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Volume 19, No. 1 DIALOGUE Dialogue — Spring, 2004

The Official Newsletter of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Chris Crandall & Monica Biernat, Fifth Annual SPSP Convention a Co-Editors Texas-Sized Success Inside the Current Issue: By Rick Hoyle went exceptionally formal application process smoothly. Symposia and The new Hilton Hotel in beginning with next year’s invited talks were well meeting, including a News of the Society 2 Austin was the setting for attended and, as in years another successful gathering deadline for expressions of past, the poster sessions interest, and the possibility of personality and social drew large crowds. The Publication Committee 4 psychologists from around of being asked to secure Report addition of a poster session space outside the main the world in late January. on opening evening allowed hotel (see page 3 for an New PSPB Editor named 5, 7 The fifth rendition of this for more participants in the highly successful meeting announcement of this and some history program than ever before. process). drew 1,657 conferees, Jack Block Award Winner 5 continuing the upward For many in attendance, the In just a few years, our announced trajectory in attendance (818, convention began with one 1,085, 1,326, and 1,487 in meeting has established of 11 preconferences. For the itself as a must-attend event Committee reports: Grad 6, 8 prior years). first time in our short Student & Training for personality and social history, the main hotel could psychologists. Although the The “heavy” appetizers not accommodate the full Passings 10 promised by the hotel for the current formula for the slate of preconferences. meeting is working well, welcome reception were not Fortunately, we were able to so heavy, and the brief there is always room for Division 8 programming at 11 secure additional space for a improvement. If you have APA — Honolulu opening program could not modest fee at the nearby compete with the free drinks suggestions, please pass convention center. Because An e-mail exchange 12 and opportunities to them along to a member of the popularity of the Convention Committee. between Stein & Jost socialize. Aside from these preconferences shows no minor glitches, the meeting (see back page for signs of waning, organizers members). ■ Zajonc on the “Dangers of 14 should anticipate a more Unanimity” Eleven New SPSP Fellows Named APA Council report 16

Student Travel and 16, By Judith M. unanimously approved for Committee's endorsement, Diversity Awards 25 Fellow Status in SPSP by the the materials for those Harackiewicz Executive Committee. individuals who are Undervalued Classics in 18 members of Division 8 of Social Psychology The SPSP Fellows These new SPSP Fellows are: APA have been forwarded Committee meets each year Carol Dweck, Andrew Elliot, to the Membership More on the Stanford 22 to recommend members for Peter Glick, Dale Griffin, Committee of APA for its Prison Experiment Fellow Status in SPSP. This Stephen Harkins, E. Tory annual consideration of Santa Claus and the Big 5 24 year's committee—Judith Higgins, Ed Hirt, Blair Fellow nominations. Harackiewicz (Chair), Janet Johnson, James Kulik, Swim, and Kip Williams— Charles Stangor, and Gary Congratulations to these Announcements 26 recommended 11 stellar Wells. individuals for their contributors to the field for designation as SPSP this honor, and all were With the Executive Fellows! ■ Reifman on Social 27 Network Reesearch Page 2 DIALOGUE State of the Society 2004: Optimistic Future, Handful of Concerns

The SPSP Executive Committee met on profit years before projected, and the Missouri. Sunday, February 1, in Austin, Texas. Summer Institute of Social Psychology This meeting was characterized by two at Boulder last summer, budgeted for a Preconferences are clearly becoming main themes: Satisfaction, loss in 2003 actually showed a tiny one of the main ways that this issue is contentment, and excitement about the profit. being solved. This year there were 13 field and its future on the one hand, and proposals for preconferences; in the a grave sense of concern over the future Similarly, the SPSP Convention is also end there were 11 preconferences. This of funding for social psychology at the projected for a net loss each year. is a lot of preconferencing, and there National Institute for Mental Health. Instead, because the Convention are few convention venues with room This report from the meeting will focus Committee is in good hands, resources for so much success. In the future, the on the mostly good news about the are husbanded carefully, and the Convention Committee is likely to state of the Society and the field of number of registrants continually require that by mid-June, personality and social psychology. increases, the Convention routinely preconferences should fill out an Check the Listserv for information returns a very modest profit to the expression of intent (which will be about the future of funding Society. publicized via the SPSP-Listserv, opportunities for personality-social among other means). This is because psychology at NIMH. Convention. The Convention all pre-conference must be organized Committee Chair Rick Hoyle reported through the Society and its convention Bylaws change. The Executive Officer, that the 2004 SPSP Convention had planners and negotiators--space and its Harry Reis announced that the Bylaw 1,657 people registered, up 11% from expense is best negotiated for all at changes proposed were voted in by a last year's convention in Universal once. large majority. (These changes were City, California. The report from primarily minor changes in procedures attendees was that the hotel and Next year, the Convention will be in to make the smooth operation of the conference facilities were spacious and New Orleans, at the Sheraton New Society more efficient, and might be overall provided a good location for Orleans, January 19 to January 22, characterized as "housekeeping--no meeting. Some people requested that a 2005. This is a bit earlier than the 2004 substantial policy of the Society was map of the hotel be provided in the convention, because conventions in affected in the vote.) conference program. The 2004 program New Orleans must make their plans was notable for several things, skirting Mardis Gras to avoid enhanced Financial status. The Society continues including the excellence of the sessions room costs and reduced room to do well financially. The Society has (which tended to run right on time) and availability. about one year's operating funds in their coherent and interactive nature. reserve, and this allows us to weather Publication Committee. The minor fiscal storms. For example, this The major issue that the Convention Publication Committee report focused is the year that the Executive Officer Committee faced this year is the one on the major issue facing the Society, role passes from Harry Reis at that is repeated year after year: there is the change in editorship from Fred University of Rochester to David too much going on at same time, and Rhodewalt to next Editor. As noted in Dunning at Cornell University, and there isn't enough program space to let the story on page 1, Judith there are costs at both universities for everyone speak who would like to. Harackiewicz was selected as the new this year. These two goals are at obvious cross- editor of PSPB. PSPB is also facing a purposes, and finding the balance huge influx of papers. Last year, the The Society's primary source of funds between the two legitimate goals is a journal received over 400 submissions, is from membership fees and from its major goal of the Convention and with only five Associate Editors, journals, Personality and Social Committee; do we prefer unhappiness the Editor's job is onerous, if not Psychology Bulletin and Personality from too much program, or crushing. Because Associate Editors and Social Psychology Review, with unhappiness from not enough program? sign on with an explicit understanding PSPB being substantially the largest You may wish to express your opinions of approximately how many papers earner of all. Sound financial about these matters to the incoming they will handle a year, the Editor management has been a hallmark of chair of the Convention Committee, handles almost all of the increase when SPSP's activities; PSPR is showing a Lynne Cooper of the University of (Continued on page 3) DIALOGUEDIALOGUE PagePage 3 3

Society continues to maintain its Pre-Conference Application independence, and is monitoring Society-APA relations closely. Deadline Instituted Website. The 2003 SPSP Service Award Winner Scott Plous has To facilitate planning for pre-conferences at next year’s SPSP meeting, continued to do an excellent job of individuals and groups who are interested in hosting a pre-conference maintaining the SPSP Website. must complete and file a brief application (available on the SPSP However, the funds he uses to maintain convention website) on or before June 15th. SPSP (as well as SESP's website) are shrinking, and he has asked for direct Preconferences prior to the SPSP Convention have become extremely funding from SPSP to help support his popular, and the number of them are limited by the facilities at the work. The Society has made a convention site. commitment of funds to help provide this excellent service. Inquiries regarding pre-conferences should be directed to Tim [email protected]. Strauman at Division 8 Business. This year's submissions for the APA Convention in Hawaii were very high compared to the recent past, and a good selection of State of the Society, Continued convention fare will be available. The Committee heard a report from the Council Representatives, June Tangney (Continued from page 2) Committee are strongly in support of and Ed Deiner; their report appears on submission rates rise. It is very difficult the current editorship, and foresee no p. 16. for Editors to manage any other duties, significant changes in journal operation including teaching, research, or other in the future. PSPR might benefit from Sharon Brehm, a longtime Division 8 service over the course of the five-year better electronic distribution, and member and SPSP Officer is in the term. The rejection rate at PSPB is neither LEA nor SPSP have made as process of running for APA President. 75%, which seems to be about large a campaign as possible for Division 8 and the Society strongly appropriate. The web-based manuscript library/institutional adoptions (with endorsed her candidacy. and review submission system seems to their consequent visibility, impact, and be a success. significantly higher rates). Summer Institute for Social Psychology. SISP was a large success The new Editor will face a journal that SPSP Relations with APA. SPSP is an from all accounts, and it is planned for is popular, widely read, highly cited, independent organization, but it also Ann Arbor, Michigan in 2005. The and very profitable, with substantial has significant overlap, both in terms of planning committee consists of Harry goodwill and reputation. However, this membership and officers, with Division Reis, Eliot Smith, Ger Downey , John is a big job. The Committee is still 8 of APA. In the past, there has been a Jost and Chick Judd, with one or two looking for ways to improve the relatively peaceful coexistence between more people to be added later. There process at PSPB, but there are limits in SPSP and APA, but for the past few will be a list of different topics and new terms of quality, quantity, and expense years APA has been requesting Society instructors, with the goal of that make solving these problems quite tax returns, as part of its own tax filing representing the range of topic in social difficult (see the Publication obligations. There is some concern at psychology; there is particular interest Committee report on p.4). the Society that this indicates the APA in judgment and heuristics, fMRI, and might want to take control of Society social justice. ■ In the next few years, PSPR's contract finances (particularly at risk is control with Lawrence Erlbaum Associates of Society journals). The Society is will expire, and because of the success very interested in maintaining its of the journal, the new contract will financial and decision making probably be very attractive. PSPR is autonomy from APA. Because SPSP is operating in the black, and has a very a tax-exempt organization, its tax Society forPersonality and high citation impact and immediacy return is available, by federal statute, to Social Psychology rating. The rejection rate is 81%, and any citizen who requests a copy. The there is some question as to whether Society has sent its tax return to APA Visit us at www.spsp.org that is too high. Still, the Executive because any request for a tax return Committee and the Publication must be honored in this context, but the Page 4 DIALOGUE

Report from the Publication Committee: PSPB, PSPR, and Dialogue Thriving

By Joanne Wood people for their superb contributions to the journal and to the Society. In 2003, PSPR received the largest The SPSP Publication Committee Exciting late-breaking news is that number of new submissions ever: 83 (Gifford Weary, Richard Robins, and (excluding invited manuscripts for Joanne Wood, Chair) reported great PSPB will have a new editor as of January 2005: Judy Harackiewicz! special issues). The average between news to the Executive Committee in 1998 and 2002 was 60. PSPR’s Austin: Personality and Social Judy has considerable reviewing and editorial experience, including terms as acceptance rate for 2003 was 19%, Psychology Bulletin, Personality and the average editorial lag was 11-12 Social Psychology Review, and Associate Editor at PSPB and at JESP. You can read more about Judy weeks. The average publication lag Dialogue are all thriving. was 12 months. Although six months elsewhere in this issue (see p. 5). Fred Rhodewalt is in his third and final of the publication lag are unavoidable year as editor of PSPB, which has Readers may find it interesting to learn (due to production, printing, and prospered under his leadership. The how the PSPB editor was selected. The mailing time at the publisher), Eliot is journal received a record 503 new search committee was headed by Giff working on reducing the overall 12- submissions in 2003 and is on track to Weary. The process began last month lag. For one, he is not exceed that number in 2004. From September, with advertisements in accepting any more special issues 1993-1999, the journal averaged 458 Dialogue and on the SPSP listserv, during his term. In addition, thanks to submissions per year. The acceptance followed by another listserv Harry Reis’s persuasive powers, rate for 2003 was 25%. The average announcement in November. The Erlbaum will grant 40 new pages in editorial lag (time from manuscript committee also initiated discussions this year’s volume. receipt to the editor’s decision letter) is with about 20 well-qualified people— discussions that continued through Eliot Smith’s term ends at the end of only 10.3 weeks. The average 2005, so a search for a new editor publication lag (time from acceptance October and November. A number of the nominees decided against letting will begin later this year (see on p. 8). until the article appears in print) is 10.7 Robert (Jeff) McCrae has finished his months, and should be 9.5 months for their names go forward. For active nominees, confidential information was four-year term as Associate Editor; articles appearing in 2004. This is Sarah Hampson has replaced him. much shorter than the 16+ month sought from people familiar with their previous editorial work. Starting Garth Fletcher will continue as publication lag of a few years ago. Associate Editor. The Publication December 1, the Publication Fred reports that the new web-based Committee evaluated the candidates Committee is very grateful to Eliot, manuscript-management system, through conference calls and emails. At Jeff, Garth, and Sarah for their started up in the last five months of the February meeting in Austin, the outstanding contributions to PSPR 2003, is working very well. The and the field. Publication Committee reported on its majority of new submissions are deliberation process, and the Executive The news about Dialogue, the transmitted online. Authors and Committee chose Judy Harackiewicz newsletter for our organization, is reviewers have commented that the from among the interested and also very good. Chris Crandall and system is superior to APA’s web-based superbly-qualified candidates. Monica Biernat have maintained the system. The Society thanks Sage quality of this newsletter and have Publications for arranging and PSPR is also flourishing. Under Eliot Smith’s leadership for the last four added interesting new features. The financing PSPB’s new system. Publication Committee applauds years, the journal has gained in Fred’s editorial team has been visibility. One of the most important Chris’s and Monica’s hard work and outstanding. Vicki Helgeson, Steve creativity. indicators of a journal’s quality is its Rholes, and Bill von Hippel are citation impact factor—the average Giff Weary was appointed the Chair continuing past their original two-year number of citations given to each of the Student Publication Award commitment. Paula Niedenthal, Steve published article within a defined Committee for 2004. Wright, and Margo Monteith have period of time. PSPR’s citation impact stepped down and were replaced by Overall, the Publication Committee is factor is ranked #2 in social psychology delighted with the efficiency, the Carol Sansone, Kip Williams, and Jeff journals by ISI Journal Citation Reports Sherman on January 1. The Executive financial health, and the professional (see isiknowledge.com). If your library quality of the Society’s publications. Committee also has approved the does not carry PSPR, tell a librarian appointment of a 7th Associate Editor We are all lucky to have such about these figures; librarians responsible and talented people at the for PSPB, because of the mounting understand the value of a journal with number of submissions. The helms of our major journals. the second-highest impact factor in the ■ Committee is most grateful to these field. DIALOGUE Page 5 New Editor Selected for PSPB in 2005: Judith Harackiewicz Judith M. Harackiewicz of the Executive Committee, and Chair of the Bulletin and Associate Editor of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has Fellows Committee for SPSP/APA Journal of Experimental Social been named as the incoming editor of Division 8. Psychology. She has served on the the Society's oldest journal, Personality Editorial Boards of six journals, and Social Psychology Bulletin. The Dr. Harackiewicz's research focuses on including more than 7 years on the term is for five years, from 2005-2009. achievement goals, competition, Board of PSPB. She will begin receiving manuscripts interest, and intrinsic motivation. She on January 1, 2005. conducts basic laboratory experimental Dr. Harackiewicz becomes the 10th research examining personality and Editor of PSPB; she is the 9th Editor Dr. Harackiewicz received a Ph.D. in situation determinants of intrinsic employed at a large state university, Personality Psychology from Harvard motivation, and longitudinal studies in the 2nd female Editor, the 3rd Editor University in 1980, served on the college courses to examine factors that from a Big Ten university, the 1st faculty of Columbia University, and promote optimal motivation in Editor with a Ph.D. in the 1980s, the joined the faculty at Wisconsin in education. 4th editor from a private graduate 1989. school, and the 1st Editor with a Dr. Harackiewicz’s editorial experience Ph.D. from Harvard University (see She is a Fellow of SPSP, and a current includes terms as Associate Editor of p. 7 for more history). ■ Member-At-Large of the SPSP Personality and Social Psychology Harrison Gough Receives 2003 Jack Block Award for Personality Research By Mark Snyder theorizing (including the now came to focus on genius, creativity, and ubiquitous Big Five) are compared. generativity; this was some of the The 2003 Award Selection Committee Gough was interested, long before it earliest and most creative work in what unanimously selected Harrison Gough became fashionable, in cross-cultural is now called “positive psychology.” to be the 2003 recipient of the Jack psychology, seeking to understand how Block Award for Personality Research. personality changed with social Prof. Gough has published research climate, and he stimulated and articles, handbooks, chapters, and Early on, Harrison Gough had the encouraged important longitudinal books for over 50 years. He has made wonderful vision of developing a studies of personality across culture important contributions in personality personality inventory similar in breadth and over time. Whether it is his work measurement, the measurement of and scope to the MMPI but assessing with the CPI, or with other status, educational attainment, social dispositions that would predict socially dispositional measures (of intolerance and prejudice, gender, important outcomes in the so-called temperament, of emotionality, or leadership, and cross-cultural research. "normal" range of individual's needs), his work has long been marked functioning. He built his measures of by ingenuity, creativity, precision, and In so many ways, the contributions of these dispositions into what has come generativity. Harrison Gough to personality research to be known as the California have set the stage for today's Psychological Inventory (CPI), which Prof. Gough received a Ph.D. from the personality psychology. Recognition appeared in 1956. University of Minnesota, and soon of his vision, accomplishments, and joined the faculty at the University of impact with this SPSP award is The scales of the CPI worked so well California, Berkeley, where he spent perfectly fitting. that they have become, so to speak, an most of the rest of his career. Gough industry standard against which all became affiliated with the Institute of The members of the Selection efforts at "omnibus" personality Personality Assessment and Research Committee were Ed Diener, Ravenna inventories and their associated (IPAR), which in its early days focused Helson, Julie Norem, and Mark Snyder, on the “effective personality” and soon Chair. ■ Page 6 DIALOGUE SPSP Graduate Student Committee Activities and Plans for 2004-2005

By Jennifer J. Harman and of their research, their clarity in activities that the graduate student presentation, and personal knowledge committee co-sponsored at SPSP. In Michèle Schlehofer-Sutton in a discussion with the judges. At the collaboration with the American end of each session, all winners were Psychological Association, we co- The latest update on the Graduate publicly recognized, had their poster sponsored a Career pre-conference Student Committee (GSC) is a good moved to a permanent display area for consisting of 3 segments pertaining to one! We have been very busy this year the remainder of the conference, and career opportunities and development. if you hadn’t already noticed at the were given a $50 monetary award and a The first segment, titled “Five Burning SPSP meeting in Austin or by the year-long individual use license for Questions of the Professoriate", was happenings on the student website. Media Lab/Direct RT courtesy of hosted by Brett Pelham, PhD of APA Many of the projects the 2003-2004 Empirisoft. We hope to have and was designed for aspiring committee worked on were really photographs of the winners posted soon academics. Three speakers shared their successful, and we hope to keep the on the student web site, so keep your insights on their own career paths and momentum going! We will first eyes open! Judges also decided upon 2 challenges faced in academia. The highlight what we accomplished since honorable mentions for each poster second segment was titled the last Dialogue article, and then session, also listed in the insert. We “Alternatives to Academia”, and we outline a few ideas of where we are would like to thank the volunteer had speakers from RAND, the going next. judges who offered their time and Department of Defense, Educational expertise for this award. Without your Testing Service, and the Research The Graduate Student Poster Award help this wouldn’t have been possible. Institute on Addictions present (GPA) was offered again at SPSP, and The quality of the posters was excellent information about their fields, offer there were 7 award winners this year this year, and we congratulate all the suggestions, and answer student’s (see box insert)! Between 3 and 4 winners! questions about how to enter their field. “secret” judges circulated among the (Continued on page 7) posters during each session, and You may have noticed some other nominees were evaluated on the quality 2004 Graduate Student Poster Award Winners

Brandon Schmeichel, Florida State University, Exaggerating emotional expression: Physiological and cognitive effects Megan Oaten, Macquarie University, Longitudinal gains in self-control Kentaro Fujita, New York University, In defense of the self: Can self-completion and self-esteem regulation processes substitute for one another? Eugene Caruso, Harvard University, Hot hands and cool machines: perceived intentionality in the predictions of streaks Natalie Ebner, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Growth, maintenance, and prevention of loss: Age differences in personal goal orientation Geoff Urland, University of Colorado, Shooting straight from the brain: ERPs to Black and White threatening targets predict behavioral biases in shoot/don’t shoot decisions Carol Wilson, Texas A & M University, Avoidance of false memories of attachment word lists: A category structure approach

Honorable Mentions

Jennifer L. Knight Dikla Shmuela Danielle A. Menzies-Toman Etsuko Hoshino-Browne Dana Carney Alison Kaufmann Jonathan M. Adler Heather C. Lench Joseph Cesario Julie McGuire Pamela K. Smith Olesya Govorun Deanna Caputo C. Nathan DeWall

This award was co-sponsored by Empirisoft, and all winners received a $50 award, as well as a one-year indi- vidual user license for Media Lab/Direct RT. Congratulations! DIALOGUE Page 7 A Brief History of PSPB and PSPR Editors

The Personality and Social Psychology Review began publishing in 1997; the Bulletin has been publishing formally first Editor was Marilynn Brewer. In since 1975, and in its time has had only December of 1999, Eliot Smith took nine editors; each serving an average of over as the second Editor; his term is 3.33 years. scheduled to run through December, ■ The Personality and Social Psychology 2005.

A Brief Accounting of PSPB Editors, Past and Present

Volumes Term Editor Editor’s Institution Volumes 1-3 1975-1977 Clyde Hendrick Kent State University Volumes 4-7 1978-1981 Harold Sigall University of Maryland Volumes 8-11 1982-1985 Russell A. Jones University of Kentucky Volumes 12-15 1986-1989 Brendan Gail Rule University of Alberta Volumes 16-18 1990-1992 Richard Petty Ohio State University Volumes 19-20 1993-1994 Arie Kruglanski University of Maryland Volumes 21-24 1995-1998 John Dovidio Colgate University Volumes 25-28 1999-2001 Jerry Suls University of Iowa Volumes 29- 2002-2004 Fred Rhodewalt University of Utah

Graduate Student Committee, coffee/dessert social, open for all year! The findings from the GSC web- Continued interested students. The luncheon was in high demand, with seats filling very based survey were informative, and (Continued from page 6) quickly. We hope to offer a bigger and suggest that there remains a need for The last segment was a panel better mentoring luncheon at SPSP next tailored training opportunities for both discussion with 7 individuals in their year, and welcome any feedback you those interested in academic and non- first 3 years of employment outside of may have, either in terms of the success academic careers. Critical areas include graduate school. The title of this of this year’s luncheon or suggestions preparation for entry into the job segment was “Moving from 'Student' to for next year. market, and training in grant writing. In 'Professional': Tips for Navigating the addition to continuing—and expanding Transition", and there was a lengthy We would also like to congratulate the upon—our current projects, we hope to discussion about tactics that have students who were elected in January to sponsor events relating to these and helped to make a smooth transition serve on the 2004-2005 Graduate other topics. If you have feedback on from student to employee. This pre- Student Committee. This year’s anything accomplished this year, or conference was very well attended and president is Michèle Schlehofer-Sutton, suggestions for next year, we would informative, and we hope to hold a and the members-at large are Tarik love to hear from you! similar one in future conferences. Bel-Bahar (University of Oregon), Susan Kiene (University of Another great project, co-sponsored Connecticut), Jacek Jonca-Jasinski Jennifer Harman is a graduate student this year with the Training Committee, (Texas Tech University), and Brandon at the University of Connecticut, and was the first mentoring luncheon and Stewart (Ohio State University). the 2003-2004 President of the SPSP dessert social. Over 50 students ate Jennifer J. Harman will remain on the Graduate Student Committee; Michèle lunch with a PhD-level mentor who committee in the role of past president. Schlehofer-Sutton is a graduate student specialized in a particular topic or The incoming GSC members have at Claremont Graduate University , research area. This was followed by a several great plans for the upcoming and the 2004-2005 President of the Page 8 DIALOGUE

Call for Nominations

The Publications Committee and the Executive Committee of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc., has opened nominations for the editorship of Personality and Social Psychology Review. The editor’s term will be for 4 years (with a mutual option to renew for 2 additional years); receipt of manu- scripts will begin on or about January 1, 2006. The editor’s stature in the field should be commensurate with PSPR’s high quality and impact; the editor typically holds the rank of professor. Nominations, which may include self-nominations, should be in the form of a statement of one page or less. All in- quiries or nominations should be submitted via email ([email protected]) or regular mail:

Richard W. Robins Department of Psychology University of California, Davis One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616-8686

Review of nominations will begin as nominations are received, with initial deliberations for recommen- dations to the Executive Committee beginning November 1, 2004.

Report from the SPSP Training Committee

By Allen Omoto direction. In addition, several broader witness in court cases and how social concerns were discussed, such as and personality psychologists can After assisting with the development of training and skill-building for enhance their impact in the judicial the SPSP Graduate Student Committee nonacademic careers, how to assist system. Cathy Cozzarelli talked about and Diversity Committee in the past graduate students and new working in the legislative branch of the few years, the Training Committee is professionals manage their careers and federal government and the ways that now re-focusing its mission on training judge their progress, and how to foster her social psychological training has (at for the field and training throughout a collaborative research across the field. least sometimes) been put to use in this career in social and personality The Committee plans to follow up on setting. Finally, Heather O’Beirne psychology. Consistent with this some of the concerns that were raised Kelly of the American Psychological mission, the Committee sponsored at this meeting and also hopes to Association (APA) talked about that several special events at the SPSP sponsor similar meetings at future organization’s work and how social and conference in Austin, TX. SPSP conferences. personality psychologists can obtain public policy training and experience The Committee hosted an Open The Training Committee also through the APA, including some of its Breakfast meeting to get input from sponsored a special forum at SPSP in internship/fellowship opportunities. SPSP members about training which panelists talked about their first- Kelly also encouraged SPSP members concerns, challenges, and successes, hand experiences in public policy to actively involve themselves in public and to help identify targets for future work. This symposium highlighted policy issues. The audience for this Committee initiatives and work. actual contributions and opportunities symposium clearly appreciated hearing Despite its early hour, this meeting was for social and personality psychologists about the panelists’ experiences and well attended and included a productive to influence public policy in a number had several questions about policy- discussion about training needs. Some of different realms. For example, Steve related work. The Training Committee of the topics discussed dealt with Drigotas discussed his recent extends its sincere thanks to the “local” or department practices, experiences working in a federal panelists for their participation. including teaching and research agency that supports and coordinates opportunities for students, student research funding in the behavioral and Finally, the Training Committee co- advising and mentoring, and student social sciences, and Susan Fiske sponsored two other events at the SPSP input into department decisions and discussed her experiences as an expert (Continued on page 11) DIALOGUE Page 9 Page 10 DIALOGUE

problem of switching behaviors, that is, University, and joined the University of how can a motivational psychology solve Maine as an assistant professor in 1999, Passings the problem of determining when a where she was one of the University's person drops one activity and turns to most popular professor. She published This continues our section of very brief another? Recognizing this both that this work in group process, prejudice and obituaries of psychologists of interest to members of SPSP. If you wish to contribute was a key problem for psychologists, and discrimination, and gender roles. an obituary, or bring our attention to people was very poorly studied, Atkinson (with we have overlooked, please e-mail the David Birch) developed a theory of The One important contribution was her editors, and we will be happy to include Dynamics of Action (1970), which lead work on national images and stereotypes, them. —The Editors early work on the computer simulation Alexander, M.G., Brewer, M.B., & of human behavior. Hermann, R.K. (1999). Images and John W. Atkinson affect: A functional analysis of out-group October, 2003 Paul Gump stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social November, 2003 Psychology, 77, 78-93. Michele Alexander John W. "Jack" Atkinson received a Paul Gump received a master's degree was survived by her husband, Steven and Ph.D. from the University of Michigan their son, Camden, 11 months. in 1950. Atkinson was an undergraduate from Ohio State University and a Ph.D. from the University of Colorado. In at Wesleyan College in Middletown, CT, Ziva Kunda where he worked closely with David 1960, Gump moved to Oskaloosa, February 2004 McClelland. Prior to finishing the Ph.D., Kansas to join the Midwest Atkinson was a visiting instructor as Psychological Field Station, founded by Roger Barker, and was a professor at the Ziva Kunda received a Ph.D. from the Wesleyan. Upon completing his degree University of Michigan in 1985. She he returned to Michigan and remained University of Kansas for more than 30 years. Gump was central to work at the received the 1986 Society of for his entire career. Experimental Social Psychology Field Station, which studied the effects of the physical environment on social Dissertation Award. She taught at Atkinson is best known for his work in Princeton University, and subsequently achievement motivation, where he structure and individual behavior; this work on ecological psychology remains was a professor at the University of combined theory, measurement, Waterloo for 12 years. Kunda's work experimentation, and rigorous the only significant theoretical approach to a comprehensive classification of focused on social judgment, person mathematical models into one of the perception, and stereotyping processes. most sophisticated and successful situations and social environment. Gump's specialty was the structure of research programs ever in social and At a time when a "purely cognitive" personality psychology. Atkinson's the physical and social environment of schools; this work culminated in the model of stereotyping and prejudice was theory of achievement motivation was ascendant, Kunda developed the published in The Achievement Motive (1953, classic book Big School, Small School (Barker & Gump, 1963), which argument that people balance the with McClelland, Clark, & Lowell), motivation to be accurate with their Motives in fantasy, action, and society: A documented the effects of school size on student's participation rates, satisfaction motivation to come to a particular method of assessment and study (1958), and favored conclusions. This argument the classic Atkinson, J.W. (1957). with education, school performance, and self and identity. Small schools were culminated in the publication of the Motivational determinants of risk-taking highly cited Kunda, Z. (1990). The case behavior. Psychological Review, 64, 359-372. more likely to encourage involvement, participation, and satisfaction with for motivated reasoning. Psychological He received APA's award for Bulletin, 108, 480-498. In an article with Distinguished Scientific Contribution in school life than large schools. This effect was particularly large for the more her husband Paul Thagard, she 1979. Atkinson was also a remarkable developed this general idea into a more trainer of students, his students and marginal students, who in small schools were more likely to be actively recruited sophisticated parallel-constraint- post-doctoral fellows include Bernie satisfaction theory of how stereotypes Weiner, Joe Veroff, Joel Raynor, into the social life and fabric of the school. Gump argued—persuasively— and individual behaviors and traits affect Norman Feather, William Revelle, Julius each other's meaning and together affect Kuhl, Virginia Blankenship, David that smaller schools would be an effective way to prevent the alienation- impressions, Kunda, Z & Thagard, P. Reuman, Willy Lens and Matina Horner. (1996). Forming impressions from motivated murder sprees like the one at Columbine. stereotypes, traits, and behaviors: A Atkinson's theory combined the motive parallel-constraint-satisfaction theory. to achieve and the motive to avoid Michele Alexander Psychological Review, 103, 284-308. failure with expectancies for success and the incentive value of success (calculated December, 2003 She also wrote the influential book Social as 1-P[success]), a model that combined Michele Alexander received a B.S., M.S., cognition: Making sense of people. (1999). individual motives, appraisals, and and finally a Ph.D. from Texas A & M in situational variables. In later years, 1996. She taught at Ohio State ■ Atkinson turned his attention to the DIALOGUE Page 11 Division 8 Programming at APA Convention: A Sampling of What’s Available in Honolulu

This year’s Division 8 Programming Symposium: Emotions—Why So Symposium: Narratives From the for the APA Convention has shaped up Similar, and Why So Different Across Edge—Investigating Autobiographical very well, with a wide selection of Cultures? Conceptualizations of the Marginalized opportunities—there’s something for Phillip R. Shaver, Joseph J. Campos, Ed de St. Aubin, Laura A. King, Mary nearly everyone. Here is an Joseph H. de Rivera, Louise K.W. Gergen, Dan P. McAdams abbreviated listing of what you can find Sundararajan in Honolulu this August (in addition to Symposium: Attachment Dynamics, the beaches, nature, shopping, and fine Invited Address: Henry A. Murray Mental Representations, and Memory-- restaurants of Oahu): Award -New Directions Carol D. Ryff Mario Mikulincer, Robin S. Edelstein, Symposium: Childhood Personality and Gail S. Goodman, Ety Berant Adult Health in a Cohort From Hawai`i Symposium: Legacy of D.W. Fiske— Lewis R. Goldberg, Sarah E. Hampson, Generative Ideas and Methods Symposium: New Directions in Stigma Joan P. Dubanoski, Thomas M. Vogt Patrick E. Shrout, Starkey Duncan, Research and Theory Alan P. Fiske, Susan T. Fiske John B. Pryor, Patrick W. Corrigan, Symposium: Investigating the Christian S. Crandall, Maureen W. Psychological Consequences of Presidential Address — Erber, Laurie O'Brien Perceiving Prejudice and Experiencing Hazel R. Markus Harassment Psychology: Made in the USA Poster Sessions: Shannon K. McCoy, Cheryl R. Kaiser, • Current Issues in Personality NiCole T. Buchanan, Isis H. Settles Symposium: GMU Recidivism Psychology Project—Prospective Changes Among • Social Psychology of Emotions Symposium: Finding Our Place— Inmates and Methodological • The Social in Social Psychology— Identity Norms Across Ideologies, Challenges Culture, Gender, Race, Sexual Cultures, and Time Debra Mashek, June P. Tangney, Emi Orientation, and Group Valerie J. Purdie, Annie Y. Tsai, Furukawa, Jeffrey Stuewig, • Current Research in Social MarYam G. Hamedani, Phillip A. Goff Cognition and General Social Symposium: Conscientiousness and Psychology Symposium: Experimental Existential Impulse Control and Their Relationship Psychology—Birth of a New to Health Batja Mesquita is the Chair of this Discipline Brent W. Roberts, Tim Bogg, Sarah E. year’s Division 8 APA Program Jeff Greenberg, Mario Mikulincer, Ken Hampson, Angela Bryan, M. Lynne Committee. ■ Sheldon, Jamie Goldenberg, Sander Cooper Koole, John A. Bargh

Training Committee, Cont. was pleased to continue its active The other event was the Mentor collaboration with GASP and the GSC. Luncheon and Dessert Reception, co- (Continued from page 8) sponsored with the Graduate Student If you have suggestions for the meeting. One was a coffee hour, co- Committee (GSC), during which Training Committee and how it can sponsored with the Gay, Lesbian, students had the opportunity to talk best meet its mission, please feel free to Bisexual, and Transgender Alliance in with established professionals about contact any of its current members: Social Psychology (GASP; topics ranging from balancing work Allen Omoto, Committee Chair www.psych.utah.edu/gasp). Open to and family, to psychology and law, to ([email protected]), Yuichi Shoda everyone, this event provided a relaxed narrative and qualitative research ([email protected]), or Steve and supportive environment for techniques. Drigotas ([email protected]). The informal exchange, networking, and Committee welcomes your feedback! refreshment among attendees. Both of these events were highly ■ successful and the Training Committee Page 12 DIALOGUE

An Email Exchange between Ben Stein and John Jost (Actual, Not Imagined) Ben Stein was a presidential speechwriter at the University of Maryland or scales have not distinguished carefully during the Nixon and Ford Stanford? enough between psychological administrations years before starring in I often come to Stanford and speak, and conservatism and political Ferris Bueller’s Day Off, a series of Visine perhaps some day we might get conservatism. commercials, and Comedy Central’s TV together and discuss this. show “Win Ben Stein’s Money.” Best regards, Ben Stein BS: Tongue very much in cheek Many thanks. because the humor of it slipped right by

me.... [10/07/04, 12:35 am] John Jost is an SPSP member and, until FR: John Jost recently, a professor at Stanford University. TO: Ben Stein [JJ] Perhaps we should add a measure He now teaches social psychology at New Date: 10/06/03 7:13 PM of humor perception in future studies... York University. He is co-author (with J. Dear Ben: [10/9/03, 1:12 pm] Glaser, A. Kruglanski, and F. Sulloway) Many thanks for taking time out of of “Political Conservatism as Motivated what must be a very busy schedule to BS: This is especially interesting Social Cognition,” published in send your opinions and questions. because I observe that leftists have no Psychological Bulletin (May 2003). I'll add my responses below... sense of humor at all.... [10/10/03, 12:06 am] ——-Original Message——- The exchange is reproduced with the I was fascinated by your study of the permission of both parties. psychological roots of conservative BS: 3.) Are you aware of any similar studies examining the psychological political attitudes. etiology of radicalism and anti- FR: Ben Stein [JJ] Thank you. The work certainly Americanism? TO: John Jost Date: 10/04/03 2:49 AM has received considerable attention, although it has not always been well [JJ] On radicalism, yes. We find that Subject: your study of the there are two effects probably acting in psychological bases of conservatism understood. combination. One is a more or less Dear Prof. Jost, BS: May I respectfully ask a few symmetrical effect of ideological I was fascinated by your study of the questions? 1.) Was this really paid extremity, so that people get more psychological roots of conservative for by the taxpayers? cognitively rigid, etc. as they get political attitudes. further from the center in either May I respectfully ask a few questions? [JJ] No. We duly noted in a footnote all direction. The other effect is an 1.) Was this really paid for by the of the research support we received asymmetrical increase in rigidity, etc. taxpayers? during the years we worked on the as one moves from left to right. This 2.) Do you really think that distrust of article, but none of the grants was was in our reply to the Greenberg & astrology is unjustified and in a class directly for this project. In fact, the Jonas critique. [10/6/03] with distrust and wariness about social article was really a quantitative, change? statistical review (rather than a set of BS: It is strange, but as a life long 3.) Are you aware of any similar studies we conducted ourselves), so it student of this phenomenon studies examining the psychological was a very inexpensive project, even by (psychological roots of political etiology of radicalism and anti- social science standards. attitudes) I see exactly the same Americanism? personality attributes (i.e., fear of It is strange, but as a life long student BS: 2.) Do you really think that distrust of astrology is unjustified change, rigidity, wish to control of this phenomenon (psychological outcomes) among left wingers far, roots of political attitudes) I see exactly and in a class with distrust and wariness about social change? far more than among conservatives. the same personality attributes (i.e., It is not even close. [JJ] No, I expect not. That was about a fear of change, rigidity, wish to control outcomes) among left wingers far, far scale that was used in Great Britain in [JJ] Well, that is why we social more than among conservatives. It is the early 1970s, which suggested that scientists don't trust our intuitions and not even close. the beliefs were indeed positive personal experiences until we see the For example, do you really think that correlated (at least at that time and data. Each of us (myself included, of Republicans are more intolerant of place). We mentioned it in a somewhat (Continued on page 13) divergent views than liberal professors tongue-in-cheek way to say that some DIALOGUE Page 13

Date: 10/04/03 2:59 AM Stein & Jost, Continued effect size for the relation between Now I read Greenberg and Jonas's those variables. We did not look at the reply to you and your reply to them. (Continued from page 12) effect sizes first and then decide how to With respect, I think they have course) is exposed to selective samples define our terms. [10/9/03, 1:20 pm] extremely good points. and experiences, and so there is a lot of room for subjective impressions to be BS: For example, do you really think [JJ] Yes, I do, too. It was a good and wrong. We tried to find as many studies that Republicans are more intolerant worthwhile critique. But the existing that fit our review criteria as possible, of divergent views than liberal data are more on our side than theirs. and we found dozens of studies with professors at the University of thousands of participants from 12 Maryland or Stanford? May I say that if you could actually different countries. Then we calculated spend time with Republicans all over the effect sizes and presented them in [JJ] Intolerance of divergent (different) the country and then with leftists, you tables for all to see. [10/6/03] views was not one of the variables we would be stunned at how much more looked at, so I can't say at this point. relaxed, open, and easy going the BS: But with respect, your study is With regard to intolerance of conservatives are. The difference is carrying more of your values than you ambiguity, uncertainty, complexity, electrifying. could haul in a super tanker. [10/7/03, threat, loss, etc., I would say that there Best wishes, Ben Stein 12:36 am] would be a moderately sized difference on average, if the two comparison [JJ] Well, this is another great [JJ] First, you don't know anything groups were matched on other example of why one's own subjective about my values (or those of my three dimensions. [10/6/03] impressions cannot replace objective collaborators), since we have never data. You are a famous conservative, met or discussed these. You assume BS: With respect, you could not so it is not too surprising that you get a that you know something about my possibly be more mistaken. There is no much more welcoming reception from values from the article, which may or one less tolerant of ambiguity than a the conservatives you visit than from may not be true. That assumption, in leftist university teacher. No one. the liberals! any case, is more likely to be made by [10/7/03, 12:39 am] Best, John someone high on the need for closure (which is not a bad thing, by the way). [JJ] Hmmm. This statement is not BS: But I became a conservative in Second, we reviewed dozens of studies remarkably impressive on the tolerance large measure BECAUSE carried out by other researchers (not of ambiguity dimension. [10/9/03, 1:29 conservatives were so much more us) over several decades and in several pm] friendly and cheerful than leftists [BS, countries, so our values had no 10/7/04, 12:33 am] opportunity to influence any of those BS: I used to teach at UCSC, where I studies. [10/9/03, 1:18 pm] was the ONLY Republican on the [JJ] That was so long ago that it would faculty and got along great with be hard to reconstruct the actual BS: You are a funny fellow. Please tell everyone.... [10/10/03, 12:03 am] reasons! :) [10/9/03, 1:11 pm] me: am I wrong about your values? [10/10/03, 12:05 am] BS: But with respect, I am very BS: No, it was not at all.... [10/10/03, tolerant. I observe the leftists are not 12:06 am] BS: But you set up the template of tolerant. This is not an issue of what and who were conservatives and tolerance of ambiguity. There is no FR: Ben Stein who were not, and that by itself ambiguity there. TO: John Jost allowed you to get the data you wanted. Best, Ben [10/10/03, 12:10 am] Date: 10/07/03 12:32 AM I may be wrong about this, and I am But surely you cannot mean that citing not an expert, but is this not what is BS: I often come to Stanford and Paul Krugman has any place in a called "data mining"? [10/7/03, 12:37 speak, and perhaps some day we scientific study of anything having to am] might get together and discuss this. do with politics. Krugman is among the most rabid Bush haters and GOP [JJ] That's simply not true. We spelled [JJ] Yes, I would enjoy meeting you, so bashers there ever was. out clearly our conceptual and please do drop me a line when the time operational definitions of conservatism, comes. [JJ] But he's a very good economist, on one hand, and psychological Best, John Jost and some of his criticisms of the Bush variables, on the other. Then we administration's economic plan (or searched for any and all studies that FR: Ben Stein lack thereof) are probably accurate allowed for the computation of an TO: John Jost (Continued on page 17) Page 14 DIALOGUE THE DANGERS OF UNANIMITY

By R.B. Zajonc People have the illusion that of petulance. President Chirac unanimity, because its chances of complained that the former Soviet On September 23, 2003, President occurring are so small, must offer satellites were “not very well Bush finally disclosed the basis of the correct solution. If all of us brought up” (“été … pas très bien his confidence in his decisions that independently came up with the élevés”) and “missed their cost hundreds of American lives same answer, the answer must be opportunity to keep their mouths and billions of dollars. He said, in right. Not so. In one of the classic shut” (“ont manqué une occasion de fact, that “the best way to get the experiments on group decision se taire”), while Secretary Powell news is from objective sources. making, the psychologist Thorndike accused the countries not siding And the most objective sources I had groups of three students solve with the United States of being have are people on my staff.” It has arithmetic problems and agree on a “afraid of responsibility”. become obvious at the same time joint answer after solving each Unanimity is sought as if it that those “objective sources” better problem individually. When the guaranteed the best course of agree with the President or else they group was initially unanimous but action. It really doesn’t. risk of being suspected of incorrect, only one of the 263 The current conflict is often unpatriotic tendencies. The incorrect group judgments was compared with the Cuban Missile prevalent modus operandi in the changed. Crisis, especially with respect to the White House is unanimity. hard evidence Adlai Stevenson Of the various decision presented to the United Nations Yet of the various decision schemes schemes one can Security Council. But it is less often one can imagine, unanimity is noted that President Kennedy absolutely the worst. Say, there are imagine, unanimity is thrived on dissent and opposition. two options, going to a preemptive absolutely the worst. Originality and deviant views were war against Iraq or an alternative, rewarded. Not so, it appears, in the such as inspection continued for current White House. four months. Say, also, that one of these outcomes is by far the wiser. Patrick E. Tyler (NYTimes, Feb. 17, Assume also that the President, the But the current White House has 2003) noted “there may still be two Vice President, the Secretary of shunned diversity and insisted on superpowers on the planet, the State, the Secretary of the Defense, unanimity, not only from the United States and world public the National Security Advisor, and members of the executive branch, opinion”. Dissent and opposition five other White House decision the legislation, and the judiciary, absent, masses of citizens all over makers have each 1 out of 2 but from the population at large as the world took upon themselves to chances of picking the wiser well. The President declared that provide the much needed balance. alternative. If unanimity is required, you are either “with us or with the As a result, the British government then this group of ten decision terrorists”. Dissent and opposition expressed some limited readiness to makers has less than one in a are regarded as virtual treason and take account of the millions thousand chances (.510 = .000976) Patriot 2 Act requires no judicial marching in protest. Jack Straw of reaching the wiser decision. review to revoke citizenship of muffled the rattling of sabers. But Even dictatorship, is much better. suspect “traitors”. France and our own government saw no merit A dictator, acting alone under the Germany, failing unconditionally to in the protest of the millions. John above constraints, would have 1 in endorse the US war program, McCain thought these millions to 2 chances of selecting the wiser received jibes of ingratitude by be “foolish” and President Bush course of action. A majority many of the pro-war senators and saw no reason to change his course. decision scheme (say six out of ten representatives. Urging deviants to Of course, the protest marchers did votes) of coming up with the wise conform to their views, President not offer a viable alternative to war. decision has much better chances Chirac and Secretary Colin Powell They only opposed the bellicose (Continued on page 15) (83 out of 100)1. engaged in an undiplomatic contest DIALOGUE Page 15

unlikely that there will be a (in the example n=10) has two Zajonc on Unanimity, unanimous solution. Unanimity, it alternatives, one of them correct continued is argued, projects an image of And as in the other cases, the (Continued from page 14) resolve and unity of purpose. But if likelihood, p, of any one individual misdirected, beware of the being correct is .5. If one of those stance of the United States. But if consequences. No popularity and alternatives is better, then the so many millions have risen to little of our remaining dignity probability that a majority, that is, would have been lost , if the most at least m individual members (in Unanimity, it is argued, powerful country in the world, this example, at least 6 out of 10) is acknowledging the perspective of correct is: n projects an image of the second superpower – world’s  n  − ∑   p i (1 − p ) n i public opinion – had replaced the i resolve and unity of i = m   purpose. But if “Shock and Awe” strategy with a more patient and humane plan of or .83. ■ misdirected, beware of dealing with Saddam Hussein and the consequences. the people of Iraq.

oppose the war, there may have Footnoted Postscript: been good reasons to examine Society forPersonality and alternatives other than a preemptive 1 The equation below shows how Social Psychology strike. There is clearly a serious and the likelihood of a majority being Visit us at www.spsp.org complex problem in the Middle correct was calculated. In this East. The solutions are not obvious. equation, the decision-making And its very complexity makes it group, composed of n individuals Page 16 DIALOGUE

APA COUNCIL REPORT – February 2004 By Ed Diener and much improved, in part due to last does not include income from year’s restructuring of the real estate electronic forms, which is substantial.) June Tangney debt, and improvement in other By contrast, 2003 net income from investment returns. Membership Professional Psychology was $89,700. In February, Ed Diener and June remains stagnant. There was Family Psychology lost $80,700. Tangney attended the APA Council of considerable discussion of a brief Representatives meetings in mention in the Washington Post that As your Div. 8 representatives, we Washington DC, representing Division misreported the former CEO’s annual would very much like to know what 8. The item of primary interest to salary, quoting instead a severance APA might do further to enhance members of SPSP was a continued package based on 14 years of service. Personality and Social Psychology, and funding of a BSA Task Force on psychological science more generally. Research Regulation. The task force is Always relevant to members of We’d like a clearer mandate from SPSP charged with reviewing the current Division 8 are the budget figures for to make the best use of our time (and regulations governing IRBs to identify publications. Although income from your expense account) at the APA ways in which review of minimal risk journal subscriptions continues to Council meetings. So by all means, psychological research might be decline (fewer people want paper send us your thoughts streamlined (e.g., clarifying criteria for products), this trend has been more ([email protected], expedited review, identifying than offset by increased revenues from [email protected]). requirements that do not pertain to non- royalties/licensing/rights (e.g., medical behavioral research), and to electronic publications). Our scientific Please do consider becoming actively develop resources for behavioral “products” (journals and books in one involved in APA affairs–especially on scientists and their IRBs. Funding was form or another) represent a huge the very influential Boards and approved for a second meeting of the source of revenue for the Association – Committees, many of which bear task force and for a survey of IRB more than three times the income from directly on matters of concern to practices. member dues! The 2003 net income Personality and Social Psychology. from JPSP alone was nearly $1.3 We’d be happy to discuss your interests The Association’s financial situation is million. (This represents the net income and questions. ■ from print forms of the journal only. It 2004 Student Travel Award Winners

By Tim Strauman Chambers, John Quinn, Jeffrey Christie, Charlene Robbins, Teresa A total of 142 graduate students Czopp, Alexander Robinson, Jorgianne Civey applied for the 2004 SPSP Student Dandeneau, Stephane Rosenthal, Seth Travel Awards. Of that group, 41 Dickerson, Sally Salvatore, Jessica received awards in the amount of $300. Doran, Kathryn Schachner, Dory As usual, there were many more Ebner, Natalie Skorinko, Jeanine deserving applications than awards. Eisenberger, Naomi Smyth, Frederick The review committee, chaired by Tim Gill, Ritu Stanek, Layla Strauman and Phil Costanzo, worked Gonzalez, Roxana M. Steers-Wentzell, Katrina L. hard to reach a consensus regarding the Goodfriend, Wind Tamir, Maya relative merits of each application. Guerrero-Witt, Melissa Werhun, Cherie The winners of this year's Student Horberg, Elizabeth Willard, Greg Travel Awards were: Jarcho, Johanna M. Zehm, Keri King, Eden B. Aharoni, Eyal Kirk, Elizabeth We thank all those students who Algoe, Sara Knight, Jennifer submitted applications, and we invite Anthony, Danu B. Leder, Sadie those who did not receive a Travel Brunell, Amy B. Lench, Heather Award this year to apply again this fall. Caputo, Deanna D. Meier, Brian ■ Carney, Dana R Paik, Sue DIALOGUE Page 17

ABSTRACT: S. J. H. McCann's precocity- longevity hypothesis suggests that the pre- PSPB Article Recognized By New requisites, concomitants, and consequences of early peaks in career achievement may York Times as a “Top Idea for 2003” foster the conditions for premature death. In the present test of the precocity-longevity hypothesis, it was predicted that state gover- An article by Stewart McCann, which article on ideas across a wide variety of nors elected at younger ages live shorter appeared in the February 2003 issue of domains. McCann's article suggests lives. Two competing explanatory frame- works, the life expectancy artifact and the Personality and Social Psychology that early peaks in career achievement selection bias artifact, also were tested. In a Bulletin, was recognized the New York comes with an unexpected high cost— sample of 1,672 male governors (election Times as one of the "Top Ideas" of premature death. In a study of nearly ages ranged from 23-81 yrs; death ages 2003. McCann's article (McCann, all male state governors in American ranged from 32-103 yrs), the precocity- longevity prediction was supported, and it S.J.H. (2003). Younger achievement history, McCann found that the earlier was demonstrated . . . that the life expec- age predicts shorter life for governors: a man was elected governor, the sooner tancy and selection bias artifacts were not Testing the precocity-longevity came his death, controlling for year of sufficient to account for the significant posi- hypothesis with artifact controls. birth, years of service, span of service, tive correlation between election age and death age.The positive correlation also was Personality and Social Psychology and state of the governor. These data maintained when year of birth, years of ser- Bulletin, 29, 164-169) was cited in the suggest that early success is likely to vice, span of service, and state of election in the December 14, 2003 Sunday lead to early death; these findings are a were statistically controlled. Magazine, which focused its cover comfort to late bloomers everywhere. ■

prof of psychiatry (MD) said that he happy to learn about it. Jost & Stein, thought the liberals hatred of Richard No Austrian ancestors in my family, at Nixon was inspired by his being a least to my knowledge. You must be Concluded 'weak but dominant father figure'. I am thinking of the governor of California. tempted to say I see something vaguely Best wishes, John [10/9/03, 1:10 pm]. similar about GW Bush. He is a With all due respect to your obvious gunfighter—but a weak gunfighter in FR: John Jost intelligence and the fact that you do their eyes. If he were genuinely scary TO: Ben Stein indeed make some thought provoking (Stalin) they would fall all over Date: 10/18/03 3:43 PM assertions, you cannot seriously believe themselves to worship him. Have you Dear Ben: that Reagan belongs in a list that ever seen anything in this vein? I mentioned to a colleague something includes historical dictators and killers. You are a prince of a guy to engage in about our recent humorous email Best, Ben this discussion. Phil and I are very exchange, and she happens to edit a impressed and grateful. newsletter for professional social [JJ] No, and we didn't say that. He Are you of Austrian background? I psychologists. She wondered if we belongs on a list that includes once dated a girl named "Just" and she would be willing to publish the brief conservatives [10/9/03, 1:10 pm]. was of Austrian background. exchange in this newsletter, because it Best, Ben would be of interest (and amusement) FR: Ben Stein to readers. I don't know how big the TO: John Jost FR: John Jost circulation is, but it must be small Date: 10/07/03 12:44 AM TO: Ben Stein (probably less than a few thousand). I Your paper, if I may say so, looks at Date: 10/09/03 1:27 PM won't do it unless I have your psychometrics, if I may use such a I'm not sure that you need a permission. Is it OK with you? term, on a behavioral axis. Phil and I psychoanalytic theory to explain why Best, are more interested in a psychoanalytic liberals hated Nixon. He was after all, John approach. I.e., are conservatives people a remarkably shady and deceptive who have successfully internalized the figure in American politics, your FR: Ben Stein father figure and are liberals or leftists personal ties to him notwithstanding. TO: John Jost persons who are at war with the father You probably don't need depth Date: 10/19/03 12:24 AM figure (and the father figure entities in psychology to understand why people Please remind me what I sent you. It the society)? Might I ask if you have are dissatisfied with the economic and sounds okay, but I cannot totally recall political climate ushered in by the Bush what I sent you. ever seen any studies along these lines? ■ I was once at a conference of The administration. But your project sounds Many thanks, Ben Aspen Institute where a terribly smart potentially interesting, and I'd be Page 18 DIALOGUE

Undervalued Classics in Social-Personality Psychology:

Scholars Nominate Readings for New Appreciation

Ann Arbor, Michigan, where I went to graduate school, has a remarkable collection of used book stores. Clustered geographically, in a town with a dense collection of psychologists and a rich history in social and personality psychology, they are an affordable library of opportunity for developing psychologists. In my graduate student days there were so many copies of Beliefs, Attitudes and Human Affairs by Daryl Bem (1970) that they went for $2.00 in fine shape, and 99¢ with underlining or slightly torn cover. This particular bargain is rarely available today. Another book that frequented the book store shelves was The Psychology of Social Movements by Hadley Cantril (1941). Cantril is probably best remembered for being the second author on "They saw a game; a case study," Hastorf, A.H. & Cantril, H. (1954). Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49, 129-134, one of the first studies on motivated social cognition, and Invasion from Mars (1940), the study of panic stemming from Orson Welles' War of the Worlds radio broadcast. Cantril was a professor at Princeton, and involved in the development of the science of public opinion polling, wrote several reviews of social psychology, championed early research on self and identity, and coined the phrase “humanistic psychology,” but his influence has waned since the 1960's. But The Psychology of Social Movements is a remarkable book, and it deserves to be read today. In Chapter 3 "The Individual's Pursuit of Meaning", Cantril describes the complex interaction between social influence and the individual's need to interpret a situation–to find a frame of reference–that will make her or him open to social influence. This chapter is sensitive to both external influence and internal need, and provides a model for thinking simultaneously about social situations and individual differences. Students in my graduate-level Social Psychology class rave about the chapter (and the one that follows it, "The Lynch Mob") as the best introduction to social psychology they've read. It is a forgotten classic, and it is these two chapters that motivated this project. Because our field is forward-looking, and has a tendency to fail to appreciate our past, Dialogue asked several prominent personality and social psychologists to nominate important and valuable papers that may have been overlooked by the current generation of researchers and scholars, and to give a bit of information about the paper's importance. Our request indicated that people could cite their own work, or the work of others. These are their nominations. -Chris Crandall

Tony Greenwald Wells, G. L., & Windschitl, P. D. (1999). Alice Eagly Stimulus sampling and social Most of my teaching is on methods so, Moskowitz, D. S., Suh, E. J., & psychological experimentation. Personality not surprisingly, these are method Desaulniers, J. (1994). Situational and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1115- articles. influence on gender differences in 1125. agency and communion. Journal of

Weber, S. J., & Cook, T. D. (1972). Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 753- Subject effects in laboratory research: An Wells and Windschitl make the 761. examination of subject roles, demand unarguable point that one cannot characteristics, and valid inference. legitimately generalize conclusions I don't suppose that the 46 citations of Psychological Bulletin, 77, 273-295. about conceptual variables that are this article listed in Web of Science represented by just a single instance in signal abject neglect. However, given This article appeared toward the end of an experiment. Reading the current that this is one of the best-designed a period (1960s) in which social journals makes clear that this excellent studies ever conducted concerning the psychologists became very sensitive to point is quite under-appreciated. The social behavior of women and men, it social influences on subjects' behavior paper has some of the character of deserves to be regularly cited in in experiments (from the work of Anderson, H. C. (1837): The Emperor's discussions of this domain. Yet, most Martin Orne, Bob Rosenthal, and New Clothes. authors of texts in social psychology others). The still-valid lessons of that and the psychology of women and Paul Rozin period seem to have slipped out of gender leave out this brilliant study. Its collective memory, judging by the Solomon Asch's Social Psychology merits include its use of a naturalistic dearth of report (in current empirical (1952) is quite well known, but still event-sampling method. The articles) of procedures designed to very underappreciated. He was the last participants were studied in their prevent a hypothesis-knowledgeable guy who had it right, and perhaps the workplaces, and the researchers took experimenter from having opportunity first, as well. into account the participants' status and to unknowingly influence subjects. (Continued on page 19) DIALOGUE Page 19

papers. In this connection, I ran into a Undervalued classics, Continued gem that (though tough to read) is (Continued from page 18) warmth and to diagonal and angular wonderfully intricate and insightful, no sex. Through appropriate measurement forms with the meaning of threat, one else but Hal could have done it and procedures, they were able to separate regardless of the actual physical object it deserves to be read. out the agentic and communal aspects that manifests the shape. of everyday behaviors. Their results Kelley, H.H., Beckman, L.L. & Fisher, speak volumes about the power of Aronoff, J., Barclay, A.M. & Stevenson, C.S. (1967). Negotiating the division of a reward under incomplete information. gender roles and workplace roles. L.A. (1988). The recognition of Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 3, threatening facial stimuli. Journal of 361-398. Andy Elliot Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 647- 655. Lewin, K. (1935). A dynamic theory of Mark Snyder personality. New York: McGraw Hill. Aronoff, J., Woike, B.A., & Hyman, One article that comes to mind is: L.M. (1992). Which are the stimuli in This book overviews research and facial displays of anger and happiness: Brickman, P., Rabinowitz, V., Karuza, J., theory on motivation and personality. It Configurational bases of emotion Coates, D., Cohn, E., & Kidder, L. brilliantly lays out ideas that are only recognition.Journal of Personality and Social (1982). Models of helping and coping. beginning to be discussed and Psychology, 62, 1050-1066. American Psychologist, 37, 368-384. researched in the contemporary scene.

One need not embrace Field Theory to Mahzarin Banaji It compares and contrasts different glean a tremendous amount from this ways of thinking about helping, and overlooked volume. Of course this is an nice exercise. Do draws out theoretical and practical you think it more feasible if you asked implications of these various Leslie Zebrowitz us to think of a paper that really influenced us—changed our minds, conceptualizations. Of course, for all I I would nominate two (related) articles made us do things differently? If such know, it's actually a well-known, by Joel Aronoff. I looked them up in papers are now forgotten, which they highly appreciated, and frequently cited the SSCI and found that, despite being usually are, it would be a good idea to article, and it's just me who only published in JPSP, the first has been point younger people to them. For me recently learned about it. cited only 21 times (I probably account an example would be : for a large percentage of these, though I Mark Schaller didn't check that out), and the second Garner, W.R., Hake, H.W. & Eriksen, I think that book chapters are, as a has been cited only 17 times. C.W. (1956). Operationism and the species, especially likely to be under-

concept of perception. Psychological cited (for reasons that have to do Both of these articles report research Review, 63, 149-159. primarily with distribution rather than testing the hypothesis that abstract actual scientific contribution). That's geometric patterns have affective Arie Kruglanski too bad because really creative and meaning, with diagonal and angular interesting conceptual ideas often show patterns conveying threat and round The following is a paper of ours I really up in book chapters before they show patterns conveying warmth. This is liked and one that I thought makes a up in the journals; and theoretical demonstrated using several creative unique contribution by integrating two insights and are often spelled out in methodologies in addition to traditional major paradigms that were typically greater, more stimulating detail in book experimental manipulations. One study considered very different and unrelated. chapters than they can be in empirical analyzed features in masks of a known journal articles. One of my favorite social function from a large sample of Kruglanski, A., & Klar, Y. (1987). A view under-cited book chapters was written non-western societies, and another from a bridge: Synthesizing the by a famous social psychologist but is analyzed the movements and stances of consistency and attribution paradigms still probably cited far more by non- ballet dancers in threatening vs. non- from the lay-epistemic perspective. psychologists than by psychologists. threatening roles. The findings are European Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 211-241. It's Donald Campbell's 1965 chapter linked to facial expressions of emotion, cultural evolution, which appeared in a with angular and round elements and later . . . book about social change; it's great characterizing anger and happy stuff. expression, respectively. The research I am preparing for the upcoming SESP strongly suggests that there is a neural a talk about late Hal Kelley's contributions to social cognition, and in Campbell, D. T. (1965) Variation and mechanism that responds to rounded selective retention in socio-cultural visual forms with the meaning of this connection I am trying to reread (would you believe skim?) all of his evolution. In H. R. Barringer, G. I. Page 20 DIALOGUE

back for the interview. What the Undervalued Classics, Continued authors examine is the extent to which women "dress" the part of a traditional Blanksten, & R. W. Mack (Eds.) Social wasn't relevant to me at all. In fact, it women (clothing, make-up, jewelry). change in developing areas (pp. 19-49). took me several years and multiple I've always found these findings Cambridge MA: Schenkman. exposures before the scales suddenly compelling because the women had to

fell from my eyes and I realized just actually prepare (on their own time) for As for journal articles: Three of my how important dynamic social impact the interview and, whether intentionally very favorite journals from the late theory is. Latané and his colleagues or not, adjusted their behavior to be 1980s/early 1990s were written by very have since published many more consistent with the interviewer's prominent people and all appeared in a articles on this theory and its expectations. I've always thought these very prominent journal. But in each implications, and those articles remain studies could be followed up to case, I think that the article was just too just as under-appreciated as this one is. examine the processes that led to their good: It was such a novel and For my money, dynamic social impact behavior. There a great deal of significant departure from whatever theory is the most ground-breakingly potentially rich theoretical work that other folks in the field were doing, that original theoretical development in could unpack what's going on and they other folks didn't really have any social psychology over the past 15 are a good read in any event. obvious or necessary opportunity to years. Yet, heart-breakingly, most cite it. And so the articles (and their textbooks don't acknowledge it, and Monica Biernat insights) remain vastly under- many folks in the field don't even seem appreciated. They are: I’m biased, but I’ll nominate an to know it exists. important paper by my graduate school Tesser's article on the heritability of Nowak, A., Szamrej, J., & Latané, B. advisor in this category: attitudes and the moderating role that (1990). From private attitude to a public attitude heritability has on classic opinion: A dynamic theory of social Manis, M., & Paskewitz, J. R. (1984). attitude phenomena. Suddenly impact. Psychological Review, 97, 362- 376. Judging psychopathology: Expectation heritability is not just a dependent and contrast. Journal of Experimental Social variable of empirical interest to Trish Devine Psychology, 20, 363-381. behavioral geneticists, it's also an There are two articles that I think are In this paper, Manis & Paskewitz independent variable of real conceptual great but I don't really think they get a outline a two-path model of judgment promise for social psychologists. But lot of attention, they are: in which initial experiences influence the promise remains mostly subsequent judgment by serving as unexplored. It's a transcendent article, Zanna, M.P. & Pack, S.J. (1975). On the both expectancies that generally lead to but almost no one seems to know it. self-fulfilling nature of apparent sex assimilation effects, and as standards of Tesser A. 1993. The importance of differences in behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 583-591, comparison that can lead to contrast heritability in psychological research: effects. Manis and Paskewitz suggest The case of attitudes. Psychological Review, and that these effects occur simultaneously, 100, 129-42 von-Baeyer, C.L., Sherk, D.L. & Zanna, and that both can be detected in most M.P. (1981). Impression management in judgment settings. In this sense, the Zajonc, Murphy, & Inglehart's article the job interview: When the female model is quite different from other on the vascular theory of facial applicant meets the male (chauvinist) multi-step or correction-based models efference and emotion. It's a tour de interviewer. Personality and Social Psychology of assimilation v. contrast. I’m not sure force of conceptual creativity and Bulletin, 7, 45-51. what the citation count is for this paper, methodological cleverness. I love to but it influences my thinking as I tell people about this stuff; they always I think these are wonderful studies in consider how stereotypes operate in find it fascinating and just a little bit the fact that they seem to provide a daily life: Stereotypes are expectancies mind-blowing. But I never see it cited. wonderful blend of experimental and that likely bias us toward seeing what Zajonc, R.B., Murphy, S.T., & Inglehart, field components. Women are led to we expect to see; at the same time, they M. (1989). Feeling and facial efference: believe that they will be interviewed by function as standards of comparison or Implications of the vascular theory of a male who has either traditional or group-specific frames of reference emotion. Psychological Review, 96, 395-416. nontraditional views of women. In the against which individual group both studies, the women participants members are judged. Nowak, Szamrej, & Latané's article on communicate a more "feminine" self- the dynamic theory of social impact. presentation when their male Brian Mullen interviewer seems to be a traditional When I first read it, I didn't get it; and Here's two of my favorites: in my callow ignorance, I assumed it male. In the second article, the women go home and two weeks later come (Continued on page 21) DIALOGUE Page 21

motivation debate. Journal of Experimental Undervalued classics, Santa’s Big Five, Cont. Continued (and Ended) Social Psychology, 18, 68-88.

(Continued from page 20) This paper is actually highly cited, no (Continued from page 25) question it had a big impact, but it's them and rewards them with gifts, Mullen, Brian, Chapman, Judith G., & underappreciated in a twisted sort of regardless of their belief systems, etc. Peaugh, Steven (1989). Focus of way. This paper spends about 17 pages Santa is aesthetically inclined, and attention in groups: A self-attention arguing that the extant motivational receives songs and poems about him perspective. Journal of Social Psychology, account for so many social cognition and decorating in his honor. Finally, 129, 807-817. biases can be matched by equally Santa is also intelligent and creative; . compelling cognitive, information insightful enough to find the perfect All too often social psychology has processing explanations. This is fine. gifts every year, and especially tended to posit some mediating But, then, in one paragraph, they inventive in how he finds a way to defy mechanism (e.g., "arousal," "diffusion essentially wave their hands and say the laws of time, space, reality, and of responsibility," "stereotype threat"), that any extant information processing gravity. It clearly requires a creative and then proceeded to blithely ignore explanations for these social cognition genius to rig up a flying sleigh pulled the critical step of actually gauging the biases can also be matched by equally by eight tiny reindeer. Santa can "think existence of that purported mechanism. compelling motivational explanations outside the box," making productive This paper reported the results of three but that they didn't have the time or use of Rudolph's shiny red nose. different studies that showed space to prove that case. Their unequivocally that self-focused conclusion, which everyone accepts, is What is a personality psychologist to attention varied as a function of group that you can't pit cognitive and make of Santa Claus? Well, in the Big size. The first study (one of my all time motivational accounts against one Five sense he’s pretty clearly a low E, favorites) examined the verbal behavior another. This is one of the most high A, high C, high O, low N kinda of three middle-aged White men who stunning examples of the fallacy of the guy. He’s probably also high PV, low met over the course of 6 weeks to minor premise in the field of social NV, orally fixated, and self-actualizing, discuss a real-world problem (I had psychology. It was tantamount to but that’s another analysis. tape-recordings-and-transcription of all saying "All the professors in this room but about 20-minutes of their are men. There is a man over there in 1The author would like to thank the discussions). Sometimes these 3 another room, so he must also be a following students for contributing to subjects met in a group of 3 (just the 3 professor (I don't have time to prove the analysis reported here: Trish Akins, of them), sometimes these 3 subjects that to you, just trust me)." It is Matthew Albaugh, Melissa Bradbury, met in a group of 4 (the 3 of them and definitely underappreciated how this Meaghan Callahan, Miranda Eberle, one additional person), and sometimes paper started, and helped maintain, the Heather Finn, Heather Fishman, these 3 subjects met in a group of 5 (the bias against Platt-ian (1962) strong Courtney Hackman, Jennifer Hallee, 3 of them and 2 additional people). The inference testing in social psychology. Amanda Kellar, Tracy Kindred, Megan data showed that the proportionate use Laird, Julie Langsdorf, Anna Leavitt, of first-person singular pronouns ("I," Send us your own nominations for Darcy Lynch, Nicole Moore, Eric Paul "me," "my," "mine," "myself") on the undervalued classics, to Neumann, Jennifer O’Donnell, Amanda part of each subject decreased as the [email protected] or [email protected]. Rutherford, Shayna Scholnick, and group got larger. What makes this We’ll print them in a future issue. Alex Suchman.■ particularly interesting is that the 3 ■ subjects were Nixon, Haldeman, and Ehrlichman in "The Watergate Transcripts." A stunning example of the use of archival data to document the operation of a fundamental social psychological mechanism in a context where demand characteristics, alternative accounts, are eliminated. Society forPersonality and And, here's another (but probably for the wrong reason!) Social Psychology

Tetlock, P.E. & Levi, A. (1982). Visit us at www.spsp.org Attribution bias: On the inconclusiveness of the cognition- Page 22 DIALOGUE Lessons from the epistemic, moral and social richness of Stanford prison experiment

time differential must be explained. incorporate social structure and history By Catalin Mamali And it must be no surprise if moral, (p.24).” Based on social identity theory

Landmark studies have always motivational, experiential and character (Tajfel and Turner, 1979), they expand challenged social psychologists and variables might be important. But, the their ideas to the problem of tyranny. forced them to revisit, from different main point is that in a relatively very The authors use the concepts of perspectives, their basic concepts, short time the characteristics of the identification, social-categorization and hypotheses, experimental procedures, situation overpowered the individual especially “depersonalization of self- results and interpretations; this is the and group resistance. So, social perception” to explain tyranny, but this case with the Stanford Prison situations can, in certain conditions, creates an imperative for a discussion experiment. A critical perspective has have a strong influence on human of deindividuation, a process studied by been developed recently by Haslam and behavior and this power overcomes the Zimbardo (1969) before the prison Reicher (see Dialogue, Spring 2003). power of the individuals and groups to experiment, and before social identity This paper looks critically at the resist to these situations. Secondly, the and self-categorization theories were perspective of Haslam and Reicher to role played by Zimbardo (Prison developed. In the theoretical continue the dialogue generated by the Superintendent) is part of the respective framework of social identity theory, prison experiment. social situation, and as such it is in deindividuation relates primarily to agreement with the logic of the self-awareness and social identity Roles and scripts as integrative parts experiment. Roles are not enacted in a (Abrams, 1990). Even this work lacks of the simulated prison situation. social void, but are developed, changed discussion of Zimbardo’s concept of and sometimes terminated within a deindividuation. Such a discussion Haslam and Reicher (2003) started by wider network of similar, contradictory seems necessary for tyranny because questioning the “role account” in and complementary roles. deindividuation and depersonalization Zimbardo’s experiment. The have three Haslam and Reicher explicitly form an essential psychological criticisms: (1) “people did not simply process, and these are associated with slip into role but actively resisted the challenge Zimbardo’s claim that “We did not have to teach the actors how to large scale social changes that can be situation that had been thrust upon imposed by tyrannical rulers such as them,” (2) the brutality of the Guards play their roles (Zimbardo, Maslach, & Haney, 1999, p. 206, italics added). forced displacement and uprooting of “arose not from a generic drive to large communities, forced abuse power, but from the intervention The authors of the study “Beyond Stanford” suggest: “the provision of regimentation in authoritarian political of Zimbardo who had taken the role on organizations, collectivization, super- the position of Prison Superintendent,” these instructions in which Zimbardo clearly sanctions oppressive treatment centralization, forced social and and (3) the Prisoners were “led to cultural homogenization under a state believe that they could not leave the of the Prisoners questions the claim that the Guards’ roles were not taught” ideology, and forced industrialization. prison (p. 22). ” None of these arguments poses a serious logical or (p.22, italics added). This criticism misses an important detail: learning and Chirot (1994) distinguishes between empirical threat to the main point of the non-tyrannical dictatorships and experiment, which deals with the teaching are not identical. Guards and Prisoners learned from the tyrannies. The “extreme ideological power of social situations (social certitude” (as compared to pragmatism) scripts included) to influence human instructions—from the “script of the play”—not from a practical teaching is an essential marker of tyranny, and behavior. It is true that people “actively this kind of certitude can be illuminated resisted” the power of the situation, but modeled in front of them. Zimbardo called the participants "actors," and by social identity and social only to a point, and this point was categorization. There are other macro- reached in less than the half of the their acting was the outcome of the interaction between the power inherent social questions, beyond tyranny, such projected time (2 weeks) for the entire as structural violence, inter-ethnic experiment: “At the end of only six in the situation and their active resistance to the brutality of the conflicts or relations between center days we had to close down our mock and periphery (Galtung 1980), which prison because what we saw was situation. lead to an integration of social frightening” (Zimbardo, 1971, 3). It The explanatory resources of psychological concepts, principles, and does not mean that the behavior of historical processes and structures experimental results within an explicit those who did not actively resist one Haslam and Reicher raise an important transdisciplinary picture and action- day was identical with the behavior of oriented methods. An integrative effort those who did resist a few days; this question for social psychology, “the need for social psychological theory to (Continued on page 23) DIALOGUE Page 23

(Continued from page 22) Stalinist reeducation method based on painful tasks (saying obscene words, implies a transdisciplinary perspective the promotion of juvenile delinquents inducing pain in others, acting against able to combine a wide range of to the status of judges and executioners. their own beliefs) and continued the empirical sources such as archives Part of this reeducation was a game procedure regardless of the subjective records, public historical documents, called “Thief and Informer”. The "main state of their subjects. In recognizing personal documents (diaries, memoirs), charm of this game consisted in the the epistemic and ethical merit of the interpersonal documents (letters and alternation of suffering and revenge” decision to stop the experiment, I have mainly correspondence), laboratory (1929/1973, p. 173). Former called it Zimbardo’s limit (Mamali, experiments, field and case studies, delinquents were promoted later on to 1998). This limit is defined by a data provided by natural experimental the formal status of torturers, and critical interval that marks the level situations and by participant carried out the persecution of many and/or the moment when the observation. hard working and rich farmers during experimental procedures, which aim the time of forced collectivization. toward the scientific truth, might start Haslam and Reicher refer to the This educational method was exported to generate unacceptable consequences innovation introduced by their BBC to many former communist counties. and costs for the total well being of the study (Haslam and Reicher, 2002) that Such tragic experiences suggest an participants. This limit can vary from “encourages researchers to understand empirical question: in what measure do experiment to experiment and cannot the psychology of tyranny in relation to such social records support, be certainly pre-established as a its social, structural, and historical complement, and/or contradict the specific time, or event before every underpinnings rather than simply results of the experimental studies on imaginable experiment is carried on. seeing it as the product of fixed relatively similar problems? Within the This experiment invites a deeper and psychological or situational communist prisons an interrogation more complex participation of the determinants–something over which procedure was based on the researcher in the cognitive, moral, peoples have no control and therefore unpredictable alternation of a brutal social consequences of the research for which they have no responsibility”. (bad) interrogator and a “good” process that has in itself a (p.24). This viewpoint is extremely interrogator (Golopentia, 2001), transformative power. useful because it asks to approach the although both worked in tandem for the psychology of tyranny within its real state. In social psychology this I think that the valuable goal mentioned historical context. procedure was imaginatively applied to by Haslam and Reicher to integrate Historical records and natural social study other issues, for instance in structural and historical dimensions experiments testing the assumption that within the social psychological inquiry “mindlessness underlies the Many archives from the former process might expand its long term effectiveness of the ‘fear-then-relief’ resources if it is complemented by a communist regimes have opened to social influence technique” (Dolinski, research since 1989, and the study of higher degree of participation of those Cisek, Godelwski, Zawadzki, 2002). who are called participants but are only the psychology of tyranny within its The authors used the technique of historical context might be achieved fully debriefed after they were sudden switch from an interrogation efficiently manipulated. This through empirical study based on the carried by a first and very “severe records that cover many generations participation might be increased by policeman” to the second one who is procedures that increase the dialogue who lived under tyrannical regimes. I “friendly” to study the consequences on have specifically in mind the problem between observer and observed in all cognitive abilities of a sudden stages of the social research process of “promotion from Prisoner to Guard.” transition from fear to relief. Such Haslam and Reicher discuss this as a and its application. And participation is experiments invite further explorations itself part of a larger social cycle in problem of social mobility. This of general social processes that can be implies also the assimilation of “a which common social knowledge and deeply modified in conditions of scientific social knowledge interact. social change belief system and to imprisonment and in those of freedom. work collectively to challenge the References Zimbardo’s limit. status of the Guards” (p. 23). The idea of structural changes within a prison The Stanford study explicitly opened Abrams, D. (1990). How do group system achieved by an inner social discussion about the relations between members regulate their behavior? An dynamic opens valuable research researchers and the researched. This integration of social identity and self- awareness theories. (pp. 89-112). In D. avenues. The history of the real life was the first time, as far as I know, that Abrams and M. A. Hogg (Eds.) Social identity experimentation of such structural social psychologists stopped their theory. Constructive and critical advances. London: changes is rich, dark, and relatively inquiry due to their concerns related to Springer Verlag. long as it goes back, at least, to the well-being of the participants. Chirot, D. (1994). Modern tyrants. The power Makarenko’s method. Briefly, Previously, many experimenters asked (Continued on page 28) Makarenko (1929/1973) conceived of a their subjects to perform relatively Page 24 DIALOGUE Nicholas Claus: Big Five for the Big Guy be an introverted person who keeps to agreeable; I've seen him give a lot of By Heather A. Haas himself and is private. people the benefit of the doubt.” Given that Santa dedicates his entire existence What is a personality psychologist to On the other hand, Santa is always to bringing holiday cheer and the spirit make of Santa Claus? To find out, I filled with energy and enthusiasm, he of Christmas to the entire world, it asked the experts, students1 in an upper gets really excited about Christmas, seems clear that he is a highly division personality course, all of and he manages a small nation of elves agreeable fellow. whom claimed acquaintance with Mr. and must interact with them on a daily Claus going back 15 or 20 years, and basis, so some students argued that Conscientiousness some of whom seemed even to have an perhaps he would score near the middle Although Santa is known for ongoing relationship with Mr. Claus. of the Extroversion-Introversion compulsively breaking into houses, The students each provided a dimension. If, in fact, it is the real obviously has very little control over qualitative analysis of Santa’s Santa who sometimes appears in malls his eating, and was once caught kissing personality in terms of the Big Five and on street corners, then he also mommy underneath the mistletoe, traits. I have assembled their responses apparently doesn’t mind it when Santa is generally very conscientious. into a composite character sketch of crowds of people gather around him Students noted that he "makes a list" Santa's Psychic Structure: and line up to talk to him. He is also and "checks it twice," compiling and always jolly (demonstrating high regularly updating a comprehensive list Extraversion positive emotionality, suggestive of on the moral character of every child in extroversion according to Tellegen). Contrary to popular belief, Santa Claus the world—a task that certainly Furthermore, Santa appears to have a is probably an introvert. Many assume requires much dedication. He also low baseline level of arousal that because his likeness is used so manages to keep track of what (characteristic of extroversion), often in malls, he may be extroverted, everyone wants for Christmas. The because he seeks out a very stimulating but the students argued that that isn't man is clearly a compulsive list-maker. environment full of bright Christmas REALLY him. For the most part they Impressively, despite the huge lights, noisy Christmas carols, busy agreed that Santa is actually very operation Santa has to organize, and the malls, and a bustling workshop, and elusive. For most of the year, Santa millions of children whose behavior participates in the extreme sports of “hides away” from the rest of the world must be monitored, still Santa always chimney jumping and open sleigh and only has contact with people via appears in a clean, pressed red suit and flying. letters from children, an indirect form never misses a house (as one student noted “Not even mine, and I’m of communication. Even if it’s true that Agreeableness Santa does occasionally personally visit Jewish!”). Equally impressive, he is malls during the holiday season, where Santa is high in agreeableness; he lives prompt and always finishes on time. he acts very outgoing and friendly, to spread happiness to others. Santa Although it could be argued that it these students argued that this behavior loves everyone and everyone loves would be more conscientious to start is probably more reflective of his him. He is always friendly, accepting, the work earlier instead of waiting until concern over his “public appearances” courteous, affectionate, and willing to the last minute every year, the students than a reflection of his true preferences humor children by having them sit on believed that Santa wants it all done in and personality. Several reported that his knee, even if they’re bratty, cranky, one night so Christmas is more special. as far as they knew, the only time Santa heavy, crying, or pulling his beard. Santa is hardworking, organized, leaves the North Pole is once a year on Santa obviously has a lot of affection methodical, precise, and diligent; traits Christmas Eve, and even then people for the children of the world, and works of high conscientiousness. He has a did not generally see him because he very hard to get them the gifts they goal, sticks to his plan, and is organized visits at night when everyone is want, which is very kind and altruistic about it. As one student noted, “if Santa sleeping and sneaks into houses behavior. For the kids who were were even a smidgen undirected, we through the chimney so he doesn’t have naughty and didn’t get toys, the would all be in for interesting surprises to talk to anyone. The students believed students argued that this was their own come Christmas morning.” that he probably does this to avoid the fault and doesn’t reflect any meanness over-stimulation from interaction with in Santa. Almost to a person, the judges Neuroticism people. After all, this is a man who believed that Santa is very generous Students’ consensus was that Santa chooses to live at the North Pole, with when giving presents. As one would score pretty low on neuroticism only his wife and some elves for knowledgeable informant noted, “I because he displays virtually no believe that Santa must be very companionship. Santa seems clearly to (Continued on page 25) DIALOGUE Page 25 Diversity Committee Report and Diversity Fund Travel Awards

By Ann Bettencourt the 2004 SPSP Conference. of SPSP conference registration. For 2004, the SPSP Diversity Travel For our most recent conference, the To increase the diversity of personality Award Recipients were: Edna Acosta- following undergraduates received and social psychology, SPSP has Pérez (University of Puerto Rico), undergraduate SPSP conference created three programs to facilitate the Etsuko Hoshino-Browne (University of awards: Corrie Alvarado, April career development of students who Waterloo), Jennifer Weisho Bruce Buentello, Stephanie Daniel, Andrea come from underrepresented groups. (Purdue University), Edward Burkley vonBriensen (St. Edwards University); The 2003/2005 Diversity Committee (University of North Carolina, Chapel Kayla Ardoin, Monique Bryan, included Ann Bettencourt, Greg Herek, Hill), Charlene Christie (State RoShana Easley (Huston-Tillotson and Michael Zarate. University of New York at Albany), College); and Brandon Poland Julie Garcia (University of Michigan), (Concordia University). Briefly, SPSP has three programs to Ka-yee Leung (University of Illinois, meet its diversity goals. First, the SPSP Urbana-Champaign), Wesley Moons If you would like to support the Mentorship Program is devoted to (University of California, Santa Diversity Program, please consider connecting students from Barbara), Christopher Motz (Carleton donating to the fund when you pay underrepresented groups with a faculty University), Kenji Noguchi (University your SPSP membership dues. mentor of students' choice with career- of Mississippi), Eden-Reneé Pruitt related questions or requests for (Tulane University), Edith Rickett The SPSP Diversity Committee would assistance via email. Please see the (University of Chicago), Alecia Marie like to sincerely thank individual SPSP website for additional Santuzzi (Tulane University), members for their recent contributions information about this and other SPSP Antoinette Semenya (University of to the fund. In addition, SPSP thanks diversity initiatives. Western Ontario), and Andrew Szeto member textbook authors who have (University of Western Ontario). approached their publishers on behalf Second, qualified graduate students of the SPSP Diversity Fund. Feel free from underrepresented groups are Third, our newest diversity initiative to send your ideas for additional eligible for travel awards to attend the encourages undergraduates from diversity initiatives by contacting any annual SPSP conference. This year, 90 underrepresented groups to attend the of the 2004/2005 SPSP Diversity graduate students applied for a SPSP conference. Qualified Committee members (Michael Zarate, Diversity Fund Travel Award to attend undergraduates may apply for Greg Herek, and Tiffany Ito). ■ registration awards that cover the cost delivered even when, for example, ways, accepting of people different Santa’s Big Five, Rudolph is displaying low self-efficacy from himself, and aesthetically about being able to pull the sleigh and inclined. Santa is obviously open Continued light his nose. It appears very unlikely enough to allow his shop to progress that you’d ever see Santa cry, become with the times, as is evident if one angry, or have an emotional compares toys received now vs. toys (Continued from page 24) breakdown. Instead, his jolly laughter received ten years ago; Santa stays negative affect or nervousness about ("ho, ho, ho!") is indicative of Santa’s current. In fact, one student mentioned anything. Several noted that a job of carefree, relaxed, happy-go-lucky that these days Santa’s even on the such magnitude combined with the attitude toward life. By all accounts web! Santa is also clearly open to doing unavoidable emphasis on children Santa handles holiday stress better than new things in new ways because he’s would require great emotional stability. most. willing to travel all around the world In fact, one judge expressed the opinion and see different people every year, so that “if Santa were high in Neuroticism, Openness he must encounter new things all the he would have cracked under the time. Santa is culturally aware enough immense pressure hundreds of years Finally, Santa scores high on to be able to understand many of the ago.” Instead, he doesn’t get too openness. Although every year it’s world’s children and their wishes, and worked up over small details; he has reindeer, sleigh, elves, and the whole to dress and behave in culturally the ability to take real problems in bit, the students were still inclined to appropriate ways. What’s more, as long stride. In the face of it all, Santa stays rate Santa high on openness because as children are “good,” Santa accepts calm and knows his toys will get he's open to doing new things in new (Continued on page 21) Page 26 DIALOGUE

self-regulation failure, including unwanted pregnancies, sexually Announcements transmitted diseases, failure to exercise, overeating and attendant obesity, New Volume On Negotiation and study of the topic, and his dynamic adultery, debt, excessive spending, Culture theory of thought systems integrates emotional outbursts, cigarette smoking, areas of attitude change, language, alcohol and drug use, crime and violence, The Handbook of Negotiation: Theoretical stereotyping, ideology, and political anxiety and anger management Advances and Cross-Cultural Perspectives psychology. McGuire's perspectivist problems, inadequate mood repair, Edited by Michele J. Gelfand and Jeanne meta-theory, which provides dozens of underachievement at work and school, M. Brett, 2004. Stanford University heuristics and guiding principles for procrastination, noncompliance with Press, 528 pages. creativity and the rigorous assessment of medical instructions, road rage, hypotheses, has shaped social cognition gambling, and many more. In the global marketplace, negotiation and its sub-fields. frequently occurs across cultural boundaries, yet negotiation theory has In this volume, a diverse group of The Handbook of Self Regulation traditionally been grounded in Western leading social psychologists explores Research is an invaluable resource for culture. This book, which provides an in- topics important to McGuire's work: the anyone interested in the vitally important depth review of the field of negotiation, concept of self, language and social dimension of human functioning. It expands current thinking to include cognition, political ideology, the history contains chapters written by nearly every cross-cultural perspectives. The content of social psychology, and contextualist major expert in the field and covers the of the book reflects the diversity of philosophy of science. Each chapter most innovative and up-to-the-minute negotiation—research-negotiator delivers a perspectivist analysis of the research findings. This volume includes cognition, motivation, emotion, questions central to the authors' own fundamental theories as well as practical communication, power and disputing, area of study. As a result, new and applications from many different intergroup relationships, third parties, emerging agendas for social cognition perspectives, including social, justice, technology, and social have emerged, united under the theme of personality, clinical, developmental, dilemmas—and provides new insight perspectivist methodology and the study cognitive, and consumer psychology. into negotiation theory, questioning of thought systems. Like McGuire's own Topics in this volume include the role of assumptions, expanding constructs, and work, chapters balance the scientific self-regulation in conscious and identifying limits not apparent when components of theory, methodology, nonconscious processes, working exclusively within one culture. and empirical data. neuropsychological and physiological markers of self-regulation, interpersonal The book is organized in three sections and social consequences of self- This provocative volume of essays and pairs chapters on negotiation theory regulation failure, the importance of illustrates the broad influence of with chapters on culture. The first planning and goal framing, the special McGuire's theories and methodologies section emphasizes psychological challenges of emotion control, the and will serve as an important catalyst processes: cognition, motivation, and interplay between self-perceptions and for future research in social cognition. emotion. The second section examines self-regulation, emergent research on The book may be ordered from APA at: the negotiation process. The third attention control, gender differences in http://www.apa.org/books/4316009.ht section emphasizes the social context of self-control, developmental trajectories ml negotiation. A final chapter synthesizes of self-regulatory abilities, and the main themes of the book to illustrate repercussions of impulse control failure how scholars and practitioners can Handbook of Self-Regulation for addiction, alcohol use, overeating, capitalize on the synergy between culture overspending, sexual misdeeds, and and negotiation research. other problematic behaviors. R.F. Baumeister & K.D. Vohs (Eds.) book To order, please visit the website Volume in honor of Bill McGuire (2004), Hand of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications. New York: http://www.guilford.com/paci/baumeis ter3.htm Perspectivism in Social Psychology : The Yin Guilford. and Yang of Scientific Progress Edited by John T. Jost, Mahzarin R. 50 years after Brown v. Board of Banaji, and Deborah A. Prentice, 2004, Self-regulation is crucial for helping Education conference Hardcover, 352 Pages people reach their goals, fulfill their potential, and live a healthy, well- William J. McGuire is considered one of adjusted life. Most of the social and Visit http://www.psych.ku.edu/Brown the pioneers of social cognition. His personal problems that afflict people for news about this conference. ■ work has helped unify the scientific today involve some form of failure at DIALOGUE Page 27 A Renaissance in Social Network Research

By Alan Reifman development of network research. development of group structure over time, is that of preferential attachment– It always seems amazing when a As noted above, the field of network new nodes in a network preferentially chance meeting with a stranger, say, on studies has now become highly link up with nodes that already have an airline flight leads to the discovery interdisciplinary. One specific example many connections. that we have a mutual friend with the of the value of this interdisciplinary other person. Linkages intrigue us in approach comes from a model With these new conceptualizations other ways, such as the popular movie developed by Watts of the spread of based on the physical sciences, of trivia game of “Six Degrees of Kevin ideas, products, etc. Social course, the traditional question of Bacon.” And, of course, the latest fad psychologists have long been interested social influence versus selection in drawing upon the organization of in the spread of behaviors via understanding the relations between people around websites and e-mail conformity, imitation, and persuasion. individuals and networks remains a distribution lists is that of “flash Watts’s model not only integrates vital area of research (Crandall, 1988, mobbing” (groups showing up in public sociological and social-psychological JPSP, on binge eating in sororities; venues to enact synchronized routines concepts such as network structure, Leonard & Mudar, 2003, Psychology of of – thus far – playful silliness). Just as people’s adoption thresholds, and Addictive Behaviors, on heavy drinking linkage, communication, and diffusion of innovation (Six Degrees, in young adults). synchronization can give pleasure, pp. 229-252). It also invokes the however, they can also give pain. concept of percolating clusters from At this point, some readers may have Disease epidemics (most recently physics (Six Degrees, pp. 183-187). seized upon another potential reason– SARS), power blackouts, computer beyond the infusion of fresh idea from viruses, and terrorist plots can also Barabási, has contributed a pair of physical science disciplines–for the unfold via network structures. important concepts. One is scale-free growing interest in networks. From the networks. When plotting the number of SARS situation that threatened the That, to one extent or another, we think people (or other entities) with a given 2003 APA convention in Toronto, to of these developments in a common number of links in a network, the August 14, 2003 power blackout framework probably owes to the recent researchers often find not a normal that many readers may have personally renaissance in social network research, (bell-shaped) distribution, but one in experienced, to various viruses and both in terms of scholarly inquiry and which the overwhelming majority of worms traversing the Internet, recent attention from the popular media. Not network members have very few links, topics implicating network research only have such recent books as Linked but a small number of members have have involved real-world phenomena by Notre Dame physicist Albert-László an amazingly large number of links. of wide interest to people. Barabási, Sync by Cornell University The so-called “Patient Zero” of the applied mathematician Steven Strogatz, AIDS epidemic, for example, was With vast amounts of data of all sorts and Six Degrees by Columbia estimated to have 2,500 sexual partners available on the Internet, such as the University mathematician-turned- (Linked, pp. 123-124). This pattern is Internet Movie Database (www.imdb.com) sociologist Duncan Watts graced the called scale-free because these which formed the basis for the “Oracle shelves of popular bookstores. The extremely well connected individuals of Bacon” (www.cs.virginia.edu/oracle/), we recent e-mail-based replication study are essentially “off the scale.” Such should expect tremendous growth in by Watts and colleagues of Stanley individuals can be referred to as hubs, the number of creative, sophisticated Milgram’s original small-world study connectors (from Gladwell’s The network studies. I invite everyone to has (at this writing) received coverage Tipping Point), or super-spreaders (a visit my SPIDER website (Social by close to 40 major media outlets term used in media coverage of SARS). Psychology of Information Diffusion – (http://smallworld.columbia.edu/press.html). In studying the spreading popularity of Educational Resources, country singer Pat Green and rapper http://www.hs.ttu.edu/hd3317/spider.htm) Social psychologists were among the “50 Cent,” my students and I found that for further exploration of these topics. earliest major contributors to social most of the surveyed fans of these INSNA, the International Network for network research. Stanley Wasserman artists had told relatively few other Social Network Analysis and Katherine Faust’s (1994) 750-page people about their preferred artist, but a (http://www.sfu.ca/~insna/) is a treatise, Social Network Analysis, cites few fans had told 50, 100, or more professional society focusing on this work from the 1940s and ’50s by Fritz people (Reifman, Lee, & Apparala, area of inquiry. This group has an Heider, Leon Festinger, and Dorwin 2004, SPSP Conference). A second active listserv discussion group called “Doc” Cartwright as part of the idea from Barabási, has implications SOCNET. ■ for social psychologists’ interest in PageVolume 28 19, No. 1 DIALOGUE Dialogue — Spring, 2004

Published at: SPSP Officers and Committee Members, 2003 Department of Psychology Hazel Markus* President University of Kansas Margaret Clark* President-Elect Lawrence, KS 66045 Jim Blascovich* Past President Harry Reis Executive Officer Phone: 785-864-9807 Fax: 785-864-5696 David Dunning Executive Officer-Elect Email: [email protected] or Tim Wilson* Secretary-Treasurer [email protected] Fred Rhodewalt Editor, PSPB Eliot Smith Editor, PSPR News of the Society Since 1986 Chris Crandall Co-Editor, Dialogue Monica Biernat Co-Editor, Dialogue (Continued from page 23) Lynne Cooper Convention Committee, Chair Steve Harkins Convention Committee and prevalence of evil in our age. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Tim Strauman Convention Committee Dolinski, D, Cisek, M., Godlewski, K., and David Funder SPSP Program Committee Zawdzki, M. (2002). Fear-then-relief, Batja Mesquita APA Program Committee, Chair mindlessness, and cognitive deficits. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 434-447. Ann Bettencourt Diversity Committee Galtung, J. (1980). The true worlds. A Greg Herek Diversity Committee transnational perspective. New York: Free Press. Lloyd Sloan Diversity Committee Golopentia, A. (2001). Ultima carte. Text Rick Robins Publication Committee integral al declaratiilor in ancheta ale lui Anton Golopentia aflate in Arhivele SRI. Volum editat, cu Gifford Weary Publication Committee introducere si Anexa e Dr. Sanda Golopentia (the Joanne Wood Publication Committee daughter of the prisoner). Bucuresti: Editura Allen Omoto Training Committee, Chair Enciclopedica. Haslam, S.A., Reicher, S. (2003). Beyond Yuichi Shoda Training Committee Stanford: Questioning a role-based Steve Drigotas Training Committee explanation of tyranny. Dialogue, 18(1) 22-25. Judy Harackiewicz Fellows Committee Makarenko, A.S. (1929/1973). The road to David Dunning* Member at Large life. An epic in education. Translation with an introduction by P.Lichtenberg. New York: Nalini Ambady* Member at Large Oriole Editions. Judy Harackiewicz* Member at Large Mamali, C. (1998). The Gandhian mode of Ed Diener* APA Council Rep/Member at Large becoming. Ahemdabad: Gujarat Vidyapith, Peace Research Center. June Tangney* APA Council Rep/Member at Large Tajfel, H. and Turner, J. C. (1979). An Gina Reisinger-Verdin Office Manager integrative theory of intergoup conflict. In W. *Denotes voting member of the SPSP Executive Committee G.Austin and S.Worchel (Eds.) The social psychology of intergoup relations (pp.33-47). Dialogue Mission Statement Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. The editors of Dialogue are always Zimbardo, P. (1969). The human choice: Dialogue is the official newsletter of the Society individuation, reason, and order versus interested in article submissions from the for Personality and Social Psychology. It ap- deindividuation, impulse, and chaos pp. 237- readership. We are particularly interested pears twice every year, in the spring and fall. in reports covering meta-theoretical issues. Its intended readership is members of the Soci- 307). In W.Arnold and D. Levine (Eds.) ety. The purpose of Dialogue is to report news Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 17. Lincon, Do you have ideas or suggestions? Contact us about articles you’d like to see of the Society, stimulate debate on issues, and NE: University of Nebraska Press. generally inform and occasionally entertain. Zimbardo, P. (1971). The psychological (or write!) Dialogue publishes summaries about meetings power and the pathology of imprisonment. of the Society’s executive committee and sub- Statement prepared for the US House of committees, as well as announcements, opinion Representatives Committee, No. 3: Hearings on pieces, letters to the editor, humor, and other articles of general interest to personality and Prison Reform. San Francisco, CA social psychologists. The Editors seek to publish Zimbardo, P., Maslach, C., Haney, C. all relevant and appropriate contributions, (1999). Reflections on the Stanford Prison although the Editors reserve the right to deter- Experiment: Genesis, transformations, Society forPersonality and mine publishability. Content may be solicited consequences. (pp. 193-237). In T. Blass Social Psychology by the Editors or offered, unsolicited, by mem- (Ed.) Obedience to authority: Current perspectives on bers. News of the Society and Committee Re- Visit us at www.spsp.org the Milgram paradigm Mahwah, N J: Erlbaum ports are reviewed for accuracy and content by ■ officers or committee chairs of SPSP. All other content is reviewed at the discretion of the Editors.