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Physical Properties of Glass Ionomer Cement Containing

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Physical Properties of Glass Ionomer Cement Containing Brazilian Dental Journal (2020) 31(4): 445-452 ISSN 0103-6440 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440202003276 1Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat Physical Properties of Glass University, Pathum Thani, Thailand 2Assistive Technology and Ionomer Cement Containing Pre- Medical Devices Research Center (A-MED), National Science and Reacted Spherical Glass Fillers Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand 3National Metal Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand Piyaphong Panpisut1 , Naruporn Monmaturapoj2 , Autcharaporn Srion3 , Arnit Toneluck1, Prathip Phantumvanit1 Correspondence: Piyaphong Panpisut, Faculty of Dentistry, 99 Moo 18, T. Klong1, A. Klongluang, Pathum Thani, 12121 Thailand. Tel: +66-891613189. e-mail: [email protected] The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different commercial liquid phases (Ketac, Riva, and Fuji IX) and the use of spherical pre-reacted glass (SPG) fillers on cement maturation, fluoride release, compressive (CS) and biaxial flexural strength (BFS) of experimental glass ionomer cements (GICs). The experimental GICs (Ketac_M, Riva_M, FujiIX_M) were prepared by mixing SPG fillers with commercial liquid phases using the powder to liquid mass ratio of 2.5:1. FTIR-ATR was used to assess the maturation of GICs. Diffusion coefficient of fluoride (DF) and cumulative fluoride release (CF) in deionized water was determined using the fluoride ion specific electrode (n=3). CS and BFS at 24 h were also tested (n=6). Commercial GICs were used as comparisons. Riva and Riva_M exhibited rapid polyacrylate salt formation. The highest DF and CF were observed with Riva_M (1.65x10-9 cm2/s) and Riva (77 ppm) respectively. Using SPG fillers enhanced DF of GICs on average from ~2.5x10-9 cm2/s to ~3.0x10-9 cm2/s but reduced CF of the materials on average from ~51 ppm to ~42 ppm. The CS and BFS of Ketac_M (144 and 22 MPa) and Fuji IX_M (123 and 30 MPa) were comparable to commercial materials. Using SPG Key Words: pre-reacted glass, with Riva significantly reduced CS and BFS from 123 MPa to 55 MPa and 42 MPa to 28 spherical glass fillers, fluoride MPa respectively. The use of SPG fillers enhanced DF but reduced CF of GICs. Using SPG release, compressive strength, with Ketac or Fuji IX liquids provided comparable strength to the commercial materials. biaxial flexural strength. Introduction respectively (5). Dental amalgam has been widely used as the The previous study showed that the use of powder phase main restorative materials due to its low cost, ease contained spherical pre-reacted glass fillers (SPG) (diameter of manipulation and placement, good durability, and ~10 µm) enhanced mechanical properties of conventional long historical record of safety (1). However, the use of GICs (6). It was proposed that the addition of SPG fillers dental amalgam will be decreased due to the Minamata may help increase surface area to encourage the interaction Convention on Mercury in 2013 to avoid the risk of mercury between glass fillers and polyacrylic acid (7). This could contamination to the environment. Dental composites potentially help to promote the formation of continuous are considered suitable as alternative direct restorative cross-link of polyacrylate salts and increase mechanical materials, but they require complicated and highly sensitive strength of the cement. It was also demonstrated that the placing techniques. The error occurred during composite reduction of filler size in GICs could increase the mechanical placement could potentially lead to marginal leakage at properties and the release of fluoride (8). tooth-composite interface (2). This may ultimately cause The main component in liquid phase of conventional bacterial microleakage and secondary caries, which is the GICs is polyacrylic acid (PAA). The structure and composition major reason of composite restoration failure (3). Glass of PAA affected physical and mechanical properties of the ionomer cements (GICs) could be used for high caries risk materials (9). For example, the conformation and flexibility patients due primarily to its ability to release fluoride. GICs of polyelectrolyte chains in polyacrylate salt matrix however exhibit lower mechanical properties compared to influenced the degree of polymer cross-link and water dental composites and dental amalgam. This may lead to movement across the cement during cement maturation. the suboptimal performance of GICs restorations in high Additionally, it is known that water is essential for acid- load-bearing areas. It has been shown that the common base neutralization reaction, which enable the release of reason for the GICs restoration failure was material fracture fluoride and other ions from fluoro-alumino-silicate glass. or chipping (4). Additionally, the reported survival rate The degree of acid-base reaction also affected the amount at 10 year of GICs restorations was 37% whereas that of of unreacted glass particles that act as reinforcing fillers resin composites and dental amalgam were 43% and 51% that enhance mechanical strength of GICs (10). The aim Braz Dent J 31(4) 2020 of this study was therefore to assess the effect of using approximately 85-100 °C). The average particle diameter the different liquid phase of conventional GICs on cement of spherical fillers after spray-dried was approximately maturation, fluoride release, and mechanical properties 10-20 µm (Fig. 1). The pre-reacted fillers of spherical shape of experimental GICs containing SPG fillers. The null were mixed with pre-reacted fillers of irregular shape to hypothesis was that the use of different liquid phase and maximize filler packing at 60:40 weight ratio. The SPG SPG fillers showed no significant effect on the properties fillers were mixed with liquid phase of Fuji IX Universal, of the experimental GICs. Ketac Universal, and Riva Self Cure (Table 1) at the powder to liquid ratio (PLR) of 2.5:1. A pilot study demonstrated Material and Methods the SPG fillers can be mixed homogenously with liquid Glass Synthesis and Specimen Preparation phase at PLR of 2.5:1. Fluoroaluminosilicate glass fillers consisting of SiO2- Al2O3-CaF2-ZrO2 as the glass network was prepared Cement Maturation Using FTIR according to the previous study (6). The prepared glass An attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform was mixed with 2 wt% of Fuji IX Universal liquid (GC IR (ATR-FTIR, Nicolet i5, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) to produce pre-reacted glass Massachusetts, USA) was employed to assess maturation fillers. The glass fillers were ground for 3 h and subsequently process of GICs at early time. The materials were mixed sprayed the slurry using a spray dryer (B-290 Büchi Mini using a plastic spatula within 20 s and placed in a metal Spray Dryer, Büchi, Flawil, Switzerland) with an inlet circlip (1 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness) on the ATR temperature of drying air at 200 °C (outlet temperature of diamond and covered by an acetate sheet. Then, the FTIR spectra at a region of 700-1800 cm-1 with the resolution of 4 cm-1 were recorded from the bottom surface of the specimens for 10 min. Fluoride Release Powder and liquid phases of each material were weighted using a four-digit balance and hand mixed using a plastic spatula within 2 min. The mixed paste was P. Panpisut et al. Panpisut P. immediately placed in a metal circlip (10 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness) (n=3). The specimens were left for curing in an incubator at the controlled temperature of 37 °C for 1 h. They specimens were then removed from the ring and placed in a tube containing 5 mL of deionized water and incubated at 37 °C. The storage solution was collected at each time point (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 days and 1,2,3, and 4,5,6,7,8 weeks) for analysis and replaced with a fresh solution. The collected solution was mixed with TISAB III Figure 1. SEM image of pre-reacted spherical glass fillers. (Orion ionplus, Thermo Scientific, MA, USA) with a volume Table 1. The composition of materials used in the current study Recommended Lot Materials Abbreviations Components powder to liquid Suppliers number ratio (mass ratio) Fuji IX Liquid: polyacrylic acid, Polybasic, polycarboxylic acid GC corporation, Universal Fuji IX 3.6:1 1506031 Powder: Fluoro-alumino-silicate glass Tokyo, Japan (Shade A3) Liquid: copolymer of acrylic acid-maleic acid Ketac 35%-55%, water 40%-55%, tartaric acid 5%-10% 3M ESPE; St Universal Ketac 3:1 3419923 Powder: glass powder 80%-90%, copolymer Paul, MN, USA (Shade A3) of acrylic acid-maleic acid 1%-6% Liquid: polyacrylic acid 20%-30%, tartaric Riva Self cure acid 10%-15%, remainder water SDI, Victoria, Riva 4.7:1 11144991V (Shade A3) Powder: fluoroaluminosilicate glass 90%- Australia 95%, polyacrylic acid 5%- 10% 446 Braz Dent J 31(4) 2020 ratio of 1:10 to measure concentration of fluoride ion in the solution using fluoride specific ion electrode (Orion Versa Star Pro, Thermo Scientific, MA, USA). Fluoride calibration standards at 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 fluoride ppm were prepared Equation 4 using standard fluoride solution (Orion ionplus, Thermo Scientific). The cumulative fluoride ion release (CF) was Where ΔL and Lo are change in length (m) and original calculated using the following equation. length (m) of specimens respectively. Biaxial Flexural Strength (BFS) Specimens were mixed and placed in a metal circlip (1 mm in thickness and 10 mm in diameter). They were then Equation 1 covered with an acetate sheet under the glass slabs and left in an incubator for 1 h. The specimens were then removed Where CF is the cumulative fluoride ion release (ppm), is from the circlips and placed in a tube containing 5 mL of the amount of fluoride (ppm) at time t. Then, the modified deionized water and incubated at 37 °C for 23 h.
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