 358.16 and ex-service personnel 289.4, 25, 28, 34, 38–9 protectionism 305.31–3 gender recognition rights 297.37–8 protein 288.4–5, 7, 10, 12, 19, 321.14, 339.11–12, 16, 34, 341.36, 350.1, 11, and increased terms 311.22 24, 36, 41 and inequality 308.7 deficiency 350.16 and mental health 346.34 protein biscuits 378.20–1 reducing prison population 295.28–9 protest and rights 300.32 nonviolent 374.2 right to vote 300.30–1 right to 372.33 supersized prisons and TB 295.21 Protestantism, and euthanasia 362.17 and women 295.23–5, 34–5 Protestants 358.2 see also custody and detention protorexia 321.13–14 Prison Act 1898 366.31 Provisional IRA 355.3

49 prussic acid 374.15 vocational 353.4 PSHE (Personal, Social, Health and Economic) education 310.12–13 quality of life 363.23, 378.6, 9 PSIAT (Preschool Implicit Association Text) 307.33 quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) 374.18 psychedelic drugs, as treatment 346.32 Queen, role of 360.38–9 psychiatric problems see mental illness Queen’s Speech 360.6 Psychoactive Drugs Act 2016 373.27, 41 queer 369.2, 14 psychoactive substances 373.23 identification as 297.9 psychological abuse 370.1 term 297.5, 9 psychological addiction 373.1 use in homophobic language 297.28 psychosis 346.2, 41, 354.19 see also LGBTQIA+ community in bipolar disorder 334.20 questioning 369.14 psychotic depression 334.3, 5 quinoa 339.34 PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) 334.3, 4, 5, 27, 346.1, 32, 41, 351.3, 41 Quorn products 288.5, 350.7, 41 complex 318.27 Quran 358.8, 25, 31 early trauma 318.27 mental health services 318.28 occupational risks 318.27–8 post-abortion 302.17–18 R service personnel 289.4, 6, 27, 28, 33, 35, 39 rabbits, and animal experimentation 374.16, 18, 19, 20 stigma 318.28 race, stop and search statistics 366.37–8 puberty 369.6, 37, 39, 379.6–7 racecourse betting 349.2 pubic lice (crabs) 309.12, 379.24, 25 Race Relations Act 1965 372.2 Public Accounts Committee 360.4 Race Relations Act 1976 308.2, 30, 36, 372.2, 376.41 public bodies 360.2 racial discrimination 308.1–4, 30–1, 36 public events 351.20 direct discrimination 308.2 Public Health England (PHE) 323.2 and employment 308.2, 30–1, 38–9 on antibiotic resistance 348.32 and financial inequality 322.24 on HIV 314.4–5 history of 308.30 on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) 379.14 and housing 308.30 public health reforms 338.1 indirect discrimination 308.2 Public Health Wales 320.24 racial harassment 308.2–3 public order 347.1 racial victimisation 308.2 public order offences 366.2, 41 racist bullying 304.7, 308.36 public services, impacts 305.11–12 see also racism; individual ethnic groups public transport 311.25, 27, 29 racial harassment 308.2–3 and walking 313.34 racial slurs 308.14 see also bus travel; railways; taxis racial stereotyping 308.1–2, 7, 16, 31–2 puffins 332.17 racial victimisation 308.2 pulses 339.11, 16, 34 racing, dogs 303.16 pupil premium 353.32 racism 308.1, 3–4, 9–10, 12, 17, 18–19, 29, 34 puppy farming 303.3–4, 374.28, 41 anti-racist 376.39 Purdy, Debbie 362.6 and apps 308.37 Purim 358.24 in the Armed Forces 356.16 purpose, lack of 334.18 in Britain 376.1–3, 4–8 Pyrenean ibex 332.7 covert 376.20 definition 376.41 and employment 308.4, 29 experiences of 376.4–7, 13–14 Q in football 376.29–30 Qatar and hate crime 308.17, 29

CO2 emissions 357.4 history of 308.3, 19 immigration statistics 359.3 impacts of 376.26 qi gong 343.7 institutional 376.15–19, 24–5 quagga 332.7–8 microaggressions 376.20–1, 28 qualifications 335.27 and mobile phones 308.37

50 online 308.37 deaths of 300.20–1 overt 376.20 definition 359.31, 35–6, 41 in politics 376.22 education in refugee camps 320.21 racial stereotyping 308.1–2 famous 359.38–9 racist beliefs 376.8 forced displacement 359.33–4 racist jokes 308.2 see also asylum; asylum seekers and religion 308.1, 3–4, 8, 17 refuges 370.32–3, 41 reverse 376.12, 41 see also homelessness systemic 376.15–16, 41 refunds 345.18–19 tackling 376.26–8, 32–4, 36–7, 38–9 refusing treatment 362.5 and Twitter 308.14, 37 regionalism 305.29–30 in universities 376.24–5 and global poverty 305.30 see also discrimination; racial discrimination; individual ethnic groups and healthcare 305.29–30 racist bullying 304.7, 308.36, 361.26, 41 and tax safeguards 305.29 and schools 308.36 Register of Chinese Herbal Medicine (RCHM) 343.4–5 racist jokes 308.2 register offices 316.4 racist profiling 308.15 and religious ceremonies 316.5–6 radicalisation 355.4–5, 13, 19–29, 41 time factors 316.3 of children 355.28–9 Regulation of Investigative Powers Act (RIPA) 2000 317.26 radio, and body image 307.27–8 rehabilitation 373.12, 33, 35–9, 41 radiological weapons 355.4 reiki 343.12–13 RAF (Royal Air Force) 289.2, 8–9, 18 relationship contracts 316.12 railways, Rail for Tourism competition 294.10 relationship education 370.35–6 rainbow flag 297.13 relationships 379.26–30 rainfall 357.8 abuse in 379.29–30 rainforest loss 363.22 arguments 379.27 rainforests 350.9, 357.6, 16 break ups 379.28 see also forests education in schools 354.9 raised participation age 353.4 ending 354.38–9 Raksha Bandhan 358.23 health benefits of 354.8 Ramadan 358.25 healthy 354.28 ransomware 322.36, 371.29 online dating 379.32–4 rape 296.4–5, 300.24, 309.29, 310.16, 318.21, 354.31–2, 34, 40, 370.12, personal 316.1, 12 372.37 and body image 307.7, 10–11 and abortion 302.15, 31 and child poverty 306.15–16 and blame 309.27–8 distressed 316.29 and consent 309.27 emotions and feelings 316.12 lack of consent 318.36 and fertility 319.4 marital rape 364.12 and internet pornography 318.32–3, 35–6 of men 364.19–20 and self-esteem 307.31, 33–5 SRE 309.39 and surrogacy 319.27 see also consent teenage relationship abuse 296.18–21 Rape Crisis, on male rape 364.19–20 see also cohabitation; families; marriage; same-sex relationships; SRE Rashford, Marcus 377.13 political, UK-US ‘special relationship’ 317.27 rationing (food) 339.9 romance 379.27 raw food diet 288.27 romantic 354.26–39 raw materials 368.11 safety in 354.36–7 Reading Festival, and waste 315.11 sexting 379.35–6 real fur 374.30–2 unhealthy 354.28 reality TV 375.41 see also civil partnerships; cohabitation; consent; marriage and body image 375.25 relative poverty 377.1, 3, 18, 41 Real Junk Food Project relaxation 343.7 on household waste 315.19 religion on waste 315.33 and abortion 302.8–9, 367.13, 31–2 recession 345.41, 377.3, 9, 38, 41 anti-Semitism 376.12, 41 recovery from operations 337.1 and the Armed Forces 356.2 recruitment 323.13 benefits of 358.21 under–18s 289.7, 9, 11, 15 blasphemy 358.36–7 in the Armed Forces 356.5–7, 9–11, 16 characteristics of 358.16–17 Armed Services 289.8–11, 17 and clothing 308.1 BME personnel 289.9, 24 clothing 358.32 leading firms 291.22, 30 defining 358.41 manpower requirements 289.8–9 and divorce 316.24 pros and cons of joining up 289.6–7 and domestic violence 296.4 women 289.9 and euthanasia 362.17 recycling 315.2, 9–11, 21–3, 25, 35, 345.39, 368.11–12, 18, 38–9, 41 fellowship 358.21 exporting 315.35 and food poverty 306.20 greenhouse gases 315.39 and freedom 358.32–9 green policies 315.27 and geography 358.2–3 health risks 315.8, 9 growth of 358.3 and informal sector 315.8–9, 26–8 and hate crime 308.17 separation and collection 315.25, 35 holidays 358.22–5 Red Cross, on social isolation 323.27–8 impact of 358.5, 20 reflexology 343.7 irreligiosity (no religion) 358.1–2, 6–7, 18–20 reforestation 357.38–9 Islamaphobia 376.30–1, 41 Reform Act 1832 360.14–15 and LGBT 369.32–3 Refuge 370.14 and marriage 316.4–7, 11, 26 refugee camps 342.2, 359.31, 41 minorities 358.2 children in 342.1–3, 37–8 monotheistic 358.8–9, 41 refugees 359.30–1 new 358.4

51 ‘nonverts’ 358.7 resettlement 359.2 and persecution 358.38–9, 41 see also asylum; settlement applications pick and mix approach to 358.1 residence permit 359.36, 41 rejection of 358.6–7 resilience 333.1 religious discrimination 308.3–4, 8 respect 354.28, 29 religious slaughter 303.6–7 of environment 368.10 sacred texts 358.31 respiratory health, and smoking 324.17 and school uniform 353.34 respiratory tract infections (RTIs) 348.38 and science 358.2, 14 responsibility 368.10 and sexual exploitation 320.10 responsible tourism 294.16–34, 19–20, 24–5, 32–3, 365.18–39, 41 and sexualisation 310.22 responsible travel 365.24 slaughter of animals 358.41 restless palate syndrome 288.20 timeline 358.4–5 restorative justice 295.11 and vegetarianism 288.6–7 Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive 2011 315.25 and Western culture 358.14–15 retail, consumer trends 345.5–6, 31 world demographics 358.2–5, 11 retail industry and body image 321.38 see also spirituality; individual religions Retail Sector report 2018 345.5–6 religious discrimination 372.34 retirement 378.41 religious tourism 365.1 affording 378.18 remand 366.33 age 378.1, 12–17, 19 remote gambling (online) 299.14, 349.41 state pension 378.15–17 renewable energy 290.27, 345.26, 36 working beyond 378.19 advantages of 344.3 retirement delays 311.23 barriers to switching 344.16–17 retirement homes 311.17, 24–7 biomass 344.3 and community 311.26–7 and colonisation 344.26 and social isolation 311.32–3 costs of 344.3, 6, 31 technology 311.24 energy storage devices 344.13 and transport 311.26 in Europe 344.23–4 reusing 368.11 Fairtrade 344.32 revenge porn 296.23–4, 299.2, 354.39, 361.26, 364.20, 371.14 future energy decisions 344.27 ‘reverse anorexia’ 375.14–15 geothermal 344.2 reverse racism 376.12, 41 government subsidies 344.16, 18–19 reverse vending machines 345.2 history of 344.4 reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance (RISUG) 309.8 hydro power 344.2 reward systems (brain) 373.1, 28 ‘off-grid’ generation systems 344.2 rewilding 332.33–4, 41, 357.38 Paris climate agreement 2015 344.20, 25 rhinos 332.7, 14, 16, 19 predictions 344.28, 30 rich-poor gap 306.3, 7, 13 reliability of 344.7 and income 306.2, 33 solar 344.1 and marriage status 316.2 sources 344.1–4 and mental illness 306.15 in Spain 344.22 Riding Establishments Acts 303.2 in Sweden 344.23 rights tidal 344.2 and duties 374.3–4 top countries for 344.20–1 see also human rights wind 344.1–2 right to die 362.1 worldwide 344.25–6 see also assisted suicide; euthanasia Renewable Energy Directive 344.20 right to life 362.15, 372.4, 6 rented accommodation 306.7, 10, 325.3, 6, 17, 19–21 Right to Live UK 362.20 and debt 322.20 right to vote 360.20 deposits 325.11 right-wing extremism 355.3, 6, 17 eviction 306.7 Rihanna, and sexualisation 310.24 fire and utilities 325.11 Rio 2016 Olympics 341.11 and funding 325.17 RIPA (Regulation of Investigative Powers Act) 2000 317.26 and home buying 325.13, 19 risky behaviour 354.40 homelessness 325.15–16 RISUG (reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance) 309.8 and homeownership 325.3, 8 Ritalin 373.22 and house prices 325.7 road traffic see cars and driving and income 325.14–15, 21 road traffic accidents 348.2 microflats 325.39 robbery 366.3 overcrowding 325.8 robot hotel staff 294.39 prices 325.6–8, 13, 15, 19 robots see also see also tenants in care homes 378.26 repaying tuition fees 333.18, 37–8 and criminal culpability 299.35 reporters see journalism RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) Directive 2011 315.25 repossessions 336.10–11 Roma communities 376.23–4, 41 Representation of the People Act 1918 360.15, 364.10 Roman Catholicism 358.2 reproductive ethics holidays 358.23 and abortion 319.36 see also Catholicism and fertility 319.31–2 romance 379.27 and gender disappointment 319.37 Roman Empire 358.8 and IVF 319.19, 21, 31, 33–6, 38–9 Romania and animal welfare 303.3 and surrogacy 319.28 and surveillance 317.14–15 reproductive health see fertility; pregnancy romantic relationships 354.26–39 reproductive rights 379.2 Rome, pilgrimage 358.26 republic governments 360.1 Rosh Hashana 358.20, 24 repurposing 368.11 rough sleeping 336.5–7, 8–9, 15, 16–17, 19–21, 26–7, 37–9 Research Defence Society (RDS) 374.14–16 among veterans 356.32 reserve personnel see full-time reserve service personnel (FTRS) see also hidden homelessness reservists, armed forces, mental health 289.33 Rough Sleeping Advisory Panel 336.38–9

52 Royal Air Force (RAF) 289.2, 8–9, 18, 356.1, 11, 18–19, 33 salaries 356.14 Royal Assent 360.6, 41 Salford 368.9 Royal British Legion 356.31 salt, in diet 339.28–9 on Commonwealth veterans 356.28 salvia 301.30 Royal College of Physicians (RCP), on euthanasia 362.6, 11, 22, 25–6, 28, 31 Samaritans 334.1, 20 Royal Engineers 356.14 on suicide 364.18 Royal Family same-sex marriage 372.36–7 changing views on 312.29 same-sex relationships 297.8, 11, 25, 354.4, 7 political roles 312.28 and adoption 297.26, 31–2 Royal Marines 356.1–2, 7, 8, 17, 18–19 and civil partnerships 316.3–5, 8–9, 15 and charity 310.37 and domestic violence 296.22, 30 Royal Navy 289.1, 8–9, 356.1, 2, 5, 7, 17, 18–19, 20 and marriage 316.3–5, 11 royal prerogative 360.4 queer 297.5, 9, 28 RSPCA (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) 374.41 same-sex parents 297.26–7, 31–2 on animal experimentation 374.20 and sex 309.4 on breed-specific legislation 303.21 and STIs 309.25 on dog trafficking 303.3–4 see also civil partnerships; gay people; LGBTQIA+ community on puppy farming 374.28 Samoa, and obesity 313.27 on puppy farms 303.3 Samsung, on surveillance 317.13, 34–5 rubbish see waste sanctions rugby aid 305.14 harmful contact 341.34 diplomatic 305.14 injuries 341.31–2, 34–5, 38 targeted 305.14 obesity 313.27 sanctity of life 362.41 women and 341.14, 22–3 Sangraand 358.25 runners 366.41 sanitary products initiative 336.23–4 see also county lines Santa Claus, belief in 358.16 running 313.1 Satanic Verses 312.13 and BMI 313.12 SATs 353.41 mental health and wellbeing 313.9 see also exams and music 313.30 saturated fats 288.12, 339.12 rural areas Saudi Arabia 360.36 broadband availability 299.24–5 abuse of human rights 300.22–3 and exercise 313.35 censorship in 347.7, 36

villages 325.34–7 CO2 emissions 357.3 see also land; parks and green spaces discrimination against women 300.22–3 rural development programmes 377.30–1 global standing 300.22 rural tourism 365.1 human rights issues 372.30, 33–5 Russell Group 353.19 immigration statistics 359.3 Russia Save the Children, on child refugees 359.34 and abortion 302.14 savings 322.6–7, 10–11, 27

CO2 emissions 357.3 and ageing 311.17 healthcare 323.6 and financial inclusion 322.23 immigration statistics 359.3 and financial planning 322.12 Russo Test 297.34–5 lack of 322.10–12 Rwanda 360.34, 377.30–1 talking about 322.13–14 scabies 309.12 scam 345.41 scams 371.21 S Scandinavia S21 (Section 21) notice 336.10–11 housing experiment 378.37–8 Sachs, Andrew 359.39 life expectancy 378.4, 7 sacred texts 358.31 retirement age 378.13–14 SAD (seasonal affective disorder) 334.1, 3, 19, 41 travel 294.8 sadness 334.24 scapegoating 369.30–1 safari parks 294.18, 332.19, 374.35 schizophrenia 346.2, 41 safe houses see refuges scholarships 333.6, 19–20 Safer Internet Day 340.20, 371.18 school-based counselling 334.13 safe sex 354.40, 379.17, 41 schools 308.5, 36 see also contraception academies 353.2–3, 5–6 safety 324.36–7 attendance 353.22–3 care ratings 323.19 and body image 321.22–3 fire and utilities 325.11 bullying in 304.2, 4, 4, 4, 16, 16, 32, 37, 39, 39, 361.11 home 325.6 and child poverty 306.13, 15, 17, 23, 36 and sexual abuse 320.28–9 compulsory age 353.1–2, 7–8 and sexual exploitation 320.39 and cyberbullying 361.3, 22, 37 safety and the internet 320.32–3, 35–6, 340.20–5, 361.33–4 and emotional intelligence 304.36–7 app 320.32 and employment 308.16 and ‘friends’ 320.32 exam stress 346.13–14 and image-sharing 320.35 and exclusion 308.5 and knowledge 320.32 and exercise 310.23 music 320.33 ex-services mentoring teams 289.13–14, 36–7 parental controls software 299.16–17 faith 353.2, 3, 41 personal data and 299.27 Fiver programme 298.8–9 ransomware 322.36 fostering entrepreneurship in 298.8–11 and victim-blaming 320.35–6 foundation 353.2 see also cyberbullying; online privacy free 353.3, 41 safety behaviours 351.22 free school meals 306.13, 23, 320.18 Safety Pin campaign 308.34 funding 353.31–3 Sainsbury’s, and household waste 315.20 grammar 353.3, 41

53 and HIV/AIDS 314.19–20 scopolamine 374.15 homophobic bullying in 297.23, 30, 304.11–12 Scotland 377.38–9 homophobic language in 297.28–9 and abortion 302.2, 11–12, 21, 32–3, 39 independent 353.4 and animal welfare 303.26 lack of support for LGBT pupils 297.23, 30 and assisted dying 287.35–6 leaving 353.1 and assisted suicide 362.30, 33 and Local Authority 353.1–4 British and regional identity 312.9 maintained 353.2 and British identity 312.10–11 and mental health 310.20, 324.4 and child poverty 306.23 mental health referrals 346.16–17 and cohabitation 316.15–16 and mental illness 313.9 and commercial sexual exploitation 318.29 military recruitment activities 289.11 and devolution 312.36, 39 name calling 304.38 devolved government 360.2, 3, 9 overuse of technology 299.22 domestic abuse 370.6–7, 12–13 policies 304.19, 32–3, 308.36 gender inequality 370.13 and popularity 304.9–10 and IVF 319.18 and pornography 310.13 and marriage 316.6, 10 preventative role for teenage partner violence 296.19 natural change in population 363.3 primary 353.2, 4, 36–7 NHS 323.10 promoting mental health 346.3–4, 18–21 population 292.3 role in drug education 301.4, 12–13 population growth 363.2 and safety 304.32 and poverty 306.23 school type and pupil’s degree performance 291.38–9 and prostitution 318.10 secondary 353.2 and social networking 307.38 Section 28 291.30, 297.26 tourist board 294.12 and segregation 308.13 wind energy 344.8 selective, and social mobility 291.18, 24, 26–7 Scotland Act 1998 360.9 and sexual abuse 296.5 Scotland Act 2016 312.39 and sexual harassment 310.17–18 Scottish National Party 360.9 and sexualisation 310.4 Scottish Parliament 360.25 and sexual offences 310.19 Scottish Schools Adolescent Lifestyle and Substance Use Survey (SALSUS) and sexual violence 310.17–18 373.8–9 and smoking 324.17 Scrap the Puppy Trade campaign 303.3 specialist 353.3 screen time 340.14–15, 371.5–7, 18 spending 353.31–3 before bedtime 299.22 starting 353.1, 7–10 children’s exposure to 299.19–21 state 353.2, 41 effects on cognitive development 299.21–2 tall poppy syndrome 304.9–10 guidelines on 299.20, 22 teachers as information sources on drugs 301.13 overexposure to 299.19–20 Tenner Challenge 298.10–11 and potential for addiction 299.21 theft 304.2 Scroll Free September 340.36–7 tiredness and nocturnal social networking use 299.12 sea cow 332.8 trust 353.2 sea levels 357.8, 20–1 types of 353.2 seas see marine environments uniform 353.34 sea turtles 294.26 voluntary aided 353.2 secondary legislation 360.8 see also education; primary schools; secondary schools secondary school 353.2, 4 school uniforms 345.16 second-hand smoke see passive smoking gender-neutral 364.13–14 Secretaries of State 360.2 and sexualisation 310.14–15 Section 28 297.26, 30 science, and religion 358.2, 14 secularism 358.18–20 Science-Based Targets initiative (SBTi) 357.2 see also irreligiosity (no religion) Scientology 358.17 secure attachment 354.12–13 SCNT (somatic–cell nuclear transfer) 299.32 security 355.33 see also therapeutic cloning and life expectancy 378.6

54 see also counter-terrorism and anorexia 321.27, 30 Security Innovation and Demonstration Centre 295.36–7 Sesame Credit 299.31 sedentary lifestyles 313.4, 20 settled status 359.13–14, 41 and standing up 313.31 settlement applications 359.2 Select Committee on Medical Ethics 362.2–3 sewage waste 315.12 selective abortion 367.24 spillage penalties 315.12 selective breeding 352.41 and tourism 294.17 selective schools, and social mobility 291.18, 24, 26–7 sex 309.4 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) 351.24 assigned at birth 369.1, 3, 38 and anorexia 321.27 biological 369.2, 3 selective universities 333.11, 29 chromosomes 369.1, 3 self-care 334.39 coercion 309.5, 29 self-consciousness 351.21, 36 and consent 354.29–31 of animals 374.3 myths 379.4 self-criticism 334.18 and pornography 309.29, 310.8–9 self-determination 372.1 readiness for 354.33–4 self-directed violence sexual images 309.29 see also self-harm; suicide stigma 379.19 self-driving vehicles 311.27 unprotected 379.4 self-employment see also gender; rape; sexual abuse; sexual assault definition of 335.2 sex and relationships education (SRE) 309.16, 20, 22, 29, 31–8, 310.3, 7 insecurity of 335.22 and consent 309.38–9 rights of 335.2 and critical views of pornography 310.13 self-entrepreneurs 335.22 discomfort about 309.34–5 self-esteem 304.10, 23, 32, 307.1, 29–31, 33–4, 37, 334.2, 346.33, 379.1 and fertility 319.5 and body image 375.7–8, 10, 14, 17, 22, 29–31, 34, 35, 41 and gender education 309.33 and consumerism 345.16–17 girls’ attitudes to 293.33 destructive behaviours 307.30 and HIV/AIDS 314.24 and emotions 307.33–4 and knowledge 309.38–9, 320.9 exercise campaigns 307.39 LBGT-inclusive 297.11, 23–4, 30, 309.34–5 getting help 304.32, 307.35, 38 low quality of 297.23–4 and goals 307.31, 35 as minefield 310.12–13 in–group preferences 307.34 non-statutory 309.36, 39, 310.12, 15–16, 18 and materialism 345.9 as out of touch 309.35–6 and mindfulness 307.32 parental opt-out rights 297.24 PSIAT 307.33 and sexuality 309.35, 38 recording 307.31–2, 34–5 vocabulary 309.37 and safety 307.34 Sex Discrimination Act 1975 308.30, 364.12, 372.2 self-help 307.30–2, 35 Sex Discrimination Removal Act 1919 364.12 social pressure 307.38 sex education 379.6 and work 307.30 sexism 376.22 see also body image sex stereotyping 293.7 self-harm 324.2, 334.26–7, 33, 346.17, 38, 353.15–16, 356.9, 361.19, 31, 41, sexting 295.12–13, 299.2, 15, 307.6, 310.10–11, 318.35, 371.36–7, 379.35–6 369.35, 375.16 and coercion 310.10–11 in children 346.13 and online privacy 317.35 rates 297.11, 23, 30 sex tourism 294.31, 318.10 and suicide 324.10 sex trafficking 300.3–4, 6–7, 318.37–9 self-help 334.1, 351.24 and freedom of movement 318.39 groups 343.7 and misidentification 318.38–9 selfies 365.41, 375.34, 41 and prostitution 300.3, 8, 318.1, 5 and body image 307.6–7, 10–12, 17–19 and safe migration routes 318.39 and friendship 307.7 safety risks 318.37–8 as ID verification 322.37 violence risks 318.37 and safety 307.7 see also trafficking and sexting 307.6, 310.10–11, 317.35, 318.35 sexual abuse 296.2–3, 5, 299.1, 10, 306.6, 32, 320.3, 6–7, 11–15, 26, 28–9, and sexualisation 310.36 37–8, 354.28, 364.41, 370.1, 41, 379.29–30 self-image see body image counselling failures 320.37 self-inflicted violence see self-harm and institutional segregation 320.29 self-mastery 358.15 intimate partner abuse 296.10–11, 17 self-objectification 375.39, 41 investigation times 320.37 self-reflection 333.1 and macho stereotypes 320.15 self-transformation 358.15 and mental health 320.7, 12 self-worth 361.1 organised abuse 320.7 sentencing 366.34 reporting 320.11, 13–14 and maturity of young offenders 295.26 under-reporting 320.27 reduction to cut prison population 295.29 risks 320.12 see also crime and justice; justice system safety and the internet 320.35–6 sentience, of animals 374.9 and SRE 309.39 separation 316.15–16, 354.3 systemic failures on 320.37 and cohabitation agreements 316.15–16, 16–20 talking about 320.12–14 and ‘conscious uncoupling’ 316.34 and trust 320.15 and rights 316.17 women during wars 300.24 see also divorce; parental separation see also prostitution; see also pornography; sex trafficking separatism 355.6 sexual assault 309.29, 310.16, 379.37 sepsis 348.8 and blame 309.27–8 septicaemia 324.37 and SRE 309.37–9 Serbia 360.33 sexual bullying 304.7, 354.40, 361.41 Sergeant at Arms 360.12 see also homophobic bullying Serious Crime Bill 302.31 sexual competence 354.33–4 serotonin 334.29 sexual development 379.6–7

55 sexual dysfunction 309.16 sexual violence 354.31–2, 34 sexual exploitation 299.1, 10, 320.9–10, 38–9, 354.36, 372.15–18, 21 sex workers 318.2, 7 ‘consent’ and compensation 320.25 and HIV 314.16 help and support 320.39 see also prostitution multiple factors 320.9, 39 shadow economy 298.33 under-reporting 320.9–10 share economy, and tourism 294.5 and safety 320.39 shark cage diving 294.32 and SRE 320.9 Shavuot 358.24 and stereotyping 320.9 sheep, sentience of 374.9 see also commercial sexual exploitation ‘shell shock’ 356.41 sexual fluidity 369.16 see also post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) sexual harassment 310.17–18, 342.39, 364.41 Shelter 325.6, 13–16, 21–2 sexual health 293.2, 309.1, 5, 15, 17, 324.38–9, 348.2, 21 on benefits freeze 336.3–4 and alcohol 324.39 on evictions 336.13 complaints 309.17 history of 336.2 and confidentiality 309.17 on new-build homes 336.9 definition 379.1, 41 on rough sleeping 336.16–17 definitions 309.1 shiatsu 343.7 and medical records 309.17 Shintoism 358.4, 9, 31 myths 379.3 shipping 332.6, 357.37 physical 379.1 ships, and recycling 315.25 services 379.8–9, 21, 23–5 Shmini Atzeret 358.25 sexuality 309.1 shootings 355.4 sexual rights 309.1–2 see also terror attacks talking about 324.38–9 shopping time factors 324.38 and waste 315.33, 36 see also contraception; pregnancy; SRE; STIs see also consumers; online shopping; retail industry; supermarkets sexual images 361.25–6 ‘shrinkflation’ 345.14–15, 41 sexualisation 310.1, 2–5, 15–16, 21–2, 26, 32 ‘shrooms’ see magic mushrooms and barriers 310.29, 37 Shrove Tuesday 358.22 and blame 310.4 sibling bullying 354.14 as borderline 310.28 siblings and parental separation 316.37–8 campaigns against 310.3 twins 319.23 and characterisation 310.28–9 side-line bad behaviour 341.41 and clothing 310.1–2, 3, 28, 34–5 Siemens 290.38–9 and communication 310.3, 28 Sierra Leone, and global poverty 306.32 and complaints 310.30 Sikhism 358.2, 10, 18, 41 costs 310.27 holidays 358.25 definition 310.1 sacred texts 358.31 and discomfort 310.14 silk 352.3 and gender stereotyping 310.24 Simchat Torah 358.25 and health 310.27 simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) history of 310.22 antibody trials 314.35 and inequality 310.14–15, 23 defence 314.36 and macho imagery 310.2, 27, 29 Singapore, immigration statistics 359.4 make–up 310.6 single-child families 292.37–9 and mental health 310.24–5 single-issue extremism 355.6 perceptions of worth 310.4 single-parent families 354.11–12, 40, 377.11–12 and products 310.2, 4, 25 divorce 316.36, 38–9 and rape 310.16 and domestic abuse 354.35 and right to learn 310.15 parental separation 316.36–8 and sexiness 310.28 see also lone-parent families and sexual assault 310.16 single people, housing 325.35 and sexual violence 310.15 Single Transferable Vote (STV) 360.25 and uniformity 310.14 single-use plastics 368.22, 24 and visibility 310.21–3, 36 see also plastic packaging see also see also pornography situational depression 334.2–3 sexuality 369.2, 12, 41, 379.1 sixth form 353.2, 41 and human rights 372.6, 7 ‘sixth mass extinction’ 332.2–4 as a spectrum 369.15 SkillForce 289.13–14 and technology 352.34 ‘skin gambling’ 349.18–20, 41 sexually transmitted infections (STIs) see STIs (sexually transmitted skin whitening 308.22–3 infections) Skype 299.4, 371.38 sexual misconduct 364.9–10 slander 347.40 sexual offences 295.1, 5, 366.3, 370.12, 24 slaughter of animals, religious 358.41 and internet 295.13 slavery 372.4, 14–22, 41, 376.1, 26, 38 reporting 310.19 children 342.17–18, 20 Sexual Offences Act 295.13 economic value 300.9 sexual orientation 369.12–13, 14, 16, 41 global prevalence 300.9, 24 and asylum applications 359.2 human trafficking 359.38 as a continuum 297.7 Modern Slavery Act 300.37 finding out who you are 297.4 treatment of Yazidi women as 300.23–4 fixed 297.3 see also forced labour; trafficking fluid 297.7–9 sleep 346.28–9 and sexual exploitation 320.9–10 and air quality 323.26 and sexual health 324.39 dyregulation 351.14 term 297.1 impact of ‘blue light’ on 299.22 UK statistics 369.20–3 importance of 333.21 see also gay people; LGBTQIA+ community; transgender people parasomnias 304.18 sexual rights, definition 309.1–2 problems 334.1, 18

56 quality 351.35 middle classes 291.3, 5, 12 and self–esteem 307.31 new social classes 291.1–2 sleep deprivation 299.12–13, 324.36 and politics 291.8–9 teenage sleep patterns 299.12 and sport 341.16 too much 348.7 working class/upper class similarities 291.3–5 see also insomnia see also social mobility sleeping pills 373.13 social cohesion 378.11 sleeping rough see rough sleeping social comparison 351.15 slippery slope argument 362.41 social equity, and water management 290.19 slot machines 349.2 social events 351.19 Slovenia, and corporal punishment 320.34 social exclusion 361.11 smacking 320.31 see also exclusion small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) 298.1–2 Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) 306.5 competition law knowledge 298.31 social housing 336.10–11, 12–13 definition 298.1 social inequality 291.16, 18, 23, 357.6 government spending with 298.3 social intelligence 324.14 growth trends 298.4–5 social isolation 304.17, 311.28–9, 32–3, 35–6, 323.27–8, 324.14, 345.1, joint male/female ownership 298.21 378.21, 24, 39, 41 small businesses micropreneurs 298.4 and charity 311.28 start-ups 298.2, 5, 15, 21 and community 311.28–9, 32–3, 323.27–8 small farms 290.12–13 and computers 311.28–9 Smart, Ninian 358.17 cooking club 311.35 smartcards 323.4 health impacts 323.27 smart cars help and support 323.27–8 and product liability 317.32 intergenerational 311.35–6 safety risks 317.32 and phoning 311.28 smart devices 371.28–9 and public transport 311.29 smart meters 317.31 and self-esteem 307.30 and surveillance 317.31 and volunteering 311.29 smartphones 340.2, 4–5, 11, 371.1–2, 5–6, 11 see also loneliness addiction to 340.18, 39 social media 354.40, 361.41, 371.9, 10, 14, 25–7, 30, 32, 375.41 and body image 375.31 addiction to 340.13, 15–16, 18–19, 36, 38–9, 41 dependency on 340.4–5 anonymous apps 361.18–19 see also mobile phones and anxiety 351.6, 15–16 smart speakers 371.10–11 and bereavement 338.30–1 smart TV, and surveillance 317.13, 34–5 and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) 340.17 SMEs see small and medium-sized enterprises and body image 375.2–3, 19, 22–4, 28–9, 34–9 smog 348.12, 41 censorship 347.2, 6–7, 8, 11 smoke-free generation 337.20, 21 and children 345.16, 17, 354.10 smoking 310.13, 324.15–19, 34, 334.6, 346.28, 354.1, 373.16–19, 378.9 children’s rights 342.9 addiction 324.18 closing accounts 340.35 and animal experimentation 374.15 companies 340.2 banning 324.18, 337.23, 35, 38–9 compulsive checking of 340.19 falling rates of 338.4 consumer trends 345.1–2, 31 and fertility 319.2, 14 cyberbullying on 361.8, 15, 18–19, 23, 25–6, 32 giving up 341.4 dangers of 334.6, 17, 23–4 impacts of 324.17 definition 340.1, 41 and prices 324.18 duty of care 361.24 substance abuse programmes 324.20 fake news 347.19, 22 see also cannabis; cigarettes; e-cigarettes; passive smoking; tobacco and friendships 354.20 smuggling 332.14 hacking 361.6 snacks, healthy 288.21 and hate content 355.35–6 Snapchat 299.3, 9, 340.1–3, 5, 7–8, 13, 371.10, 33 impact of 361.1 anonymous messages 361.18 inappropriate behaviour 340.34–5 bullying and 340.33–5 location settings 340.34 cyberbullying on 361.8 marketing 340.2–3 filters 340.17 mental health and 340.13, 17, 19, 25–7, 29–32, 36–7 plastic surgery and 340.17 minimum ages 340.24 reporting/dealing with abuse on 361.32–3 offensive content 340.24 Snap Map 340.34 online safety legislation 361.24–5 ‘Snapchat dysmorphia’ 340.17 personal information 340.28 Snowden, Edward, on surveillance 317.4, 7, 21 pressures of 346.13 ‘snowflake generation’ 356.8 profile cloning 338.37 SNRIs (serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors) 334.29 and radicalisation 355.5 social anxiety disorder (SAD) 333.34, 351.4, 21–2, 41 and self-esteem 345.9 social care 304.8, 323.18–19, 378.29–30, 41 strategies 345.2 and abortion 302.19 time spent on 361.1, 5 and bullying 304.8 unfriending/blocking 340.35 and fostering 302.19 use of 340.3, 6, 10, 28 and funding 323.19 young people and 340.3, 4–5, 7–9, 11–15, 22–8, 31–2 and integrated healthcare 323.35–6 see also digital footprint; social networking; individual platforms and public opinion 323.16 Social Media Day 340.3 ratings 323.18–19 Social Media Motivations Scale (SMMS) 340.10 and safety 323.19 social mobility 291.17–39, 333.12–13, 29, 335.25–6 see also care provision for older people and the City 291.19–20 social class and education 291.21 and arts participation 291.12 ethnic minorities 291.7–8 and earnings 291.36–7 and public opinion 291.18, 28–9 and Facebook international friendships 291.11–12 trends 291.23–4, 34 and health 291.14–15 see also diversity

57 social movements 374.2 immigration statistics 359.3 social networking 304.33–4, 309.19, 324.28–9 and prostitution 318.17–18 abuse 299.8 South America addiction 299.13 and globalisation 305.30 age of consent 299.9 retirement age 378.13–14 and body image 307.15, 17–22 South Korea and crime monitoring 295.32 and animal research 303.38 and drugs 324.28 and body image 307.23–4

friendships 299.2 CO2 emissions 357.3 and hate crime 295.14–15 gaming addiction 299.13 Instagram 299.9 and Internet Addiction Disorder 299.13 and mental health 324.5, 11, 14 South Sudan, and war zones 300.20 missing children searches 299.32 soya 350.12, 31, 38, 41 multi–party privacy conflicts 299.2, 15 space and online privacy 317.13, 38 as nation state 312.14–15 peer pressure from 299.3 tourism 294.35–6, 38 privacy management 299.15 Spain and self–esteem 307.38 and abortion 302.14 and selfies 307.6–7 and animal welfare 303.5 Sesame Credit 299.31 healthcare 323.5 sleep–disrupting use of 299.12–13 holiday costs 294.15 time factors 324.29 immigration statistics 359.3–4 vloggers 299.2 life expectancy 378.34 see also blogging; cyberbullying; Facebook; online communities; social Mediterranean diet 378.34 media; Twitter and renewable energy 344.22 social norms, as barriers to gender equality 293.8–9, 22 and tourism 365.5, 16 social phobia 346.1 see also Europe social proof 340.19 spamming 371.26–7 social security benefits see state benefits Speaker, of the Commons 360.10, 12–14 social services see local authorities Special Educational Needs (SEN) social transitioning 369.37 schools for 353.3–4 social welfare see state benefits statement 353.4 socio-economics, and the Armed Forces 356.10, 11 Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (SEND) 353.24 sofa-surfing 336.41 specialist schools 353.3 see also hidden homelessness speciesism 374.2 soft drinks 345.4 specific phobia of vomit (SPOV) 351.5 soft skills 333.36 speech, freedom of see freedom of speech soil degradation and food production 292.30–1 speed (amphetamine) 373.5 solar energy 344.1, 5, 7, 13–16, 21, 25, 31, 40 classification and penalties for possession 301.19, 22 solar panels 368.2 effects on the brain 301.11–12 solar PV (photovoltaic) panels 344.3, 5, 13–16 Spice 373.20–1, 28 contract issues 344.15 see also synthetic cannabis Feedin Tariffs (FITs) 345.36 spiders, phobia of 351.4 government subsidies 344.16 spider webs 352.3 sales of 345.36 spiritual beliefs see religion solar radiation map 344.14 spirituality 358.1–2, 14 solar thermal heating 344.5 benefits of 358.21 Solow Paradox 299.29 sport and leisure activities 313.2, 14, 324.19, 21 solvent abuse 373.5 barriers to participation 313.9 solvents 301.11, 19 blood sports 303.5, 8–9, 27 songs, inspirational 338.24–5 British identity 312.10–11 Soul Survivor 358.6 children and 341.24 South Africa children’s clubs 313.11

CO2 emissions 357.3 and cyberbullying 361.34–5 and HIV 314.17, 32, 36 disability and 341.16

58 doping in 341.25–30, 41 and decriminalisation of sex trade 318.2 educational achievement 313.11 difficulty of treatment 309.3 equality in 364.20–1 and fear 309.23 fans 341.14 gonorrhoea 309.10–11 inclusive 341.41 hepatitis B 309.10–13 injuries 343.2 hepatitis C 309.13 investment 341.1–3 herpes 309.9, 11, 13 match-fixing 341.41 lice 309.12 and mental health 346.33 Molluscum contagiosium 309.12 mental health and wellbeing 313.9 in older people 379.19 music 313.30 preventing 379.20–1 nutrition 339.18, 341.36–7 resistance to treatment 379.21 performance 341.5–6 scabies 309.12 rugby 313.27 syphilis 309.9–10, 12 stereotypes in 341.14 testing for 379.23–4 violence and 341.7–8 treating 379.25 volunteering 312.22 trichomoniasis 309.12 women’s 341.11, 14–24 and violence 318.4 see also football; gambling; Olympic Games; Paralympic Games see also HPV; see also HIV sports clubs, and educational achievement 313.11 Stockton-on-Tees 368.9 squatting 336.1, 6, 41 Stonewall (film) 297.25 squishy 351.7 Stonewall Workplace Equality Index 356.17 SSAFA (Armed Forces Charity) 356.20, 34–5 stop and search 366.36–8, 41, 372.8 SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) 321.27, 334.29, 351.41 Stop Circus Suffering campaign 303.10 see also antidepressants Stormzy 376.1–2 stalking 370.5, 9, 15, 20–1, 24, 41, 371.26–7 STPP (short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy) 334.33 standing up 313.31 straight 369.14 Staphylococcus aureus 348.16 strangers, as cyberbullies 361.8 starchy foods 339.11, 17 strangers, and racism 308.4 starting school 353.1, 7–10 Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR) starting university 333.16 2010 356.2 Start Up Loans programme 298.5 2015 356.1 start-ups 298.5 targets 356.1–2 female-led 298.2, 21 straws 368.11 funding 298.5, 15 street gangs 366.41 state benefits strength, military 356.1 benefit cuts 306.7, 9, 11 stress 304.24, 322.26, 333.23, 346.17, 33, 351.2, 6, 9, 14, 19–20, 41 and health 306.25 and depression 334.2, 8, 18 and homelessness 325.14 and exams 353.15–16, 20–1 impacts 306.7, 20, 24–5 and fertility 319.3–4 statelessness 359.41 impacts 322.26 stateless people, and British nationality 312.4–5 and men 334.8 statement of Special Educational Needs 353.4 post-abortion 302.17–18 state pension 378.1, 15–17 and religion 358.21 state schools 333.41, 353.2, 41 and suicide 324.10 and university access and performance 291.38–9 see also anxiety; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); work-related see also schools stress Statutory Instruments (SIs) 360.8 stress response syndrome 334.2–3 stay-at-home fathers 293.8 stroke 348.5–6 staycation 365.41 stroke, and aspirin 311.14–15 Steiner school 353.7 stroke risk 337.1–2, 16–17, 35–6 Steller’s sea cow 332.8 structural unemployment 335.1 stem cells, embryonic 319.32 student debt 333.37–9, 41 step-family 354.40 students stereotyping 369.3–5, 10, 373.32–3 apprenticeships 323.34 of Armed Forces 356.20 care home volunteering 311.30–1 and children 364.28–9, 35–7 and debt 322.26 and discrimination 376.11–12 and grants 323.14, 22, 34 and educational assessment 291.6 and internships 335.2, 3, 31–2, 34 gender 293.7, 310.24 and loans 322.26 by gender 364.27–39 mental health problems 334.6–7 of older people 378.22 and naturalisation 312.8 racial 308.1–2, 7, 16, 31–2 and poverty 306.10–11 sterilisation camps 292.32–3 and prostitution 318.19 steroids 301.14, 343.28, 373.4, 22 and residence 323.14 classification and penalties for possession 301.19, 22 see also education; schools; young people cosmetic uses 301.14 student unions, and censorship 347.4 criminalisation of use 301.15 study-related visas 359.1 global misuse 301.14 study tips 333.22 harmful effects 301.12, 14–15 sub-Saharan Africa and image-enhancing drugs (SIEDs) 301.15–16 and AIDS 314.14 injecting 301.14–15 death penalty 295.39 needle and syringe programmes 301.15–16 and HIV 314.14–16, 18 user profiles 301.14–16 substance abuse 336.7, 38–9, 348.2 stigma, and mental health 346.4, 6, 7, 30 see also drug abuse stillborn babies 338.10–11 suction abortion 302.2–3, 6 stimulants 373.4, 41 Sudan, refugee statistics 359.34 STIs (sexually transmitted infections) 309.2, 3, 5, 9–10, 14–15, 21, 23, 314.4, suffering 379.3, 4–5, 14–25, 41 of animals 374.1, 9, 19 chlamydia 309.5, 11 and euthanasia 362.27

59 suffrage 360.15, 30, 36 personal messages on work computers 317.14–15 suffragettes 364.10–11, 41 and proportionality 317.26 sugar 324.34, 339.12 and public support 317.27 addiction 301.39 safety risks 317.13, 31, 37 effects on the brain 324.34–5 and security 317.1–2 reducing 339.30 technology company assisted 317.6 tax 339.2–3, 7–8 voice data 317.13, 34, 37 Sugar Free Diet 288.21–2 wearable technology 317.15–16 suicidal thoughts 334.1, 2, 3, 346.17, 369.19, 34, 36, 375.16 sustainability 290.1–39, 306.30, 325.29–33, 38, 332.38–9, 344.1, 4, 33, in children 346.13, 38 345.25–7, 33–5, 350.41, 365.41 suicide 308.26, 323.24, 324.2–3, 7–10, 338.30–3, 346.7, 348.2, 364.18, and climate emergency 357.2 369.34 definition 288.1, 368.1, 41 and the Armed Forces 356.23–4 and diet 368.5, 33–5, 41 and armed forces personnel 289.4, 34 examples 368.2 attempted 297.3, 11, 23, 30 in fashion 368.2–3, 11, 26–31 and compassion 304.34 in food industry 368.3 and cyberbullying perpetrators 361.31 garden villages 325.36–7 and cyberbullying victims 361.19, 23 holiday accommodation 294.22–3 decriminalisation 287.1, 6, 19 measurement 290.26–7 definitions 324.8 and meat-free diets 350.9–13, 31, 36–7 and gambling 349.4, 6, 30 personal contributions 290.29–30 help and support 304.34, 321.4 principles of 368.1–2 threats of 370.21–2 sustainable development 290.16 Suicide Act 1961 362.1–2, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, 28 sustainable lifestyles 290.25–30 suicide bombers 355.2, 4, 7, 20–2 in technology 368.2 suicide tourism 362.5 in transportation 368.3 Sukkot 358.24–5 waste management 368.4 ‘summer born’ children 353.10 in the workplace 368.3–4 sunlight, and depression 334.18–19 see also energy efficiency ‘sunny disposition’ 351.33 sustainable cities 368.4 superbugs 348.31, 41 sustainable development 368.1–2, 372.9 supercentenarians 378.4 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 290.22–3, 306.35, 38–9, 348.1, 3, superfast broadband 299.24–5 368.6–8, 41, 377.41 ‘superfoods’ 339.10 and child poverty 306.38 superfoods 350.23 and ecosystems 306.38 supermarkets 290.30–1 and HIV 314.8–10, 324.32–3 challenge to supermarket model 298.29–30 and leadership 306.39 consumer patterns 298.29 and pregnancy 324.32 discount supermarkets 298.29–30 Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) 368.8 hiSbe (social enterprise supermarket) 298.30 sustainable diet 288.2, 11, 19, 33, 290.7–10, 339.19 and household waste 315.20 sustainable living 368.10–11, 13–15 supplier payment strategies 298.27–30 sustainable population 363.41 treatment of farmers 290.30–1 Sustainable Restaurant Association 290.32 and waste 315.18, 31, 33 sustainable tourism 294.19–20, 24–5, 32–3, 365.1, 36–9, 41 supersized prisons 295.21 Sutton Trust 335.31–2 ‘supersize’ food 339.5 on part-time students 333.12 Supplementary Vote (SV) 360.25 on school funding 353.32 supplying drugs 373.22–3 sweatshop 342.41 supported housing 336.4 Sweden see also social housing database 317.29 support groups 351.9 drug policies 301.28 surface-to-air missiles 355.4 funerals 338.22 surgery complications, and smoking 337.1 healthcare 323.4 surgical abortion 367.2, 15–16 immigration statistics 359.4 surrogacy 319.26 and prostitution 318.14 and leave 319.27 and renewable energy 344.23 overseas 319.26–8 and SDGs 314.10 parental orders 319.27 sweepstakes 349.14 and pay 319.27–8 see also pool betting and public opinion 319.28 Swiss nationals 359.1 and rights 319.27 Switzerland Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985 319.26 assisted suicide 287.5, 8–10, 22, 25, 33 surveillance 317.1, 17–18, 21–4, 26–8, 34–5, 37, 372.8, 31–2 and assisted suicide 362.8, 28, 34, 36, 39 and browsing history 317.19–20 immigration statistics 359.4 CCTV 317.23, 25 symptoms 351.1–2, 20–1, 37 drones 317.30 synthetic exports to repressive regimes 317.27–8 biology 352.7–8, 41 extended legislation 317.4–8, 20, 27 food 352.19 fibre optic 317.23 synthetic cannabis 301.6–7, 31, 373.20–1, 22, 28 and genetic research 317.29 syphilis 309.9–10, 12, 379.3, 14–15, 20, 24, 25 geodata 317.17, 23 Syria health risks 317.31 refugees 292.22, 300.20 history of 317.15–16 and surveillance 317.27–8 human rights 317.24 Syrian refugees 359.31 ICRs 317.6–8 systemic racism 376.15–16, 41 insecure data 317.6 malware 317.21–2 motion data 317.11 nudging 317.18 personal and global issues 317.9

60 termination see abortion T terms and conditions taboo of death 338.6, 21 consumer rights 345.19 tagging 366.39 online shopping 345.7 tai chi 343.7 Terrence Higgins Trust, on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) 379.15 Taiwan, and animal research 303.39 Terrence Higgins Trust on AIDS 314.1, 24 Tajikistan 377.21–2 on HIV 314.1–2, 24, 26, 34 Takotsubo syndrome 338.33 on SRE 314.24 Taliban 355.14–15, 41 Territorial Army 356.41 talking therapies 334.1, 41, 346.12, 35, 351.24 terror attacks see also cognitive behavioural therapy; counselling 7/7 bombings 355.41 tall poppy syndrome 304.9–10 Ankara 355.4 Talmud 358.31 in the EU 355.13 Tamil Tigers 355.2 Manchester Arena 355.7 Tanakh 358.13, 31 New Zealand 355.2 Tanzania 377.22–3 Oslo 355.2 Taoism 358.4, 10, 31 Paris 355.3, 4, 13 tap water 350.36, 368.35 Pittsburgh 355.17 tariffs and abolition 305.13 South Carolina 355.2 tar in cigarettes 337.1, 36 Tunisia 355.4 Tasmanian tiger 332.8 Twin Towers 355.3 taxation 377.32–3 terrorism corporation tax 298.34 arrest statistics 355.8–11, 34 history of 306.5 in Britain 355.7–8 impact of 345.36–7 countering 355.3, 12, 30, 39 Income Tax 323.15 definition 355.1, 3, 41 and international trade 305.6, 29 female 355.18, 25–7 and marriage allowance 354.3 financing of 355.12 National Insurance 323.15 history of 355.7 offshore tax evasion 298.35 international 355.3 and tobacco 337.3, 41 legislation 355.10, 12, 37–8 VAT 293.38–9 methods of attack 355.3–4 TB (tuberculosis) purpose of 355.2 and death 314.3 Terrorism Act 2000 355.10, 12, 37, 366.36, 372.8 eCompliance monitoring 299.33–4 terrorists and terrorist groups 355.3, 14–16 teaching, cuts to 353.32 African National Congress (ANC) 355.2 teamwork 335.38–9 al-Qaeda 355.3, 4, 5, 41 teasing, and body image 307.1–2 Al-Shabaab 355.15–16 technical middle class 291.1–2 anarchists 355.6 ‘Technoference’ 340.18 Boko Haram 355.15–16 technology ethno-nationalists 355.6 and anxiety 351.14 Irish Republican Army (IRA) 355.2, 4, 7 sustainability in 368.2 Islamic State (IS) 355.3, 4, 5, 14–15 technology colleges 353.4 jihadists 355.5–6 technology use left-wing extremists 355.6 communication potential of 299.2 motivation 355.6 in crime prevention 295.36–7 Provisional IRA 355.3 and criminal law 299.35 radical Muslims 355.2 growth in 299.1 right-wing extremists 355.6, 17 and redundant everyday activities 299.26–7 separatists 355.6 risks 299.1 single-issue extremists 355.6 see also digital technology Taliban 355.14–15 teenagers see adolescents and teenagers; young people Tamil Tigers 355.2 teetotalism 324.25 TE-SAT categorisation 355.6 telecommunications, broadband services 299.24–5 white supremacists 355.2 telephoning 311.28 Tesco see also mobile phones supplier payment strategies 298.27–30 Teletext 365.11 and waste 315.18 television see TV testosterone 309.8, 378.8 temperature test tube babies see IVF heatstroke 357.29 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 373.20 rising 357.1–2, 8, 28–9 tetrapods 332.1–2 ‘wet bulb’ 357.28 text neck 324.30 temporary accommodation 336.4, 7–9, 26 theft 366.1–2, 3 temporary basic income (TBI) 377.35–6 theocratic states 358.3–4 tenants 325.10–11 The Only Way is Essex (TOWIE) 291.3 and poverty 306.7 therapeutic touch 343.7, 41 and residence 325.11 therapy rights 325.10 art 343.6 and unheated accommodation 325.12 group 343.7 see also rented accommodation music 343.7 Ten Commandments 358.13 types of 343.2–17 Tenner Challenge 298.10–11 see also therapies by name tension 351.36 therapy dogs 346.34 tents 315.11–12 thinspiration 310.33 Terasem 358.4 third-hand smoke 337.8–9 terminal illness 338.6–8, 362.41 Third World see developing countries and assisted suicide 362.18, 20, 30, 32–6 Thomas Cook 365.9–10 terminally ill people see assisted suicide; end-of-life care; euthanasia; three-parent IVF 319.38–9 hospices and mitochondrial donation 319.33–4, 38–9

61 and public opinion 319.19 and the environment 365.27–37 Thunberg, Greta 357.1–2, 31–2, 372.31, 37 environmental impacts 294.16–18 thyroid, underactive 334.14 fertility holidays 319.35–6 tidal energy 344.2 global 365.6 tigers 332.8, 14 and global economy 365.6 captive 374.36–7 global trends 294.8 TikTok 371.10, 375.23 history of 365.7, 10 Tinder 340.2 holiday costs, UK and abroad 294.14–15 tiny home living 368.14 impact of 365.8 tiny houses 325.30–1 impact of UK economy 294.13 prices 325.30, 31 inbound 365.1, 3, 6–7 sustainability 325.30–1 international 365.1 tips to quit smoking 337.22 irresponsible tourism 294.30–2 tiredness 334.2 outbound 365.1, 12–13 Tisha B’Av 358.24 overtourism 365.8, 17–18 tissue engineering 352.18 popular destinations 365.5, 12–13 Titan prisons 295.21 promotion, UK 294.10–12 TNCs see transnational corporations responsible 365.18–39 tobacco 337.41, 373.16 responsible tourism 294.16–34 duty 337.3, 41 and sea turtles 294.26 effects of 337.1–2 sex tourism 318.10 farming 337.2 space tourism 294.38 illegal 337.7–8, 12 sustainable 294.22–3, 365.1, 36–9, 41 illicit trade in 337.3–4 trends 365.2–5, 11–12 industry 337.28–9, 31 volunteering 294.26, 34 taxing of 337.3, 41 and waste 294.17 see also smoking see also holidays; travel tobacco-smoke residue 337.8–9 tourists toilets gender-neutral 297.33 behaviour of 365.14–16, 35 waste 315.12 experiences of 365.23 To Kill a Mockingbird 308.9 TOWIE (The Only Way is Essex) 291.3 Tokyo 1964 Olympics 341.11 toxic masculinity 364.34, 38–9, 41 Tokyo 2020 Olympics 341.1–3 toxins 348.19 Tonga, and obesity 313.27 toxoplasmosis 348.19 Topshop, and body image 321.38 toys Torah 358.25 and gender equality 364.35–7 tortoise 332.8 gender-neutral labelling 293.14, 322.7 torture 372.4, 6, 33–4, 41 TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership) 305.13 Amnesty International campaign against 300.17–18, 21 trade and inequality 306.27, 34 convention against 300.2, 17, 21 see also international trade countries using 300.18, 21 Trades Union Congress (TUC), on debt 322.16, 18–19 total fertility rate (TFR) 363.3, 10–11 trade unions see also fertility rates and debt 322.16, 18–19 To The Bone (film) 321.38–9 and international trade 305.13 totoaba fish 332.11 and prostitution 318.24–5 tourism 294.1–39, 332.6 and sexual harassment 310.18 and animal rights 303.27 and sexual violence 310.18 and animal welfare 303.29 on zero-hours contracts 335.19 and Brexit 365.7 traditional medicine 343.2 and carbon footprint 365.27 traditional working class 291.2 categories of 365.1 trafficking 300.3–5, 7–8, 342.4, 11, 41 day trips 365.11 human 359.38, 372.14–22 domestic 365.1, 4 see also child trafficking; forced labour; sex trafficking; slavery economic impacts 294.1–3, 7 training, military 356.11, 14 ecotourism 365.1, 28–9 trains see railways

62 tranquillisers 301.12, 351.24, 373.5 Tu B’Shevat 358.24 Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) 305.10–13 TUC (Trades Union Congress), on debt 322.16, 18–19 transformational photographs 375.17 ‘tuition fee refugees’ 333.2 transgender people 369.1–2, 6–7, 9, 12, 34 tuition fees 323.22, 34, 333.2–3, 10, 12, 20 choice of public toilets 297.33 repaying 333.18, 37–8 hate crime against 297.25–6 Tumblr 340.2 historical figures and events 297.17–19 Turin, as ‘vegan city’ 350.7 and HIV 314.16 Turkey

homicides of 297.25–6 CO2 emissions 357.3 hormone blockers 297.16–17 immigration statistics 359.3 and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination 379.6 refugee statistics 359.34 media coverage of 297.35 turtle doves 332.10, 17 one girl’s story 297.16–17 turtles 357.19 and prison 297.37–8 TV and prostitution 318.4–5 and British identity 312.16 sexual orientation of 297.4, 19 and divorce 316.35 term 297.1–2 LGBT representation on 297.34, 35–7 transsexual people 297.14–15 and racial stereotyping 308.7 voting rights 360.36 streaming 347.28–9, 371.11 see also gender dysphoria; LGBTQIA+ community; non-binary people and surveillance 317.13, 23, 25, 34–5 transgenic technology see also film censorship; video classification see also GM twins, genes 319.23 transitioning 369.2, 7–8, 37 Twin Towers see 9/11 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) 305.13 Twitch 371.10 transphobia 297.2, 16, 347.4, 369.30–1, 41 Twitter 299.9, 32, 304.33, 340.1, 2–3, 5, 7, 19, 41, 371.26 transpiration 290.6 as anti-racist 308.37 transport 311.26 and bullying 340.33–5 and commuting 325.27 cyberbullying on 361.8 costs 305.27 and hate crime 295.14–15, 308.8 electrification of 357.36 and racial slurs 308.14 energy efficiency 325.31 and rape 318.36 fuels 290.27 reporting/dealing with abuse on 361.32 net zero targets 357.37 see also see also cyberbullying; social networking see also air travel; cars and driving; public transport; railways two-child policy 292.34–5 transportation, sustainability in 368.3 two-House system 360.5 transport poverty 306.13 two-signature rule, abortions 302.1, 5, 25, 33 transsexual people 297.14–15, 369.2, 38 typhoons 357.13 and private life 317.3 see also gender dysphoria transvestism 297.15 trapping 332.14 U trauma 373.3, 32, 377.2 U3A (University of the Third Age) 311.29 and anxiety 351.2 Uber, on popular destinations 365.6 see also post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Uber, and tax 298.34 travel 294.6 UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service) active travel 313.34–5 on access to higher education 333.10–12 business 365.1, 3–4 on entry rates 333.25–7 leisure 365.1, 3–4 on unconditional offers 333.14–15 most travelled nationalities 294.8 UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) 300.1, 26–7, 317.2 responsible 365.24 Uganda 360.33, 377.21 sustainability improvements 290.29 censorship in 347.11 trends 365.2–5, 11–12 and HIV 314.33 visiting friends and relatives (VFR) 365.1, 3–4 refugee statistics 359.34 see also air travel; tourism; transport UK, travel to 365.3 Traveller communities 308.5–7, 376.23–4, 41 UK population travel philanthropy 294.23, 33–4 ageing 363.4–5, 6, 12 treason 355.41 birth rates 363.2–3, 7–11, 36 trepanation 343.25–6 death rates 363.3, 13–17 trial, right to 372.4 emigration 363.2, 3–4 trichomoniasis 309.12, 379.24, 25 future growth 363.6 trickery 361.6 growth 363.1–2 tricyclic medication 334.29–30 immigration 363.2, 3–4 triggers 351.18–20, 30, 37 life expectancy 363.5, 13–18 Trinidad & Tobago, CO2 emissions 357.4 natural change rates 363.2–3 Trinity Sunday 358.22 net migration 363.3–4, 6 trolling 299.8, 304.33–4, 340.41, 361.5, 6, 12–13, 20–1, 36–7, 41 overview 363.1 see also cyberbullying Ukraine trophy hunting 332.12, 374.28–9, 41 and dark tourism 365.22 tropical immigration statistics 359.3 rainforests 332.1, 14 ultra-processed foods 350.22 wetlands 332.9–10 ‘ultras’ 341.7 Trump, Donald 367.33–4 ultrasounds, for IVF 319.15–16 on climate change 357.6, 32 umbrella companies 335.3 and immigration 359.33 UN see United Nations support of evangelical Christians 358.5 unaccompanied children 342.1–3, 37–8 Trussell Trust 306.20 UNAIDS on food banks 377.4–6, 18–19 on AIDS 314.3, 14 trust 354.28, 379.28 on HIV 314.3, 14 trust schools 353.2 SDGS 314.8–10 tuberculosis 348.13, 41 Uncaged 374.16

63 uncodified constitution 360.4 and democracy 360.33 unconditional offers 333.14–15 and digital technology 322.30 unconscious bias 364.3, 376.17 and divorce 316.24 underactive thyroid 334.14 and drugs 324.22–3 undergraduates see students and emotional intelligence 304.36–7 undernutrition 339.2 ethnic minorities 322.24 undertaker 338.41 and globalisation 305.24–5 underwater holidays 294.36 government 360.37–9 undocumented children 342.4 healthcare 323.5 unemployment 377.2, 3, 8 and HPV 309.22 cyclical 335.1 immigration statistics 359.3–4 definition 335.1 and international trade 305.10–14, 26 ex-service personnel 289.25–6 and IVF 319.35–6 housing 325.3 legalisation of medical marijuana 301.21, 28 inactive vs unemployed 335.2 mental health issues in service personnel 289.33–4 NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training) 335.25–8 National Day of Prayer 358.28 and overpopulation 363.23 and pregnancy 309.22 politics 312.26 prison inmate population for drug offences 301.30 poverty 306.7 and privacy 317.21 rate 335.1, 29 and racial discrimination 308.30 state benefits 306.9 religion in 358.20–1 structural 335.1 and renewable energy 344.25 youth 335.1, 29–30 right to bear arms 372.5 see also benefits system and school bullying 304.37 UNESCO world heritage sites 365.8 and SRE 309.22 UNICEF, on child poverty 377.29 Stolen Valor Act 289.30 Unicef and surrogacy 319.28 on air pollution 348.10 and surveillance 317.21–2 on immunisation 348.30 tourism market 294.8 on inequality in education 353.30 and UK ‘special relationship’ 317.27 on refugee resettlement 359.34 and violence 308.37–8 uniform (school) visits to UK 365.3, 6–7 cost of 353.35 waste 315.9–10, 23–4 and freedom of expression 353.34 women in combat roles 289.22 United Arab Emirates (UAE) see also North America censorship in 347.26 Universal Credit (UC) 335.6–10, 377.7, 19, 41

CO2 emissions 357.4 see also benefits system immigration statistics 359.3 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 300.1, 26–7, 317.2, 372.1, 9, United Kingdom (UK) 41 attitudes to immigration 359.15–17, 22–5 history of 372.2 immigration from European Union (EU) 359.6–7 universality 372.1 immigration statistics 359.3–4, 5 Universal Periodic Review 372.3 migration from 359.5, 8–10 universities refugee statistics 359.30–1, 35–6 academic freedom 347.5 United Nations (UN) 306.38, 372.2, 9 admissions 333.7 and abortion 302.24–5 versus apprenticeships 333.3–5 CEDAW 293.1, 300.2, 23 best cities to study in 333.2 Convention on the Rights of the Child 299.16, 300.2, 27–8, 38, 306.22, clearing system 333.7 342.5–8 demand for places 333.9 on declining population 363.26 drop-out rates 333.11–12, 30–2 Emissions Gap Report 357.6 entry rates 333.25–8 Environment Programme, on waste 315.16 higher tariff providers333 .11, 29 Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 315.34, 344.18 part-time students 333.8, 12–13, 26, 32 Global Goals 306.30 starting 333.16 and globalisation 305.30 unconditional offers 333.14–15 High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 359.30, 41 See also tuition fees humanitarian relief 306.38 business schools 298.13 on immigration population statistics worldwide 359.3–5 free speech pledge 347.5 and international trade 305.14 Free Speech University Rankings 2018 347.4 investigating poverty 377.18–19 and graduate entrepreneurs 298.6–7 on population growth 363.19–21, 30, 34, 36 and A-level results 353.18 UDHR 300.1, 26–7, 317.2 online harassment 361.25–6 UNAIDS 314.3, 8–10, 14 and racism 376.24–5 United Nations Environment Programme 315.16 school background and university entrance 291.38–9 UN Women 293.4–5 university technical colleges (UTCs) 353.5 World Conference on Human Rights 1993 293.1 vending machines 314.39 United Nations Millennium Development Goals, and gender equality see also further education; graduates; higher education; students 364.5–6 University of the Third Age (U3A) 311.29 United States of America (USA) 377.24–7 unlicensed family entertainment centres (UFECs) 349.1 and abortion 302.14–15, 32 unpaid work, and gender 293.8, 31 and animal research 303.39 unprotected sex 379.4 and aspirin 311.14–15 unsafe abortion 367.15–17, 26–7 and assisted dying 362.9 unskilled workers, and politics 312.26 attitudes to Armed Forces 356.3–4 unsustainable fishing 332.6 banking 322.27 urban areas 311.25, 27, 313.35, 325.34 Bill of Rights 372.5 and community 311.27 blocking refugees 359.33 costs 311.27 and child abuse 304.19–20 and driving 311.27

CO2 emissions 357.3 and exercise 313.34–5 death penalty 295.39 and greenbelt land 325.26–8

64 and health 291.14–15 vehicle-related offences 295.2 healthy towns 313.37 see also cars; taxis housing 311.25–7 ventilators, lack of 338.17 play streets 313.35 verbal abuse 361.41 predictions for the future 292.24 vertical farms 290.34–5 and public transport 311.25, 27 veterans and social isolation 311.32 Commonwealth 356.28 and sustainability 290.17 definition 356.41 and walking 311.25, 313.34–5 female 356.34–6 urbanisation 363.26 perception of 356.32 Urine Therapy Diet 288.21 support for 356.28, 32 Uruguay and abortion 302.15 transition to civilian life 356.30–9 drug policies 301.27 see also ex-service personnel user-created content 371.4 Veterans Aid 356.32–3 uterine perforation 367.16 Veterans Day 356.3 Uzbekistan 377.23 victim blaming 371.14 Uzbekistan, torture 300.18 Victim Contact Scheme 295.11 victimization 361.10, 376.4 Victim Personal Statement (VPS) 295.10 victims V of knife crime 366.18 vaccines 348.2, 29–30, 36–7, 352.1–2, 30 reporting crime 366.7 vacuum aspiration abortion 302.2–3, 6 Victorians, and pets 374.12 vaginal rings 309.7 video calling 371.1–2 vaping 373.16–19 video classification 347.24, 40 vaquita 332.11 see also film censorship vasectomies 309.7 video games 340.12, 346.31 VAT (Value Added Tax), on sanitary products 293.38–9 and gambling 349.24 Vatican 358.4, 5, 360.36 and sexualisation 310.28–9 VB6 Diet 288.22 see also online gambling Vedas 358.31 videos veganism 288.4–11, 18–19, 339.17, 350.1, 3, 6–7, 21, 32, 38, 41, 368.5, 15 exercise 310.23 and animal welfare 350.8–9 vloggers 299.2 babies and children 288.4 see also films as a belief 358.16–17 Vienna World Conference on Human Rights 1993 372.1 benefits of 350.2 Vietnam, and MDGs 306.29–30 costs of 350.4–5, 15–16 villages 325.29, 34–5 definitions 288.4 and digital technology 325.34–5 and disordered eating 350.18–20 garden villages 325.36–7 effects of 350.14–16 housing 325.34–5 and the environment 350.9–13 and sustainability 325.29 ethical choices 288.8–9, 32–3 villagization 377.30–1 food and drink products 288.7–8 violence 308.34, 318.2, 4–6, 20–1, 320.5–6, 16–17, 22, 324.33, 370.9–10, 12 growing popularity of 288.8, 350.35 and apps 308.37–8 and health 288.4, 10, 37–8 in bullying 361.11 political party policies 288.8–9 and censorship 347.17 and pollution 350.9 corporal punishment 320.34 and religions 288.6–7 and decriminalisation of sex trade 318.6–7, 9 and restaurants 350.7 emotional responses 320.5 travellers’ choices 288.6–7 and eviction 318.4 VB6 Diet 288.22 by ex-service personnel 289.25, 28, 34–5, 39 see also vegetarianism gender-based 364.7 Vegan Society 350.6 and intimidation 320.16–17 on ethical eating 345.27 and lack of choice 318.37 Veganuary 350.6, 15, 41 and overpopulation 363.23 ‘Vegan Wool’ 350.7 and protest 308.26 vegetables see fruit and vegetables reducing 348.3 vegetarianism 288.4–11, 18–19, 350.3, 21, 32, 35, 38, 41 smacking 320.31 and animal welfare 350.8–359 and sport 341.7–8 babies and children 288.4 and terrorism 355.1–2, 12, 41 benefits of 350.2 and vulnerability 318.5–6 costs of 350.4–5 against women and girls 293.22–3, 32–3 definitions 288.4 workplace 304.29 and disordered eating 350.18–20 see also abuse; domestic violence; hate speech; rape effects of 350.16–17 violence against women and girls (VAWG) 370.12–13 and the environment 350.10–11 violent offences 366.1, 3, 6–9 ethical choices 288.8–9, 32–3 viral marketing 340.2 food and drink products 288.7–8 Virgin Mary 358.23 growing popularity of 288.8 virtual currencies see digital currencies and health 288.4, 10, 37–8 virtual lives 334.6 and obesity 350.16–17 virtual reality (VR) 352.34 political party policies 288.8–9 and cognitive rehabilitation 323.38 and religions 288.6–7 destination testing 294.36–7 and restaurants 350.7 and healthcare training 323.38 travellers’ choices 288.6–7 and pain relief 323.38 types of 350.1 and phobias 323.38 VB6 Diet 288.22 and physical therapy 323.38 vegetative state 362.5 virtue signalling 361.19 see also persistent vegetative state (PVS) visas 359.41 vehicles 315.26 extension of stay 359.2

65 family-related 359.1 study-related 359.1 W upward trend in 359.1 wages 305.16 work-related 359.1 and health 317.15–16 VisitBritain 294.12 and living wages 305.17 visiting friends and relatives (VFR) 365.1, 3–4 London Living Wage 298.36, 306.7 visualisation 343.7 national living wage 298.36–8 vitamins 288.4–5, 339.26–7, 350.38–9 National Minimum Wage 298.36–7, 38 B 351.38 stagnating 322.16, 20 B12 288.5, 10, 350.38–9 universal credit for shortfalls in 298.36 C 351.39, 375.15 see also earnings; income; salaries D 334.18, 350.38 waiting times for mental health services 334.16 E 373.16–17 Wales and fertility 319.14 and abortion 302.1, 10 nutrient supplementation 352.2 and animal welfare 303.26 vivisection see animal research and experiments 374.14–25, 41 British and regional identity 312.9 vloggers 299.2 and child abuse 320.3, 24 vocational and death 323.23–4 degrees 333.3 and devolution 312.36 learning 353.41 devolved government 360.2, 3, 9 qualifications 353.4 and divorce 316.28 subjects 353.19 household waste 315.19 voicework 310.28 and marriage 316.6, 10 voluntary aided schools 353.2 natural change in population 363.3 voluntary discharge 356.10 NHS 323.10 voluntary euthanasia 287.1, 2–3, 6–7, 25, 362.1, 16, 19, 41 population 292.3 see also see also assisted suicide population growth 363.2 Voluntary National Review (VNR) 368.6–7 and sexual abuse 320.3 voluntary returns 359.2 tourist board 294.12 volunteering 311.17, 29, 312.20, 335.2–3 walking 311.25, 313.3, 34–5 and communication 311.30–1 and 20mph speed limit areas 313.34 and happiness 312.22 see also exercise and intergenerational communities 311.30, 31 war and conflict service 312.24 and education 320.21–2 volunteer tourism 294.26, 34 and immunisation 348.29 and wellbeing 306.18 impact of religion 358.5 voluntourism 365.1, 39, 41 impact on mental health 356.11, 21–6 voting 300.30–1, 312.30, 354.1, 372.7–8 injuries 356.27 abstaining 360.19 and migration 292.22 age 360.21–3 reducing 348.3 compulsory 360.16–17 war guilt 356.3–4 and disengagement 312.25–6 war play debate 289.16 gender imbalance in 360.36 see also armed forces; Armed Forces; soldiers; weapons history of 360.14–15 war on drugs 301.23–4, 28–9, 373.29–30 mandatory voter identification 360.18 war on terror 355.39 manipulation of 360.29 see also counter-terrorism and public opinion 319.19 Warsaw, and diversity 308.10–11 right to vote 360.20 warts systems 360.24–5 genital 309.11 and women 360.15, 30, 36 vaccination 309.25 vulnerable people 336.4, 29 war veterans see ex-service personnel; veterans Vulnerable Person Resettlement Scheme (VPRS) 359.2 Warwick University, ‘rape chat’ group case 361.26 vulnerable pupils 353.24–7 war zones vultures 332.17–18 and animal welfare 303.15 and civilian suffering 300.20, 21

66 waste 315.2, 3–4, 11–12, 21, 25, 36, 368.11 websites see internet and anaerobic digestion 315.24 weddings 354.3 batteries 315.26 see also marriage biodegradable 315.2 WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) Directive 2012 315.10, 25 ‘Blue Planet’ effect 368.19, 23 weight construction and demolition 315.2 gain 334.27 and consumer trends 345.2 loss 339.18–19, 341.4 electronic waste 368.38–9 see also obesity e-waste 315.8–10, 25–8 Weight Watchers 375.17 fly-tipping 315.5–7 welfare benefits see benefits system food 288.3, 290.7–8, 10, 315.17–18, 24, 31–3, 36 Welfare of Animals (Northern Ireland) Act 2011 374.5 food waste 368.32, 36 Welfare Reform Act 2012 377.41 global trends 315.1 Welfare Reform and Work Act (2016) 336.12 green policies 315.12, 36 welfare support see state benefits hazardous 315.25 wellbeing 306.1, 14, 18, 356.41 health risks 315.3 and consumerism 345.8–9 incineration 315.23–4 consumer trends 345.1 junk mail 315.36 of employees 335.20–1 and landfill 315.3, 11, 24, 26 girls and young women 293.33 litter 294.17, 315.5, 11, 16, 21 and inequality 306.14–15 management 290.28, 368.4 and mental health 346.3, 33 net zero targets 357.37 see also health and wellbeing; mental health packaging 315.2, 25, 29, 34 Wellcome Sanger Institute 374.19 plastic 315.11, 13–16, 23, 28–30 wellness tourism 365.1 and recycling 315.11, 23, 25, 35 Wellspring trust 353.26–7 reduction 290.8, 29–30 Werner’s syndrome 311.18 ‘rethinking plastic’ 345.2, 25 Western black rhinoceros 332.7 salvaging from dumps 306.32 West Lothian question 312.9 sewage 294.17, 315.12 ‘wet bulb temperature’ 357.28 ships 315.25 wetlands 332.9–10 tents 315.11–12 whales 332.14, 23 vehicles 315.26 and slaughter 303.14 and waste hierarchy 290.28, 315.3–4, 22, 38–9 WhatsApp 340.5–6, 19, 41, 361.33, 371.10, 38 water 315.36 bullying and 340.33–5 zero waste 368.3, 18–19 privacy and 340.21 see also see also household waste What’s Underneath Project, The 307.18 Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 315.25 wheat-and gluten-free diet 288.23–7 Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP) whistleblowers 347.1 on household waste 315.19 White Papers 360.6 on waste 315.18 white privilege 376.18 waste bins 315.11 white supremacists 355.2, 17 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive 2012 315.10, 25 Whit Monday 358.22 Waste Framework Directive 2008 315.2, 4, 25 whole grains 350.36 waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration 315.23–4 Wicca 358.31 water 315.36 widowed people 316.4 access to 348.3 widows/widowers 378.41 dams 344.7, 12 WikiLeaks, on surveillance 317.21 as edible 315.34 Wikipedia 299.4 and food production 290.8 wild animals hydro energy 344.2, 5 circuses 374.26 and manufacturing 290.24 conservation 374.28–9 ocean energy 344.11 safari parks 374.35 saving 344.39–40 trophy hunting 374.28–9 and sustainability 290.18–19, 28 zoos 374.33–5 tap 350.36 Wild Animals in Circuses (Prohibition) Bill 303.10, 26–7 wheels 344.7 Wild Animals in Circuses Bill 374.41 water buffalo 332.16 wild boar 332.17 water footprint 290.17, 24 wildflower lawns 357.33 watershed 347.28, 40 wildlife 332.41 water supplies impacts of tourism 294.18, 26, 31–2 and drinking water access 294.29, 306.26 protecting 357.33–5 food production pressure on water resources 288.19, 30–1 rewilding 332.33–4, 41 and tourism 294.16 tracking 332.36 wealth 306.3, 33–4 trade 332.41 and ageing 378.21 trafficking 332.14 and banks 306.34 wildlife sanctuary 374.35 and food poverty 306.21 William, Duke of Cambridge global 291.13 on cyberbullying 304.33, 35 housing 325.3 on mental health 304.35 and income 306.2 William of Orange 360.14 inequality 377.32–3 wills see also rich-poor gap advance decisions (living wills) 287.1, 6 weapons 295.1, 5, 366.1, 3, 6 dying without 338.38 see also knife crime and marriage 354.3 weather Winchester Churches Nightshelter 336.17–18 extreme 357.1, 13 wind energy 344.1–2, 4, 7, 8–10, 20, 31, 40, 345.26 hurricanes 357.13–15 storing power 344.9 see also temperature in the UK 344.10 Web 2.0 340.1 Windrush 359.14, 22, 41, 376.18–19 web piracy 371.27 wind turbines 344.4, 7

67 wine, synthetic 352.20 state pension 378.15–17 Winograd, N. 374.39 suffrage 360.15, 30, 36, 364.10–11, 41 Winston, Robert, on IVF 319.38 and suicide 323.24 winter blues veterans 356.34–6 see also seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Yazidi women 300.23–4 winter fuel payment 378.41 see also equality; feminism; gender entries; girls; girls and young women; withdrawal 373.1, 3, 41 mothers; Muslim women; pregnancy withdrawing food and fluids 362.2 women and girls see also clinically assisted nutrition and hydration (CANH) bill of rights for 372.1, 3 withdrawing life-sustaining treatment 362.1 equality for 372.9–10 wolves 332.17 female genital mutilation (FGM) 372.23–6 women 306.5 freedom to travel 372.30 and abuse 296.11 Women’s Aid 370.3, 14 in Africa 364.1 Women’s Equality Party 360.31 and AIDS 314.14 Women’s Pledge 293.9 in the Armed Forces 289.9, 20–2, 293.20, 356.1, 7, 12–16 wood birth rates 358.3 pellets 344.1 and body image 307.4, 13, 20, 22–3, 27–8 as renewable resource 344.1, 5 body image issues 375.4–5, 10, 28–9 see also biomass energy and cancer 313.5, 323.24 woolly mammoth 332.8 care for older parents 311.13 work CEDAW 293.1, 300.2, 23 and child poverty 306.11 and commercial sexual exploitation 318.29 commuting 325.27 and death 311.34 and digital technology 325.27, 34–5 and dementia 323.23–4 and family life 293.26 and depression 334.8 financial concerns 322.17 discrimination against 300.22–3 and gender 293.3 discrimination of 372.33 hazards of 293.8 and domestic violence 318.28, 320.5–6 from home 325.2 and death 296.1, 2, 5, 10–11 and income 306.21 as perpetrators 296.5, 12, 16–17, 22–3, 26, 29 low-skilled jobs 359.19 as victims 296.1–2, 5, 12, 33–4 migrant workers 359.18–19 and eating disorders 321.18–19, 21 and naturalisation 312.8 and elder abuse 296.2, 15, 38 part–time work 293.24, 28–9 EMW businesses 298.21 and pornography 310.9 equality in sport 364.20–1 and poverty 291.28, 306.5, 7, 10 equal rights at work 364.2, 30–1 PTSD 318.27–8 and exercise 313.8 and school uniforms 310.15 female genital mutilation (FGM) 358.35–6, 41 and self–esteem 307.30 female sex chromosome 369.1 talking about money 322.13 in film and theatre 364.2 unpaid 293.8, 31 for forced labour 300.7 unskilled workers 312.26 on FTSE–100 boards 298.1–2 working conditions 291.14 and gaming 364.25–6 see also careers; child labour; employment; globalisation; migration gender pay gap 335.11–13, 341.18–19, 21, 364.9–10, 15–16 workers gender stereotyping 364.28–9 definition of 335.2 and global poverty 306.32, 38 rights of 335.2 and HIV 314.14 see also employment and homelessness 336.6–7, 23–4 workhouses, history of 306.5 International Women’s Day 364.1, 8, 22 working class/upper class compatibility 291.3–5 labour force participation 293.21–3, 27 working conditions, and health 291.14 landmark dates for 364.11 working hours 323.14 life expectancy 311.4, 338.1–4, 378.1–3, 8, 36 work-life balance 299.7, 26, 351.15, 41 maternal health and digital technology 299.33 employee well-being 335.20–1 and mental health 346.7, 8–9, 351.17–18, 22–3 flexible working 335.14–15, 20–1 and mental illness 313.9 home-working 335.20 and monarchy 312.29 taking control of 335.24 NEETS 293.35 travel 294.4–5 and obesity 313.21 workplace bullying 304.25, 26–31 and parity 299.33 anti-bullying policies 304.27–9 in Parliament 360.34–5 anti-bullying strategies 304.27–8 and pensions 311.8 and anxiety 304.26, 29 as ‘persons in their own right’ 364.12 as banter 304.29 ‘pink tax’ 364.24, 41 costs 304.31 and poisoning 323.24 and depression 304.26 and politics 312.26, 30 getting help 304.25–8, 31 and pornography 310.8, 13 impacts 304.26, 28, 30 prejudice against 364.3 and mental health 304.26 in prison 295.23–5, 34–5 recording 304.27 and property 364.12 violence 304.29 and prostitution 300.3, 8, 318.2, 5–9, 15, 26 witnessing 304.29–31 and rape 318.36 and work-related stress 304.29–31 rights of 364.10–12 workplace cyberbullying 361.14–15, 29–30 safe public space mapping (Safecity) 299.34 workplace sustainability 368.3–4 and sex trafficking 318.5 work-related deaths 338.6 and sexual abuse 300.24 work-related stress 304.26, 29 and sexual assault 309.27–8 work-related visas 359.1 sexualisation of 310.21–2, 26, 28–9, 32 World AIDS Day 314.24 SME business owners 298.1–2 World Animal Protection 374.6–7, 33 start–ups 298.2, 21 World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) 374.33

68 World Bank on achievement of gender equality 364.8–9 on global poverty 306.27–8 on attitudes to Armed Forces 356.3 on updating terms 306.27–8 on body image issues 375.4–5, 16, 25 on waste 315.1 on cyberbullying 361.22 World Cup, and gambling 349.14 on female veterans 356.34–5 World Development Report 2012 on Gender Equality and Development on immigration 359.15–17 293.21–2 on ‘microcrime’ 366.15–16 World Development Report 2013 on Jobs 293.21 on racism in Britain 376.4–7 World Economic Forum (WEF), on climate change 345.33 on religious influence 358.1 World Economic Forum’s Inclusive Development Index (2018) 377.19 on tackling climate change 344.13 World Health Organisation (WHO) 324.32, 34 young adults, living with parents 363.2 on AIDS 314.30 YoungMinds on air pollution 348.5 on cyberbullying 361.1–2 on alcohol 324.33 on social media 345.9 on animal experimentation 374.16 young offenders 295.16 on birth 324.32 maturity as a factor in sentencing 295.26 on death 324.32–3 Offender Rehabilitation Act 295.27–8 on drugs 324.33 peer courts 295.18–19 on exercise 324.33 as victims 295.7 FCTC (Framework Convention on Tobacco Control) 337.3–4 young people see boys and young men; children; girls and young; teenage Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) 348.2 entries on gambling 349.5 youth crime 366.4, 10–14 on gender 369.3 youth detention 295.16, 22–3, 26 on global tobacco epidemic 337.3–4 youth-led movements 372.31 Growth Reference median 339.1 youth unemployment 335.1, 29–30 on HIV 314.7, 14, 30–1, 324.32–3 YouTube 299.4, 31, 340.2–3, 5–6, 371.10 on mental disorders in children 346.10 bullying 340.33, 35 on mental health 324.33 censorship 347.6 on nutrition 324.33 cyberbullying on 361.8 on obesity 313.18, 23, 339.2–3 and gambling 349.25 on pregnancy 324.32 reporting/dealing with abuse on 361.32 on sexual health 309.1–2 viral marketing 340.2 on smoking 324.34 on smoking-attributable deaths 337.4 on STIs 309.9–10 on unsafe abortions 367.15–17 Z on video gaming 346.31 zero-carbon homes 290.36, 325.31 on violence 324.33 zero-hours contracts 335.16–19, 377.11 world health statistics 348.5 zero waste 365.41, 368.3, 18–19 health and wellbeing 348.1 Zika virus 302.24–5, 348.20–1, 28, 37 World Mental Health Day 334.16 Zimbabwe 360.33 World Population Day 292.10 zinc 350.38 World Press Freedom Index 2018 347.12, 14, 16 Zipit 295.13 World Refugee Day 359.38–9 zoonotic diseases 288.31 world religions 358.8–11 zoos 332.19, 30 World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), on holiday travel 365.6 animal welfare 374.33–5 world trade see international trade personhood 303.24–5 World Trade Organisation (WTO) 305.18–19 petting 303.22 and dispute resolution 305.19 and slaughter 303.6, 24, 25, 37 World War I 360.15 see also conservation World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 357.18 Zoroastrianism 358.4, 9, 31 worry 351.21 WRAP (Waste and Resources Action Programme) on household waste 315.19 on waste 315.18 WTE (waste-to-energy) incineration 315.23–4

X xenophobia 358.1, 376.24, 41

Y Yazidi women, abuse of 300.23–4 Y chromosome 352.29–30 Yemen 377.22 Yik Yak 361.18 yoga 343.7, 41, 350.15, 358.1 Yoga Joes 293.14 YOLO, social media app 361.18 Yom HaAtzmaut 358.24 Yom HaShoah 358.24 Yom Kippur 358.24 Yorkshire First 312.12 Yosemite National Park, impact of tourism 294.18 You are You photography project 293.15 You can’t put a number on it report 295.26 YouGov 69 Vol. numbers appear first (in bold) followed by page numbers; a change in volume is preceded by a semi-colon. Vol. 291 Today’s Social Classes Vol. 331 Global Conflict Vol. 356 British Armed Forces Vol. 298 Business and Trade Vol. 332 Species Under Threat Vol. 357 The Climate Emergency Vol. 300 Human Rights Vol. 333 Student Life Vol. 358 Religion Today Vol. 304 Bullying Vol. 334 Dealing with Depression Vol. 359 Migration & Immigration Vol. 305 Globalisation – Good or Bad? Vol. 335 Working Life Vol. 360 Government Vol. 310 Sexualisation Vol. 336 Homelessness Issues Vol. 361 Cyberbullying Vol. 312 Citizenship Vol. 337 Facts About Smoking Vol. 362 Euthanasia Vol. 313 Fitness & Health Vol. 338 Coping with Death Vol. 363 Population Change Vol. 314 HIV & AIDS Vol. 339 Food and Nutrition Vol. 364 The Gender Equality Debate Vol. 315 Waste & Recycling Vol. 340 Social Networking Vol. 365 Tourism Today Vol. 316 Marriage Vol. 341 Sport Culture Vol. 366 Crime in the UK Vol. 317 Privacy Vol. 342 The Rights of Children Vol. 367 Discussing Abortion Vol. 318 Selling Sex Vol. 343 Complementary Medicine Vol. 368 Sustainable Living Vol. 319 Reproduction & Fertility Vol. 344 Renewable Energy Vol. 369 LGBT+ Issues Vol. 320 Child Abuse Vol. 345 Consumer Affairs Vol. 370 Domestic Violence and Abuse Vol. 321 Disordered Eating Vol. 346 Mental Health Vol. 371 The Internet and Us Vol. 322 Money Issues Vol. 347 The Censorship Debate Vol. 372 Our Human Rights Vol. 323 Our National Health Vol. 348 World Health Vol. 373 Drug Use and Abuse Vol. 324 Teenage Health Vol. 349 Gambling Culture Vol. 374 Animal Rights Vol. 325 Housing in the UK Vol. 350 Lifestyle Diets Vol. 375 Body Image Vol. 326 Alcohol Vol. 351 The Anxiety Epidemic Vol. 376 Racism Vol. 327 Disability in the UK Vol. 352 Biotech & Bioethics Vol. 377 Poverty Vol. 328 Understanding Cannabis Vol. 353 Education Vol. 378 Ageing Vol. 329 Changing families Vol. 354 Relationships Vol. 379 Understanding Sexual Health Vol. 330 Suicide & Self-injury Vol. 355 Terrorism