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Modeling and Analysis of Next Generation 9-1-1 Emergency Medical Dispatch Protocols

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Modeling and Analysis of Next Generation 9-1-1 Emergency Medical Dispatch Protocols MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF NEXT GENERATION 9-1-1 EMERGENCY MEDICAL DISPATCH PROTOCOLS Neeraj Kant Gupta, BE(EE), MBA, MS(CS) Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS August 2013 APPROVED: Ram Dantu, Major Professor Kathleen Swigger, Committe Member Paul Tarau, Committee Member Sam G Pitroda Committee Member Barrett Bryant, Chair of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering Costas Tsatsoulis, Dean of the College of Engineering Mark Wardell, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Gupta, Neeraj Kant. Modeling and Analysis of Next Generation 9-1-1 Emergency Medical Dispatch Protocols. Doctor of Philosophy (Computer Science), August 2013, 192 pp., 12 tables, 72 figures, bibliography, 196 titles. In this thesis I analyze and model the emergency medical dispatch protocols for Next Generation 9-1-1 (NG9-1-1) architecture. I have identified various technical aspects to improve the NG9-1-1 dispatch protocols. The specific contributions in this thesis include developing applications that use smartphone sensors. The CPR application uses the smartphone to help administer effective CPR even if the person is not trained. The application makes the CPR process closed loop, i.e., the person who administers the CPR as well as the 9-1-1 operator receive feedback and prompt from the application about the correctness of the CPR. The breathing application analyzes the quality of breathing of the affected person and automatically sends the information to the 9-1-1 operator. In order to improve the human computer interface at the caller and the operator end, I have analyzed Fitts law and extended it so that it can be used to improve the instructions given to a caller. Using EEG waves, I have analyzed and developed a mathematical model of a person's cognitive impairment. Finally, I have developed a mathematical model of the response time of a 9-1-1 call and analyzed the factors that can be improved to reduce the response time. In this regard, another application, I have developed, allows the 9-1-1 operator to remotely control the media features of a caller's smartphone. This is needed in case the caller is unable to operate the multimedia features of the smartphone. All these building blocks come together in the development of an efficient NG9-1-1 emergency medical dispatch protocols. Copyright 2013 by Neeraj Kant Gupta ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank various individuals who have helped me throughout the course of this dissertation. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Ram Dantu who has inspired me right from the day I started, providing direction, and invaluable suggestions required for this dissertation. I would like to thank Dr. Kathleen Swigger, Dr. Paul Tarau, and Dr. Sam Pitroda for serving on my dissertation committee. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and my family. I would especially like to thank my parents, Amar Kant and Sumitra Gupta for constant encouragement. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................ v CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 1.1. Motivation and Objective .......................................................................... 2 1.2. Overview of Each Chapter ......................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2. NEXT GENERATION 9-1-1: ARCHITECTURE AND CHALLENGES IN REALIZING AN IP-MULTIMEDIA-BASED EMERGENCY SERVICE .................. 6 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 6 2.2. State of the Current 9- 1-1 System ............................................................ 7 2.3. NG-9-1-1: How it Works ............................................................................ 9 2.4. Main Challenges of NG-9-1-1 .................................................................... 10 2.4.1. Support for New and Enhanced Services ........................................ 11 2.4.2. Accurate Localization of Emergency Calls in Highly Mobile Environments ................................................................................. 16 2.4.3. Securing PSAPs: Vulnerabilities of the NG9-1-1 Network .............. 18 2.4.4. Continuous Availability of PSAPs ................................................. 20 2.4.5. Addressing the Challenges in the NG-9-1-1 Architecture ............... 21 2.5. Current and Future Work ......................................................................... 22 2.5.1. NG-9-1-1 Progress .......................................................................... 22 2.5.2. Future Work - A New NG-9-1-1 Test Bed ..................................... 24 CHAPTER 3. EFFECTIVE CPR PROCEDURE WITH REAL TIME EVALUATION AND FEEDBACK USING SMARTPHONES ............................................................... 25 3.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 25 3.1.1. Effective CPR ................................................................................ 26 3.1.2. Use of Technology for Effective CPR ............................................. 27 3.2. Motivation ................................................................................................ 28 3.3. Experiments and Results ........................................................................... 33 3.3.1. Algorithm for Calculating Frequency and Depth of Compressions . 34 3.3.2. Accuracy of the Distance Calculation ............................................. 38 3.3.3. Results ............................................................................................ 39 iv 3.3.4. Accuracy and Frequency of Alerts ................................................. 40 3.3.5. CPR in a Moving Vehicle ............................................................... 44 3.3.6. Calculation of Oxygen Saturation of Blood .................................... 45 3.4. Conclusions ............................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 4. EVALUATION OF RESPIRATION QUALITY USING SMARTPHONE ....................................................................................................................................... 48 4.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 48 4.2. Breathing and 911 Calls ............................................................................ 49 4.3. Devices to Measure Vital Signs ................................................................. 49 4.4. Objective ................................................................................................... 50 4.5. Experimental Setup ................................................................................... 51 4.5.1. Placement of the Smartphone ........................................................ 51 4.5.2. Quality of Breathing Slow Breathing ............................................. 52 4.5.3. Quality of Breathing Fast Breathing .............................................. 53 4.5.4. Quality of Breathing Irregular Breathing ....................................... 54 4.5.5. Quality of Breathing Effort to Breath ............................................ 55 4.5.6. Accuracy of Results ........................................................................ 55 4.6. Conclusions ............................................................................................... 56 4.7. Future Work ............................................................................................. 56 CHAPTER 5. FITTS LAW MODIFICATIONS FOR APPLICATION TO EMERGENCY DISPATCH PROTOCOLS ................................................................... 58 5.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 58 5.2. Fitts Law and Task Activities................................................................... 59 5.2.1. Fitts Law and Current Literature .................................................. 59 5.2.2. Remote Task Control ..................................................................... 61 5.2.3. Task Activity ................................................................................. 62 5.2.4. Problem Definition ......................................................................... 62 5.3. Components of Modified Fitts Law ........................................................... 63 5.3.1. Motion Activity .............................................................................. 63 5.3.2. Methodology for First Set of Experiments ...................................... 65 5.3.3. Results of First Set of Experiments ................................................ 66 5.3.4. Conclusions for the First Set of Experiments ................................. 70 v 5.3.5. Methodology for Second Set of Experiments .................................. 71 5.3.6. Results of the Second Set of Experiments ...................................... 71 5.3.7. Conclusions of Second Set of Experiments ..................................... 72 5.4. Conclusion and Discussion ........................................................................ 74 5.4.1. Applications of this Study .............................................................. 74 5.4.2. Future Work .................................................................................. 75 CHAPTER 6. QUANTIFYING
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