Labaude, Phd Thesis, 2016

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Labaude, Phd Thesis, 2016 Université de Bourgogne UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences PhD Thesis Thèse pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur de l’Université de Bourgogne Discipline : Sciences de la vie Spécialité : Biologie des populations et écologie Effect of the environment on the interaction between gammarids (Crustacea: Amphipoda) and their manipulative acanthocephalan parasites Sophie Labaude Jury Demetra Andreou, Senior Lecturer, Bournemouth University Examinateur Iain Barber, Senior Lecturer, University of Leicester Rapporteur Jean-Nicolas Beisel, Professeur, Université de Strasbourg Examinateur Frank Cézilly, Professeur, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté Co-directeur Patricia Gibert, Directrice de recherches CNRS, Université de Lyon 1 Rapporteur Marie-Jeanne Perrot-Minnot, Maître de conférences HDR, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté Examinateur Thierry Rigaud, Directeur de recherches CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté Directeur If I were asked to nominate my personal epitome of Darwinian adaptation, the ne plus ultra of natural selection in all its merciless glory, I might hesitate between the spectacle of a cheetah outsprinting a jinking Tommie in a flurry of African dust, or the effortless streamlining of a dolphin, or the sculptured invisibility of a stick caterpillar, or a pitcher plant silently and insensibly drowning flies. But I think I’d finally come down on the side of a parasite manipulating the behavior of its host – subverting it to the benefit of the parasite in ways that arouse admiration for the subtlety, and horror at the ruthlessness, in equal measure. Richard Dawkins, Host manipulation by parasites, 2012 Acknowledgements May the English reader forgive me for using, just for this part, my beloved French. Je devais avoir une dizaine d’années quand j’ai découvert, dans un magazine pour enfants, le métier d’éthologue : « personne qui étudie le comportement des animaux sauvages dans leur milieu naturel ». Dans mon esprit, j’imaginais une personne assise sur un arbre, un carnet à la main, passant ses journées à observer les animaux avec des jumelles. Une alternative alléchante à l’autre métier animalier par excellence quand on est jeune, vétérinaire. Quand est venu le moment des premiers choix d’orientation, l’idée était encore bien encrée avec tout de même un chiffre effrayant : « bac +8 ». On m’a fait remarquer que huit années, ce n’était pas grand-chose. J’ai répondu non sans ironie que c’était exactement la moitié de ma vie. Les années ont passé, je ne suis toujours pas assise sur un arbre et pourtant j’arrive à la fin de trois ans de thèse, un aboutissement qui ne sonne finalement que comme un commencement. C’est un long chemin que je n’ai pas parcouru seule, et s’il est impossible de citer toutes les personnes qui ont influencé mes choix me menant où je suis aujourd’hui, j’aimerais au moins remercier celles qui ont contribué au succès de ces trois dernières années. Mes premiers remerciements vont à mes directeurs de thèse, Thierry Rigaud et Frank Cézilly. Merci Thierry pour ta présence à tous les instants, pour ta patience toutes les (très nombreuses) fois où tu m’as vue débarquer à la porte de ton bureau, pour tes conseils innombrables, pour ton aide à toutes les étapes de ma recherche, de la conception du protocole jusqu’à l’écriture des articles, quand il a fallu s’attaquer à des jeux de données difficiles ou se dépatouiller avec des formalités administratives interminables, et j’en passe. Merci d’avoir enfilé la blouse pendant les vacances de noël, et ce à plusieurs années (mea culpa…) pour passer des heures au froid à regarder des gammares avec moi. Merci Frank pour ta disponibilité, malgré tes voyages tu as toujours pris le temps de faire le point, à chacun de tes retours, de l’avancement de mes travaux. Merci de m’avoir tiré vers le haut, avec ton enthousiasme et tes ambitions pour mon travail qui semblaient souvent surréalistes, tes idées qui m’ont poussée à complexifier mes protocoles et à m’interroger d’avantage, tes prévisions de timing irréalisables et ta volonté de viser des journaux qui paraissaient bien trop bons pour mon travail. Je ressortais de ton bureau parfois dépitée devant l’ampleur du travail à accomplir, mais le plus souvent gonflée à bloc de confiance dans mes capacités. Un grand merci à toutes les personnes qui ont participé à mes expériences, sans qui mes protocoles n’auraient jamais pu être si ambitieux. Merci Séb pour ton aide inestimable, pour avoir passé tellement de temps à fabriquer des dispositifs innovants ou imaginer des solutions techniques originales pour mes protocoles. Merci d’avoir toujours répondu présent quand j’en avais besoin, même si tu devais presque prendre feu au milieu de la rivière ! Un grand merci à Alouex, pour m’avoir pris sous ton aile au début de ma thèse et formé à l’art du gammare, la reconnaissance des parasites, l’utilisation des vidéo-mesureurs ou les joies de la génétique. Merci pour ton aide toujours enthousiaste, pour ta gentillesse en toutes circonstances, et bien sûr pour m’avoir fait manger une pizza aux pates. Merci à Aude pour ton aide dans l’entretien de mes gammares, ma petite folie numérique en termes d’effectifs en a été moins douloureuse. Merci à Maria pour ton aide toujours très avisée et ta grande rigueur dans tout ce qui se passe dans les salles de génétique ou microbiologie. Merci Yannick pour m’avoir enseigné, avec un long cours appliqué, les rudiments du travail sur le système immunitaire. Toute une expérience n’aurait pas vu le jour sans ton aide. Merci Irina pour ton aide sur la culture d’algues. Merci à mes stagiaires pour leur contribution à plusieurs de mes expériences. Un grand merci en particulier à Xavier et Lila, qui ont tous deux participé aux manips les plus intenses, avec le plus grand brio. C’était un grand soulagement de pouvoir complétement compter sur vous ! Merci également à Charel, Reshma, Antoine et Ambre. Merci à Isa et Corinne qui ont rendu tout un tas de tâches administratives un peu moins douloureuses. Merci aux membres de mes deux comités de thèse, Jean-Nicolas Beisel, Jacob Koella, Robert Elwood et Marie-Jeanne. Vos conseils avisés m’ont permis de mieux cibler la direction de ma thèse, et vos commentaires m’ont chaque année redonné une confiance nouvelle pour la suite des expériences. Je souhaite particulièrement remercier Marie-Jeanne, pour ton aide précieuse dans plusieurs aspects de mes expériences et le temps que tu accordes toujours avec bienveillance à quiconque en a besoin, quand bien même tu en manques toujours pour toi- même. Merci à mes deux rapporteurs, Iain Barber et Patricia Gibert, pour leurs remarques bienveillantes et leurs commentaires avisés concernant mon travail. Merci également aux autres membres de mon Jury de thèse pour leurs avis ainsi que pour les discussions intéressantes qui ont suivi ma soutenance. Je remercie chaleureusement toutes les personnes du laboratoire Biogéosciences que je n’ai pas encore cité, en particulier de l’équipe écologie évolutive, et qui ont joué de près ou de loin un rôle dans l’écriture de cette thèse ou dans ma décision d’en faire une. Merci notamment aux enseignants du master BOP. Un grand merci tout particulièrement à FX, pour tes cours inspirants en master et ton encadrement pour mon tout premier stage qui transpiraient d’une passion communicative pour tellement de sujets. Merci également à Anne-Sophie Deville et Arnaud Béchet pour m’avoir fait confiance lors de mon stage de M2. Je me rends compte de l’exceptionnelle liberté que vous m’avez accordée pour mener à bien ce stage, une expérience que j’ai adoré et qui a renforcé mon envie de continuer dans cette voie. Merci à mes chers collègues du bout du couloir (et autres squatteurs !) pour m’avoir supporté, malgré mes élans tyranniques ! Ces trois années auraient été bien différentes si je n’avais pas fait partie de THE bureau des doctorants, celui où on fabrique des vaisseaux spatiaux en papier, où on fait des sapins de noël qui éblouissent, et où il y a toujours quelque chose à grignoter. Merci Chloé pour toutes nos discussions matinales, pour ton guacamole, pour ta patience à mon égard, pour m’avoir prêté ton chat et pour tes techniques de relaxation si particulière en plein milieu de mon tout premier talk dans une conférence internationale ! Merci Julien pour tes conversations qui nécessitent si peu d’effort à tes interlocuteurs, pour les parties de console et tes conseils avisés sur les meilleures attractions des parcs ! Merci Manon pour ton petit grain de folie, pour tes visites impromptues dans le bureau, et pour m’avoir pré-mâchouillé les citrons. Merci surtout de ne pas tenter de baptiser cette thèse avec tes pratiques singulières ! Merci Cédric pour les conversations passionnées sur tellement de sujets différents, pour les supers moments passés à Roscoff, pour m’avoir laissé donner des carottes à ton chien et pour le radis qu’il a craché sur mon tapis. Merci aussi Karen, pour tous les moments depuis le lycée, les innombrables conversations et les virées au Noz. Merci à tous mes amis passionnés de sciences, en particulier ceux qui entretiennent ma soif de connaissance, ceux qui partagent ma passion pour la biologie. Un grand merci à Nicolas, pour tous tes appels qui me donnaient toujours la pêche, pour nos discussions bizarres, pour tes conseils en matière de thèse, et surtout pour ta passion communicative des petites bêtes, pour ce blog que tu m’as fait intégrer et pour m’avoir permis de vulgariser la science. Merci à Kévin, pour tous nos échanges un peu gagas sur les merveilles que sont les acanthocéphales et leurs zombies de gammares ! Merci au Café des Sciences pour toutes les découvertes et les rencontres, merci à mes collègues de blog pour votre patience devant mon manque de tact dans mon peer- reviewing.
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