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Current Controversies in Sports, Media, and Society SNEAK PREVIEW For more information on adopting this title for your course, please contact us at: [email protected] or 800-200-3908 Current Controversies in Sports, Media, and Society Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher Angela Schultz, Senior Field Acquisitions Editor Carrie Montoya, Manager, Revisions and Author Care Tony Paese, Project Editor Jess Estrella, Senior Graphic Designer Danielle Gradisher, Licensing Associate Don Kesner, Interior Designer Natalie Piccotti, Director of Marketing Kassie Graves, Vice President of Editorial Jamie Giganti, Director of Academic Publishing Copyright © 2020 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. For inqui- ries regarding permissions, translations, foreign rights, audio rights, and any other forms of reproduction, please contact the Cognella Licensing Department at [email protected]. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Cover image Copyright © 2017 iStockphoto LP/OSTILL. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 978-1-5165-2276-7 (pbk) / 978-1-5165-2277-4 (br) 3970 Sorrento Valley Blvd., Ste. 500, San Diego, CA 92121 Current Controversies in Sports, Media, and Society First Edition Cynthia M. Frisby, Ph.D. SAN DIEGO Brief Contents Chapter 1 The History of Sports ......................................................................................................1 Chapter 2 Theory and Research About Race, Gender, Media, and Sports ............... 31 Chapter 3 Gender, Sex, and Racial Identity in Sports ..........................................................61 Chapter 4 Issues of Race, Ethnicity, and Sports .....................................................................87 Chapter 5 Media Portrayals of Athletes of Color .................................................................119 Chapter 6 LGBTQ Athletes and Their Contributions to Sports ...................................151 Chapter 7 Sexualization of Female Athletes ...........................................................................173 Chapter 8 Hegemonic Masculinity in Sports .........................................................................197 Chapter 9 Violence in Sports .........................................................................................................227 Chapter 10 Aging in the Sports World ......................................................................................253 Chapter 11 Sports and the Able-Body ........................................................................................281 Chapter 12 Inequalities in Ownership, Power, and Sports ..............................................307 Chapter 13 Social Class and Sports Participation ................................................................ 331 Chapter 14 Sports and the Media ................................................................................................355 Chapter 15 Politics and Religion in Sports ...............................................................................381 Chapter 16 The Professions of Sports Journalism, Marketing, and Promotion .................................................................................................................405 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................427 Index ............................................................................................................................................................513 v Detailed Contents Chapter 1 The History of Sports ......................................................................................................1 Definitions of Sport ....................................................................................................................................1 Sport Criteria ...............................................................................................................................................1 The History of Sports .................................................................................................................................2 Why Study Race, Gender, Media, and Sports? ......................................................................................4 Overview of Modern Sporting History ..................................................................................................4 Baseball ..................................................................................................................................................4 Basketball ...............................................................................................................................................5 Football ...................................................................................................................................................5 Ice Hockey ..............................................................................................................................................5 Motor Car Racing .................................................................................................................................6 Soccer ......................................................................................................................................................6 Tennis ......................................................................................................................................................6 The Olympics .........................................................................................................................................6 Golf ..........................................................................................................................................................7 Boxing .....................................................................................................................................................7 Cricket ....................................................................................................................................................7 Background of Major Sporting Leagues .................................................................................................7 Major League Baseball .........................................................................................................................8 Professional Football and the National Football League ...............................................................11 The National Hockey League .............................................................................................................14 Professional Basketball and the Rise of the National Basketball League ....................................15 Soccer in the United States .................................................................................................................17 Scholarly Study of Sport History ...........................................................................................................17 Primary Sources for More on the History of Team Sports ............................................................18 The Psychology of Sport ..........................................................................................................................18 Why Sports Is Important in American Culture ..................................................................................19 Significance of Sports in Society ........................................................................................................19 The History of the “National Anthem” and Sports .........................................................................20 Sports and the Media ...............................................................................................................................22 Controversies in Sport ........................................................................................................................22 On the Need for Equitable Coverage ................................................................................................23 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................24 Chapter 2 Theory and Research About Race, Gender, Media, and Sports ............... 31 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................31 Theories Used in Sports and Media Research .....................................................................................31 The War of the Worlds .......................................................................................................................32 Marshall McLuhan’s Influence on Media Studies ...........................................................................33 Agenda-Setting Theory .......................................................................................................................33 Uses and Gratifications Theory .........................................................................................................34
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