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Co-Administration of Vadimezan and Recombinant Coagulase-NGR Inhibits Growth of Melanoma Tumor in Mice

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Co-Administration of Vadimezan and Recombinant Coagulase-NGR Inhibits Growth of Melanoma Tumor in Mice Adv Pharm Bull, 2021, 11(2), 385-392 doi: 10.34172/apb.2021.037 TUOMS https://apb.tbzmed.ac.ir P R E S S Research Article Co-Administration of Vadimezan and Recombinant Coagulase-NGR Inhibits Growth of Melanoma Tumor in Mice Amir Daei Farshchi Adli1, Rana Jahanban-Esfahlan1, Khaled Seidi1, Davoud Farajzadeh2, Ramezan Behzadi3, Nosratollah Zarghami1,4* ID 1Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Table-fig Iran. 2Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran. 3North Research Center, Pasture Institute of Iran, Tehran, Amol, Iran. 4Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Article info Abstract Article History: Purpose: Tumor vascular targeting appeared as an appealing approach to fight cancer, though, Received: 25 Jan. 2020 the results from the clinical trials and drugs in the market were proved otherwise. The promise of Revised: 1 Mar. 2020 anti-angiogenic therapy as the leading tumor vascular targeting strategy was negatively affected Accepted: 15 Apr. 2020 with the discovery that tumor vascularization can occur non-angiogenic mechanisms such as epublished: 15 Apr. 2020 co-option. An additional strategy is induction of tumor vascular infarction and ischemia. Methods: Such that we used truncated coagulase (tCoa) coupled to tumor endothelial targeting Keywords: moieties to produce tCoa-NGR fusion proteins. We showed that tCoa-NGR can bypass • DMXAA coagulation cascade to induce selective vascular thrombosis and infarction of mild and highly • Tumor vascular infarction proliferative solid tumors in mice. Moreover, combination therapy can be used to improve the • B16-F10 melanoma cells potential of cancer vascular targeting modalities. Herein, we report combination of tCoa-NGR • Cancer therapy with vascular disrupting agent (VDA), vadimezan. Results: Our results show that synergistic work of these two agents can significantly suppress growth of B16-F10 melanoma tumors in C57/BL6 mice. Conclusion: For the first time, we used the simultaneous benefits of two strategies for inducing thrombosis and destruction of tumor vasculature as spatial co-operation. The tCoa-NGR induce thrombosis which reduces blood flow in the peripheral tumor region. And combined with the action of DMXAA, which target inner tumor mass, growth and proliferation of melanoma tumors can be significantly suppressed. Introduction Resembling cardiac infarction, in which a single clot in a Initially, the idea for targeting the tumor vascular system vessel can implicate blood circulation to a large proportion emerged as an interesting approach to treat cancer, however, of corresponding cells, for the first time this concept the results from the clinical trials and drugs in the market attempted by several groups using human tissue factor were not much encouraging as it was expected.1 This is, (TF) to induce vascular thrombosis in tumor feeding the promise of anti-angiogenic therapy as the popular and blood vessels to spark infarction and elicit subsequent well-practiced vascular targeting approach in the clinic tumor infarction.6 It follows that a successful blockade of was soon hindered by the development of drug resistance, a single tumor vessel would eradicate thousands of cells disease relapse, and metastasis, knowing that tumors can in the infarcted area.7 For targeted therapy of cancer and apply redundant angiogenic signaling pathways. Although, induction of tumor-specific thrombosis, truncated forms they may take advantage of surrounding normal vascular of TF (tTF), as the first member of vascular infracting systems through co-option mechanism.2 agents, was used in fusion with different tumor endothelial Tumor vascular infarction is turning into one of the targeting moieties for therapy of a myriad of different most popular strategies for the treatment of solid tumors.3 solid tumors in animal models.1 Small molecules such as That is, as tumor cells are fast-growing in nature they NGR and RGD have made ideal homing peptides with typically require a more efficient vascular system to meet selective affinity to integrin receptors frequently expressed the oxygen and nutrient demands of the high metabolically on the surface of tumor endothelial cells.8 The tTF-NGR active cancer cells.4,5 fusion protein currently is in phase I clinical trial.9 The *Corresponding Author: Nosratollah Zarghami, Tel: +98 41 33355788, Fax: +98 41 33355789, Email: [email protected] © 2021 The Author (s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers. Daei Farshchi Adli et al beauty of tumor vascular infarction has been illustrated of endothelial cells in the vascular wall of the tumor.17 in two valuable papers that employed nano-drug delivery No specific molecular target for DMXAA has yet been systems. In the first study, DNA nanotechnology using identified in humans, but it seems that induction of the DNA nanorobots capable of smart opening at the tumor innate immune system in mice is done through human site to reveal hidden thrombin inside used for selective stimulator of interferon gene (STING).25-27 In fact, despite on-demand induction of tumor vascular infarction.10 the promising result of DMXAA in the pre-clinical Likewise, a two-component system is described where and phase I and II clinical studies, poor results have induction of coagulation cascade by either heated gold hampered the phase III clinical trials of the DMXAA, nanorods or tTF-RGD was exploited to broadcast the most likely because DMXAA is unable to activate the signals of coagulation to the receiving nanoparticles STING.15 Studies have been conducted to find the possible coated with fibrin binding peptide or FVIII substrate. molecular target for DMXAA in humans or to construct Clot-targeting drug-loaded nanoparticles resulted in an analog of DMXAA that could be a strong human amplified anti-cancer chemotherapy up to 40 times STING activator.28-31 compared to non-broadcasting nanoparticles.11 In another Another problem with VDAs is that they only kill about interesting study, pH-responsive Mg2Si nanoparticles are 90% of the tumor cells and 10% of the tumor cells in the reported that can react and consume oxygen, forming a peripheral region remain intact, which promotes further product that is capable of induction of thrombosis. This tumor relapse and metastasis and is hardly curable. These method is limited due to its systemic effects yet.12 residual cells around the tumor, the rim effect, is the main With the aim of envisioning local effects, our problem with all VDAs.32 group exploited unique coagulation properties of In this study, we intend to use the simultaneous staphylocoagulase, which directly recruits prothrombin benefits of two strategies for inducing thrombosis and the to trigger blood coagulation, in absence of inducing a destruction of tumor vasculature as spatial co-operation.33 cascade of clotting reactions, thus it avoids systemic effects The induction of infarction by tCoa-NGR in the tumor of TF.13 Our results with truncated coagulase (tCoa) fused reduces blood flow in the peripheral region, which can to RGD or NGR (tCoa-RGD/tCoa-NGR) demonstrated survive the thrombotic effects of DMXXA. In fact, we use that they both were capable of significant induction of two different mechanisms of action in the same place, so vascular thrombosis in the medium and high growth that we can achieve a higher activity at a lower dose. rate solid tumors in mice.8,14 Accordingly, beside systemic effects, inflammatory state and deep vein thrombosis Materials and Methods in cancer patients should take into consideration upon Mice, cell line and agents administration of thrombotic agents. Mice (3- to 5-week-old, C57Bl/6 females) were obtained Vascular disrupting agents (VDAs), that cause specific from the Pasteur Institute of Amol. Mice kept in a and irreversible destruction of the tumor, are one of the pathogen-free standard facility. Animals treated in most promising members of tumor vascular targeting accordance with the regulations of the Laboratory Animal strategies. DMXAA is the main member of the VDAs Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences family, which is currently undergoing extensive pre- (license NO: 93/3-4/3). Murine melanoma B16-F10 clinical testing. DMXAA, also known as vadimezan or (ATCC) cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% ASA404, a member of the flavonoids family, has been fetal bovine serum. Cell cultures maintained in a standard developed by researchers at the Auckland Cancer Society 37°C, 5% CO2 incubator. DMXAA purchased from Sigma Research Centre.15 Proposed mechanisms for DMXAA Aldrich (catalog number D5817). function include direct effects such as induction of apoptosis in endothelial cells, resulting in complete Gene construction, cloning, expression, purification and vascular destruction, as well as hemorrhagic and ischemic characterization of tCoa and tCoa-NGR fusion proteins necrosis in tumor tissue.16 Vascular degeneration is the All techniques performed in reference to our earlier first effect of DMXAA that occurs about 30 minutes after work with tCoa-NGR.14 To this, coagulase gene sequence injection.17,18 Activation of the innate immune system is (Accession Number: KX914667.1) coding for full-length the indirect function of DMXAA, which is not seen with coagulase (~2 kbp) isolated from a native Staphylococcus other VDA members.19,20 The production of inflammatory aureus (ATCC 29213) was used for cloning of gene cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), constructs consisting of truncated ~1.2 kbp form of interleukin-6 (IL-6), or granulocyte colony stimulatory coagulase gene (tCoa) fused to an NGR sequence (tCoa- factor and several other chemokines such as IP-10 and NGR).
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