Is your garden missing jewel-like flowers floating on a one of the most! satisfying forms of gardening. If you shimmering water surface and the darting brilliance of haven't one, you ' are missing a great deal of satisfaction goldfish? Are you !'llissing the meloddc sounds of water from your garden. spilling from a fountain, vessel or waterfall? Let Lilypons and TETRA POND help you to get started What you need in your garden is a water lily pool. A water today by ordering one of our durable TETRA POND 32 mil, lily pool is a garden whose plants like damp to very wet flexible 2 ply PVC pool liners. So easy to install and maih­ feet. Fish and frogs like to live there and butterflies wm fain you will ask yourself why you waited so long to begin like your garden better than ever. A water garden is simply this adventure. Choose from the seven si'ies listed (sizes are appronmate, fOF depth 1 Ya ' to 2' in your own design.): o Lilypons water gardening catalogue subscription ...... $ 5 '0 8' x 12' liner makes 4' x 8 ' pool ...... $ 99 o 10' x 16' liner makes 6' x 12' pool...... $145 0 13' x 13' liner makes 9' x 9 ' pool...... $165 o 13' x 20' liner makes 9' x 16' pooL ...... $199 0 16' x 23' liner makes 13' x 19' pool...... : ...... $299 o 20' x 26' liner makes 16' x 22' pool...... $399 0 23' x 30' liner makes 19' x 26' pooL ...... $499 Use your personal check or circle cre

President's Page: Framework for the Future 2 by Carolyn Marsh Lindsay The Design Page: A Cliff Garden 5 by Pamela Harper Seasonable Reminders: Plants Perfect for Cutting 10 by Patricia Barrett Magnolias Past and Future 14 by Rob Nicholson Beautiful Garden Visitors 18 by Peter Loewer Try CampanuJas for Diversity 22 by Elisabeth Sheldon The Gardens of Louis Comfort Tiffany 28 by Martha Wren Briggs

Pronunciation Guide 37 Gardener's Potpourri: Unusual Combinations 38 by Susan W. Plimpton

Book Reviews 40

Classifieds 42

Sources 45

On the Cover: Though he is best known for his beautiful works in glass, such as this piece from the collection of the Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art in Winter Park, Florida, Louis Comfort Tiffany was a dedicated gardener as well. Turn to page 28 for a tour through his New Yor·k estate.

Left: This Campanula elatines var. garganica prefers a rocky site and reaches only four to six inches in height; other campanulas can be found in an astonishing variety of sizes and habitats. For an overview of this versatile genus, turn to page 22. Photo by Pamela Harper.

PUBLICATIONS DIRECTOR, EDITOR, Virginia W. Louisell. SENIOR ASSISTANT ED ITOR, Kathleen Y. Riley. ASSISTANT EDITOR, HORTICULTURE, Laura E. Coit. ASSISTANT TO THE EDITOR, Martha Palermo. DESIGN DIRECTOR, Rebecca K. McClimans. MEMBERSHIP DIRECTOR, Sallie Hutcheson. ADVERTISING: American Horticultural Sociery Advertising Department, 80 Sourh Early Street, Alexandria, VA 22304, relephone (703) 823·6966. COLOR SEPARATIONS: Chroma-Graphics, Inc. EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD: Dr. Gerald S. Barad, Flemington, NJ; Dr. Harrison Flint, West Lafayette, IN; Peter Loewer, Cochecton Center, NY; Dr. Elizabeth McClintock, San Francisco, CAj Frederick McGourty, Norfolk, CT; Janet M. Poor, Winnetka, IL; Maire Simington, Phoenix, AZj Jane Steffey, Sykesville, MDj Dr. James E. Swasey, Newark, DE; Philip E. Chandler, Santa Monica, CA.

Replacement issues of AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST are available at a cost of $2.50 per copy. The opinions expressed in the articles thar appear in AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST are those of the authors and 3re not necessarily those of the Society. Botanical nomenclature in AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST is based on HORTUS THIRD. Manuscripts, art work, and photographs sent for possible publication will be returned if they are accompanied by a self-addressed, stamped envelope. We cannot guarantee the safe return of unsolicited material.

AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST, ISSN 0096-4417, is rhe official publication of rhe American Horticultural Sociery, 7931 East Boulevard Drive, Alexandria, Virginia 22308, (703) 768·5700, and is issued monthly. The American Honicultural Society is a nonprofit organization dedicated to excellence in horticulture. Membership in the Society includes a subscription to AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST. National membership dues are $30; two years are $55. Foreign dues are $40. $12 of dues are designated for AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST. Copyright © 1988 by the American Honicultural Society. Second-class postage paid at Alexandria, ViI:ginia, and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Please send Form 3579 to AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST, P.O. Box 0I05, Mount Vernon, VA 22121.

American Horticulturist PRESIDENT'S PAGE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY omeERS 1988·1989 Mrs. Carolyn Marsh Linclaay Rochester, New York Framework/or Presilielll Mrs. Harry J. VU de Kamp Paso Robles, California First Vice President Mrs. John M. Maury Washington, D.e. theFuture Second Vice President Mr. Ridurd C. ADli!!o Harrisburg, Fennsylvania Secretary s you may recall, in my April letter I announced that Mr. Ridurd J. Hatton the Board of Directors has initiated a program to West Grove, Pennsylvania revitalize the traditions of River Farm, where the Treasurer A Mr. Everitt L Miner grounds offer a unique opportunity for us to collect, Kennett Square, Pennsylvan ia ImmediLlte Past President display, evaluate, and identify plants in a beautiful setting BOARD OF DIRECI'ORS that has niches for all sorts of plant collections.

Mr. Ridurd C. AD~o I am excited to announce that Board Member Roy Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Thomas, chairman of the Grounds Committee, is already Gerald S. Ban.., M.p. Flemington, New ]6rsey focusing on three areas. In front of the gorgeous, curved Mrs. Bel!/amin P. Bole, Jr. brick wall is a sweeping new perennial garden, designed Cleveland, Ohio Mr. 1. JaclaOn BrooD and donated by the members of the Perennial Plant Sewickley, Pennsylvania Association. This garden will provide a bright welcome as Dr. Henry M. Cathey Washingten, Q.e. you enter the grounds, and an opportunity to identify and Mr. 1bWell aark evaluate plants that truly merit attention. Boston, Massachusell5 Niches have been chosen by the Ivy Society to feature Mrs. ErutiIs Coming n Albany, New York more than 100 cultivars. Already you can see the more Mrs. Ann Lyon Crammond vigorous ones, the more compact growers, and a myriad of Atlanta, Georgia Mr. Edward N. Due leaf sizes and patterns. You may find the ideal solution to Il0ston, Massachusell5 one of your design problems! Mrs. Beverley White Dwm Bitmingham, Alabama The largest project is the Woodland Garden. A Mr. RidurdJ. Hatton generous gift from Mr. and Mrs. Richard Angino of Wesl Grove, Pennsylvania Mr. Stephen F. Keating Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, has just enabled Phase I to Minneapol is, Minnesota begin. Eventually, extensive collections of rhododendrons, Mrs. Carolyn Marsh Lindsay RoChester, New Yor~ azaleas, companion shade perennials, native plants Mrs. John M. Mam underplanted with carpets of bulbs, and hosta will be Washington, D.e. added. Mr. Everitt L Miner Kennett Square, Pennsylvania In order to make these dreams a reality, we need Mr. John C. Mitchell n active support from interested plant societies and Denver, Colorado Mrs. Edward KiDg Poor m volunteers eager to be a part of these new " mini­ Winnetka, Illinois showcases" of gardening achie~ements. If you belong to a Dr. Jalia W. Rap,paport Santa Ana. California plant society, we urge you to approach its leadership to Mri. Philip Temple promote this idea. Little Compton, Rhode Island Do plan to visit and bring some friends who might be Mr. Roy G. Thomas Woodstock, Verment interested in these new horticultural endeavors at River Mrs. ~ J. VU de Kamp Paso Robles, California Farm, your Society'S headquarters on the banks of the Mr. ADdie Viette Potomac. We want you, and all of our members, to have Fishersvi lle, Virginia a part in restoring the horticultural traditions of this Mr. John H. Whitworth, Jr. New York, New York historic site. Mrs. Jeu Verity WoodhaD Dayton, Ohio EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Mr. Piner F. Oedule

2 June 1988 A $120.00 value for only $19.95 when you join The Garden Book Club

Each fact-fil led Tay lor Guide is informative general works like Christopher encyclopedic in scope .. . beautifully A Special Offer­ Lloyd's The Year at Great Dixter. In all, illustrated with more than 400 dazzling you'll find more than 100 books to choose co lor photographs ... and written by con­ eight "great"* from each month, including the children's temporary American experts in a clear Taylor Guides, classic Th e Secret Garden, and hard-to­ and concise style. There's an author­ find works such as Oliver Allen's Gardening itative Taylor Guide to answer all of your when you join the with the New Small Plants. (In fact, many gardening questions-about perennials of these books are not available at all in and annuals; shrubs and roses; herbs Garden Book Club most bookstores.) There are also exciting, and houseplants; vegetables and special offers ... Join The Garden Book grasses. Importantly, each handsome, • New York Times (Joan Lee Faust) Club for an exclusive, private showing of sturdy, SOO -page volume lies (lat when America's finest gardening books to which opened-so you can refer to it easi ly, you're invited each month, all year long! even as you work! Add these elegant and indispensable Taylor Guides to Mail the coupon below today. your home library today-join To enjoy the countless delights awaiting The Garden Book Club now! you as a Garden Book Club member, return the coupon below. We'll rush the Enjoy savings of up to 30% 8 Taylor Guides, along with the next Club as a Garden Book Club member. bulletin, to you by return mail. And once As a member of The Garden Book Club you join, you'll be able to buy other Taylor you'lI reali ze substantial savings on Guides in the series at our members' garden books-as much as 30% off the discounted prices. publisher's price! Each month, the Club's 40-page bulletin will arrive in the mail, filled cover-to-cover with outstanding books in euery gardening category. There are exceptionally beautiful books like Marina Schinz's Visions of Paradise and Penelope Hobhouse's Color in Your Garden ... indispensable reference books like Wyman's Gardening Encyclopedia and the DicLionary of Plant Names ... essential " how-to" works like Membership Service Department Landscaping with Herbs and Th e Book of 250 West 57th Street Flower Arranging .. . and faSCinating and New York, New York 10107

How membership works: Twel ve times a year we'll se nd you our club Please enroll me as a member of The Garden Book Club and send cata logue along with a rep ly card. If you want the main se lection. me a copy of the 8 Taylor Guides- a $120.00 va lue for only $19.95. do nothing and you'lI get it automatically. If you'd prefer NAME ______alternate selections, or none at all. complete the reply ca rd and ADDRESS ______return it to us by the specified date. (Should you ever receive the main se lection without having had 10 days to return the reply card. CITY STATE ___ ZIP ______you may return that se lection at our ex pense.) You agree to buy 4 additional se lections during your first year of membership. and after o Check or money o rd er enclosed 0 Charge my credit card: that every book you buy earns a bonus credit. (Four credits entitle o MasterCard 0 VISA 0 American Express you to choose a bonus book.) Once you've bought 4 additional se lec­ CARD# EXPIRES ______tions during your first yea r of membership there is no obligation whatever. Unless you prepay. you will be billed on al l orders for SIG NATURE ______-:- ____-:-:- postage and handling. Send coupon to: Membership Service Depart· This offer good for new members on ly. The C lub reserves the right of m embership ment. Garden Book Club. 250 West 57th St.. New York. NY 10107. approva l. Readers' Ga rden. Inc. AMH02 Ph oros b)' Pamela Harpe r

4 June 1988 THE DESIGN PAGE A CliffGarden

wkward sites can produce more in­ persuaded to grow there assume the prom­ teresting gardens than level, reg­ inence of paintings on a wall. Picture a rill A ularly-shaped lots, but they de­ of light green hen-and-chicks (Sempervi­ mand more imaginative treatment and vum) rosettes trickling down the ledge at usually involve more work. Few gardeners a forty-five degree angle; behind, in a duff­ could have faced a greater challenge than filled crevice, lady fern looks even more Don and Margot Parrot did when, in 1951, graceful in contrast to the starkness of the they bought a seventeenth-century Mas­ granite. Wild bleeding heart (Dicentra ex­ sachusetts house. imia) is enshrined in a niche-picture-per­ The frame and clapboard building was fect, unblemished by wind, rain or exces­ built in the late 1600s and originally stood sive heat in its sheltered, shaded sanctuary. on the other side of the street. It was moved Meandering along a cleft, the wee cob­ to its present location in the early 1700s webbed balls of miniature hen-and-chicks and a back wing was added some time in (Sempervivum arachnoideum) are silvery the 1800s. The extensive grounds include against the dark gray rock, and a tracery woodland areas, green lawns, and f1ow­ of tiny-leaved, self-clinging Euonymus (or­ erbeds filled with such old-fashioned plants tunei 'Kewensis' decorates a smooth, as Solomon's seal and bleeding-heart, but rounded portion of the outcrop. the dominant feature is the cliff garden. It all looks so natural, but that is an The beauty the Parrots Running along the house is a corridor created remains a through which you can walk with one outstretched arm touching the house and FAR LEFT: A variety of cliff-loving plants permanent pleasure in the other touching a granite ledge towering cascades down the hillside. ABOVE, LEFT: up to roof level. There are few cracks in Aurinia saxatalis 'Citrina', Schivereckia po­ the minds of their many dolica, and Aquilegia canadensis grow be­ this nearly vertical wall and the granite neath a suspended boulder. ABOVE, RIGHT: visitors. does not offer hospitable quarters for plants, Lewisia tweedyi makes its home between but because the crevices are few, the plants rocks at the top of the cliff.

American Horticulturist 5 THE DESIGN PAGE

illusion. What nature had planted over the D~~~}hl~S Parrots' cliff, in sufficient abundance to Get more '.or yo~w ... conceal the rock, was a tangle of grapevine money by Bonus p\ant and honeysuckle. Getting rid of that was actlng,~ the first task. Afterwards, it took many fREE "Big Nam$~OOO or more) \ tries before plants achieved a toehold. p us rders 0' on\Y . Margot describes the process: "In the be­ (on 0 ginning I pried out the old soil and sub­ stituted what I thought would be more Get dazzling color and enviable gorgeous blooms THIS SUMMER, or make your home floral arrangement excitingly beautiful with WILD'S suitable. It never worked very well; it stayed guaranteed top quality, magnificent Daylilies. A rare and limited oppor­ too light and fluffy and dried out too tunity, so select your old favorites and choose from the glamorous new varieties, all at 1/3 off prices shown (min . order $10) , plus $3 .50 packing and quickly. So I learned to use what was al­ handling charge. Order NOW! ready in the cracks-an antique humus, very dense and black and moisture-reten­ Cat. Price Cat. Price Cat. Price o AMERICAN FOLKLIFE E OE o HALLOWELL EM Re o RUBENS M Lovely cream, tive. I slipped ifl the seedlings as early in Smokey orchId pmk, ruffled . ,. 7.00 Creamy yellow and rose-pink ... 2.00 heavy p,nk overlay ...... 2 .00 the season as possible with minimal dis­ o BICENTENNIAL QUEEN ML-L Re OE o JOLLY HEARTS Tet EM OE Re o RUFFLED PARADISE M Re Light Rose pInk blend . . 5.00 Velvety smooth glowing cantaloupe to pink melon ..... 2.00 turbance of the soil. More mature plants o BORDER GIANT M Re OE cherry red ...... 5.00 o SAUCY SUE EM Re G,ani melon Irosls pmk . . 3.00 o KINGSTON EM OE Velvety garnet red ...... 2.50 never did very well. They couldn't seem o BREAKAWAY Tel M Raspberry on fuchsia red . .. .. 3.00 o SCENE STEALER M-ML OE Deep Buffy copper-orange ...... 3.00 o KNOCKOUT EM-L OE Re apncot deeply flushed rose to get their roots down far enough into o BRONZE WAYS EM OE Pale peach pink . . ... 5.00 pink ...... 4 .00 Deeply ruffled lighl bronze . . .. . 3.00 o LEMOINE BECHTOLD M OE o SHEER PERFECTION M Re OE the cracks to get through the summer heat o BUTTERFLY KISSES EM OE 8" pale 6-7" dusty rose . .3.00 Rich pink melon, sunfast...... 2.50 lavender over creamy yellow .. . 4.00 o LITTLE MUCH EM 3W' ruffled o SOUTHERN MOON M Re OE and often wouldn't fit into the narrow o BUTTERPAT M Re F yellow, red eye markings . .2.50 Lemon, pale pink infusion .. ... 2.50 cracks,which were seldom more than half 23'4 ' ruffled medium yellow .... 2.50 o LOCAL TALENT LM OE o STRICTLY ENTERTAINMENT M Re o BY MYSELF Tel M Re OE Muted lavender pink. . .3.00 OE Ruffled, creamy lemon .... 3.00 an inch wide. In vertical cracks, in order Vibranl lighl gold self ...... 5.00 o MAGIC AGE M Re o SUNSET SONATA Tel M OE o CARIBBEAN SKY M Re OE Heavily creped, ruffled gold . . .2.50 Apricot-orange, flushed pink . .2.50 to avoid washouts, I jammed in pieces of Light melon brushed rose ..... 2:50 o MAUl LM OE o TIMELESS M Re OE o CARTHAGE M Re F Low growing, yellowish pink .. . 3.00 Mimosa and primrose yellow ... 3.00 fern root, cut a bit larger than the crack. Creped, butter yellow ...... 2.50 o MELON BALLS EM o TINA RENAE EM o CHARM BRACELET LM OE F Small blooms like melon balls .. 3.00 Ruffled peach ...... 2.00 Eventually, after the plant above was well Sparkling creamy lemon o OAKLEIGH EM Re OE o TROPIC TANGERINE EM Re Very yellow ...... 5.00 Very large pale lavender pink. .3.00 ruffled sparkling tangerine ..... 2.00 established, this rotted and added humus." o CHRISTMAS CAROL EM OE o ONLY JUST BEGUN M OE o WALLY NANCE EM Re OE Very Velvety crimson red ...... 3.00 Lovely cream ...... 6 .00 ruffled, velvety bright ruby red .. B.OO Unpromising though growing conditions o CUP RACE M Re o PILOT LIGHT EM-M Re OE o WESTERN COUNTRY M OE seemed, some plants did better in cliff cracks Salmon pink ...... 2.50 Lavender pink, large lemon Smooth coral pink . . . .2.50 o DOLL HOUSE EM OE hear\...... 2.50 o WILD KEY EM Re than in lusher sites elsewhere in the garden, Extremely ruffled tangerine .. .4.00 o PLUSH EM Ruffled , deep raspberry 4" peach pastel...... 2.00 o FEATHER DOWN ML red ...... 2 .00 o WINDSOR CASTLE M OE Re among them low shrubby Penstemon, Light cream, peach dusted .... 8.00 o PRAIRIE BELLE M Semi-Ev OE Ruffled old rose ...... 2.50 o FLAMING POPPA Tet ML Re OE Vibrant deep to pale rose ... .. 2.50 o WINE GOBLET M OE Alyssum, pinks, and campanulas. Velvety flame red ...... 4.50 o PRECIOUS ONE EM Re OE F Muted deep purplish-red . .3.00 o GEORGE CALEB BfNGHAM M Ev Pale creamy pink. . .3.00 o WISDOM M Re OE It is hard to imagine why earlier owners OE F Pink blend ...... 3.00 o ROYAL GARNET M Buff pink melon ...... 2.00 chose to put the house so close to this o GOLDEN GIFT M Re 'Ielvety garnet red , ruffled ..... 2.50 o YOUNG COUNTESS M Outstanding brillianl gold. . .2.50 Pale orchid pink, green hear\. .. 2.00 EACH PLANT LABELLED miniature mountain, especially when an upward glance from one end of the can­ EASY TO GROW GUARANTEED SAFE DELIVERY yonlike path lights apprehensively upon a large slab of rock looming overhead, bal­ BEAUTIFUL TO SHOW Wild's plants are true to name and guaranteed delivered safe. Wild's ships only large, sturdy, well-cared-for and healthy plants anced between upthrust parts of the ledge KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS: ready to take root and produce profuse blooms. like a booby trap over a door and looking E-Early; Ev-Evergreen; EM-Early Mid ; M-Midseason; ML-Mid Late; SEND NOW FOR OUR as if a strong wind might send it hurtling L-Late; OE-Opens Evenings; Re­ 92-PAGE COLOR CATALOG down. The Parrots feared that their chil­ Reblooming ; F-Fragrant; Tet­ Choose from more than 1300 varieties of dren, in a moment of exuberance, might Tetraploid. Peonies and Daylilies. Catalog shows topple it, but the children are grown, and many in full color and gives timely the rock has not budged. Its apparently planting tips and instructions. Sent FREE ANY $15 .00 with minimum $10 order. .. or send only precarious balance imparts tension and ex­ WORTH ...... ONLY $10 $2.00 for catalog (deductible on your first citement, but it is firmly settled into place. Any $22 ,50 worth , $15; any $30 worth, catalog order). This strength is a foil for the delicacy of $20, etc , Min. order $15 worth for $10 . Add $3.50 pkg . & hdlg, NO C.O.D.'S PLEASE scarlet columbines (Aquilegia canadensis) growing under the overhang. BONUS PLANTS GILBERT H. WILD & SON, INC. Below, the rock slopes sharply down, We will send these magnificent ~:; AH-688 Joplin St., Sarcoxie, Mo. 64862-0338 Daylilies FREE with orders shown: weather-smoothed and encrusted with li­ :;": 0 Please send varieties checked . I enclose "':l $ (1 13 off total order at prepaid chens. Here, at bedroom-window level, pale $20 .00 Order, WILD KEY ~.::.:.! prices shown) plus $3.50 pkg. & hdlg . charge. Send yellow basket-of-gold (Aurinia saxatilis $30 .00 Order, TIMELESS FREE catalog and any EARNED FREE PLANT $40.00 Order, DOLL HOUSE I'i Missouri residents add 5.85% sales tax to order. 'Citrina') has pride of place, an ordinary o Enclosed is $2 for 92-page Color Catalog only plant made extraordinary by its setting. $50.00 Order, JOLLY HEARTS i;j; (deductible on first catalog order) . Small grayish, felted leaves and a froth of " WE WILL NEVER t NAME ------­ pale yellow flowers are displayed against COMPROMISE QUALITY FOR ST/R.F.D. ------PRICE': ... rl the gray and chartreuse of the lichens. A CITY STATE ___ ZIP ___ few feet away a rarer plant, white-flowered

6 June 1988 Schivereckia podolica, has been coaxed ro in g one o f the hurricanes there were deep often hot to the touch. A lot of time used grow in the grani te. ri ve rs running do wn the hi ll side, leaving to be spent holding a hose, but in due Where the cliff drops away, a faul t in eroded gu ll ies ten in ches dee p, wa hin g o ut course a home-grown sprinkler system was the rock had crea ted a gull ey. Margot spaced a ll the recentl y pl aced plants, and lea vi ng install ed, design ed ro give a very fine spray out three rocks ro make pockets fo r plant­ th e old es tablished ones upo n little pea ks to avoid erosion. Books o ften advi se that ing and ro slow erosion, and this dry strea m of soil held rogether by their roots. Very waterin g sho uld be done early in the day is now dotted with colorful littl e plants: di scouraging, sin ce all that soil had ro be beca use wet fo li age at night encourages Aquilegia bertolonii, Potentilla alba, a yel­ lugged up the hi ll aga in ." diseases. Margot did not find this ro be so, low Alyssum species fro m the Pirin moun ­ The bank faces west and southwest and and a coolin g evening mist fr om the sprin ­ tains o f Bu lga ri a, and Geranium sangui­ after a baking Augu t day the rock are kl ers rejuvenates drooping plants. neum 'Album'. One of th e nice things about mature gardens is the way spontaneou seedlings crop up, provided no tyros are all owed to weed; as many good, new fo rms of plants have pro bably occurred this way as through deliberate hybridiza ti o n. O ne such plant in the gull ey is a sma ll , ti ght fo rm o f Phlox subulata in a parti cul arl y pl easi ng pink. There is also a my tery plant that tantali zes visiting experts. It resemble the Schivereckia but has glossy green leaves instead of gray ones, and its fl owers a re a pale straw colo r. It also bea rs some resem­ Bobby Rackley. Rocky Mount. N C Nadine Williams , Knott . Tex P.C. Ca in. KOSC iusko. MI SS . blance to the mats o f Draba sibirica grow­ World Record Collard World Record Cucumber World Reco rd Okra ing nea rby. M argo t hazarded a guess that it may be a hybrid between these two but as only a bee attended the nuptials she cannot be sure. Out beyond the ho use the ledge gives way to a rocky bank bo unded by lawn and open ro the sun. Here M argot, the ga r­ dener, and Don, her will ing helper, created an extension to the cliff from what was origina ll y a rock less bank with weeds, Sam Barnes , Chattahoochee , Fla . grasses, two large Norway mapl es, and a World Rec ord Dahlia moribund apple tree. Daylilies at the bot­ tom had run w il d and were working th eir THESE WORLD CHAMPION GARDENERS way up the bank. Working on one small area at a time- " I'm not good at large­ HAVE TWO THINGS IN COMMON ... scale planning"- rocks were moved in from They've all been li sted in Th e Guinness Book of the surrounding woods and only the most weathered and lichen-covered were cho­ World Records and they all use MIRACLE-GRO~ sen. T he subsoil was improved with hu­ Robert Kirkpatrick, Eureka, CA mus, and at fi rst sand was added as the World Record Garlic ga rden books di rected. Margot soon re­ C & L Knutzen, Whittier, CA World Record Lemon ali zed that the soil was drying out too Bert Lawrence. Wi ndham, NY quickly and no extra drai nage was needed World Record Petunia on this steep slope. Norma McCoy, Hubert , NC World Record Lima Bea n In areas of heavy rainfall , erosion is a Sam Barnes, Chattahoochee, FL World Record Dahlia Fre d Muermann, Chetek, WI problem on steep banks. I asked about this . Jason Bright, Hope, AR Worl d Record Corn Stalk "At first," said Margot, " there was enough Worl d Record Watermelon Bobby Rackley, Rocky Mt., NC J & J Charles, Summerville , SC Worl d Record Collard ra nk growth so that erosion was minimal Worl d Record Eggplant June Rutherford, Hatch, NM until we started taking out weeds and dis­ Gene Daughtridge, Rocky Mt., NC World Record Big Jim Pepper turbing the soil. We had to be qui ck about Worl d Record Cantaloupe J & A Sosnow, Tu cson, AZ Prof. F. J. Francis, Amherst, MA World Record Grapefruit getting tocks, plants, and gravel mulch back World Record Philodendron B. W. Saylor, Licking, MO ALL flOWERS, AU. VEGETABLES in pl ace. A deep gravel mulch is a big help Gordon Graham, Edmond, OK World Record Zucca Gourd ROSES, TUI'MTUES, TREES World Record Sweet Pepper H. & R. Spitler, Arcanum, OH FRUITS, SHRUBS, LAWNS and I use a mi xture o f three sizes-pea­ World Record Tomato Pl ant World Record Apple EVERGREENS, HOUSEPlANTS stone, one- inch, and two-inch- to give a Ovid Harrison, Kite, GA Howard Trivelpiece, Yreka, CA more natural look. The water now seeps World Record Sweet Potato World Record Red Beet Dr. Nelson Hope, Tempe, AZ Ed Weeks, Greenville, NC in slowly except in the heavies t rains. Dur- World Record Onion World Record Peanut

American Horticulturist 7 More than THE DESIGN PAGE

There is no obvious track to the top of the cliff. At first you go mountain goat s~le from rock to rock, eyes down to ad­ mire the flowers and to watch that you don't step on them. On reaching the pla­ teau atop> the ledge, you walk single file on a pine needle path between tumbled boulders, amomg drifts of pink phlox, yel­ low alyssum, and other carpeting plants. Janco brings homes to life all across America. With over 125 standard models-from state-of-the-art Solarooms to traditional horticulture Awkward sites can greenhouses-you can count on Janco produce more interesting for years of sunlit pleasure. Call 1-800-323-6933 fer a FREE color gardens than level, SUNDIALS brochure or for $5.00 we'll seNd you regularly-shaped lots, but WEATHER VANES 'Janco Environment;' our exciting new WEATHER INSTRUMENTS color portfolio of brilliant possibilities, they demand more compl€te with prices. FREE CATALOG Visa or Mastercard welcome. imaginative treatment. Or write to: Janco Greenhouses :ll'" Dept AM-6, 9390 Davis Ave. o L:;" Wind & Weather Laurel, MD 20707 c Then, where the ledge falls away to woods In Maryland: (301) 498-5700 e'" PO Box 2320-AH G below, you kneel in homage to a jewel in 8 c the crown of a rock-Lewisia tweedyi, Mendocino, CA 95460 -,'" ai growing as it likes best with thonglike roots (707) 937 -0323 co 01 deep in a rock fissure. "Without question ~------~ @ (it is) the most beautiful of the lewisias and would rank near the top of any list of the best alpines of the world," said Linc Foster FROM 15" LEYLAND CYPRESS in his book, Rock Gardening. A native of west coast mountains, it is not so rare in TO OVER A fast-growing evergreen (3 to 5 ft. per yr.) 7 FEET Long-living the gardens of alpine plant enthusiasts, but IN JUST it is tricky to grow and not often as fine Leyland Cypress was discovered in 1952 as the superb display in this clifftop eyrie. by Mr. Leyland in Wales. Since then it has Ga rdens containing both alpine plants 7' been widely grown in England and Ireland. and woodland wildflowers are character­ It is only now becoming available in this istic of New England where the terrain is country. The trees, grown on the Eastern commonly rocky woodland, unlike the Alps Shore, are in pots. or the Rockies. The other end of the out­ crop is shaded by tall trees. Here, in the Trees can be planted NOW craggy face of the cliff, is what seems to Rated for Zone 7 be a natural pool, fringed with ferns. Not • Will grow in marshy or dry soil quite. " We poked around with an iron rod • Not affected by salt sprays to make sure there was enough depth for a pool and then dug it down to about two Prices trom $ 5.00 feet, where we encountered more ledge. (Lots of 100 or more $4.00 ea.) We then built a concrete bottom to finish (Larger sizes available) out where the ledge left off, and a concrete wall for the front." You would never know MAIL ORDERS: Six (15") Trees that the pool is not entirely nature's work. C~ale..a NURSERY Delivered $51.00 (UPS) Beyond the pool, in a tree-shaded cor­ wholesale ner, grow woodland plants from many Catalpa Point Oxtord Road Gift Certificates Available lands. Trilliums, woodland phloxes (Phlox PO BOX 1599 EASTON. MD. 21601 Leyland Cypress Trees make stolonifera, P. divaricata), crested iris, and (301) 822·0242 thoughtful gifts for holidays, maidenhair fern, all east coast natives, homes and other special events. mingle with California and Canadian trout u.s. Rt. 50 to Easton By-Pass (Rt . 322) lilies (Erythronium spp.), primroses from to Oxford Rd . (Rt. 333). Turn right at the OPEN 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. EnglaNd, and European ginger. The Jap­ Catalpa Point Sigl'l (3 mi . from By-Pass) SUNDAYS By Appointment anese contingent includes many Epime-

8 June 1988 INTR OD UCING dium species plus the exqui site Clauci­ dium palma tum with bold maple-like leaves GREENKNEESPatent Pending ™ and large, satin y, four-petalled flowers of pale lavender or white. This was grown Finally, pants designed for gardening, from seed. Margot, a member of the Amer­ ican Rock Garden Society, took fu ll ad­ with built-in comfort and knee protection. vantage of its seed list and plant exchanges. Some rock garden plants wou ld not grow I garden about 20 hours a week. That means a lot of in the granite, others needed an eastern kneeling and bending over. ~ One day, hot, uncomfort­ exposure, so beyond the house and op­ able ana vvith sore knees, I started wishing for the perfect gardening pants. They would have built-in knee pads, posite the cliff, a tufa wa ll was built. Tufa thick and always in place. Plus a waist that expanded is porous limestone of rather spongelike when you bent over instead of cutting you in two. And appearance formed by deposits from springs they'd be as sturdy, but cooler than the overalls I was and streams. Plants ca n root into tufa and wearing. ~ Since no such pants existed, I had a pair here flourish such uncommon thing as made up by a mend, just like I wanted them. Everybody I met wanted a pair, so I named Kabschia saxifrages, sma ll Draba, An­ them "Greenknees and now you can buy them drosace, Ph yteuma comosum from th e from me.~ They have peciallv designed pockets limes tone crevices of the Alps, fragrant . . b d on the knees. Ins[de eaCh is a knee pad C 1as lre "'arsl an . il th fc ball I Daphne arbuscula, small Dianthus, and Jar comf ort. And S1J!1 ar to . e one oot p ayers wear. sewn-in s lr ears HIgh denSIty foam. Two layers each primulas. Two small ferns, maidenh air holsler. 3/6-inch thick. In between, a cushion spleenwort (Asp lenium trichomanes) and of air. You can kneel on rocks and rusty-back fern (Ceterach officinarum), took -~ r feel like you're on clouds. W hen to the tufa wa ll after refusi ng to grow any­ I " you wash the pants just slip the where else in the garden. , y ~ ad out. ~ There's a water repel- . 'lant nylon lining in the knee pocket to Knee pockets hold Rocks are the perfect harmonizer for a lM keep away ground moisture. The rear half thICk rubber pcu1s collecti on of little plants, but some of the of the waist band is gathered with a sturdy, 2-inch band of tiniest look rather lost in such an expansive elastic. The waist gives when you bend .~ The pants are setting. For these Margot made hypertufa most comfortable when worn with suspenders. So I offer a troughs. Hypertufa is a man-made mix of pair made of top-grade 1Y2-inch wide elastic webbing. For those w ho prefer a belt I offer an excellent one of the same peat, cement, and sand or perlite in varying tf elastic. There's a holster for your hand pruning shears sewn proportions to give the look of natural ;-... on to the right leg. Indispensable. And where stone. There are a number of formu las. you usually fu1d a watch or coin pocket, there's a For her first trough Margot used two parts shallow little pocket just big enough to get your peat, one part cement, and one part sa nd. thumb and forefinger into. It's for seeds.~ Greenknees are made in the USA of the best 10 oz. To make the others less heavy, she replaced domestic cotton twill. It breathes better than the sand with perlite. One, of irregular l - denim and is more comfortable, and is very dur- shape, was molded in a hollow shaped out able. Everything is double-stitched and bar-tacked for long life of damp sand, one inside a plastic tub, and with rugged use.~ Greenknees com e in one color-a deep the smallest in a dishpan. To prevent the green. CIf you garden, that's w hat color the knees end up, no matter how they start.)~ There'sjust one style for both men Cutaway view mixture sticking to the molds, they were oJknee pocket and women. The cut is full, for maximum comfort. There are six and pad lined with the lightweight plastic bags in sizes: XS (25-28); S (28-31); M (31-34) ; L (34-37) and which garments come back from the clean­ XL (37-40); XXL (40-44).~ If you want to garden in ers. The troughs house such collector's comfort, get yourself a pair of Greenknees. If someone plants as Draba dedeana, Primula fron­ you like gardens, give them a pair. They'll thank you every time they bend over or kneel. - Bob Denman dosa, Dianthus pavonius, Douglasia vi­ ------taliana, and Erigeron compositus. Name __ prs. Greenknees gardening Since my visit to Don and Margot's Address pants @ $39.95 unique garden, they have left their cliffside City'---____ State___ Zip___ Sizes: _____ and settled where a new garden will be Telephone ( )______easier to maintain. But the daunting proj­ ect they took on years ago and the beauty they created will not soon be forgotten by their friends; such a garden remains a per­ manent pleasure in the memories of the Parrots' many visitors. -Pamela Harper

Pamela Harper, Seaford, Virginia, is owner of the Harper Horticultural Slide Library and is COMPANY a frequent contributor to American Horticulturist. 2913 Saturn St., Suite H, Brea, CA 92621 (714) 524-0668

American Horticulturist 9 SEASONABLEREA1flVDERS Plants Peifect far Cutting

am addicted to flower arranging. It all began with a simple flower l garden and a love of having a basket of flowers on the kitchen table; now it has grown into a garden where everything is planted with future flower arrangements in mind. Trees, shrubs, edging plants, even my herb and vegetable plots, are subject to my flower arranger's eye. The blossoms of chive, for instance, dry beautifully and work well in small bouquets; a few leaves of red lettuce can be tucked into a bowl of green 'Envy' zinnias for a striking effect. The same principles of design that gov­ ern landscaping also govern arranging. Each composition should have balance, a proper proportional relationship of all elements to each other and to the composition as a whole, and contrast for the sake of rhythm and interest. To take it a step further, con-

It all began with a love of having some flowers on the table; now everything is planted with future flower arrangements in mind.

___..:. l .;..O_,lune 1988 sider when planting outdoors how a pl ant There is a wide selection in the choice will look indoo rs. of shrubs for a mi xed garden border. Some Even the sma ll e t ga rden can be made that go alm ost unnoticed in my garden practical for cutting purposes. When yo u but are later handsome additions in a flower choose pl ants, bear in mind these char­ arrangement, include cotoneaster, spirea, acteristi cs: Does it flower? What is its last­ PotentiLla, and dwarf hollies. Ground cov­ in g quality when cut? Is it fragrant? Is it ers such as pachysandra, vinca, and ivy are ava il abl e during the barren ea ons? Does essenti al; a bowl filled with pachysandra it have good form o r color when viewed can be a long-lasting base for many ar­ up close? Doe it have intere ting foliage? rangements. If you think of these characteristics, yo u Shrubs that are more dramatic and that will choose plant that more than likely tend not to recede into the background will work we ll together when placed in the include the azaleas, Enkianthus campan­ sa me container. Don't be afraid to exper­ ulatus with its autumn foliage, the many iment and to move things after they have specie of euonymus, firethorn (Pyracan­ been planted; my garden i always chang­ tha) with its o range-red berries, and many ing. The yell ow evening primrose that I of the dark green yews and silvery-gray inherited when I moved in does give lovely junipers. ea rl y summer color, but its habits are an­ Hedges are the place to grow such de­ noying. It spreads where I don't want it li ght as for ythia, bush honeysuckle, old­ and it is of little va lu e for cutting. I've dug fashioned mock-orange, rugosa roses with up most of it and given it to friends who their large hips in late summer and fall, are just starting gardens and who may de­ and my favorite, lil acs. [ have a long hedge cide that its sterling qualities outweigh its of white lil acs that not only shields my yard drawbacks. from the road but fills the late May air In corporating a flower arranger's strat­ with deli cious scent. White flowers with a egy into yo ur gardening practices ca n be few dark green leaves set in a white or fun. You can begin in a sma ll way, by colored pitcher always look striking, any­ choosing annuals that are good for cutting where in the house. [n the fall or winter, and are in colors that will work with your a few branches of dark-green yew or a living room decoration. From there, move lighter juniper combined with one or two to perennials and choose different plants purchased flowers will easily lift your spir­ for their variety of bloom and even their its. foliage. Shrubs follow; every flower ar­ If [ consider my shrubs and trees to be ranger likes to have euonymus in the gar­ the structural parts of my arrangements, den for its long-lasting foliage. then what are the flowers? They are the Trees may be an afterthought to most joy, the color, and the source of my crea­ arrangers, but they are considered fi rst when tivity. One of the most important parts of planning a landscape. There are many ex­ a plan is to ensure continued bloom cellent specimen trees that do well in ar­ throughout the season, beginning as early rangements. Flowering cherries, crabap­ as you can with spring tulips and daffodils pies, dogwoods, and magnolias, holly with and continuing through fall with chrysan­ its sharp green leaves, and the pale bark themums and such late bloomers as He­ of birch are all dramatic accents in a gar­ lenium autumnale. den as well as in a mixed arrangement. Though my garden is large, encircling The miniature red-leafed Japanese maple's my yard and continuing in raised beds foliage is also worthwhile and small enough around a stone terrace, a garden does not to be easily placed into various garden have to be big to provide lots of bloom. landscapes. For small yards, one interrelated plan can be effective. A border five feet wide and Zinnias' bright colors, combined with stout ten feet long can wotk just fine for starters. stems, are a mainstay for arrangers. . Be sure to plant in groupings, using at least Joanne;' Pavia

American Horticulturist 11 SEASONABLE REMINDERS

three to five plants to make a distinctive interest in the garden and in your arrange­ thin florist's wire. Avoid flowers that fade showing of color and to give you enough ments. quickly or fall apart soon after cutting. to cut. Seed catalogs are good places to start in Annuals, with their long blooming pe­ Repeat masses of color at intervals the planning a cutting garden. Look for plants riod and the fact that the more they are whole length of the border. In between, that are labeled "good for cutting." This cut the more they bloom, are the mainstay use flowers that are complementary, or use usually means that the flower will hold up of a good cutting garden. They are also darker and lighter shades of the same color. well after it has been picked. Flowers with easy to grow, fairly free of disease, and Think of the forms of the flowers; you need long, firm stems are good, though stems come in a wonderful variety of shapes and a mix of textures and shapes to provide can be strengthened by the addition of a colors. Annuals can be tucked in between Making Cut Flowers Last

ould you be willing to dip a col­ Arranging creates the maximum turgidity, filling the umbine stem in oil of pepper­ plant tissues to capacity with water. In Good hygiene can make a difference. mint? Or stuff a daffodil stem most cases this process is not worth the W Containers and vases should be sparkling with cotton? Would you apply egg white effort for the typical gardener who wishes clean. A ten percent bleach and water so­ to tulips or give them a teaspoon of gin? simply to enjoy bouquets, but those with lution works well for sterilizing vases as Some people will go to great lengths to the time may wish to experiment. well as buckets, knives, and pruners. make cut flowers last a little bit longer. After gathering, stems are recut under Recutting the stems underwater, al­ Many unusual treatments have been passed water and quickly transfered to a deep, clean though sometimes awkward, does seem to on through the ydlfS. Perhaps a few will container of warm water. Cut stems are help. This practice, if the stems are quickly add a day or two of life to a fading ar­ immersed almost up to their blooms and moved to the arranging container with a rangement, but many have no validity at placed in a cool, dark, humid place for six clinging drop of water, is said to prevent all. to eight hours or overnight. Stems are recut air from entering the stems and obstructing Joseph Seals, owner of The Country again prior to arranging. the absorption of water. Is it worth the Garden, a nursery specializing in the best trouble? Experiment and see. flowers for cutting, has tested a variety of Filling Your Vase - It is tempting to follow some of the old­ methods for making flowers last. Seals of­ Plain tap water will still work in a pinch, time advice that includes mashing, split­ fers practical advice and straightforward but research shows that certain additions ting, or stuffing flower stems. Seals claims solutions. "The object is not to make it a can make a big difference in lasting power. "it's great therapy for tension, but it doesn't chore," he says, "but pure enjoyment in­ Most of these, like the small packets sup­ do a thing for the flowers." stead." With just a bit of effort, some sim­ plied by florists, work by providing en­ Remove all foliage (cut cleanly, don't ple procedures, and a few scientifically ergy-producing sugars and a pH which tear) that will be below the surface of the sound tricks, you can admire your flowers inhibits the growth of baaeria. water. Submerged foliage will decay. even longer. Researchers at the University of Cali­ Special Considerations fornia-Davis discovered that an equal mix Gathering of non-diet lemon-lime soda and warm Placing blooms in baskets or garden trugs Some garden flowers with sap that bleeds water will prolong vase life. The soda pro­ may seem romantic, but it is the worst way after cutting need to be treated specially. vides clean water, acidity, oxygen, and to treat your flowers. Seals emphasizes the Searing with a flame is often recommended, sugar-the ideal cocktail for cut flowers! single most important trick for getting the but this can be dangerous. The best method Generic soda can be purchased inexpen­ most from cut flowers-put stems imme­ is to quickly dip, for about 30 seconds, the sively and mixed with water for longer diately after cutting into a clean bucket of cut end of the stem in a pot of boiling enjoyment of your arrangement. warm water. This means carrying a bucket water. Be sure to shield the blooms from Gardeners who have hard water or com­ with you into the garden. the steam. mercially softened water should use bot­ There are a few other pointers that don't Plants in the Papaveraceae (Poppy fam­ tled or distilled water in place of tap water. take additional time but make a difference. ily), Euphorbiaceae (Spurge family), and Time of Day: Morning or evening is the the Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed family) need Aftercare preferred time for cutting. At midday flow­ this treatment. This includes poppies of all As water evaporates, keep the vase filled ers have low turgidity and few stored kinds and other flowers such as Asclepias to the top. Place arrangements away from starches. tuberosa (butterfly flower) and Macleaya direct sunlight and drafts. After the flowers Cutting: Always slice stems cleanly with cordata. fade, grab a bucket and pick some more. a sharp knife or a pair of pruners. Don't The joy of a garden planned for cutting is break, pull or twist stems. Conditioning never being without the charm and exu­ Flower Choice: Mature garden flowers Florists and commercial growers often berance of flowers in your home. quickly fade. Choose newly opened flow­ use a process called conditioning to max­ -Laura E. Goit ers or those still partially in bud. imize the life of cut flowers. Conditioning Assistant Editor, Horticulture

12 June 1988 NOW ••• BY MAIL! UNUSUAL, HARD­ TO-FIND FLOWER the perennials or shrubs or even among its grandeur, and all the veronicas and sal­ ARRANCINC SUPPLIES: the vegetables. vias. Optionals are perennial asters, He­ TOOLS, TECHNIOUES, TRICKS OF I have learned to rely on certain annuals lenium for the early fall, feverfew, Allium, THE TRADE! for color and shape, indoors and outdoors. monkshood, baby's breath, and the whole For instance, zinnias are a mainstay for an range of lili es . Biennials would include SPECIAL arranger's garden, with a wide range of foxg love and sweet William. colors available. I like the si ngle color of­ ROSE KIT ferings rather than the mi xed groups as I To add longer life to roses, have a bit more control on what is chosen. There are so many we have put together a The apple-green 'Envy' zinnia mentioned DELUXE ROSE KIT which includes: earlier is distinctive in a bouquet. Cut-and­ perennials, it is difficult come-again zinnias are also good because 1 Stem Stripper they do just as their name implies. to know where to begin. I 1 Swiss Cosmos are easy to grow and will thrive add at least two each Rose Scissor almost anywhere. The old-fashioned si n­ 1 Dozen gles in white, pink, and purple are colorful spring to my already Florever Rose Preservatives and long lasting once cut. The double types, crowded garden, but how such as 'Diablo', are small er and add a ONLY perky touch to a small arrangement. Try can one resist? 24.95 to avoid the mixed packages but look in­ INCLUDING POSTAGE & HANDLING stead for seed packets of one color and I(A ReSidents add 6% sa les tax) sow them yourself directly in the garden A row of lavender makes a good edging in the early spring. plant and its sil very leaves and purple-spiked The Keth Company The small flowers of ca lliopsis, or an­ flowers are excell ent in a small arrange­ p.o. BOX 645 nual coreopsis, come in shades of yellow, ment. The silvery artemisias are good ad­ Corona del Mar, CA 92625 orange, deep mahogany, and crimson. Even ditions too; their foliage holds up we ll and OUR LATEST CATALOGUE after all the petals have fallen off, their provides a good mix with many flowers. 1 .00 brown stigmas and feathery foliage are de­ Hosta foliage is very handsome and a good lightful. choice for a shady spot in your ya rd. These are only three, and the li st of an­ If yo u plan accordingl y, flower arrang­ nuals is long. Try anything that appeals to ing will not stop in th e winter. Many fl ow­ FIRST &ONLY you. One I always start from seed is Sal­ ers dry well, but even easier to dry are the Greenhouse/Screenhouse piglossis or velvet flower. Its trumpet­ handsome ornamental grasses. Not onl y shaped blossom gives an elegant touch to do they add a distinctive touch to a border, Year-Round Combination! an otherwise simple arrangement. Others but they also look graceful in a natural I always sow are asters, nasturtiums for setting. Try to include zebra grass (Mis­ UNI~~~f\G'f-SA"\NG Rt"" their sunny leaves and bright blooms, pe­ canthus sinensis 'Zebrinus'), maiden grass tunias, snapdragons, spiderflower (Cleome), (Miscanthus sinensis 'Gracillimus'), purple SUit-pO INSULATED gloriosa daisies, and Helianthus. Others, moor grass (Molinia ), and fountain grass WINTER SUN SPACE CONVERTS not quite annuals but grown as such, in­ (Pennisetum ). TO A SUMMER SCREEN ROOM! clude gladioli in unusual colors and dahlias If I lived in a house on a small lot instead with their showy blooms. of in the country, I would still have my There are so many perennials, it is dit­ cutting garden. In it I would plant a eu­ ficult to know where to begin. I add at onymus, a small juniper, a peony, three least two each spring to my already crowded heliopsis, three veronica, a dozen daffo­ garden, but how can one resist? If I had dils, and as many zinnias and cosmos as I to make choices I would insist on having could squeeze in between the plants. But yarrow, astilbe, and the all-summer flow­ since I am blessed with space, my problem ering Heliopsis helianthoides for their con­ is not deciding what to plant but knowing stant bloom. Coralbells,. with their small when to stop. There is always something pink or white flowers, lighten any arrange­ new to try-a new lily, a bicolor cosmos, ment. The leaves of lady's mantle and its or some new cultivar seen in a catalog. feathery bloom of later summer are a good My year-long delight is that the beauty choice. Peonies are excellent for lush, ex­ of my garden can be brought indoors, and o Bron ze aluminum 0 Shatter-resista nt glazing ONo foundat ions req uired 0 Ea sy do-it·yourself otic flowers and have foliage that can be I have the fun of creating new ways of assembly 0 Ideal spa /hot tub room . used as a base for arrangements all summer enjoying each shape and color. Send $2 for Color Catalogues, Prices, long. The back of a peony leaf, with its - Patricia Barrett SENT FIRST CLASS MAIL. silvery-gray cast, can be used as often as Dealer InqUiries Welcome Patricia Barrett, Great Barrington, VEGETABLE FACTORY, INC. the daFker green side. Massachusetts, is a garden writer and a P.O. Box 2235, Dept. AHO Other musts include iris, delphinium for feature writer for a daily newspaper. New York, NY 10163

American Horticulturist 13 Tl rnorh y Bo b nd

14 June 1988 I I uture

inter IS one of the great season fo r hor­ ing of hundreds of saucer magnolias en ticulture. It gives one time to pause, to ma se during late April in Boston's Back imagine next yea r's plantings and propa­ Bay. Most magnoliaphiles, however, lean ga ti ons, to sift through the catalogs, to in anoth er direction, favo ring instead the rummage in the library and resea rch the rare and unadulterated species or tending plants th at caught the imagination during to dabble in the gene pool th emselves. the planting season. It usually surprises people to find that This past winter I turned my attention th ere a re over seventy-five naturally-oc­ to the ori gins of the Chinese magnolias, curring species of magnolia worldwide. especiall y the ones once favored by the They are concentrated in Asia and North emperors, seeking to find out how they America but range from southern tropical had come to grace the backyards, parks, i lands, such as Cuba and Sumatra, through and avenues of the Western world. the warm and humid slopes of the Hi­ The ornamental plants that were culti­ malayan foothill s to colder areas such as vated for milleni a in China are still among Cape Ann, Massachusetts, and Hokkaido, our most gardenwo rthy species, particu­ the snowy northern island of Japan. They larly some of the pl ants long associa ted are arguably the prime ornamental tree with temple gardens and imperial parks: species, and it is surprising how many spe­ the peony, the cherry, the chrysanthemum, cies and cultiva rs are avail able once one the ginkgo, the la cebark pine, and the mag­ does a little prospecting in the ca talogs. nolia. It is with magnolias that the legends Chinese magnoli as in particular hold a of the ancients, the jottings from botanists' special interest for me. Some, such as Mag­ journals, and the field notes of th e unas­ nolia campbellii or M. sargentiana, have sailable plant explorers all intertwine into outsized flowers over ten inches across in a rich history. extraordinary lush colors of rose or soft Magnolia, to the majority of us, means pink. They are native to the balmier re­ the rosy purple- and white-flowered sau­ gions of China and have so far been suc­ cer magnolia (Magnolia X soulangiana). cessfully grown only in the mild climates This common plant is actually a hybrid of of Great Britain and the Pacific Northwest. two dissimilar Chinese species, blended 150 Incredibly, Chinese magnolias are still years ago by Etienne Soulange-Bodin, a being introduced; three new species, Mag­ former officer in Napoleon's cavalry. In­ nolia biondii, M. zen ii, and M. amoena, deed, one of the highlights of the New did not reach Western horticulture until England horticultural season is the bloom- 1977. Their tolerances are now being es­ tablished as cuttings slowly filter into eager LEFT: Magnolia X soulangiana. propagators' hands across the country.

BY ROB NICHOLSON

American Horticulturist 15 Phoros by R.B. Figbr 16 June1988 he Yulan, Magnolia denudata (syn. M. across. Its fl owers bl oom a full two weeks heptapeta), has the longest hi story of cul­ before the neighboring saucer magnoli as, ti va ti on of any magno li a, havi ng been and this may be the plant's worst failing. grown in China since at least the Tang Its blooms, as anxio us to declare spring as Dynasty (A.D. 618-907). It was often any New Engl ander, are sometimes pun­ planted in courtyards or temple grounds ished by late cold snaps for their premature a nd was considered a n expression of forecast and turn a dingy brown. sprin gtime and a symbol of purity. The More often than not, the display is spec­ lavish, expansive gardens of the Chine e tacular. T housands of blooms cover the emperors included plant brought from a ll tree, slowing traffic even in rush ho ur. M y corn ers of the kingdom, some of the more favorite va ntage point is closer, under­ tender species bein g grown under glass. neath a nd looking up through the canopy William Chambers, an English vi itor to of creamy white flowers contrasting with China in the mid-seventeenth century, re­ the gu n-gray branches. ported, " ... they plant among them, in Due to its hardin ess a nd fine flowers, regular forms, divided by walk , a ll the the Ivory N ude has been used for gener­ rare shrubs, flowers and trees of the torrid ation by hybridizers. Its matings with zone; which they cover, during the winter, weaker-blooded magnolias have imparted with frames of glass, disposed in the form some re ili ence to th e resulting progeny, of temples, or other elegant buildings. The e often yielding new colo r fo rms. Magnolia they call conservatories: they a re warmed X sou/angiana wa such a breakthrough, by subterraneous fire, and afford a com­ hybridizing M. denudata with M. liliiflora fortable and agreeable retreat, when the ( yn. M. quinquepeta), a shrubby, less hardy weather is too cold to walk in the open species with bu rgundy blooms. air. " ontemporary hyb ridizers such as the The Yu lan is one of the hardie thine e Brooklyn Botani c Garden's Eva Maria magno li as, altho ugh the limits of it nat­ perber have va lu ed the Yulan's pale fl ower ural range have been confu ed due to it color, using it a a neutral pallette on whi ch spread by man over the centuries. We tern to blend color. She paired it with M. ac­ pl ant coll ectors at the turn of this century uminata, an Ameri can native that has a wrote of seeing specimens in China eighty small , inconspicuous, ye ll ow-green flower. feet ta ll but remarked that they seld om Her successor, Dori Stone, nurtured a nd found a good stand of large trees. compared the offspring for ten yea rs, a nd It is a precocio us magno li a; that is, its in 1978 the Garden selected and named a fl owers appear before it leafs out. T hese true champion. 'Eli zabeth' is a vigorous fl owers are of a si ngul ar grace a nd beauty, arborescentcultivar a nd like M. denudata with texture and form that is classical in has precocious flowers. But this cultiva r line and elegant in effect. Their color is distinguishes itself with its large, cl ear, pale­ reminiscent of aged ivory, w ith nine o bo­ yell ow fl owers; a rema rkabl y deli cate color vate tepals (not clea rl y petals o r sepals) th at captures the essence of spring. forming at its fullest expansion a bloom Although Magnolia 'Elizabeth' is a pat­ six to seven inches across. The plant de­ ented cultivar, nurserymen willingly pay rives its nom de jardin, " The Ivory Nude," Continued 011 page 36 from its blossoms ' distinguished color a nd the tree's lack of foliage when they appear. The original Western description of the plant is perhaps still the best. The French­ man, Cibot, wrote in 1778, " It is said to resemble a naked walnut-tree with a lily at the end of every branch." Specimens in this country apparently have not matched the size of some of those re­ ported from China. The finest plant I know is in Boston's Back Bay, located on Com­ monwealth Avenue across from the Ritz Hotel. About a hundred years old, it is planted alongside a brownstone and grows to the middle of the third story, showing a dome-shaped crown some thirty feet

LEFT: Magnolia 'Elizabeth' displays a deli­ cate color that keeps it much in demand. RIGHT: 'Galaxy' is an outstanding new hy­ brid, one of the products of a well-designed breeding program.

American Horticulturist 17 Beaui

Text and illustrations by Peter Loewer

onjure up the thought of a garden in full bloom and I'm sure your imagination will add the iridescent wings of butterflies flitting from flower to flower, like bits of colorful confetti bobbing in the bril­ liance of the afternoon sun. No other fam­ ily of insects that visits the backyard is met with such warm hearts and happy thoughts. The first butterfly to visit our garden in the Catskills flies in on the breath of frost. It's called the Spring Azure (Lycaenopsis argiolus) and is a little over one inch wide when its wings are spread. It often aban­ dons its chrysalis when snow is still on the ground. Few flowers are blooming when these light blue sprites fly about the hem­ locks and pines waiting for the first trailing arbutus or bluets to open. Our scree bed is not far from the edge of the woods, and the Spring Azures quickly find the yellow flowers of the Draba lasiocarpa. Once the garden is in full bloom, they will occa­ sionally visit early in the morning or late in the afternoon but seem to prefer the cool shadows of the woods. A Spring Azure caterpillar prefers flow­ ering dogwood (Cornus florida), which it finds in our neighboring woods; sumac (Rhus typhina), represented by a thicket next to our bulb bed; black snakeroot (Cimicifuga racemosa), which grows in our garden next to a Japanese maple tree; and meadowsweet (Spiraea salicifolia), a plant that grows in our adjoining meadow and in the wild garden. Around the beginning of May, the Cab­ bage White (Pieris rapae) floats over the edge of the hill behind the garden and flut­ ters from one end of the border to the other in search of the vegetable garden. Its wing­ spread varies between one and a half to nearly two inches and there is a darkened spot at the tip of each forewing. It was introduced into Quebec about 1860, and with the unerring judgment of a world traveler, quickly made a home for itself over the entire continent from southern Canada to northern Mexico. The cater­ Little Wood Satyr pillar, as most gardeners know, is partial

18 June1988 itors

to all cu ltivated members of the Cruciferae namon scent call s the Tiger Swall owtail family . (Papilio glaucus) fro m the wildflowers of Our next ga rden vis itor i the Mourning th e field into the cultured garden, and it Cloak (Nymphalis antiopa), a three-and­ wi ll wander from flower to fl ower until a-quarter-i nch beauty with deep purplish­ late aftern oon. Few wings are perfect; as brown, ve lvety wings edged wi th ye ll ow th e ummer approaches you will spot va r­ and a black band with blue spots. Though Skipper ious rips and tea rs in the edges of the wing science is unsure whether the Mourning and often broken tai ls. But as long as they Cloak overwinters in a chrysa lis, it is known of our vi iting butterfli e make their ap­ ca n remain alo ft , they will fl y. They are to sleep through the snow hidden in a shel­ pearance. so in volved with the nectar they find­ tered spot, often leaving its wi nter sleep The Little Sulphur (Eurema lisa ) are alm ost d runken in their manner-that yo u while snow is still lingering. It then spends about one and a half in che wide wi th ca n slowly approach and watch their busy most of April deep in the woods waiting ulphur-ye ll ow wi ngs edged with dark tongues at work, taking ca re not to all ow for the first violets. The fl owers of it choice brown to bl ack. They have uffe red con­ your shadow to fa ll over thei r eyes. Often in our garden are the various spring- flow­ demnation by associati on with the Cab­ as much as six and a half inches wide, these ering lungworts (Pulmonaria), whi ch start bage Whites, but in the no rth th eir ca t­ lovely yell ow and black gliders live east of to bloom in mid-April. A particul a rl y lovely erpill ars prefer clover (Trifolium) instead th e Rocky Mountains. Their caterpillars sight is the vision of this butterfl y fl ying of oth er vegetable gree n . Peripateti c by are o litary folk, living within a nest made in and around a planting of bright ye ll ow nature, Little Sulphurs have been seen fl ying of one leaf, folded over at the edges, tied tulips. The ca terpillars choose will ow, fa r out into the Atl antic, their numbers with silk, and usua ll y found high up in a poplar, and sometimes roses as their fa­ making a yell ow fog on the ho rizon, often tree, preferably wild cherry or popl ar. vored food. going over six hundred miles from sho re The Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta) ap­ But it is not until the end of May, when and sometimes landing in Bermuda. pears when the thistles are in bl oom. Lovely the nights are warmer and many garden When the va ri ous pinks bl oom in the things with win gs banded in bright orange plants are in full bl oom, that the majority rock garden and scree bed, their sweet cin- on brown with the forewing mostl y black with white spots, these two-inch beauties seem to like our garden'S yellow knapweed (Centaurea macrocephala), then they move to the field where the burdocks and the pasture thistles (Cirsium pumilum) bloom. The larvae prefer nettles and hops, and we all ow free reign to the nettles in an area near an old barn foundation. There the solitary caterpillars live in silk-lined leafen homes, their edges folded over with more silk fa stenings, exiting by day to dine on their food of choice. When the heat of July begins to build and we start to water the garden, the Skip­ pers appear. These insects are a combi­ nation of butterfly and moth and earned their common name because their flight is swift and darting. When at rest, their wings are not held high but slightly folded over. The Silver Spotted Skipper (Epargyreus clarus) is the species most likely to visit our garden. About two inches across, the wings are a chocolate brown with the fore­ wings touched with irregular yellow-gold and silvery-white spots that appear when Red Admiral they are at rest. They seem to enjoy feeding

American Horticulturist 19 HAnd what's a hutterfly? At hest, He's hut a caterpillar, dressed." - Frank E. Lutz he butterfly's cycle of life is not a simple thing, as it depends a great T deal on the complex relationship between the butterfly and the flower. But­ terflies begin life as caterpillars and cat­ erpillars are voracious eaters, born to chew, and the leaf is their chosen food. While many species are indiscriminate and will happily eat whatever leaf appears in their path, others can survive only on a few, sometimes only one, plant species. The Purplish Copper (Lycaena hel­ Hummingbird Moth loides) caterpillar, for example, feeds only on docks (Rumex), knotweed (Poly­ enclose themselves in a loose, somewhat gonum), and false baby's breath (Galium); shabby-looking cocoon. the American Painted Lady (Vanessa vir­ Safe in its house, the larva begins one giniensis) enjoys all the everlastings in­ Once the caterpillar stage is over and of the most remarkable changes in the nat­ cluding pussy-toes (Antennaria) and the the larva has stored up enough energy on ural world-from a lowly caterpillar to a pearly everlastings (Anaphalis); the famil­ its diet of leaves, it turns itself into a pupa, soaring butterfly. In some species matur­ iar Monarch (Danaus plexippus) caterpil­ or to use a more romantic term reserved ation will only take ten days; others may lar can only exist on milkweed (Ascle­ for butterflies, a chrysalis. This is in fact require a year or more to complete the pias)-though when pressed, the larva can a living murnmy case, often intricate in process. But when the time is ripe, the eat members of the Nightshade family (So­ design, covered with spikes, fins, and knobs, chrysalis splits and the insect slowly un­ lanaceae); and the Great Spangled Fritil­ and varying in color from a dull brown to folds its wings. lary (Speyeria cybele) will only feed on a brilliant green with gold or silver dots. For drinking, the butterfly uses a tongue violets. At the tip of the spot where the abdomen called a proboscis. When extended, the Many times this preference for a specific would be is a spiny projection called ~he proboscis becomes a straw and the flower food is so intense that female butterflies cremaster. Before the pupation begins, the a flavored soda ready to be imbibed. lay their eggs either on or nearby a pre­ caterpillar spins a small button of silk on Not OI'1ly is the bee responsible for cross­ ferred larval food (lepidopterists or but­ a branch, stem, or other protected place pollinatiOl'l, the butterfly is too. When vis­ terfly specialists use these clues as aids to and hooks this silk to the cremaster. Some­ iting blossom after blossom in search of identification), and every year millions of times it will also weave a silken belt. Al­ food, it carries pollen from plant to plant. caterpillars will starve to death if the food though most butterflies do not dress the If you examine butterfly wings under a of choice is not available. entire chrysalis in silk, the Skippers, who hand lens you will see that they are trans­ have features of both butterflies and moths, parent membranes stretched on veins or struts and are covered by a myriad of tiny flattened scales, much like shingles on a house. When you inadvertently touch a butterfly wing, the powder left upon your finger is in reality these tiny scales. The color on the wing is not from a pigment, b~t is visible because the individual shin­ gles are grooved like the surface of a phon­ ograph record and break up the light that falls upon them into component colors. Each pattern of grooves is unique to each species. Iridescence is the result of a thin transparent film and works like the surface of a soap bubble. Because the color on a wing is a result of structure and not pig­ ment, it never fades. The butterfly wings used in various forms of collage-an art­ form quite popular in Victorian times­ are as bright today as when the collages Mourning Cloak were first created.

20 June 1988 on all kinds of flowers. Although many weed fl owers and then join in the migra­ Skippers have been o bserved to be sli ghtl y tion back south. Sometimes a chrysali s will belligerent, they o bvio usly enj oy meeti ng overwinter in the north and hatch un­ in ti ght little groups call ed Mud Puddle noticed in the spring. Clubs (a habit that many butterflie prac­ The Viceroy (Limenitis archippus) is tice). There they will cluster, coil ed tongues common in the eastern area of the country, darting back and forth into the coolin g a nd thro ugh th e process of protective waters, and almost seem to be gas iping, mimicry so resembles th e di stasteful Mon­ so intense is the mood of the ga th ering. Monarch arch that enemi es leave it alone. Unlike the Their caterpillars live in a nes t of leave, Monarch, the Viceroy will be a frequent usua ll y a ro und thei r preferred food-wis­ dener. It is o nl y when the cri pness of fall ga rden vis itor; it is fond o f all sorts of teria, honey locust o r a number of mem­ approache and the Monarch gather to culti vated flowers a nd gives milkweed a bers of the Legume family. return outh for overwintering, thi time wide berth. In mid-August when the garden phlox forsaking individuality for the group, that When the killing frosts of a utumn a rrive, (Ph lox paniculata) and the fo ur-o'clock the journey is noted. orne of the butterflies of summer have (Mirabilis jalapa) a re at thei r best, one of Monarchs are ti ed to the milkweed died; others, like the Mo narch, have flown the few day- fl ying moths visits the ga rden. throughout their li fe cycle. As th ey fl y north, to warmer climates. A few have found a Aptly na med th e Hummingbird Moth the year-old butterflie top along the way safe SpO t sheltered from the sto rm, and (Hemaris thysbe), it come on whirring to lay egg in the milkweed plants, then millions of caterpill a rs have turned inward wings that gli sten in the li ght of the noon­ u uall y die. The caterpill ar eat the leave to a chrysa li s, ready for the coming spring day sun, darting from flower to flower with abandon, completely immune to the and a nother season of flowers. with great agili ty a nd effortles Iy hovering poi on au and acrid ap, and they become in pl ace while searching for nectar deep o repell ent in taste that most bird let Peter Loewer, Cochecton Center, New York, within tubula r fl ower. It tongue is a them alone. Soon they mature and fo rm a has written and illustrated a new book, The long that the maturing pupa ha a handle chrysa li , emerging in time to feed on milk- Annual Carden. on the side to give needed room for the developing proboscis.

he la rv ae feed o n s now­ CAbbage White berries (Symphoricarpos) and vari o us species of Vi­ burnum, a nd o n ce they have found a comfortable pile of leaves they will form a pupa (the word "chrysali s" is reserved only for butterfli es) and do a haphaza rd job of spinning a covering cocoon. When the garden is glowing under an August sun and the air is hot and still , a walk in the wild garden at the edge of the woods is a delightful change. Often, while you are stepping along the trai l beneath the pines and shagbark hickory, with violet leaves and shady grasses sweeping over your feet, the Little Wood Satyr (Eupty­ chia cyme/a) comes flying by. The color is brown with prominent eyespots on the wings. Only an inch and a quarter wide, this species delights in fluttering between the ferns and grasses, sometimes coming out into the open for a sweep of a dewy meadow but soon returning to the woody shade. Satyrs eschew flowers, preferring the pollen of grasses, and the caterpillars feed enti rei yon grass. When summer is high and the milk­ weeds bloom in the fields, the last of the Monarchs (Danaus p/exippus) return from their northward migration, a trip so tai­ lored to the individual preference of each butterfly that it is often missed by the gar- Little Sulphur ~=~

American Horticulturist 21 11 f.ampanulas or Diversity

BY ELISABETH SHELDON

aving long felt out of step with They are eminently plants for the garden­ a culture in which "wild," lover, for those persons who ... respond "crazy," and "outrageous" are to the milder sensations and derive sustain­ terms of praise, where disci­ ing satisfactions from gentle experiences." pline and restraint are qualities It is true that, with the possible excep­ to be divested rather than cul­ tion of the newer Canterbury bells, most tivated, where even in the gardening world campanulas are charming rather than irri­ a jarring impact is preferred to subtle har­ posing, modest rather than flashy. They monies and a flower might be advertised come in white, pale pink, and shades of as being clearly visible a hundred yards lavender and purple (invariably referred to away, imagine the solace I experienced in as "blue" in the catalogs), and in order to reading the following in Liberty Hyde Bai­ appreciate their color and form, close ob- ley's introduction to his book, The Garden of Bellflowers: "The bell flowers appeal ... ABOVE: Starry flowers of Campanula pos­ to the quieter and restrained emotions. Most charskyana tumble over a rock wall. RIGHT: of the species are not impertinent and gaudy, The cup-shaped blooms of C. persicifolia may nor do they lend themselves to display .... be lilac-blue or white.

22 June 1988 Photos by Pamel a Harper ------~------

Lau ra E. COI[

servation is required. Not everyone ad­ many kinds seed th emselv es or the seed mires baseball-size double blossoms and can be gath ered and sown in flats, with Give them decent glow-in-the-dark colors; plenty of garden­ best results if it is sowed immediately. If ers are interested in growing less strident you plant your flats late, they can be win­ soil and good plants. tered over for spring germination. Cam­ The word " campanula" comes from the panula seeds are usually as fine as dust and Latin word for bell-campana. Of the should be simply pressed into a moist, but drainage and most Campanulaceae, or Bellflower family, not soggy, sowing mixture. They need light Campanula is the largest genus, with over to germinate so they should not be covered campanUlas are no~ 300 species. After making a list, I find that with soil or put in a dark place. The species I have grown twenty of them myself, suc­ should come true to type-only rarely do demanding. ceeding with some, failing with others. The campanulas intermarry in the garden. tricky ones are mostly those from the high You can divide many of the plants rather mountains that hate hot humid weather than gathering seed, and in the case of and clay soil. hybrids or special forms, you may want to Most campanulas for the standard flower take cuttings. If so, take soft cuttings in border are not at all demanding, after you the spring from unripe, non-flowering or have given them decent soil and good budding shoots, for if the stems are hard drainage. In general, they also have the they will not root. Plunge them into sandy great virtue of being almost immune to soil out of the sun and cover them with disease and damage from insects. cloches or peanut butter jars-anything that You can buy the seed of many of the will increase humidity and temperature and good campanulas or get them through seed also let in. the light. exchanges. Once you have them growing, My list of twenty includes the following: • Campanula persicifolia, the so-called LEIT: Campanula elatines var. garganica pre­ peach-leaved bellflower, is probably the fers a raised bed ·or a stone retaining wall. ABOVE: Yellow spires of ligularia and rosy­ most widely grown. It has rosettes of long purple thalictrum provide a backdrop for a smooth narrow leaves, spread by thin un­ large clump of C. latifolia 'Alba'. derground stolons to form a mat. From

Pamela Harper American Horticulturist 25 An ita Saba rese

this growth tall, almost leafless stems rise • Another common border campanula Small to stately in to two or three feet, carrying clusters of is C. giomerata, which comes in a deep lilac, blue, or lavender bells close to the rich purple and in white. In C. glomerata, size, never strident stem, standing straight out or pointing up. tight clusters of bells with pointed petals They are lovely when first open, especially make little bouquets on top of nearly two­ the white ones, but as the individual flow­ foot stems, emerging all down the stems in color, bellflowers ers close their appearance detracts from from the leafaxils as well. The basal leaves the new blossoms that are opening. Dead­ are long, rough, and somewhat hairy, but are companionable head if you have time, but busier or lazier the flowers, especially in the cultivars such people can wait until most blossoms are as 'Joan Elliott', are of a hue that is stun­ in most gardens. shrivelled, then can bravely cut back all ning with the pure blue Delphinium 'Bel­ stems to several inches above the basal lamosum'. C. glomerata var. dahurica is mat. They will flower again cleanly. While also particularly good. Although these I am mentioning faults, I must add that campanulas do not seed themselves, they this plant also tips over during a storm so spread fairly fast, running freely at the root, it should be loosely staked. It also seeds as one writer put it. They should be staked itself in the midst of its neighbors, a re­ with pea sticks (short shrubby branches) grettable characteristic. Still, I wouldn't be to keep them more or less erect. The white without this species. There are 'New Giant form, 'Crown of Snow', is about eight inches Hybrids' available, and there are several shorter than the purple one and blooms older cultivars around, among which 'Tel­ later and longer. C. glomerata var. acaulis ham Beauty' stands out. A few nurseries is available, both as seed and as plants. It offer double versions of both white and has the same upfacing clusters of bells, "blue,"but they seem not to be as tough though a paler purple or white, and grows as singles. only a few inches high. • The English grow C. iactif/ora (with ABOVE: Selected forms of Campanula glom­ erata, like 'Joan Elliott' pictured here, are su­ milk-white flowers) extensively and con­ perior to the species. RIGHT: C. carpatica sider it the best border campanula. This 'China Doll'. Continued on page 32

26 June 1988 Da vid Stolle

THE GARDENS OF LOUIS COMFORt

BY MARTHA WREN BRIGGS

Louis Comfort Tiffany was the son of the garden on a series of terraces without dras­ founder of Tiffany and Company, New tically altering the natural landscape. He York, and master of the stained-glass me­ built only tbose terraces and steps that were dium. He lived in Laurelton Hall, on Long necessary to prevent erosion, protect the Island, from 1905 until his death in 1933. flowers, and provide easy access to the Even though he left his property to the diff€rent levels of his garden. Under his Tiffany Foundation to be a place where direct supervision thirty-five full-time gar­ young art students couLd work in a rural deners maililtalined a professional standard environment, it suffered a fate similar to of horticulture and produced the dramatic , other Long Island estates, Finding main­ floral effects of color that Tiffany desired: tenance almost impossible during and after yellow "daffodils grow(ing) in a field ... World War II, the Foundation, with the gravel paths hedged by (dark green) box­ Court's permission, subdivided and sold wood, . , red peonies in one section, blue the property. Only traces of Tiffany's vast iris in another, fragrant roses in restricted floral planting at Laurelton Hall can still places ... blooms, blooms, everywhere." be found, For this article, information was Tiffany designed his main house, Lau­ obtained from written accounts of his time, relton Hall, as part of the landscape. The old photographs, and interviews with per­ 28D-foot-long, three-storied building con­ sons who were visitors to the estate. tained servants' quarters, two conserva­ tories, a chapel, a bowling alley, porches, a stable, and two greenhouses. It was built ouis Comfort Tiffany's avoca­ on eight levels along the hilly terrain par­ tion-and delight-was the land­ allel to Cold Spring Harbor. Fountains L. scaping of his vast Long Island es­ dominated the elaborate and colorful gar­ tate. Yellow daylilies bordered an entrance dens on both sides of the house, and water drive, lavender and blue wisteria blossoms for the three interior fountains and four framed an arched doorway, and autumn garden fountains came from a hillside spring flowers in many hwes created patterns on southeast of Laurelton Hall. terraces and in colorful gardens. The area A fountain-vase resembling the pistil of was descr-ibed at the time as being "one of a flower with a bulbous base and a long the wildest sections of Long Island," even slender neck dominated the Fountain Court, though it was not too distant from Tif­ Tiffany'S interior reception hall. Water from fany's glass factory in Corona, Queens, the spring was forced upward through the New York, His friends and family under­ large vase and then spilled quietly, almost stood Tiffany's unusual infatuation with imperceptibly, down its exterior to an oc­ his garden and t\;)at "watching a flower tagonal pool at the center of the indoor grow from a bud to full bloom was one garden. In the Fountain Court there was of his greatest pleasures," a display area for container plants that Tiffany, who began his career as an in­ were grown in the two estate greenhouses terior decorator and acted as his own land­ arn d brought to the house when they were scape architect, took great delight in plan­ ning every detail of his estate's grounds. Masses of wisteria, interpreted by Tiffany in He used a scale model of the property that the lush style of Art Nouveau, decorated the showed the location of all its hills, mead­ dining room of Laurelton Hall. (Photo from ows, and valleys. As much as possible he the collection of the Oharles HosmClr Morse Museum of American Art, Winter Park, retained the irregular features of Long Is­ Florida, through the courtesy of the Charles la~d's glacial topography and designed his Hosmer Morse Foundation.)

28 June 1988

THE GARDENS OF LOUIS COMFORT TIFFANY

in their prime. A contemporary photo­ graph shows calla lilies from South Africa thriving in the pool, and hydrangeas are seen banked at poolside with other blos­ soms that appear to be chrysanthemums or a type of viburnum, and a monstera. Formal planting on the estate was re­ stricted by Tiffany to the area surrounding the main house and was accented by wa­ terfalls, pools, and fountains, all supplied by the hillside spring. Pictures published in the December 1908 issue of Country Life in America show a sunken garden at the front of the house in springtime, banked with bright poppies and golden creeper. Two terraced gardens with large plumed fountains dominated the Cold Spring Har­ bor side (or rear) of Tiffany's house. The higher of the ~o was paved and enclosed by walls that terminated in three octag­ onally-shaped tiers, planted with petunias ABOVE: Looking which perfumed the air"on a summer eve­ towards Cold Spring ning. On top of the tiers were large round Harbor, large vases vases holding dwarf cypress trees. They with dwarf cypress were similar to the fountailil-vases at the flanked a terrace foun­ tain. BELOW: Open on end of the water trough in the Fountain three sides, the Daffodil Court. Terrace was a delight­ Water from the indoor vase-fountains ful outdoor retreat. ran underground to supply a geyser on the high terrace. It splashed into another of Tiffany'S octagonally-shaped pools, dis­ appeared, and surfaced again in another fountain on the roof of the hanging garden, perhaps the most innovative landscaping idea on Tiffany'S large estate. The wooden roof of the hangililg garden was not the ideal place for growing plants since it re­ ceived almost constant sunlight and con­ tainers were the only source of soil. Tiffany experimented with these adverse growing conditions until he discovered that cor­ Pharos co urrt:s}' of Dr. Rober[ Koch dyline plants or New Zealand cabbage trees and oleanders would flourish in this hostile dragon's pool above filled the shell and Tiffany estate was kept wild in what Tif­ location. The spike-shaped foliage of the supplied two lower ponds near the beach fany called "Grandmother's garden," for cordyline plants complemented a large, bdore flowing into Cold Spring Harbor. wildflowers were as much a delight to him decorative, bronze-mosaic dragon sitting Terraces and fountains were not the only as the cultivated species. Shrubs, peren­ beside a fountain pool on the roof of the settings for flowers at Laurelton Hall. nials, and various types of indigenous trees hanging garden. According to Chinese my­ Window boxes held ice plants, sometimes predominated in his woods. One entrance thology, a dragon typifies the life-giving called the midday flower of the Greeks. to Laurelton Hall was an extension of the qualities and the destructiveness of water; Wisteria climbed over the beams of an open road to The Briars, Tiffany'S first home in appropriately, the hanging garden's Chinese porch on t1il e second floor. Tiffany's en­ the area, and was bordered by lush maple dragon was a fountain head. nhusiasm for wisteria is visible in his art. trees which still stand. In early summer, Projecting beneath the overhang of the The twists and turns of the vine and its daylilies "in varying shades of yellow" edged garden was a trellis which, in photographs, hanging clHsters of lavender or blue flow­ the serpentine drive, according to Samuel seems to support a clematis vine. The trellis ers gave it immeasurable design possibil­ Howe in a House Beautiful article in 1914. framed a sculptured figure of The Spring, ities. Stained-glass transom panels of The other drive to Tiffany'S house was personified by a young girl looking down blooming wisteria once decorated three even more innovative-it was a drive of into a large scallop shell. The shell was a walls of the dining room at Laurelton Hall. bluestone gravel that wound for more than water basin and was the last in the six­ Except for acreage reserved for a dairy a mile to the house through woods dotted fountain chain. Falling water from the and model farm, the remaining area of the with laurel and rhododendrons. It passed

30 June1988 THATCHED ROOF a fi eld where tho usands o f d a ffo dil were bound twice with textured-looking bl oomed, ran under a hundred-yard arch cord in brown glass, repeating a decorative BIRD of es pali ered apple tree, and turned to th e tradition begun in Egypt. The opalescent beach where an old sailing ship was moored gla s whi ch Tiffany had perfected at hi s HOUSES to act a a bathho use. It wandered fro m tudio gave th e ca pital daffodils a long­ the beach between two pond and a strea m lasting brilliance. " lin ed in (s pring and ummer) with day­ O n Ma rch 8, 1957, the main secti on o f lilies, Joe-Pye weed, Japanese iri , mar h La urelton Ha ll , no longer in th e Tiffany mallow, boneset, wild ri ce, (a nd in the au­ family, burned. Hugh F. McKea n, who had tumn) with gold enrod." T he road then been a Tiffany Fe ll ow in 1930, returned traveled under the hangin g garden, up to Laurelton Ha ll after the fire and found through a po rte-cochere, and around the th at, alt ho ugh the ho use had bee n de­ house to the front entrance. troyed, the Daffodil Terrace was "still in ­ Some o f Ti ffa ny's fri end hared hi s en­ tact," but that exposure to the elements Made in England by "cottage indust ry," The Thatched Roof Bird Ho uses have th e thusiasm for flowers. Mrs. Rudya rd Kip­ had caused the da ffodil s that "ori gin all y charm of Folk·craft .... o ne of th ose pleasant ling sent him an English " sweet pea, single park led with a hi gh (opale cent) sheen to touches that make the Englis h Gard ens and rare, o f an exqui ite hade," wrote acquire a oft matte fini sh." The Daffodil famous. The house is a rustic ho ll owed Sa muel Howe in House and Gardell in Terrace wa aved from des tructi on by Mr. branch with a flat back to hang on a wall . fe nce . or tree. A stub of a stem is the p erch . 1906. One hundred o f hi s fri ends traveled McKean and i in storage in Winter Park, Twigs are fitted to hold the thatching. 10 " to Laurelton Hall on a special rai lroad train Flo rida, the property o f the Charl es Hos­ high Easy to clean o ut. Writes a reordering in May 1914 to enj oy the bea uty he had mer Mo r e Foundati on. Mr. M cKean also customer: ". my thatched bird ho use is the created. His children and grandchildren, salvaged many of the architectural ado rn­ talk of the neighborhood." Only 18.95 each Shipping $2.00 however, were fo rbidden to pi ck any of ment Ti ffa ny had created fo r Laurelton the flowers. Tiffa ny'S youngest daughter, Hall. He donated the loggia entrance that The Walt Nicke Dorothy Burlingham, remembers that if a had column ca pitals decorated with o ri ­ Company child " broke a fl ower it wasn't considered ental poppies, East Indi an lotuses, sa ucer p.o. Box 433A, 36 McLeod Lane an accident (by her father) it was con id ­ magno li as, and peoni es to the Metropol­ Topsfield. MA 01983 ered a crime" and " . .. woe (befell ) the itan Museum o f Art in New York City. In child who stepped on a pl ant." Grand­ 1980, hi s book, The' Lost' Treasures of children were permitted to pi ck two nas­ Louis Com fort Tiffany, wa published. turtiums each time they visited their grand­ When Tiffany started hi s decorati ve glass father, but da ffodils were the exception. business the Art N ouveau movement had They could pi ck daffodil s fr ee of rules and just begun in England. Swirling lines o f regulations because thousands of them grew trees, vines, and fl ower fo rms were the wild in a fi eld on the estate. Comfo rt Tif­ decorative elements used by artists of this fany Gilder, one o f Tiffany's twin daugh­ group. Tiffany's love of colo r and his pref­ ters, revealed in her 1962 poem Daffodils erence for abundant flowers made him the that "in the spring the children (her brother chief advocate of Art Nouveau in the United and sisters) would run to the daffodils. States . As many as forty-four of Tiffany'S Country Stop first to gaze with rapture, then darting beloved pl ants or tree blossoms at Lau­ Casual Th~ Garden and Leisur~ Furni(ur~ Spedalis(s here and there ... slowly picking daffodils relton Ha ll served as models for the flow­ one by one." Some of the children in nearby ers in his stained-glass windows, leaded A superior collection ef diuerse designs Oyster Bay would ride bicycles to the daf­ glass lampshades, and blown gl ass vases. from England's major joineries and custom workshops. fodil field and surreptitiously " pick bunches Despite long neglect, some of the floral of the largest yellow daffodils (they) have models for Tiffany'S glass objects continue SOLID TEAKWOOD ever seen, before or since." One of the bike to grow on the site of Laurelton Hall. Daf­ BENCHES· CHAIRS· TABLES riders, now in his seventies, identifies the fodils, laurel, rhododendrons, and day­ SWINGS· PLANTERS field daffodils as 'King Alfred', a variety lilies line the former driveway. Old-fash­ Immediate shipment from our own created by John Kendall six years before ioned rose bushes bloom in the upper terrace Maryland warehouse. Country Casual Tiffany bought Laurelton Hall. area and masses of sweet rocket cover the pays the freight. Sometime after 1914, Tiffany added the spaces near the old stable. Their annual Colour catalogue $2.00 Daffodil Terrace to Laurelton Hall. It was appearance, so many years later, is only a Call or write for more information an open, three-sided rectangular porch. vestige of what was, in its time, one of COUNTRY CAsUAL - CAH Contemporary photographs show at least America's most beautiful and admired gar­ 17317 Germantown Road six marble columns supporting the ter­ den estates. Germantown, MD 20874-2999 race's wooden roof. The capitals, now pri­ (301) 540-0040 vately owned, are encircled with two rows Martha Wren Briggs, former art librarian at 1iil!!I1~ ENSURE AUTHENnCITY· of three-dimensional daffodils made of rich C. W. Post College of Long Island University, SPECIFY opalescent glass and set in cement. Their has written articles on the stained glass of ~ ~ MADE IN ENGLAND long green stems and overlapping leaves Louis Comfort Tiffany.

American Horticulturist 31 TR Y CAMPANULAS FOR DIVERSITY

Continued fr om page 26 America may lie in its cultivation require­ and may never attain the glory of their species and several culti va rs seem to be ments, as it doesn't transplant easily due unmoved siblings, which produce great little known in America. One year I raised to its thick fleshy root. H. C. Crook, who panicles of bluish-white bells on strong about two dozen from seed. They fl owered knows everything there is to know about straight stems. (I noted that Wyman says the fo ll owing year and di ed during their bell flowers, says the best method of grow­ it is "easily grown and easily propagated seco~ d winter. Sin ce C. lactiflora is from ing it is to sow the seed in situ, thinning by division." There you are-when do two the Caucasus and is listed for USDA Zone out the plants rather than transplanting authorities agree? You will just have to 4, I could not understand its behavior un­ them. Then there will be self-sown seed­ experiment yourself.) There is a pale pink less the drainage was at fault. lings. Transplanting is possible, but the C. lactiflora called 'Loddon Anna'; a vi­ The explanati on for its limited use in plants will take several years to recuperate olet-blue one, 'Prichard's Variety'; and eighteen-inch 'Pouffe', which has been im­ pressing American visitors to English gar­ dens. This species will tolerate a certain amount of shade. • I must admit to defeat with another tall campanula--C. iatifolia, which is con­ THE sidered a good garden choice by most au­ thorities. One is warned to take care lest it spread unduly, and one is told that, since it is rather coarse, it might be naturalized in the wild garden. The authorities have not mentioned its behavior in my garden, ROSE which is simply to disappear after it fin ­ ishes flowering, although I have tried home­ REFERENCE grown seedlings and imports named 'Brantwood' (violet-purple), 'Alba', and Imagine the full splendor of all the Each is described as to origin, parent­ 'Macrantha'. If yo u can grow it, you will world's roses, gathered together in the age, appearance, characteri stics, and most lavish, comprehensive, indispen­ growing conditions-and a lis t of sup­ enjoy its racemes of elongated, upfacing sable reference on roses ever pub­ pliers enables the enthusiast to obtain bells that terminate the four-foot stems that lished! Here-in stunning full-color every rose shown. Also included is a need not be staked. Stems rise from a clump photographs and descriptive tex t-are conveni ent directory of rose gardens to of toothed, cordate-ovate leaves five to six more than 1,400 rose varieties from all visit . With its elegant d esign, and over the world: • old roses • species wealth of practi ca l fac ts, Roses is every inches long. It is native all the way from roses · h ybrid teas · fl o ra bundas rose-lover's dream book come true! northern Britain east to Siberia. • climbers · ramblers · miniature roses. • One campanula that is a good can­ Color photos. Index. .did ate for the wild garden is C. alliariifolia. Size 81'2" x 11". Paperbound. At all bookstores. For mail I thought it would be splendid when I orders, clip coupon below or planted the seeds and coddled the growing call toll-free (credit cards only) babies. During the second year, three-foot ROSES 1-800-638-6460 stems surged up from the tufts of large, ROGER PHILLIPS & MARTYN RIX hairy, serrate leaves to produce a number OVER 1400 ROSES IN ------of long, tubular, whitish, and quite non­ FULL· COLOR PHOTOGRA41 RANDOM HOUSE MAIL SERVICE descript one-inch bells on a one-sided ra­ Dept. AH-31-2 201 East 50th Street, NY, NY 10022 ceme. In spite of my own disappointment, Please send me Roses (75867-6). I enclose 1 have a friend who likes it in his garden. $19.95 plus applicable sales tax (pub­ • C. punctata is another species that I lisher pays postage and handling) . And, if not satisfied, I may return the book grew but was not enthusiastic about; it had postpaid within 10 days for a full refund. long pointed-toothed leaves and sent its Enclosed is my check/money order. Or flower stems up eighteen inches. From these charge my 0 American Express 0 VISA o MasterCard drooped two-inch-long, sad-looking bells of off-white to greyish-purple, looking too #------big for the plant. Inside there were inter­ Exp. Date ______esting spots--of purplish maroon, as I re­ Signature ______call--but without lying flat on my back in Name ___ 11 the border I couldn't see them! It is, I un­ Address ______derstand, a great fav orite with the Chinese and was introduced into the West in 1844. City ______State __ Zip __ II It has been used as one parent of several Price applies to US and territories only. first-class border plants. In Canaaa, available through bookstores only. II 00224 31-2 AH • Out in the nursery there is a group of young C. primulifolia plants that are due

32 June 1988 'ERENDIPITY S:TOURS to flower for the first time next spring. The rosettes of long, crimped leaves are similar "Autumn Display" to those of a primrose, and this bellflower ~2B~ shares the primrose's fondness for damp, for AHS Members shady pl aces. It is a native of Spain and October 2-8 Portugal and mayor may not prove to be hardy here. It grows to three feet and car­ A 7bur ries a generous number of lavender-blue of Western New cups with a white center. The e stems branch at the base only, thus producing a England from pyramidal effect. Stockbridge, Mass. to Shelburne, Vt., including garden With the exception of the highlights, The Mount newer Canterbury bells, and Naumkeag as well as the Shelburne most campanulas are and St. Gaudens charming rather than Museums and several imposing, modest rather private gardens than flashy.

Serendipity Tours • C. carpatica is a rock plant that can 3·F6 Channing Circle be successfully used in the front of the Cambridge, MA 02138 border. Both the species and its many cul­ (617J 354·1879 tivars are easily available and widely planted. If C. carpatica is divided eve ry year it maintains its dome of crinkled heart­ shaped leaves, usually no more than eight to ten inches high. It produces half-open bells of lavender or white, starting ea rl y in July and continuing for two more months if deadheaded. The form C. carpatica 'Tur­ binata' is especially fine, as are the ones called 'Wedgwood Blue', 'Wedgwood White', and 'China Doll', all of which have very flat, starry flowers. 'China Doll' is of an especially lovely color-palest lilac-gray. There is a new mixed color strain of C. carpatica, 'Jingle Bells', that is excellent; the plants are tight, tough, and floriferous. • Several other rock campanulas are both pretty and easy to please. C. elatines var. garganica is the best of these obliging ones and should be grown in a raised bed or on a retaining wall where it will flatten its BANISH THEM! tiny, ivy-shaped leaves against the rocks STOPS ANIMAL DAMAGE FOR AN ENTIRE SEASONI and send out long trailing stems in the SAFE FOR PETS AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS. crevices. When it blooms in May, you won't HAS NO OFFENSIVE ODOR. be able to see the foliage for the hundreds of little blue-gray, white-centered stars. • C. portenschlagiana is almost as lovely ~ and certainly as easy-going. Its rounded, heart-shaped leaves are similar to those of l~ C. elatines var. garganica but are not quite ANIMAL, RODENT & BIRD REPELLENT so deeply incised. It has the same growth habits and requirements, but its flowers are erect, one-inch-Iong, lavender bells.

American Horticulturist 33 Discover our new 50 page Color Catalog, it has over 200 TR Y CAMPANULAS FOR DIVERSITY quality gardening items like these;

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Pamela Harper Campanula portenschlagiana, usually seen on a rock wall, can also be pot-grown.

Masses of them bloom in early summer. violet bells have convinced me that it is a • C. pescharskyana is not quite so re­ plant to be treasured in spite of its pushy fined as the last two trailers mentioned, ways. On my wall it is beginning to tangle but it is lusty enough to survive in the with C. cochleariifolia. It comes from the border as well as on a rock wall, where it trans-Caucasian Alps, so it appreciates a Garden~·"'n --~ really prefers to be. It has been known to high, well-drained, stony spot. Obviously Arches & Arbors run underground and come up in the ter­ it can be propagated by division, but the ritory of its less agressive neighbors, so be seeds germinate readily. You can easily assemble a wide variet,-of structures with these strong English a·rches. forewarned. It has the same rotund-cor­ • C. medium, the real Canterbury bells, Climbing roses, grapes, wisteria and date leaves with deeply serrate margins, are sometimes listed as perel'lnials, but they clematis can grow on Gateways. Bowers. Tunnels or Lean-tos (against buildings). but they are on long footstalks and are are biennials and must be planted every Sturdy steel tubing is weatherproofed with much larger than the leaves of the other year. The newer ones are impressive but matte green bamboo-textured plastic. two. The flowers are slim, lavender-blue, take up a four-foot pyramidal space in the Gro-Thru one-half to one-inch bells that appear in border, although there are some dwarf ones Plant June and July. I should think this could be that are fifteen to twenty inches tall and grown next to a small shrub-Potentilla come in white and shades of "blue" and Supports 'Abbotswood', for example. It will grow pink. Canterbury bells are single and dou­ Hold perennials or well in full sun, but it likes light shade ble, but the singles are my preference. annuals invisibly. • There are three other common bell­ without tying or better. staking. These • C. cochleariifolia is so tiny and dainty flowers. The first is C. rapunculus, or ram­ English supports that one would think it is difficult to raise; pion, which has tuberous roots that have hold not only the whole plant,' but each on the contrary, it is difficult to suppress. been used as food in Britain and Europe individual stem as it grows I have had a white one in the front of my where it grows wild. C. rapunculoides grows through the 3" square mesh. Soon the natural green frame is concealed by border for years and it remained in one wild everywhere, including the United foliage and the plant is held firmly for the spot, but as sooI'l as I put some of it on a States. It looks like Adenophora, growing season. Different sizes of heads can fit different lengths of legs to suit various raised stone bed, it began to travel-fast. to two feet with long, slender, lavender, plants. Galvanized under the green coating Now it's croeekily popping up in all the funnel-shaped flowers along the stems. It to last many years. stonecress, rock roses, and thrift that sur­ is so pretty that some people make the • English Forged • Watering cans rOtmd it. The miniature white bells look grave mistake of putting it in their gardens Garden Tools • Sharpeners most beguiling; they are usually as wide where it takes 0ver all available space by • Stein max Electric • Hayracks as they are long and are known in England spreading its roots and its viable seed. Chipper-Shredders • Trellex as "Fairies' Thimbles." I know of two • C. rotundifolia is almost as persistent, Call or write for OUR FREE o\TALOG named cultivars of the blue C. cochleari­ but it does its colonizing by means of seed ifolia-'Miranda' and 'Miss Willmott'; they alone. You will be pulling it out by hand­ Kinsman Company are charming, but I love 'Alba' best. fuls if you put it in your rock garden. This River Road, Dept. 611 Point Pleasant, PA 18950 • C. raddeana is another underground one is called Scottish harebells or bluebells, Order by phone: (215) 297-5613 spreader, but its showers of gleaming, deep but it grows on cliffs everywhere in the

34 June 1988 temperate zone. Peculiarly, it has two kinds of leaves-round ones at its base and linear ones over the rest of the plant. It produces masses of slender, one-half-inch-Iong bell s, lavender as a rule, but there is also a white form. There is a whole nati on of small alpi ne ca mpanulas. One wants to grow them all after seeing their photographs, but thei r nati ve habitat high in th e Alps ca lls fo r out-of-the-ordinary care in cultivation. Oh, well, one can't have everything. If I coul d just grow C. raineri, with "ash-grey fo li age and erect, large, lilac bells," I mi ght be content, but sin ce it wants a limestone crev ice in a scree, I believe I will pass. The experts, as we have seen, do not always agree. Walter Ko laga says C. pi­ /osa, from Alaska, is beautiful and easy in well-drained soil in sun or light shade; Fos­ ter says it is not easy and may si t fo r yea rs without blooming. It needs a fai rl y rich neutral soil and a site that is not too hot. L. H. Bail ey says C. alpina has thrived in Ithaca, New York, blooming in late May and earl y June; Crook says it generall y dies after fl owering but can be grown as a bien­ ni al because it sets a lot of seed. Foster says that it seems less willing to bloom than most and that if you put it in a sunny, gritty spot it wi ll probabl y shri ve l away. If you put it in ri cher soil , in shade, it will make a lush rosette but wi ll not bloom. " When fin all y persuaded to fl ower it is apt to di e of exhaustion." If you want to be sure of success, try one that everybody agrees is easy ! I'm ordering seeds of C. collina because it's from the Caucasus, because it has "semi­ pendant bells of rich purple blue," and because Farrer thought it gorgeous. (No­ body has said it has to have ice water run­ ning under its roots in August. ) I'm also going to try C. elatines var. fenestrellata because it's closel y allied to C. elatines var. garganica and so might not be too tem­ peramental. C. barbata also sounds pos­ sible. The astonishing variety of bell flowers carries them far beyond their honored place in the traditional cottage garden. Those who love to experiment might want to take a second look at campanulas; their diver­ We can 't guarantee color but we accept suggestions: white, purple, yellow sity is an open invitation to try this gentle­ mannered but evocative plant in a wide CALL US TODAY variety of settings. TOLL FREE SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY PRICE $22.95 Elisabeth Sheldon manages a small perennial Clieck or Mone~ Order to : (24 hrs. 7 days a week) nursery in Lansing, New York. A former THIE ORCHID WINDOW, INC. VISA AND MASTERCARD ACCEPTED painter and teacher, she currently writes and P.O. Box 164402 FREIGHT $2.50 lectures on horticultural topics. Miami, FL 33116 1·800·541·0900 Fla. residents only add 6% tax.

American Horticulturist 35 OF MAGNOLIAS PAST AND FUTURE

Continued from page 1 7 the plant for a dozen years, flowering it the tariff, making this one of the most ea­ for the first time last season. Its initial ten gerly sought stock plants in the trade. The blossoms were a highly saturated rose-pink time lag b€tween development and com­ on the outer petals and a silvery pink within. mercial availability of woody cultivars is Its tepals number twelve, as compar€d to often measured in decades, but one can Magnolia denudata which has nin€, and now get on waiting lists at selected nur­ when fully open the bloom m€asures eight sen€s. inches across. Other yellow magnolia cultivars, 'SlIn­ They wer€ held high on a sixteen-foot dance' and 'Y@lIowbir:d', have also €ntered tree and I scrambl(Jd up a stepladder to the market recently, almost guaranteeing photograph them. In the finest operatic a new vogue. tradition I assumed the role of buffoon and Magnolia species introduced fwm China tumbled head first off the st€pladd€r while invariably have convoluted histories. On€ focusing my camera. I anxiously await next reason for this is that many were first col­ year's blooms on lower branches. lected in fruit, so that no taxonomic place­ Magnolia sprengeri, like M. denudata, ments could be made until the resulting was appreciated by the ChiRese for its choice seedlings f1owered-often fifteen or twenty flowers. Flowering boughs of the Goddess years later. magnolia were set into vases or, like tree Many of the Chinese species were in­ peoni€s, were forced in greenhouses to troduced by the prolific plant explorer, E. produce flowers iR January. H. Wilson. One specimen of Wilson's has 'Diva' has b€en used in the creation of Most container plant failure­ receiv(Jd mor€ accolades than any other one of the hottest and most glamorous new and death - comes from and has, like Magnolia denudata, become magnolia cultivars. 'Galaxy' is the brain­ over-watering. The drowning a preferred partner in plant parenthood. child of the late respected breeder William roots can't absorb water Magnolia sprengeri var. diva has an equally F. Kosar and was the result of crossing or the nutrients they need. operatic common name, the "Goddess 'Diva' with Magnolia liliiflora 'Nigra'. He The plant suffocates. Magnolia." Wilson coll€cted seed of this first made the cross at the National Ar­ But when you use Oxy­ species in western Hupeh Province n€ar boretum in 1963, and it was not until 1980 gen Plus, you deliver vital the village of Changyang Hsien, but un­ that analysis and selection were completed oxygen and essential nutri­ fortunately, he mixed this batch of seed and the new cultivar r€leased. The tree is ents right to the roots. No with those of another variety that had characteriwd by strong, upright, vigorous identical fruit. It wasn't until years later, growth, and prolific flowering of striking, other plant food, no emulsion, after the resulting plants flowered, that ten-inch blossoms. These are beet-pmpl€ no spike, no ordinary fer­ Wilson's innocent blunder was sorted out. on the outer surface of the tepals with a tilizer can match the perfor­ Th€ majority of the plants were a white­ pale red-purple inner surface. As with many mance of Oxygen Plus. flowered vari€ty subsequently designated magnolias, I find these flowers are at their Proven in university Magnolia sprengeri var. elongata. Only one best when the flower buds are just begin­ tests, and praised by profes­ plant developed the stunning rose-pink ning to elongate and open. Their color at sional horticulturists and flowers Wilson remembered from China, this stage is so dark that it appears as a happy gardeners all over the and this plant had found its way to the violet-black. Perhaps its strongest attribute country, Oxygen Plus helps estate of ]. C. Williams, a plant collector is that it flowers late and is rarely nipped your plants look better, grow who bought it as a small plant at a con­ and discolored by frost. The ultimate height better and thrive. noisseur's auction. The rose-pink variant of this new cultivar is not yet known, but Oxygen Plus. It's the is now known as Magnolia sprengeri var. a twelve-year-old plant at th€ Arnold Ar­ breath of life for your plants. diva. However, as in opera, not all divas boretum now measures tw@nty feet. are equally gifted. It seems that the flowers Hybrids like 'Galaxy' are genetic design Look for Oxygen Plus at your of the Williams purchase surpassed those of the highest caliber, the product of a well­ quality lawn and garden of its seedlings, so a further distinction was conceived and executed breeding plan retaner, wherever garden prod­ demanded. The unwieldly Magnolia which has produced one of the outstanding ucts are sold - or send for sprengeri var. diva 'Diva' b€came the cor­ magnolias of the futur€. your FREE brochure: The Truth rect name for this splendid clORe, although The gardeners of the Chinese emperors AIIout "ant foods. in the trade it is generally listed as Mag­ had to be content to plant with native spe­ PLANT RESEARCH LABORATORIES nolia 'Diva'. 'Diva' forms a medium-sized cies alone. More fortunate than they, we PO. Box 3976 tree with a single leader and, in the North­ not only embellish our gardens with these Laguna Hills, CA 92654 1-800-221-2589 east, blooms in late April. Its hardiness is wild beauties but with their bold and bril­ In California: (714) 721-0153 still a matter of speculation, since it was liant offspring as well. assumed the tree would not survive the Rob Nicholson is a propagation specialist at numbing Northeast winter. But one col­ The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard lector on Boston's South Shore has grown University.

36 June 1988 Pronunciation Guide

Anaphalis an-AFF-a l-i Erigeron compositus Androsace an-DROSS-as-ee e-R IJ-er-o n kom-PAH -s ih -tu s An.tennaria an-ten-A Y- ree-a h Erythronium air-ih-THROW-nee- um Aquilegia bertolonii Euonymus fortunei ak-wil-EE-ji-ah ber-toe-LO-nee-eye yew-ON-ih -mu s for-TUNE-ee-eye A. canadensis A. can- ah-DEN-s is Geranium sanguineum Asclepias ass-KLEE-pee-as jer-A Y-nee- um sa n-GWIN-ee-um Asplenium trichomanes Glaucidiul11 palmatum as-PLEE-nee-um tri -koh-MAH-neez glaw-SID-ee- um pal-MA V-tum Aurinia saxatilis Helenium autumnale aw- RIN -ee-a h sacks-ah-TILL-is hell -EE- nee- um aw-tum-NA Y- Iee Campanula alliariifolia Helianthus hee- li -AN -thu s kam-PAN-yew-Ia al-Iee-ah-ree-ih-FO-lee-ah Heliopsis helianthoides C. alpina C. al-PI NE-ah heel-ee-O P- i hee- Iee-an-THOID -eez C. barbata C. bar-BA Y-ta Juniperus conferta joo-NIP-e r-u kon-FER-ra C. carpatica C. ca r-PAT-ih-ka Lewisia tweedyi lew- ISS-ee-ah TWEE-dee-eye C. cochleariifolia Magnolia acuminata C. kock-Iee-ah-ree-ih-FOH-Iee-a h mag-NO-Iee-a h ah-kew- min -A Y-ra C. collina C. ko-LEEN-ah M. amoena M. ah-M E- nah C. elatines C. ee- Iay-TIE-nees M. biolldii M. bye-ON-dee-eye C. glomerata C. glo-mer-A Y-tah M. campbellii M. ca mp-BELL-ee-eye C. latifolia C. lat-i h-FO H-Iee-ah M. denudata M. den-yew-DA Y-ra C. medium C. ME-dee-um M. heptapeta M. hep-TAP-eh-rah C. persicifolia C. per-sis-ih-FOE-Iee-ah M. liliiflora M. lee-Iee-i h-FLOOR-ah C. pilosa C. pill-OH-sa M. quinquepeta M. kwin-kwe-PEE-tah C. portenschlagiana M . sargentiana M. sa r-j enr-ee-A Y-na C. por-ten-schl ag-ee-A Y- na M. X soulangiana M. sue- Ian-gee-A Y-na C. poscharskyana C. po-s har-sky-A Y-na M. sprengeri M. SPR ENG-er-eye C. primulifolia C. prim-yew-lih-FOE-Iee-ah M . zenii M. ZEN-ee-eye C. punctata C. punk-TAY-ta Mirabilis jalapa my- RAB-ill-i s jal-AH-pah C. raddeana C. rad-dee-A H-na Molinia mo-LEEN-ee-ah C. raineri C. RAIN-er-e ye Pennisetum pen-ih-SEE-tum C. rapunculoides C. ra-PUNK-yew-LOID-eez Phlox divaricata fl ox die-var-ih-KA Y-ra C. rapunculus C. ra-PUNK-kew-Iuss P. paniculata P. pan-nick-you-LA Y-ra C. rotundifolia C. row-ton-dih-FOH-Iee-ah P. stonolifera P. stow-Iow-NIH-fe r-a h Centaurea macrocephala P. subulata P. sub-yew-LA Y-ta sen-TOR-ee-ah mack-row-SEFF-ah-Ia Phyteuma comosum fy-TEW-ma ko-MO-sum Ceratostigma plumbaginoides Polygonum po- L1G-on-um ser-at-oh-STIG-ma plum-bah-jih-NOID-eez Potentilla alba po-ten-TILL-ah AL-bah o Please send me a Free Catalog. Cetarach officinarum Primula frondosa PRIM-yew-Ia fron-DOE-sa h o Please send me Mammoth Darwin SET-er-rack oh-fiss-ih-NAR-um Prunus cerasifera Hybrid Tulips/IOO Cimicifuga racemosa PROO-nus ser-ah-SIFF-er-ah o Paymentenclosed$ ___ sim-ih-sih-FEW-ga ray-sih-MOH-sah Pulmonaria pul-mo-NA Y-ree-ah o Charge to: Cirsium pumilum SER-see-um PEW-mil-um Pyracantha py-ra-KAN-tha Master Card 0 Visa Cleome klee-OH-mee o Rhododendron mucronulatum Exp. Date ______Cornus florida KOR-nus FLOOR-ih-da ro-do-DEN-dron mew-kron-yew-LA V-tum Act. No. ______Cotinus coggygria ko-TY-nus ko-JY-gree-ah Rhus typhina ROOS ty-FY-nah Name ______D.Jphne arbuscula DAFF-nee are-BUS ·kew-la Rumex ROO-mex Dicentra eximia dy-SEN-tra ex-IH-me-ah Salpiglossis sal-pih-GLOSS-us Address ______Dianthus pavonius Schivereckia podolica City ______dy-AN-thus pav-OH-nee-us shiv-er-RECK-ee-ah po-DOL-ih-ka State ______Zip ___ Douglasia vitaliana Sempervivum arachnoideum dug-LAS-see-ah vy-tal-ee-A Y-nah sem-per-VY -vum air-ack-NOI-dee-um Draba dedeana DRAH-ba dee-dee-AH-na Spiraea salicifolia D. lasiocarpa D. lah-see-oh-KAR-pa spy-REE-ah sal-ih-sih-FOE-Iee-ah D. sibirica D. sigh-BEER-ih-ka Symphoricarpos sim-for-ih-KAR-pos Still brook Farm Enkianthus campanulatus Trifolium try-FO-Iee-um Maple Street, 307-X, Litchfield, CT 06759 en-ki-ANTH-us cam-pan-you-LA Y-tus Viburnum vy-BER-num

American Horticulturist 37 GARDENER'S POTPOURRI Unusual Combinations

on't let people tell you that older people are "set in their ways," that D you "can't teach an old dog new tricks," and other platitudes circulated by anyone under the age of thirty. I have been doing a lot of thinking about plants and plant combinations lately. It is certainly true that after twenty-seven years in the field of garden design a lot of my original concepts have changed. Looking back at some of my past prejudices against certain plants, I am surprised at how stuffy I must have been in my youth. Older peo­ ple set in their ways? Not necessarily so! Take the matter of color, for instance. I used to consider purple a difficult color and rarely used it, but one spring I began to appreciate the bright rosy-purple of Ko­ rean azaleas. I saw that nature in her wis­ dom scheduled these blooms when few others would conflict. I began to think of the flowers as quite lovely and almost ethe­ real when glimpsed on a typical, showery April day. Perhaps one of the prettiest ef­ fects can be obtained by combining Rho­ dodendron mucronulatum with Magnolia stellata and then anchoring the planting with blue flowering vinca. There was also the matter of variegated foliage. Plants with this characteristic were a definite "no" in my past. However, as I began to work more and more with mod­ ern architecture, I found that judicious use of variegated material seemed to fit nicely. An early success was using the golden-tipped 'Sunburst' honey locust as a terrace shade tree for a tall, gray-sided modern house. 'Hohman's Gold' dogwood would per­ form equally well. I grew adventurous and discovered that green and white foliage does wonders in lighting up dark corners and brightening northern exposures. Cor­ beris 'Crimson Pygmy' in front of blue­ of plumbago, Ceratostigma plumbagi­ nus alba 'Elegantissima' (syn. 'Argenteo­ green, feathery-needled Juniperus con­ noides, was spectacular. marginata'), the silver-edged dogwood, and ferta, the shore juniper. The result was Encouraged by the plumbago triumph, euonymus 'Silver Queen' are two such enchanting. Several years ago I designed a I began to challenge the notion that pe­ plants that I use over and over again on planting using the purple plum, Prunus rennials should be restricted to typically dimly lit sites. cerasifera 'Newport', underplanted with English flower borders. I started to use Purple-leaved foliage was another ta­ pale yellow flowering Potentilla fruticosa perennials in my shrub borders. The ones boo-too hard to work into a landscape 'Moonlight', a combination that receives that had particularly attractive and long­ scheme, said the experts. Cautiously I be­ compliments all summer long. Purple-leaved lasting foliage were the best candidates. gan to experiment and obtained some lovely smokebush, Cotinus coggygria 'Royal Astilbe worked especially well, as did results. I tried a handsome ribbon of Ber- Purple', underplanted with cobalt flowers peonies. Gently waving spires of snake-

38 June 1988 Roses belong in a bed by themselves, said my old textbooks. Boldly I defied the rules.

ribundas, like the favored 'Betty Prior', be­ gan to appear in the shrub border along with the more traditional shrub roses such as Rosa rugosa 'Sir Thomas Lipton'. The nearby village of Wickford, Rhode Island, is important in my life. It is in Wick­ ford that we pay our taxes, attend town meetings, and register our dogs. This lovely old New England village is filled with re­ minders of the past. Handsome colonial Pharos b)' Susa n \Y.! . Plimpto n houses line the streets, venerable observers root, Cimicifuga racemosa, looked cool and Catnip, if not discovered by my cats, made of the town's daily life. Driving through airy in the July woodland. Epimedium be­ an ever-blooming cloud of blue in front of last spring, I laughed out loud when I spot­ came a favored edging in a bed of azaleas roses. Hyssop could be trimmed to make ted a wonderfully bright dooryard plant­ and rhododendron. a neat hedge and so could winter savory­ ing filled with a lime-loving purple lilac I went another step and took the herbs both at a fraction of the cost of boxwood. and ericaceous pink azaleas. Mismatched out of the herb garden. Lady's mantle made Roses belong in a bed by themselves, in color and in growing requirements, they a nice ground cover or unusual edging plant. said myoId textbooks. Boldly I defied the seemed to say that oil and water do mix. rules. I started out using groups of mini­ -Susan W. Plimpton atures, adding the brilliant crimson 'Star­ ABOVE: Under the trees, blue wood Susan W. Plimpton, horticulturist and land­ hyacinths set off drifts of pink azaleas at the ina' and peach-colored 'Minnie Pearl' to scape architect, lectures frequently and has pub­ Plimptons' Rhode Island home. my flower borders. Hybrid teas and f10- lished numerous articles.

American Horticulturist 39 Book Reviews

Flowers For All Seasons ticularly about "modern" roses. He writes Pamela Carroll Rodale Press, Emmaus, simply and well, his photographs are lus­ Pennsylvania 1987. 312 pages, illustrated, 124.95. cious, and his book is a rare delight from first page to last. AHS member price, 119.95. Anyone can grow a rose-briefly. Peo­ The authors of The Perennial Garden (Ro­ ple buy the wax-coated plants at the su­ dale Press, 1985), which covered the use permarket every spring, dig a hole, and of perennials in beds and borders, turn plop them in. Roses, being stronger than now to woody perennials: the trees, shrubs, their beauty would lead you to believe, and vines--evergreen and deciduous-that may give you a lovely bloom or two before are the foundation of every garden. The they spindle off, are munched by Japanese text is informative, generous with encap­ beetles, or succumb to mildew, rust, or sulated knowledge and expertise; the for­ black spot. Good roses, on the other hand, mat is appealing, with double columns on require time, skill, and dedication, for which each page; and the photographs and ma­ read: fertilizer, water, and spraying, not terial are beautifully presented.. to mention the right soil, pruning, and fi­ The Coxes present practical tips as they nally (for the grower's delight), hybridiz­ discuss the five basic principles of design: ing. Reddell's own experience is a case in form, color, mass, line, and texture in their point. He began with a few roses in his proper balance and harmony. They speak new, sandy backyard, which grew into a to the general scope of garden practice in by Month," a gorgeously photographed real rose garden of two hundred roses in relation to one's life habits and the range "Color Tour of Flowers Throughout the the same twenty-five by forty feet, until he of each person's gardening energy; they Seasons" (which, annoyingly, does not give ran out of room and went commercial. encourage the reader to pursue individual the location of the plants, possibly because He made all the mistakes that he cau­ preferences in planning or redesigning a Mr. and Mrs. Cox have unfortunately not tions his readers to avoid. If you do only landscape. brought us much closer to solving the eter­ a part of what he teaches you, he says, In the first chapter, "Creating Combi­ nal problem of flowers .for all seasons in you'll be able to grow roses successfully; nations of Flowering Plants," they express one geography); and the "Guide to Flow­ if you follow it all, "you'll have exhibition­ their own preference for the casual rather ering Trees, Shrubs, and Vines," which quality blooms." Follow him through eleven than the "suffocatingly overly formal." contains a chart of garden "stars" culled chapters of Preliminaries, Buyi ng, Plant­ They suggest that the reader observe the from the tens of thousands of plants avail­ ing, Maintenance, Spraying (for those who way plants themselves can "balance masses, able in nurseries. will not use chemicals there are alternative intertwine forms," and allow them to do The last chapter, "Maintaining the Gar­ prescriptions), Cutting ("If you commit only so in a true "functioning plant-person den's Beauty," touches on guidelines for one fact of this chapter to memory, make partnership." The master plan should be artistry and growth. Mail order sources it this one: Where you cut a bloom is vital simple: identify what you already own be­ and the hardiness zone map complete this to the bush it is leaving."), Exhibiting, Great fore making sweeping changes. The trees edition which is, on the whole, a good Modern Roses ("modern" dates from the and shrubs thriving in the sun, shade, or addition to their earlier volume. introduction of La France by Guillot Fils soil of your property will help you deter­ in 1867), Pruning, Some Other Notable mine future choices. Growing Good Roses Roses, and Special Culturing. Each chapter The authors also discuss pathways which is filled with facts and anecdotes. Rayford Clayton Reddell; foreword by M. F. K Having tracked M. F. K. Fisher for years take you to the garden and back, without Fisher; photographs by the author. Harper and retracing steps and with interesting van­ as an almost worshipful fan of her cook­ Row, New Yor~ New York. 1988. 172 pages; books-which were about so much more tage points along the way, perhaps for a hardcover, 127.50. AHS member price, 122.00. bench. They give common-sense, practical, than food-and her sublimely written ac­ and poetic considerations, advising the "Why don't we grow these flowers?" the count of life in France, it dismays me to reader to "use your heart as well as your boy asked the first time he saw bushes find her preface, in the form of a letter to head," and they suggest aesthetically covered with yellow roses. "Because they're th e author who admires her so much, as­ pleasing spacings of groups of trees and too much trouble," hi s mother answered tonishingly graceless, almost grudging. shrubs of varying heights and sizes, allow­ shortly. It proved not to be too much trou­ Reddell includes photographs of the two ing for mature growth and seasonal inter­ ble to the boy, who took up the challenge dozen "best bets" in modern roses at what est. The chapter concludes with the uses and became one of the country's leading he considers their best stages of bloom. of vines, mixed plantings, and non-living rosarians and a commercial grower at his You have a stony heart, indeed, if you are elements such as water gardens, stone, sand, Garden Valley Ranch in Peta.luma, Cali­ not captivated by their history, romance, and rock. fornia, just north of San Francisco. He is and peerless beauty. Ensuing chapters cover "Flowers Month erudite, a walking fund of knowledge, par- Rayford Reddell has written for Amer-

40 June 1988 ------~------. ican Horticulturist (October 1987), Hor­ illustra te the theories and principles of ticulture magazine, and The American Rose, woody pl ant propagation, but is, instead, in viti ng us into hi s magical world and an effo rt to provide working guidelines for promising to show u the way. His purpo e reference. in writing this book, he tells us, was sim­ In the beginning chapter on raising plants ple: " If you already grow roses well , I want from seed, the reader will find useful in­ you to grow them better. If you don't grow formation on seed coll ection and storage. them well , I want to improve your chance The compl ex aspects of germination are FALL INTO SPRING for success. If you don't grow them at a ll , discussed, with a look in to seed viability OCTOBER 20- I want to encourage you to tart." Who and dormancy treatments. The chapter th at could refuse? -Faith Ja ckson foll ow is on leaf, tern, and root cuttings. NOVEMBER 6, 1988 Faith Jackson is a writer and ga rdener who In cluded is a review of the factors th at resides in WashingtOn, D.C. affect rooting, such as juvenility, timing, Forest prim eval and li vin g vo\canos­ wounding, and commercial hormones. The cos mopolitan citi es and peacefu l The Reference Manual of Woody Plant chapter on grafting and budding include farm land-this is New Zealand . Th ere is Propagation illustrati on on the va ri ous meth ods avail ­ no place on earth whe re so many abl e and where th ey a re most appropri­ Michael A Dirr and Charles W Hellser jr. Varsity differe nt landscapes and sensa ti ons are ately used. An entire chapter devoted to Press, Athens, Georgia. 198 . 239 pages; hardco lJer, con tained in so relative ly small an area. ti sue culture wi ll have little relevance to S29.95. AHS member price, S2695. Thi ' October th e Ame ri can the amateur propagator, although it is an This new reference manual, while clea rl y interesting introducti o n and rev iew of a Horticu ltural Society in vites yo u to aimed at the nurseryman, should never­ very technical method. The rest of the book ,'cnture forth to th e fa r reaches of th e theless be of great value to the gard ener is in an encycl opedi a format. Specific in­ outh Pac i~ c to "Fall Into Spring" on who is seeking specific informa tion o n structio ns a re given fo r the successful both th e Olih and So uth Islands of New woody plant propagation. Thro ugh their propagation o f individual pl ant species by Zealand and to see what man. as relationship with the International Pl ant seed, cutting, and, when appropriate, by ga rdener, has co ntributed to his Propagators Society, as well as their own grafting. overwhelmingly bea uti ful natural research activi ti es, the authors have estab­ There are few propagation books out surroundings. li shed a practical working guide for the today that so comprehensiv ely detail the In Icading his fourth AHS tour. Dick propagation of over 1,100 species, vari­ propagation of woody plants as this book Hutton will have as his local counterpart eties, and cultivars. does. It wi ll undoubtedly be an asset to Mary Burnard. a native of Wellington, Outlined in the first four chapters a re the amateurs and professionals who seek introductions and overviews of sexual and new formulas for raising their own pl ants. auth or of "Carden Heritage of New asexual methods of propagation. The au­ - Timothy Boland Zealand :' ga rden co nsultant and thors emphasize that this information is Timothy Bo land is a horticulturist in Fairfax profess ional ph otograp her. With her by no means an attempt to exhaustively County, Virgi ni a. assistance we have arranged vis its to many private ga rdens rarely accessible to th e public. We have also tim ed this trip to take fu ll advantage of the extrao rdinary Book Order Fonn profusion of rh ododendrons and azaleas for which New Zealand is justly fam ous. Please send me the following books at the special AHS member prices (the first three selections were reviewed in the February issue). Pl ease join us on thi s exciting and surely-to-be-unforgettable journ ey as we D The Garden Book. Mary I would like to order ______Fall Into Spring. Keen ...... $22.00 books. CAPAB 05650 Please add $2.50 per book for postage For inform ati on OIl Fall Into Spring pl ease D Herbs Through the and handling. Virginia residents, also Seasons at Caprilands. add 4 1/2% sales tax. Please allow six chec k mail thi s co up on to: Adelma Simmons ...... $15.95 weeks for delivery. Passages Unlimited, Inc. RODAL 05630 14 Lakes id e Office Park D Encyclopedia of Ferns. Enclosed is my check for $, _____ David L. Jones ...... $47.55 Wakefi eld . JI1A 01880 ISBS 05640 or Ca ll 1-617·246·3575 D Flowers for All Seasons. Ship to: ______Pamela Carroll ...... $19.95 RODAL 05770 Name D Growing Good Roses. Street: ______Rayford Reddell ...... $22.00 Add ress HAROW 05680 City: ______D The Reference Manual of City ______State_ Zip __ Woody Plant Propagation. State: ______Zip: ______Michael A. Dirr and Ph one ______Charles M. Heuser Jr...... $26.95 MAlL TO: Robin Williams, AHS, P.O. Box 0105, VARPR 05690 Mount Vernon, VA 22121.

American Horticulturist 41 --

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E.O.E. the national headquarters of th e American Horticultural largest size bulbs for best bl ooms and produc- Society. tion. Send $2.00 for ca talogue to 112-H Green EVERGREEN SEEDS Students work in all areas 0 I the garden and receive Spring Valley Road, Owings Mills} MD 2 111 7. Seeds, free sa mple and price li st of evergreen weekly instruction on gardenin g techniques. Interns also CACTI seeds, WAUKESHA SEED COMPANY, PO Box have the opportunity to obtain the Virginia state pesti- 1820, Waukesha, Wl 53187. cide applicator's license. ATTRACTIVE AND UNUSUAL CACTI, To apply, send a resume an d letter 01 application to : LlTHOPS, and oth er succul ents, all seed grown. EXCITING NEW HOUSE PLANTS Curator, AHS, 7931 East Sou levard Drive, Alexandria, Governm~nt li cense; ship anywhere. Informa- EXOTIC NEW FLOWERS, Greenhouse/ VA 22308. tive catalog $2.00 (redeemable). REDLO CACTI Houseplants! Vines, Miniatures, Bonsai. Cat- AH, 2315 Northwest Ci rcle Blvd ., Corvallis OR alogue $1.00. PLANT KINGDOM, BOX 97330. 7273NG, L1N COLNACRES, CA 92047.

42 June1988 EXOTIC PLANTS ORCHIf)S, GESNERIADS, BEGONIAS , CACTI HIBISCUS-JASMINES - RARE FLOWER­ & SUCCULENTS. Visitors welco me_ J 988-89 ING PLANTS. 1,000 li stings, con cientious ser­ catalog $2.00. l.AURA Y OF SALISBURY, Rt. vice. Mail-O rder Catalog $2.00 ( r efund~bl e). 4 1 (Undermo untain Rd .), Sa lisbury, CT 06068 STALLINGS NURSER Y- 9 10 Encinitas Blvd ., (203) 435-2263. Enci nitas, CA 92024. INDOOR-oumOOR GARDENING FLORAL SUPPLIES SUPPLIES Purchase the Products Pro fes io nal Flo ra l De­ "FREFATALOG"-"l.OWEST PR ICFS' . . . signers have been uccess full y u ing III th eir shops Pot , b ~s k e r s, fl ats, packs labels, do mes, etc ... . for yea rs includin g Floralife Cut Flower Food 2 Stamps ... Postage ... Pl.ANT COLLEC­ for extending flower li fe, designer supplies, plant TIBLES, 103 E Kenview, Buffalo, NY 142 17. products, candles and much more. Catalog­ IRISES FREE. THE FLORAL MAILBOX, PO BOX 235, Lombard, IL 60148-0235. Bea rded In ses-7 Mixed Named $ 10.00. Post­ paid. a ta log $ 1.00. M a ny Iris types . 0 - FLORISTS MANCHE A RES IRIS, Dept. AH, Gower, MO Connecticut-2 profitable shop . Premier sho p 644 4. in country vi ll age setting with extensive res l­ NEW PLANTS WANTED dentiallcorpotate clients. Also bright and spar­ kling smaller shop in town setting, I pet o n Expandlllg S. ,alifo rnla O rn amental Nursery operation. Call (203) 353-0333. With nati onal marketlllg ca pabdltle seek new o r unu ual pl ant el ecti o n o r va ri eties that ca n GARDENlNG GLOVES be te ted, li ce nsed or patented. Pl ease contact GOATSKIN GLOVES. T o ugh, lightweight (41 'i ) 46 l -5820 o r wnte ro: Wi ll iam P. Mott, goatskin stretches and becomes form-fitting, Suite 240, 900 Larkspur l anding ircl e, Lark­ giving wearer ultimate in fit , grip, dexteri ty. spur, A 94939. Natural lanolin in leather keeps hands o ft. Ize ORCHID CACTUS 7-1 0 or send outline of hand. $8.50 po rpaid . PUTNAM'S, Box 295C, Wilron, NH 03086. EPIPHYLLUMS (ORCHID CACTI) ), RHIP­ SALI S, HOYAS. Qua li ty cumng at reasonabl e GIFTS prices . Catalog $ 1.00 (deductibl e). BEAHM BONSAI TREES, pottery, books, tools, supplies EPIPHYLI.UM GARDEN , Dept. AH 88, 2686 a nd gifts. Catalog $2.5 0 . BONSAI REA­ Palo ma, Pa sadena, CA 9 11 07.' TIONS, PO Box 7511AH, Ft. Lauderdale, FL ORCHIDS 33338. (305) 463-8783. Help! We need roo m. Mature Cattleya o rchid GREENHOUSE ACCESSORJES plants, o ur selection. $8. 00 each. Minimum or­ COMPLETE MIST PROPAGATION SyS­ der five plants. Packed fiv e maximum per box, TEMS. Get phenomenal propagation results, bareroot. In clude $5.00 per box shipping. FOX indoors-outdoors. Environment sensirive con­ ORCHIDS, IN C., 66 15 We t Markham, Little trolled. FREE BROCHURES. AQUAMONI­ Rock, AR 72205, (501 ) 663 -4246. TOR, Dept. 4, Box 327, Huntington, NY Il743. ORGANIC SPRA Y Tel : (516) 427-5664. " Garden insects beware! Organic Sp ray is easy GREENHOUSES ro make, safe for you. Send $2, SASE: RECIP ES , HOOP HOUSE GREENH OUSE KITS FOR PO Box 58173, Renton, WA 98055 ." UNDER $299. For colo rfu l brochure and grow­ PEONIES, TREE PEONIES, DAFFODILS er's supply catalog, send $1.00 ro: FOX HILL AND HOSTAS Soluble Salts Tester FARM, Dept. A-68, 20 Lawrence Street, Rock­ and Soi l Bridge ville, CT 06066; (203) 875-6676. Grown in Michigan's North Country. World famous for herbaceous & tree peonies. Featur­ HEATHS & HEATHERS ing spectacular new introductions and th e best • Portable HARDY HEATHERS FOR ALL-YEAR GAR­ time-proven, quality hybrids. Send $1.00 for • Sturdy DEN COLOR! Send SASE for descriptive mail­ our 1988 color catalog. REATH'S NURSERY, • Quick • Easy-to-read order li st. Fast Service! HEATHER GROW­ Box 521 , Vulcan, MI 49892. ERS, Box 850, Elma, WA 98541. PERENNIALS HERBS We offer a good selection of sturdy plants. Send KELWAY SST soil salinity tester performs the HERBS-Annual & perennial; extensive col­ $1.00 for Pl ant List (refundable). CAMELOT same important conductivity tests for soil salinity lection. Perennials-Large selection for sun & NORTH, R2, Pequot Lakes, MN 56472. as elaborate instruments costing three times shade. Sedums-Tall, medium, ca rpeting, many as much . In crease your profits, save money on PLANTERS varieties. WRENWOOD, RT. 4, BOX 3561, fertilizers . KELWAY SST tester, scientifically Berkeley Springs, WV 25411. Catalogue $1.50. TEAK, PLANTERS AND WINDOW BOXES. engineered for the professional grower, Superior quality, largest line in U.S. Affo rdably tells you when to leach. Great for regulating HOSTAS priced for the trade. Free brochure. KINGSLEY­ HYDROPONIC nutrient solutions. Excellent for testing water salinity. Quick, direct readings CHOICE SELECTION. CATALOG $2.00. SA­ BATE LTD., 4638 Green Place, NW, Wash­ on big dia l. Comes complete with built-in cell , VORY'S GREENHOUSES AND GARDENS, ington, DC 20007. (202) 337-2721. battery and carrying case, plus conversion chart Hybridizers and Growers, 5300 Whiting Ave., PLANTS-SCARCE AND UNUSUAL for readings in parts per million (PPM). See your Edina, MN 55435 (612) 941-8755_ local distributor. Distinctive plants for your garden and land­ FREEl Easy-t o-understand description , in HOUSE PLANTS scape. Scarce, unusual and many old favorites. growers' terms , of salinity and how to test for it LOW-LIGHT INDOOR EXOTICS. Dwarf Lady Wel l established in 4" pots, ready for you to plus instructions for larger, healthier plant yields. Write for KELWAY bulletins. Palms, Grape Ivy, Sago Palms, Ming Aralias, gFOW on. FREE catalog. APPALACHIAN GAR­ Fine Pottery. 32 page catalog $1. RHAPIS GAR­ DENS, Box 82, Waynesboro, PA P268. (717) Kellnstruments Co., Inc., Oept_ H DENS, P.O. Box 287-A, Gregory, TX 78359. 762-4312. PO. 60x 2174, Vi Haven, MA 02568

American Horticulturist 43

1- CLASSIFIEDS

RICE CREEK GARDENS, 1315 66th Ave. NE, PLUMERIA, GINGERS, HIBISCUS, TETRAPLOID DA YLILIES Minneapolis, MN 55432. (612) 574-1197. BOUGAINVILLEAS Over 700 hybrids, exotic new Tetraploid Intro­ ALSO RARE AND UNUSUAL BULBS, FLOW­ ROSES ductions. Catalog $1.00, deductible with order ERING VINES, FRAGRANT PLANTS, SPE­ HORTICO ROSES; Hard-ro-find varieties, of plants. SEAWRIGHT GARDENS, 134 In­ CIALTY FERTILIZERS AND MORE. COLOR Austin Hybrids (New English garden roses), dian Hill, Carlisle, MA 01741 (617) 369-2172. CATALOG-$1.00 HANDBOOK ON PLU­ hardy Canadian Explorer roses. Catalog listing Visitors welcome! MERlAS-$4.95. PLUMERlA PEOPLE, DEPT. over 350 varieties, available on request, $2.00. UNUSUAL PLANTS A, PO Box 820014, Houston, TX 77282-0014. HORTICO INC., Robson Road, RR 1, Water­ RARE SUCCULENTS, EUPHORBIAS, CAU­ down LOR 2HO Ontario, Canada. (416) 689- POSmONS SOUGHT DICIFORMS, SANSEVIERIAS, LOW LIGHT 6984. EXPERIENCED LANDSCAPE AND MAIN­ PLANTS, OTHER EXOTICA. Catalog and pe­ TENANCE GARDENER, IS SEEKING PART­ SEMPERVIVUM & SEDUM riodic newsletters $1.50 deductible from 1st or­ der. SINGERS', 17806 Plummer St., North­ TIME OR FULL-TIME POSITION IN THE HEN & CHICKS Over 400 varieties, PLUS 75 ridge, CA 91325. SOUTHERN BERKSHIRE AREA OF WEST­ Sedums. Sampler 12/$10.45 Catalog $.50, FREE ERN MASSACHUSETTS. EXCELLENT REF­ with order. ALPINE GARDENS, 15920A S.W. W ATERLILIES ERENCES. CALL (518) 392-9126. Oberst, Sherwood, OR 97140. "WATER GARDENING is our Specialty" Wa­ SOLAR POWERED LIGHTING terlilies, Lotus, Aquatic Plants, everything you RHODODENDRONS AND AZALEAS need. Pools, Liners, Fountains, Pumps, etc. All RHODODENDRONS AND AZALEAS-Se­ SOLAR POWERED LIGHTING, for garden new catalog $2.00. Refundable with first order. lect from 1,000 varieties with many new excit­ walkways, patios, driveways, or any applica­ WICKLEIN'S WATER GARDENS, Dept. A, ing introductions. Also Laurel, Andromeda, tion. NO WIRING, NO DIGGING, NO 1820 Cromwell Bridge Road, Baltimore, MD Holly, Conifers, Rare Plants and Trees. Mail­ MAINTENANCE, AND NO UTILITY BILLS. 21234 (301) 823-1335. order catalog $2.00. ROSLYN NURSERY, Dept. Easy installation, just insert small pole into the YAKU HYBRIDS AH, Box 69, Roslyn, NY 11576. (516) 643- ground. Works on cloudy days too. Emits up 9347. to five hours of light after dark. Turns off when YAKU HYBRIDS, other super-hardy rhodod­ stored power is depleted. Traditional elegant endrons, azaleas, 1988 Price List $1.50. VI­ ROCK GARDEN PLANTS styling. FIVE YEAR WARRANTY. Send for REYA RHODODENDRONS, exotic colors, Rare Alpines, Wildflowers, Dwarf Conifers, free catalog. C & E SALES, DEPT-AHS, PO fragrance, above 35°F, New Catalog $1.00. THE Groundcovers, colorful Rock Plants, hardy BOX 1130, NASHVILLE, IN 47448, SPECIAL BOVEES NURSERY, 1737-AH SW Coronado, Rhododendrons, Bonsai Books. Catalog $1. PRICES FOR SUBSCRIBERS. Portland, OR 97219.

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44 June 1988 Sources

Try Campanu1as for Diversity Andre Vierte Farm & Nursery, Dept. AH, Route 1, Box 16, Fi hersvi ll e, VA 22939, catalog I The ONLY specialty liquid plant I $2.00. I foods In the Industry. Made for I safety, accuracy and results. Bluestone Perennials, 72 11 Middle Ridge Road, I Madison, OH 44507, ca tal og free. JUNGLE JUICE (2-5-4) for fantastic I Ca rroll Gardens, 444 Eas t Ma in Stree t, P.O. I foliage growth and super green. I Water lilies, goldfish, Box 310, Westminster, MD 2J 157, cata log I GRANNY'S BLOOMERS (0-6-5) I $2.00. ZERO nitrogen and special trace gurgling water in The Crownsvill e Nursery, P.O. Box 797, I for abundant african violet I your garden. Lilypons Crownsville, MD 21032, catalog $2.00. I blooms, you won't believe your I eyes. Far North Gardens, 16785 Harrison, Livonia, has it all! M I 48154, catalog (seed onl y) $2.00. I CACTUS JUICE (1 -7-6) For I Maver Nursery-Rare Perennials, Route 2, Box I outstanding specimens and helps I Catalogue Subscription, S5 265B, As heville, NC 28805, ca talog ( eed I promote flowering. only), $2.00. FLOWER CRACKER (1 -6-5) For I N U.I11 e ______Mileager's Ga rdens, 4838 Douglas Avenue, Ra­ I Impatiens, Orchids, Bromellads, I cine, W1 53402-2498, catalog $1.00. I Geraniums, all flowering plants. I Address ______Ri ce Creek Gardens, 1315 66th Ave. NE, Min­ 6 oz . bottle makes 12 gals. capful I City ______Stal£ __ Zip ___ neapolis, MN 55432, ca talog $1.00. I measure. $3_85 ppd. Siskiyou Rare Plant Nursery, 2825 Cummings I Any 4·6 oz. btls. $11.85 ppd_ Free I catalog. Lilypons Water Gardens Road, Medford, OR 97501, catalog $1.00. 1526 Amhort Road P.O. Box 10 A Cliff Garden Lilypons, Maryland 21717-0010 Deerfield. IL 60015 n Clarel See our ad inside front cover. Lamb Nurseri es, E. 101 Sharp Ave., Spokane, '" Laboratones.lnc WA 99202, catalog $1.00. Nature's Garden Nursery, Route 1, Box 488, Beaverton, OR 97007, catalog $1.00. Rice Creek Gardens, 1315 66th Ave. NE, Min­ neapolis, MN 55432, catalog $1.00. ... a book to be treasured by all who love Rocknoll Nursery, 9210 U.S . 50, Hillsboro, OH 45133-8546, ca talog free wi th two first-class gardening and painting stamps. Siskiyou Rare Pl ant Nursery, 2825 Cummings ALLEN LACY • THE NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW Road, Medford, OR 97501 , catalog $1.00. Gardeners interested in alpine plants and rock The difference between Thomas and a lesser gardener gardening should consider membership in the is simply the difference between Giouo and a bright American Rock Garden Society. The annual seed exchange offers members the chance to obtain art student . .. HENRY MITCHELL rare and unusual alpine pl ants. For informati on HOUSE AND GARDEN on membership contact Ms. Buffy Parker, Sec­ retary, American Rock Garden Society, 15 Fair­ As Christopher Brickell [of the Royal Horticultura l mead Road, Darien, CT 06820. Society] has sa id, Graham Thomas has made Magnolias Past and Future "a contribution to horticulture unparalleled in Gossler Farms Nursery, 1200 Weaver Road, this century.)) This book is the essence oj that

Springfield, OR 97478-9663, catalog $1.00. contribu tion . GEORGE WAT ERS Greer Gardens, 1280 Goodpasture Island Road, Eugene, OR 97401-1794, catalog $2.00. PACIFIC HORTICULTURE Louisiana Nursery, Route 7, Box 43, Opelou­ sas, LA 70570, catalog $3.50. THE COMPLETE FLOWER PAINTINGS AND DRAWINGS OF GRAHAM STUART THOMAS Plants Perfect for Cutting With an Essay and Notes by the Author The majority of the plants described are widely 208 pp Hardcover, 58 color plates $45 .00 available from garden centers and major mail­ Order from your local bookstore order s€ed companies. The following nursery or write to Sagapress, Inc., Route 100, Millwood, N.Y 10546 specializes in flowers for cutting gardens. Please add $3 .00 for shipping and handling. The Country Garden, Route 2, Box 455A, Cri­ vitz, WI 54114, catalog $2.00.

American Horticulturist 45 AHSTRAVEL October 2·8 New England Autumn Display Visit the great houses, gardens, and museums of New England as we follQW the breath­ taking foliage trail from Stockbridge, Massa­ chusetts, to Shelburne, Vermont, stopping . along the way at The Mount, former home of Edith Wharton, and the Shelburne and St. Gaudens museums . Serendipity Tours, Three Channing Circle, Cambridge, MA 02318 (6)7) 354-1879 . October 15·21 Gardens of the Chesapeake Join us for a spectacular full cruise to see the , gardens of the Chesapeake aboard the M.v. Nantucket Clipper. Guests will see the gardens of Colonial Williamsburg , the private estate of Dr. and Mrs. Page Jett at Parkers Creek, Sot­ terlY'Plantation, and many other delightful locales. Leonard Haertter Travel Company, 7922 Bonhomme Avenue, St. LOuis, MO 63105 ~800) 942-6666 October 20·November 6 Fall Into Spring This trip to the 10veJy island nation of New "'" Zealand will feature a visit to a ~cialized rose nursery, a wildflower walk oli the slopes of Mt. Cook, a tour of the grand old colonial homestead and gardens at Holmslee, and an afternoon spent in the garden of Ron and Mollie Coker. Passages Unlimited, 14 Lakeside Office Park, Wakefield, MA 01880 (617) 24&3575 May 2·17, 1989 The Gardens of Coastal Iberia Ports of call on this cruise from Lisbon, Por­ tugal , to Folkstone, England, will include Guernsey, the Channel Islands, and New Haven . Experience a most unique program of sightseeing ashore that will include excep­ tional public and private gardens, and enjoy the gracious comfort that one could expect only from a private yacht. Leonard Haertter Travel Company, 7922 Bonhomme Avenue, St. Louis, MO 6310$ (800) 942-6666 January 21·28,1989 Gardens of the Leeward Islands of the Caribbean This exciting garden cruise adventure takes us to the tranquil islands of the Caribbean lee­ ward Chain. Visit tropical rain forests, botanic gardens, and private estates never open to the public, as we stop at such secluded islands as MontseFfat, St. Kitts, St. Martin, and Antigua. Leonard Haertter Travel Company, 7922 Bonhomme Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63105 (800) 942-6666