Technical Education & Research Institute

“Factorial study for consumer preference for Laser printer In Ghazipur City”

Survey Project Report Submitted to

VEER BAHADUR SINGH PURVANCHAL UNIVERSITY, JAUNPUR In Partial Fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Submitted By- Under the Supervision of Pooja Rai Mrs. Fati shaffat BBA IV Semester (Assistant Professor) Roll No. -5460043

2013 Technical Education & Research Institute,

Post-Graduate College, Ravindrapuri

Ghazipur (U.P.) Pin-233001 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Pooja Rai pursuing BBA 4th Semester from this Institute has prepared the Research project report entitled “Factorial study for consumer preference for Laser printer In Ghazipur City” in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Business Administration from V.B.S.

Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, for the session of 2013-14.

This report is based on bonafied research undertaken by Pooja Rai under my supervision during the course of fourth semester and fulfills the requirements of regulations relating to the nature and standard of B.B.A. course of V.B.S. Purvanchal

University.

I recommend that this research project report may be sent for evaluation.

Rahul Anand Singh Mrs. Fati Shaffat Associate Professor & Head, Assistant Professor,

Dept. of Business Administration Dept. of Business Administration

DECLARATION

I Pooja Rai, hereby declare that this research project report entitled “Factorial study for consumer preference for Laser printer In Ghazipur City” has been prepared by me on the basis of survey done the course of my fourth semester of BBA proramme under the supervision of Mrs. Fati Shaffat, T.E.R.I., P. G. College affiliated to

Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University.

This research project report is my bona fide work and has not been submitted in any university or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma prior to the under mentioned date. I bear the entire responsibility of submission of this project report.

10th May 2013 Pooja Rai BBA IV Semester

Department of Business Administration

Technical Education & Research Institute P.G. College Ghazipur

INDEX OF CONTENTS

 Preface

 Acknowledgement

CHAPTER -1

 Introduction to the topic

 Objective

 Importance

 Scope

CHAPTER-2

 Research Methodology

CHAPTER-3

 Data Analysis & Interpretation

CHAPTER-4

 Finding & Recommendations

CHAPTER-5

 Conclusion

 Limitation

 Annexure ( Questionnaires )

 Bibliography

PREFACE

The first real insight of an organization for management student comes only during his preparation of project work because student first interacts with real practical work. This is first introduction to industry and its working. This project work synthesize the theoretical concept learn in the class room and its practical orientation in organization.

In my project I have studied the “Factorial study for consumer preference for

Laser printer In Ghazipur City”.

The First chapter deals with the introduction of the topic, It also describes the profile and history of Cosmetic Industry.

In first chapter I have mentioned institute. This chapter also describes the organizational structure of both the organization. The objective and need of research is also mentioned in section of project work.

The Second chapter deals with research methodology. The process of carrying out the whole research problem is defined in it. It contains information about the objectives of the research, methods of data collection, sampling and sample design.

Third chapter is data analysis and interpretation. This is the most important section of the project work. This section contains the analysis of all the data collected so far and they are interpreted to produce the final conclusion. It contains all the tables and charts which depicts the result. Chapter four contains the finding and recommendation of the research. This is based on the data analyzed and interpreted in the previous chapter. This is the most important section of the research report for a report is evaluated on the validity ad correctness of findings.

Chapter five depicted conclusion which concludes the whole report, that is, gives a brief description of the process employed so far. And later chapters contain bibliography. Which describes the list of sources from where the matter and information is collected? It contains the list of books, authors, web sites use etc.

Pooja Rai B.B.A. IV Sem.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Many thanks to the God, who has sent me on this earth and by mercy of him, I would be able to accomplish this research.

A person who has always encouraged me towards positive and used to say

“Nothing can be impossible if you are working hard with heart and soul.” The Word regard is very small for him and I don’t know what word will be appropriate for him, that person is my elder Brother Mr. Anand Kashyap

I express my deep sense of gratitude and regards to Mrs. Neetu Singh (Lecturer,

Dept. of management studies, T.E.R.I., P.G. College affiliated to Veer Bahadur

Singh Purvanchal University) under whose guidance I completed this project, I am thankful to her valuable guidance, gentle encouragement and pains she took in guiding me throughout the study.

Some of my Friend, Simmi and Sweta whose suggestion for „what is Right or

Wrong‟ has shown my aim and objectives of life.

Again, I heartily express my regard to all the above person mentioned and pray to the God „May live them long‟.

Rohit Kumar Yadav

BBA 4th Sem.

CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

A laser is a device that emits light (electromagnetic radiation) through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The emitted laser light is notable for its high degree of spatial and temporal coherence, unattainable using other technologies?

Laser printing is an electrostatic digital printing process that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics by passing a laser beam over a charged drum to define a differentially charged image. The drum then selectively collects charged toner and transfers the image to paper, which is then heated to permanently fix the image. As with digital photocopiers and multifunction printers (MFPs), laser printers employ a xerographic printing process, but differ from analog photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of the medium across the printer's photoreceptor. Hence, it proves to be a much faster process compared to the latter.

Emition of light-

This emitted energy comes in the form of photons (light energy). The photon emitted has a very specific wavelength (color) that depends on the state of the electron's energy when the photon is released. Two identical atoms with electrons in identical states will release photons with identical wavelengths.

HISTORY OF LESAR PRINTER

In the 1960s, the American Xerox Corporation held a dominant position in the copier market. In

1969, Gary Stark weather, who worked at Xerox in product development, had the idea of using a laser to draw an image directly onto the copier drum. After transferring to the recently formed Palo Alto Research Center (Xerox PARC) in 1971, Stark weather adapted a Xerox 7000 copier to create SLOT (Scanned Laser Output Terminal). The following year, he worked with Butler Lampson and Ronald Rider to add a control system and character generator resulting in a printer called EARS (Ethernet, Alto Research character generator, Scanned laser output terminal) which later became the Xerox 9700 laser printer.

The first commercial implementation of a laser printer was the IBM 3800 in 1976. It was designed for data centers where it replaced line printers attached to mainframe computers. The

3800 was used for high-volume printing on continuous stationery and achieved speeds of

215 pages per minute (ppm) at a resolution of 240 dots per inch (dpi). Over 8,000 were sold.[4]

The Xerox 9700 was brought to market in 1977. Unlike the 3800, it was not targeted to replace any particular existing printers, but it did have limited support for the loading of fonts. It excelled at printing high-value documents on cut-sheet paper with varying content such as insurance policies. The first laser printer designed for use in an office setting was released with the Xerox

Star 8010 in 1981. The system used a desktop metaphor that was not surpassed in a commercially successful product until the Apple Macintosh. Although it was innovative, the Star workstation was an expensive (US$17,000) system that was purchased by only a few businesses and institutions. After personal became more widespread, the first laser printer intended for a mass market was the HP LaserJet, released in 1984, using a Canon engine controlled by HP software. The LaserJet was quickly followed by printers from Brother Industries, IBM and others. First-generation machines had large photosensitive drums, of circumference greater than the paper length. Once faster-recovery coatings were developed, the drums could touch the paper multiple times in a pass, and could therefore be smaller in diameter.In 1985, Apple

Computer introduced the Laser Writer which used the newly released PostScript page description language. Up until this point, each manufacturer used their own page description language, making the supporting software complex and expensive. PostScript allows the use of text, fonts, graphics, images, and color largely independent of the brand of the printer or its resolution.

PageMaker, written by Aldus for the Macintosh and LaserWriter, was also released in 1985 and the combination became very popular for desktop publishing.

Laser printers brought fast, high quality text printing with multiple fonts on a page to the business and consumer markets. No other commonly available printer could offer this combination of features.

PRINTING PROCESS

A laser beam, typically from an aluminium gallium arsenide semiconductor laser, projects an image of the page to be printed onto an electrically charged rotating drum coated with selenium or, more common in modern printers, organic photoconductors. Photoconductivity allows charge to leak away from the areas exposed to light. Powdered ink (toner) particles are then electro statically picked up by the drum's charged areas, which have not been exposed to the laser beam.

The drum then prints the image onto paper by direct contact and heat, which fuses the ink to the paper.

There are typically seven steps involved in the process:

Raster image processing The document to be printed is encoded in a page description language such as PostScript, Printer

Command Language (PCL), or Open XML Paper Specification (OpenXPS). The raster image processor converts the page description into a bitmap in the raster memory.

Each horizontal strip of dots across the page is known as a raster line or scan line. Memory requirements increase with the square of the dots per inch, so 600 dpi requires a minimum of 4 megabytes for monochrome, and 16 megabytes for color at 600 dpi. For fully graphical output using a page description language, a minimum of 1 megabyte of memory is needed to store an entire monochrome letter/A4 sized page of dots at 300 dpi. At 300 dpi, there are 90,000 dots per square inch (300 dots per linear inch). A typical 8.5 × 11 sheet of paper has 0.25-inch (6.4 mm) margins, reducing the printable area to 8.0 by 10.5 inches (200 mm × 270 mm), or 84 square inches. 84 sq/in × 90,000 dots per sq/in = 7,560,000 dots. 1 megabyte = 1,048,576 bytes, or

8,388,608 bits, which is just large enough to hold the entire page at 300 dpi, leaving about 100 kilobytes to spare for use by the raster image processor. 1200 DPI printers have been commonly available since 2008. 2400 DPI electro photographic printing plate makers, essentially laser printers that print on plastic sheets, are also available.

In a color printer, each of the four CYMK toner layers is stored as a separate bitmap, and all four layers are typically preprocessed before printing begins, so a minimum of 4 megabytes is needed for a full-color letter-size page at 300 dpi.

Charging-

In older printers, a corona wire positioned parallel to the drum, or in more recent printers, a primary charge roller, projects an electrostatic charge onto the photoreceptor (otherwise named the photo conductor unit), a revolving photosensitive drum or belt, which is capable of holding

an electrostatic charge on its surface while it is in the dark.

An AC bias is applied to the primary charge roller to remove any residual charges left by previous images. The roller will also apply a DC bias on the drum surface to ensure a uniform negative potential.

Numerous patents describe the photosensitive drum coating as a silicon sandwich with a photo charging layer, a charge leakage barrier layer, as well as a surface layer. One version uses amorphous silicon containing hydrogen as the light receiving layer, Boron nitride as a charge leakage barrier layer, as well as a surface layer of doped silicon, notably silicon with oxygen or nitrogen which at sufficient concentration resembles machining silicon nitride.

Exposing-

The laser is aimed at a rotating polygonal mirror, which directs the laser beam through a system of lenses and mirrors onto the photoreceptor. The cylinder continues to rotate during the sweep and the angle of sweep compensates for this motion. The stream of rasterized data held in memory turns the laser on and off to form the dots on the cylinder. Lasers are used because they generate a narrow beam over great distances. The laser beam neutralizes (or reverses) the charge on the black parts of the image, leaving a static electric negative image on the photoreceptor surface to lift the toner particles.

Some non-laser printers (LED printers) expose by an array of light emitting diodes spanning the width of the page, rather than by a laser ("exposing" is also known as "writing" in some documentation).

Developing-

The surface with the latent image is exposed to toner, fine particles of dry plastic powder mixed with carbon black or coloring agents. The toner particles are given a negative charge, and are electro statically attracted to the photoreceptor's latent image, the areas touched by the laser. Because like charges repel, the negatively charged toner will not touch the drum where the negative charge remains.

Transferring-

The photoreceptor is pressed or rolled over paper, transferring the image. Higher-end machines use a positively charged transfer roller on the back side of the paper to pull the toner from the photoreceptor to the paper.

Fusing-

The paper passes through rollers in the fuser assembly where heat of up to 200 °C (392 °F) and pressure bond the plastic powder to the paper.

One roller is usually a hollow tube (heat roller) and the other is a rubber backing roller (pressure roller). A radiant heat lamp is suspended in the center of the hollow tube, and its infrared energy uniformly heats the roller from the inside. For proper bonding of the toner, the fuser roller must be uniformly hot.

Some printers use a very thin flexible metal fuser roller, so there is less mass to be heated and the fuser can more quickly reach operating temperature. If paper moves through the fuser more slowly, there is more roller contact time for the toner to melt, and the fuser can operate at a lower temperature. Smaller, inexpensive laser printers typically print slowly, due to this energy-saving design, compared to large high speed printers where paper moves more rapidly through a high- temperature fuser with a very short contact time.

Available In Ghazipur City

A. Hp

B. Epson

C. Canon

D. Brother

CHAPTER - 3

Data Analysis

Interpretation

Q.1. Do you use Laser printer?

Particular No of respondent Percentage

Branded 100 100%

Non Branded 00 00%

Total 100 100%

Branded Non Branded

Analysis

It is found that 100 % customers use laser printer.

Interpretation

From the above analysis the researcher came to know that all of the persons use laser printer.

Q.2. If yes, which brand laser printer does you like most?

Particular No of respondent Percentage

Hp 32 32%

Epson 28 28%

Canon 20 20%

Brother 20 20%

Total 100 100%

35% 32%

30% 28%

25% 20% 20% 20%

15%

10%

0% Hp Epson Canon Brother

Analysis

It is found that 32 % customers like HP laser printer, 28 % customers like Epson laser printer,

20% customers like Canon laser printer and 20 % customers like Brother laser printer.

Interpretation

From the above analysis the researcher came to know that most of the persons like HP laser printer.

Q.3. Numbered these criteria according to your preference for purchasing the Laser printer, rate 1 for the most preferred and 8 for the least preferred?

Criteria Preference Rating

Price 4

Availability 2

Durability 3

Performance & Printing quality 1

Brand Name 6

Promotion 7

Advertisement 8

Replacement services & Warranty 2

Analysis

It is found that customers preference for purchasing the Laser printer 1 rated for Performance &

Printing quality 2 rated for Replacement services & Warranty 3 rated for Durability 4 rated for

Price 6 rated for Brand Name 7 rated for Promotion 8 rated for Advertisement

Interpretation

From the above analysis the researcher came to know that most of the persons preference for purchasing the Laser printer on the basis of Performance & Printing quality.

Q.3. Which Laser printer brand will you prefer most for printing quality?

Particular No of respondent Percentage

Hp 21 21%

Epson 20 20%

Canon 30 30%

Brother 29 29%

Total 100 100%

21% 29%

Hp Epson 20% Canon

30% Brother

Analysis

It is found that 21% customers prefer HP for printing quality, 20% customers prefer Epson for printing quality, 30% customers prefer Canon for printing quality, 29% customers prefer Brother for printing quality,

Interpretation

From the above analysis the researcher came to know that most of the persons prefer Canon for printing quality.

Q.5. Which Laser printer brand will you prefer for easy availability?

Particular No of respondent Percentage

Hp 39 39%

Epson 11 11%

Canon 31 31%

Brother 19 19%

Total 100 100%

45%

40% 39%

35% 31% 30%

25% 19% 20% 11% 15%

10%

0% Hp Epson Canon Brother

Analysis

It is found that 39% customers prefer HP prefer for easy availability, 11% customers prefer Epson for easy availability, 31% customers prefer Canon for easy availability, 19% customers prefer Brother for easy availability,

Interpretation

From the above analysis the researcher came to know that most of the persons prefer HP for easy availability.

Q.6. Which Laser printer brand will you prefer for replacement services?

Particular No of respondent Percentage

Hp 48 48%

Epson 22 22%

Canon 24 24%

Brother 14 14%

Total 100 100%

14%

48% 24% Hp Epson Canon 22% Brother

Analysis

It is found that 48% customers prefer HP prefer for replacement services, 22% customers prefer Epson for replacement services, 24% customers prefer Canon for replacement services, 14% customers prefer Brother for replacement services,

Interpretation

From the above analysis the researcher came to know that most of the persons prefer HP for replacement services.

Q.7. Which Laser printer brand will you prefer for suitable price?

Particular No of respondent Percentage

Hp 63 53

Epson 10 10%

Canon 17 17%

Brother 20 20%

Total 100 100%

70% 63% 60%

50%

40%

30% 20% 20% 17% 10% 10%

0% Hp Epson Canon Brother

Analysis

It is found that 63% customers prefer HP prefer for suitable price, 10% customers prefer Epson for suitable price, 17% customers prefer Canon for suitable price, 20% customers prefer Brother for suitable price,

Interpretation

From the above analysis the researcher came to know that most of the persons prefer HP for suitable price.

Q.8. Which Laser printer brand will you prefer for speed?

Particular No of respondent Percentage

Hp 40 40%

Epson 29 29%

Canon 11 11%

Brother 20 20%

Total 100 100%

45%

40% 40%

35%

30% 29%

25% 20% 20%

15% 11% 10%

0% Hp Epson Canon Brother

Analysis

It is found that 40% customers prefer HP prefer for speed, 29% customers prefer Epson for speed, 11% customers prefer Canon for speed, 20% customers prefer Brother for speed,

Interpretation

From the above analysis the researcher came to know that most of the persons prefer HP for speed.

Q.9. Which Company does offer more promotional schemes?

Particular No of respondent Percentage

Hp 48 48%

Epson 22 22%

Canon 11 11%

Brother 19 19%

Total 100 100%

19%

48% 11% Hp Epson Canon 22% Brother

Analysis

It is found that 48% customers says that HP offer more promotional schemes, 22% customers says that Epson offer more promotional schemes, 11% customers says that Canon offer more promotional schemes and 19% customers says that brother offer more promotional schemes.

Interpretation

From the above analysis the researcher came to know that most of the persons prefer HP offer more promotional schemes.

Q.10. Which Laser printer does provide better advertisement?

Particular No of respondent Percentage

Hp 73 73%

Epson 07 07%

Canon 08 08%

Brother 12 12%

Total 100 100%

Hp Epson Canon Brother

Analysis

It is found that 73% customers says that HP provide better advertisement, 7% customers says that

Epson provide better advertisement,8% customers says that Canon provide better advertisement and

12% customers says that brother provide better advertisement.

Interpretation

From the above analysis the researcher came to know that most of the persons prefer HP provide better advertisement.

Q.11. Which Laser printer brand will you prefer for minimum cost of printing?

Particular No of respondent Percentage

Hp 45 45%

Epson 32 32%

Canon 18 18%

Brother 05 05%

Total 100 100%

Hp Epson Canon Brother

Analysis

It is found that 458% customers says that HP prefer for minimum cost of printing, 32% customers says that Epson prefer for minimum cost of printing, 18% customers says that Canon prefer for minimum cost of printing and 5% customers says that brother prefer for minimum cost of printing.

Interpretation

From the above analysis the researcher came to know that most of the persons prefer HP prefer for minimum cost of printing.

Q.12. Which Laser printer brand will you prefer for warranty?

Particular No of respondent Percentage

Hp 41 41%

Epson 19 19%

Canon 18 18%

Brother 12 12%

Total 100 100%

45% 41% 40%

35%

30%

25% 19% 20% 18%

15% 12%

10%

0% Hp Epson Canon Brother

Analysis

It is found that 41% customers says that HP prefer for warranty, 19% customers says that Epson prefer for warranty, 18% customers says that Canon prefer for warranty and 12% customers says that brother prefer for warranty.

Interpretation

From the above analysis the researcher came to know that most of the persons prefer HP prefer for warranty.

Q.13. Are you satisfied with verities of laser printer brands present in the Ghazipur?

Particular No of respondent Percentage

Yes 74 74%

No 26 26%

Total 100 100%

26%

Yes No 74%

Analysis

It is found that 74% customers says yes that they satisfied with verities of laser printer brands present in the Ghazipur and 26% says no that they don’t satisfied with verities of laser printer brands present in the Ghazipur.

Interpretation

From the above analysis the researcher came to know that most of the persons satisfied with verities of laser printer brands present in the Ghazipur.

QUESTIONNAIRE DEAR RESPONDENT,

Myself Pooja Rai Pursuing B.B.A at T.E.R.I. P.G. GHAZIPUR. I seek your responses and kind co-operation for the purpose of successful of my survey project report.

THANK YOU Pooja Rai B.B.A.4th sem T.E.R.I. P. G. College Ghazipur

Name:……………………………………………………………………………………………...

Age:…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Address:……………………………………………………………………………………………

Gender:…………………………………………………………………………………………….

Occupation:………………………………………………………………………………………..

Q.1. Do you use Laser printer?

(a) Yes ( ) (b) No ( )

Q.2. If yes, Which brand laser printer do you like most?

(a) Hp ( ) (b) Epson ( )

Q.3. Numbered these criteria according to your preference for purchasing the Laser printer, rate 1 for the most preferred and 8 for the least preferred?

Criteria Preference Rating

Price

Availability

Durability

Performance & Printing quality

Brand Name Promotion

Replacement services & Warranty

Q.3. Which Laser printer brand will you prefer most for printing quality?

(a) Hp ( ) (b) Epson ( )

Q.5. Which Laser printer brand will you prefer for easy availability?

(a) Hp ( ) (b) Epson ( )

Q.6. Which Laser printer brand will you prefer for replacement services?

(a) Hp ( ) (b) Epson ( )

Q.7. Which Laser printer brand will you prefer for suitable price?

(a) Hp ( ) (b) Epson ( )

Q.8. Which Laser printer brand will you prefer for speed?

(a) Hp ( ) (b) Epson ( )

Q.9. Which Company does offer more promotional schemes?

(a) Hp ( ) (b) Epson ( )

Q.10. Which Laser printer does provide better advertisement?

(a) Hp ( ) (b) Epson ( )

Q.11. Which Laser printer brand will you prefer for minimum cost of printing? (a) Hp ( ) (b) Epson ( )

Q.12. Which Laser printer brand will you prefer for warranty?

(a) Hp ( ) (b) Epson ( )

Q.13. Are you satisfied with verities of laser printer brands present in the Ghazipur?

(a) Yes ( ) (b) No ( )

Q.14 Give Comments for your brand.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………