DOCSLIB.ORG

Terephthalic Acid & Dimethyl Terephthalate

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Terephthalic Acid & Dimethyl Terephthalate Report No. 9-A TEREPHTHALICACID AND DIMETHYLTEREPHTHALATE SUPPLEMENT A by LLOYD M. ELKIN m . contributions by SHIGEYOSHI TAKAOKA January 1967 A private report by the l PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA I CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION. ........................ 1 II SUMMARY ........................... 3 III INDUSTRY STATUS . 9 IV CHEMISTRY . 15 Ammoxidation of p-Xylene . 15 Terephthalic Acid by Bromine-Promoted Catalytic Air Oxidation ofp-Xylene......................... 17 Terephthalic Acid by Catalytic Oxidation of p-Xylene in the Presence of Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) Activator , . 18 Terephthalic Acid by Nitric Acid Oxidation of p-Xylene . 19 Terephthalic Acid from Phthalic Anhydride . 19 Dimethyl Terephthalate from p-Xylene by Successive Oxidations and Esterifications . 20 V BIS(B-HYDROXYETHYL) TEREPHTHALATE FROM TEREPHTHALONITRILE MADE BY AMMOXIDATION OF P-XYLENE ................. 23 Review of Processes ..................... 23 Crude Terephthalonitrile Production and Purification .... 23 Ammonia Recovery ...................... 27 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate Production and Purification ....................... 27 Process Description ..................... 29 Process Discussion ..... ; ................ 51 Crude Terephthalonitrile Production ............ 51 Ammonia Recovery ...................... 52 Terephthalonitrile Purification .............. 52 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate Production ........ 52 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate Purification ....... 53 Ethylene Glycol Recovery .................. 54 Capital Cost ......................... 54 Production Cost ....................... 54 Analysis of Effects of Process Changes on Costs ....... 61 Other Processes for Producing Terephthalonitrile ....... 67 Ammoxidation of Divinyl Benzene .............. 67 Reaction of Benzene with Cyanogen ............. 68 Reaction of p-Xylene with NO ................ 68 Reaction of p-Xylene, Sulfur, and Ammonia ......... 69 iii CONTENTS V (continued) Liquid Phase Ammoxidation ................. 70 Reaction of Benzonitrile with HCN ............. 71 Intermolecular Rearrangement of Benzonitrile ........ 72 0 Reaction of N-alkyl Substituted Aromatic Amines with NO . 72 Miscellaneous Patents Concerning Terephthalonitrile .... 73 VI GENERAL REVIEW OF PROCESSES AND DISCUSSION OF POSSIBLE CHANGES IN THE DESIGNS PRESENTED IN THE ORIGINAL REPORT ....... 75 Purification of Terephthalic Acid and Dimethyl Terephthalate . 75 Changes in Original Design .................. 81 Terephthalic Acid by Bromine-Promoted Catalytic Air Oxidation ofp-Xylene ......................... 82 Changes in Original Design .................. 82 Terephthalic Acid by Catalytic Oxidation of p-Xylene in the Presence of Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) Activator ....... 82 Changes in Original Design .................. 83 0 Terephthalic Acid from Phthalic Anhydride .......... 87 Changes in Original Design .................. 88 Terephthalic Acid by Nitric Acid Oxidation of p-Xylene .... 92 Changes in Original Design .................. 92 Dimethyl Terephthalate by Esterification of Terephthalic Acid ............................ 92 Changes in Original Design .................. 93 Dimethyl Terephthalate by Successive Oxidations and Esterifications ....................... 94 Changes in Original Design .................. 94 APPENDIX A DESIGN AND COST BASIS ................. 97 APPENDIX B PHYSICALDATA ..................... 103 a APPENDIX C HANDLINGANDSAFETY .................. 107 CITEDREFERENCES .......................... 113 0 SUPPLEMENTARYREFERENCES. ..................... 121 ERRATATOPEPREPORTNO.9 ..................... 129 iv ILLUSTRATIONS 1 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate from Terephthalonitrile Made by the Ammoxidation of p-Xylene ............. 33 2 Alternate Route, MEX Activator Process ............ 85 3 Modified Route to TPA via Phthalic Anhydride ......... 89 4 Terephthalonitrile, Vapor Pressure versus $ ......... 106 V TABLES 1 Summary of Process Evaluated (Base Case Design) . 5 2 Plant Capacities--Japan . 11 3 Production of Terephthalonitrile by Ammoxidation of p-Xylene Review of Processes . 25 4 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate from Terephthalonitrile Made by the Ammoxidation of p-Xylene Major Process Equipment List . 30 5 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate from Terephthalonitrile Made by the Ammoxidation of p-Xylene Stream Flows . 39 6 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate from Terephthalonitrile Made by Ammoxidation of p-Xylene Utilities Summary . 45 7 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate from Terephthalonitrile Made by Ammoxidation of p-Xylene Process Unit and Utilities Investment . 55 8 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate from Terephthalonitrile Made by the Ammoxidation of p-Xylene Total Capital Investment . 57 9 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate from Terephthalonitrile Made by Ammoxidation of p-Xylene Production Costs . 59 10 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate from Terephthalonitrile Made by Ammoxidation of p-,Xylene Effects of Process Changes on Cost . 63 11 Purification of Terephthalic Acid and Dimethyl Terephthalate Review of Processes . 77 vii .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Terephthalic Acid and Dimethyl Terephthalate Supplement B
    Report No. 9B TEREPHTHALIC ACID AND DIMETHYL TEREPHTHALATE SUPPLEMENT B by LLOYD M. ELKIN With contributions by Shigeyoshi Takaoka Kohsuke Ohta September 1970 e A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA e I CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 2 SUMMARY........................... 3 3 INDUSTRY STATUS . 13 4 CHEMISTRY......................... 23 Terephthalic Acid from p-Xylene by Liquid Phase Oxidation in the Presence of Large Amounts of Catalyst . 23 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Terephthalate from Ethylene Oxide and Terephthalic Acid . , . , . 25 Ammoxidation of p-Xylene . 26 dlycolysis of Terephthalonitrile . 28 Terephthalic Acid by Bromine-Promoted Catalytic Oxidation of p-Xylene ., . 30 Terephthalic Acid by Catalytic Oxidation of p-Xylene in the Presence of Methyl Ethyl Ketone Activator . 32 Terephthalic Acid by Nitric Acid Oxidation of p-Xylene . 32 Terephthalic Acid from Phthalic Anhydride . 33 5 REVIEW OF PATENTS . , . 37 Terephthalic Acid by Bromine-Promoted Catalytic Air Oxidation of p-Xylene . , . 37 Terephthalic Acid by Catalytic Oxidation of p-Xylene in the Presence of Activators . 38 Dimethyl Terephthalate from p-Xylene by Successive Oxidations and Esterifications . , . 39 Terephthalic Acid by Nitric Acid Oxidation of p-Xylene . 40 Terephthalic Acid from p-Xylene by Liquid Phase Oxidation in the Presence of Large Amounts of Catalyst . , . 40 Terephthalic Acid from p-Xylene by Other Oxidation Processes . , . , 42 Terephthalic Acid from Phthalic Anhydride or Benzoic Acid . 42 Terephthalonitrile, Preparation and Purification . 42 Dimethyl Terephthalate by Esterification of Terephthalic Acid.......................... 43 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Terephthalate from Terephthalic Acid and Ethylene Oxide or from Terephthalonitrile . 44 Purification of Terephthalic Acid . 44 Miscellaneous . 45 CONTENTS 6 TEREPHTHALIC ACID FROM p-XYLENE BY LIQUID PHASE OXIDATION IN THE PRESENCE OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF CATALYST , , .
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Polyesters by the Reaction of Dicarboxylic Acids with Alkyl Dihalides Using the DBU Method
    Polymer Journal, Vol. 22, No. 12, pp 1043-1050 (1990) Synthesis of Polyesters by the Reaction of Dicarboxylic Acids with Alkyl Dihalides Using the DBU Method Tadatomi NISHIKUBO* and Kazuhiro OZAKI Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221, Japan (Received July 6, 1990) ABSTRACT: Some polyesters with moderate viscosity were synthesized by reactions of dicarboxylic acids with alkyl dihalides using 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-7-undecene (DBU) in aprotic polar solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) under relatively mild conditions. The viscosity and yield of the resulting polymer increased with increasing monomer concentration. Although polymers with relatively high viscosity were obtained when the reaction with p-xylylene dichloride was carried out at 70°C in DMSO, the viscosity of the resulting polymers decreased with increasing reaction temperature when the reaction with m-xylylene dibromide was carried out in DMSO. KEY WORDS Polyester Synthesis/ Dicarboxylic Acids/ Alkyl Dihalides / DBU Method / Mild Reaction Condition / Although poly(ethylene terephthalate) is favorable method for the synthesis of polyes­ synthesized industrially by transesterification ters because the preparation and purification between dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene of the activated. dicarboxylic acids is un­ glycol at relatively high temperatures using necessary. certain catalysts, many polyesters are usually Some polyesters have also been prepared8 prepared by the polycondensation of dicarbox­ by reactions between alkali metal salts of ylic-acid chlorides with difunctional alcohols dicarboxylic-acids and aliphatic dibromides or phenols. These reactions are carried out using phase transfer catalysis (PTC)s, which is under relatively mild conditions; however, the a very convenient method for chemical activated dicarboxylic-acid chlorides must be modification, especially esterification9 or ether­ prepared and purified before the reaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Liquid Phase Oxidation of P-Xylene to Terephthalic Acid at Medium-High Temperatures: Multiple Benefits of CO2-Expanded Liquids
    View Article Online / Journal Homepage / Table of Contents for this issue PAPER www.rsc.org/greenchem | Green Chemistry Liquid phase oxidation of p-xylene to terephthalic acid at medium-high temperatures: multiple benefits of CO2-expanded liquids Xiaobin Zuo,a,b Fenghui Niu,a Kirk Snavely,a,c Bala Subramaniam*a,c and Daryle H. Busch*a,b Received 29th September 2009, Accepted 18th November 2009 First published as an Advance Article on the web 15th January 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b920262e The Co/Mn/Br catalyzed oxidation of p-xylene to terephthalic acid (TPA) is demonstrated in CO2-expanded solvents at temperatures lower than those of the traditional Mid-Century (MC) process. As compared with the traditional air (N2/O2) oxidation system, the reaction with CO2/O2 ◦ mixture at 160 C and using an additional inert gas (N2 or CO2) pressure of 100 bar increases both the yield of TPA and the purity of solid TPA via a more efficient conversion of the intermediates, 4-carboxybenzaldehyde and p-toluic acid. At the same time, the amount of yellow colored by-products in the solid TPA product is also lessened, as determined by spectroscopic analysis. Equally important, the decomposition or burning of the solvent, acetic acid, monitored in terms of the yield of the gaseous products, CO and CO2, is reduced by ca.20%basedonlabeledCO2 experiments. These findings broaden the versatility of this new class of reaction media in homogeneous catalytic oxidations by maximizing the utilization of feedstock carbon for desired products while simultaneously reducing carbon emissions. 1. Introduction limited by the even harsher reaction conditions (T = 300–400 ◦C, P > 200 bar).
    [Show full text]
  • Polymer Exemption Guidance Manual POLYMER EXEMPTION GUIDANCE MANUAL
    United States Office of Pollution EPA 744-B-97-001 Environmental Protection Prevention and Toxics June 1997 Agency (7406) Polymer Exemption Guidance Manual POLYMER EXEMPTION GUIDANCE MANUAL 5/22/97 A technical manual to accompany, but not supersede the "Premanufacture Notification Exemptions; Revisions of Exemptions for Polymers; Final Rule" found at 40 CFR Part 723, (60) FR 16316-16336, published Wednesday, March 29, 1995 Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460-0001 Copies of this document are available through the TSCA Assistance Information Service at (202) 554-1404 or by faxing requests to (202) 554-5603. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF EQUATIONS............................ ii LIST OF FIGURES............................. ii LIST OF TABLES ............................. ii 1. INTRODUCTION ............................ 1 2. HISTORY............................... 2 3. DEFINITIONS............................. 3 4. ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS ...................... 4 4.1. MEETING THE DEFINITION OF A POLYMER AT 40 CFR §723.250(b)... 5 4.2. SUBSTANCES EXCLUDED FROM THE EXEMPTION AT 40 CFR §723.250(d) . 7 4.2.1. EXCLUSIONS FOR CATIONIC AND POTENTIALLY CATIONIC POLYMERS ....................... 8 4.2.1.1. CATIONIC POLYMERS NOT EXCLUDED FROM EXEMPTION 8 4.2.2. EXCLUSIONS FOR ELEMENTAL CRITERIA........... 9 4.2.3. EXCLUSIONS FOR DEGRADABLE OR UNSTABLE POLYMERS .... 9 4.2.4. EXCLUSIONS BY REACTANTS................ 9 4.2.5. EXCLUSIONS FOR WATER-ABSORBING POLYMERS........ 10 4.3. CATEGORIES WHICH ARE NO LONGER EXCLUDED FROM EXEMPTION .... 10 4.4. MEETING EXEMPTION CRITERIA AT 40 CFR §723.250(e) ....... 10 4.4.1. THE (e)(1) EXEMPTION CRITERIA............. 10 4.4.1.1. LOW-CONCERN FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND THE (e)(1) EXEMPTION.................
    [Show full text]
  • Aging Behavior and Modeling Studies of Unsaturated Polyester Resin and Unsaturated Polyester Resin-Based Blends Emmanuel Richaud, Jacques Verdu
    Aging behavior and modeling studies of unsaturated polyester resin and unsaturated polyester resin-based blends Emmanuel Richaud, Jacques Verdu To cite this version: Emmanuel Richaud, Jacques Verdu. Aging behavior and modeling studies of unsaturated polyester resin and unsaturated polyester resin-based blends. Unsaturated Polyester Resins : Fundamentals, Design, Fabrication, and Applications, Elsevier, pp.199-231, 2019, 978-012816129-6. 10.1016/B978- 0-12-816129-6.00009-0. hal-02568819 HAL Id: hal-02568819 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02568819 Submitted on 10 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AGING BEHAVIOR AND MODELING STUDIES OF UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESIN AND UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESIN-BASED BLENDS Emmanuel Richaud and Jacques Verdu PIMM, UMR 8006, ENSAM À CNRS À CNAM, HESAM Universite,´ Paris, France 9.1 INTRODUCTION Unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) are usually obtained from a prepolymer being a condensation product of unsaturated anhydride (or diacid) and a diol. This highly viscous liquid is dissolved in a reactive low viscosity solvent, commonly styrene (or sometimes methyl methacrylate). The curing is initiated by peroxide and metallic salt catalyst of the peroxide decomposition often called “accelerator”.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on the Structure Activity Relationship of the Crystal MOF-5 Synthesis, Thermal Stability and N2 Adsorption Property
    High Temp. Mater. Proc. 2020; 39:171–177 Research Article Sheng Wang*, Xianfei Xie, Wenke Xia, Jiaming Cui, Shengquan Zhang, and Xueyan Du Study on the structure activity relationship of the crystal MOF-5 synthesis, thermal stability and N2 adsorption property https://doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2020-0034 storage, chemical sensing, sensors, battery, catalysis, light Received Oct 13, 2018; accepted Mar 04, 2019 to electrical energy conversion, membrane, and even drug delivery due to their unsurpassed porosities, well-defined Abstract: The parallel flow drop solvothermal method was pore structures, high specific surface area, pore volume, utilized to synthesize the crystal of MOF-5 by taking the mo- designable and flexible structure, and strong physical- lar ratio of the metal ions to the organic ligands of 2:1 at chemical stability [1–3]. One of the most widely researched 140∘C, and the reaction time at 12 hours. Meanwhile, the MOFs materials is MOF-5, which has high gas selectiv- structure and properties of MOF-5 were characterized by ity and capacity [4]. MOF-5, namely [Zn O(BDC) ], is a the X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope 4 3 three-dimensional cubic porous framework with [Zn O]6+ (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and fourier trans- 4 clusters linked together through 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate form infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). SEM analysis shown (BDC2−) ligands [5]. Therefore, this specific structure that the crystal morphology of MOF-5 changed from sheet makes MOF-5 large surface area and exceptional pore vol- to cubic with increasing reaction temperature and molar ume. It has rapidly developed as a hotspot in the crossing ratio of the metal ions to the organic ligands, and its ther- fields of energy, chemistry, materials and life science [6].
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis and Characterization of Amorphous Cycloaliphatic Copolyesters with Novel Structures and Architectures
    Synthesis and Characterization of Amorphous Cycloaliphatic Copolyesters with Novel Structures and Architectures Yanchun Liu Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Chemistry S. Richard Turner, Committee Chair Timothy E. Long Paul A. Deck Herve Marand Judy S. Riffle March 22, 2012 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: amorphous copolyesters, cycloaliphatic monomers, melt-phase polymerization, glass transition temperature, structure-property relationship Copyright @ 2012 by Yanchun Liu Synthesis and Characterization of Amorphous Cycloaliphatic Copolyesters with Novel Structures and Architectures Yanchun Liu ABSTRACT A series of random and amorphous copolyesters containing different cycloaliphatic rings within the polymer chains were prepared by melt polycondensaton of difunctional monomers (diesters and diols) in the presence of a catalyst. These polyesters were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile tests and/or dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The copolyester based on dimethyl bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-dicarboxylate (DMCD-2) was observed to have a higher Tg, about 115 ºC, than the other copolyesters with the same compositions in this study. For copolyesters containing different compositions of dimethyl-1,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylate (DMCD) and DMCD-2, the Tg increased linearly with the increase of DMCD-2 mole content. DMA showed that all of the cycloaliphatic copolyesters had secondary relaxations, resulting from conformational transitions of the cyclohexylene rings. The polyester based on DMCD-3 in the hydrolytic tests underwent the fastest hydrolytic degradation among these samples. A new triptycene diol (TD) was synthesized and incorporated into a series of cycloaliphatic copolyester backbones by melt condensation polymerization.
    [Show full text]
  • TR-121: Dimethyl Terephthalate (CASRN 120-61-6)
    National Cancer Institute CARCINOGENESIS Technical Report Series NO. 121 1979 BIOASSAY OF DIMETHYL TEREPHTHALATE FOR POSSIBLE CARCINOGEN ICITY CAS No. 120-61-6 NCI-CG-TR-121 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service National Institutes of Health BIOASSAY OF DIMETHYL TEREPHTHALATE FOR POSSIBLE CARCINOGENICITY Carcinogenesis Testing Program Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20205 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service National Institutes of Health NIH Publication No. 79-1376 BIOASSAY OF DIMETHYL TEREPHTHALATE FOR POSSIBLE CARCINOGENICITY Carcinogenesis Testing Program Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health FOREWORD! This report presents the results of the bioassay of dimethyl terephthalate conducted for the Carcinogenesis Testing Program, Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. This is one of a series of experiments designed to determine whether selected chemicals have the capacity to produce cancer in animals. A negative result, in which the test animals do not have a greater incidence of cancer than control animals, does not necessarily mean that the test chemical is not a carcinogen, inasmuch as the experi­ ments are conducted under a limited set of circumstances. A positive result demonstrates that the test chemical is carcinogenic for animals under the conditions of the test and indicates that exposure to the chemical is a potential risk to man. The actual determination of the risk to man from chemicals found to be carcinogenic in animals requires a wider analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • AP-42, CH 6.11: Terephthalic Acid
    6.11 Terephthalic Acid 6.11.1 Process Description1 Terephthalic acid (TPA) is made by air oxidation of p-xylene and requires purification for use in polyester fiber manufacture. A typical continuous process for the manufacture of crude terephthalic acid (C-TPA) is shown in Figure 6.11-1. The oxidation and product recovery portion essentially consists of the Mid-Century oxidation process, whereas the recovery and recycle of acetic acid and recovery of methyl acetate are essentially as practiced by dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) technology. The purpose of the DMT process is to convert the terephthalic acid contained in C-TPA to a form that will permit its separation from impurities. C-TPA is extremely insoluble in both water and most common organic solvents. Additionally, it does not melt, it sublimes. Some products of partial oxidation of p-xylene, such as p-toluic acid and p-formyl benzoic acid, appear as impurities in TPA. Methyl acetate is also formed in significant amounts in the reaction. 6.11.1.1 C-TPA Production - Oxidation Of p-Xylene - p-Xylene (stream 1 of Figure 6.11-1), fresh acetic acid (2), a catalyst system such as manganese or cobalt acetate and sodium bromide (3), and recovered acetic acid are combined into the liquid feed entering the reactor (5). Air (6), compressed to a reaction pressure of about 2000 kPa (290 psi), is fed to the reactor. The temperature of the exothermic reaction is maintained at about 200°C (392°F) by controlling the pressure at which the reaction mixture is permitted to boil and form the vapor stream leaving the reactor (7).
    [Show full text]
  • (TPA) Is Made by Air Oxidation of P-Xylene and Requires Purification for Use in Polyester Fiber Manufacture
    6.11 Terephthalic Acid 6.11.1 Process Description1 Terephthalic acid (TPA) is made by air oxidation of p-xylene and requires purification for use in polyester fiber manufacture. A typical continuous process for the manufacture of crude terephthalic acid (C-TPA) is shown in Figure 6.11-1. The oxidation and product recovery portion essentially consists of the Mid-Century oxidation process, whereas the recovery and recycle of acetic acid and recovery of methyl acetate are essentially as practiced by dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) technology. The purpose of the DMT process is to convert the terephthalic acid contained in C-TPA to a form that will permit its separation from impurities. C-TPA is extremely insoluble in both water and most common organic solvents. Additionally, it does not melt, it sublimes. Some products of partial oxidation of p-xylene, such as p-toluic acid and p-formyl benzoic acid, appear as impurities in TPA. Methyl acetate is also formed in significant amounts in the reaction. 6.11.1.1 C-TPA Production - Oxidation Of p-Xylene - p-Xylene (stream 1 of Figure 6.11-1), fresh acetic acid (2), a catalyst system such as manganese or cobalt acetate and sodium bromide (3), and recovered acetic acid are combined into the liquid feed entering the reactor (5). Air (6), compressed to a reaction pressure of about 2000 kPa (290 psi), is fed to the reactor. The temperature of the exothermic reaction is maintained at about 200°C (392°F) by controlling the pressure at which the reaction mixture is permitted to boil and form the vapor stream leaving the reactor (7).
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Substituents in Terephthalate Linker on The
    inorganics Article Influence of Substituents in Terephthalate Linker on the Structure of MOFs Obtained from Presynthesized Heterometallic Complex Marina Barsukova 1, Evgeny Dudko 1,2, Denis Samsonenko 1 , Konstantin Kovalenko 1 , Alexey Ryadun 1, Aleksandr Sapianik 1,* and Vladimir Fedin 1 1 Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (E.D.); [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (K.K.); [email protected] (A.R.); [email protected] (V.F.) 2 Natural Sciences Department, Novosibirsk State University, 1, Pirogova str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The synthesis of new porous materials with desired properties is a challenging task. It becomes especially difficult if you need to combine several metals in one framework to obtain a heterometallic node. The use of presynthesized complexes for obtaining of new heterometallic metal–organic frameworks could be essential to solve the problem of tailored synthesis. In our study we use presynthesized heterometallic pivalate complex [Li2Zn2(piv)6(py)2] to obtain new MOFs with heterometallic core as a node of the framework. We are managed to obtain four new heterometallic MOFs: [H2N(CH3)2]2[Li2Zn2(bdc)4]·CH3CN·DMF (1), [Li2Zn2(H2Br2-bdc)(Br2-bdc)3]·2DMF (2), [H N(CH ) ][LiZn (ndc) ]·CH CN (3) and [{Li Zn (dmf)(py) }{LiZn(dmf) } (NO -bdc) ]·5DMF 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 (4). Moreover three of them contain starting tetranuclear core {Li2Zn2} and saves its geometry.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Name: TEREPHTHALIC ACID HAZARD SUMMARY
    Common Name: TEREPHTHALIC ACID CAS Number: 100-21-0 RTK Substance number: 2901 DOT Number: None Date: April 2000 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- HAZARD SUMMARY WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS * Terephthalic Acid can affect you when breathed in. ACGIH: The recommended airborne exposure limit is * Contact can irritate the skin and eyes. 10 mg/m3 averaged over an 8-hour workshift. * Breathing Terephthalic Acid can irritate the nose, throat and lungs causing coughing, wheezing and/or shortness of WAYS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE breath. * Where possible, enclose operations and use local exhaust * Repeated exposure to Terephthalic Acid may affect the ventilation at the site of chemical release. If local exhaust kidneys. ventilation or enclosure is not used, respirators should be worn. IDENTIFICATION * Wear protective work clothing. Terephthalic Acid is a sand-like white powder. It is used as * Wash thoroughly immediately after exposure to a reagent to neutralize alkali in wool, as an additive to poultry Terephthalic Acid and at the end of the workshift. feeds, and to increase the effectiveness of certain antibiotics. * Post hazard and warning information in the work area. In addition, as part of an ongoing education and training REASON FOR CITATION effort, communicate all information on the health and * Terephthalic Acid is on the Hazardous Substance List safety hazards of Terephthalic Acid to potentially because it is cited by ACGIH, NFPA and EPA. exposed workers. * Definitions are provided on page 5. HOW TO DETERMINE IF YOU ARE BEING EXPOSED The New Jersey Right to Know Act requires most employers to label chemicals in the workplace and requires public employers to provide their employees with information and training concerning chemical hazards and controls.
    [Show full text]