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19Th Century Lancashire Dialect: Dialect Pronunciation Via Dialect

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19Th Century Lancashire Dialect: Dialect Pronunciation Via Dialect UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA TESIS DOCTORAL 19TH CENTURY LANCASHIRE DIALECT: DIALECT PRONUNCIATIONS VIA DIALECT SPELLINGS – DIALECTO DE LANCASHIRE DEL SIGLO 19: PRONUNCIACIONES DIALECTALES A TRAVÉS DE GRAFÍAS DIALECTALES MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Nadia Hamade Almeida DIRECTOR Dra. Ana Laura Rodríguez Redondo Madrid, 2020 © Nadia Hamade Almeida, 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my enormous gratitude to my supervisor Professor Dra. Ana Laura Rodríguez Redondo for her support and immense patience during this long but pleasant journey. Her help, guidance, and broad knowledge have considerably contributed to the accomplishment of this thesis. Besides my supervisor, I am grateful to the department of English Linguistics of the University Complutense for reminding doctoral students that all the arduous work and efforts are worth it. The different doctoral activities, talks, and seminars have been productive and motivating. My sincere and very special thanks go to my parents for their financial support, ceaseless motivation and encouragement during this process. I cannot express with words how much your immense support has meant to me. You can be sure that this thesis would not have been completed without you. A very special thanks also goes out to my friends, they know who they are, for being by my side throughout this process, for giving me the comforting words when I needed them and for encouraging me to continue despite the difficulties. Thanks also for reminding me that there is a whole world out there beyond the thesis. Know that you are all part of this very tough journey. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... RESUMEN ......................................................................................................................... INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. I FIRST PART: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...................................................... 1 1.-LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................. 1 1.1.- Regional literature: Dialect literature and literary dialect ................................... 1 1.2.- Important concepts to consider when dealing with regional dialect representation in literature ...................................................................................... 4 1.2.1.- Traditional dialects ...................................................................................... 4 1.2.2.- Deviant Spellings ......................................................................................... 5 1.2.3.- Old Pronunciations ...................................................................................... 6 1.2.4.- RP Variants .................................................................................................. 6 1.2.5.- General English ........................................................................................... 6 1.2.6.- Stereotype and Enregisterment .................................................................... 6 1.2.7.- Probable Sounds .......................................................................................... 7 1.3.- Origins of dialect representation in literature ...................................................... 8 1.4.- Social Perspective of Dialects ........................................................................... 10 1.5.- The representation of the Lancashire dialect in literature ................................. 14 1.6.- Dialect Studies ................................................................................................... 16 2.- LANCASHIRE OVERVIEW: THE COUNTY AND THE DIALECT ................... 20 2.1.- Geographical distribution of the county of Lancashire ..................................... 20 2.2.- Dialect change and Lancashire dialect change .................................................. 22 2.3.- The framing of the Lancashire dialect ............................................................... 23 2.4- Lancashire phonological features as enumerated by scholars ............................ 24 2.5.- General phonological traits of the Lancashire dialect in the studied literary- dialect works ......................................................................................................... 27 1.- The substitution of <a> for <o> before nasal consonants ............................... 28 2.- The drop of <h> ............................................................................................... 30 3.- H-epenthesis .................................................................................................... 31 4.- Y-epenthesis .................................................................................................... 33 5.- W-epenthesis .................................................................................................... 34 6.- L-vocalization .................................................................................................. 35 7.- Metathesis ........................................................................................................ 37 8.- The substitution of <o> for <u> before the consonant sequence <ng> ........... 38 9.- The orthographical deletion of the definite article “the”: the forms th’ and t’ 39 3.- LANCASHIRE WRITERS AND LITERARY-DIALECT AUTHORS SELECTED FOR THE STUDY ......................................................................................................... 42 3.1.- Overview of Lancashire writers in the nineteenth century ................................ 42 3.2.- Contextualization of the data: writers selected for the present work ................ 43 3.2.1.- John Ackworth (JA) ................................................................................... 44 3.2.2.- Benjamin Brierley (BB) ............................................................................. 46 3.2.3.- Isabella Banks (IB) .................................................................................... 49 3.2.4.- James Marshall Mather (JMM) ................................................................. 51 3.2.5.- William Bury Westall (WBW) .................................................................. 52 4.- AN INSIGHT INTO THE LITERARY-DIALECT WORKS SELECTED FOR THE CORPUS ......................................................................................................................... 55 4.1.- Contextualization of the literary-dialect works ................................................. 55 4.2.- Linguistic aspects of the literary-dialect works ................................................. 58 4.2.1.- Dialect orthographical conventions ........................................................... 60 SECOND PART: A PHONOLOGICAL-BASED STUDY ON THE LANCASHIRE DIALECT ...................................................................................................................... 62 5.- METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................... 62 5.1.- Data .................................................................................................................... 62 5.2.- Methods applied in the linguistic analysis of literary-dialect texts ................... 64 5.3.- Types of analysis employed in our data ............................................................ 65 5.3.1.- Quantitative analysis .................................................................................. 66 5.3.2.- Qualitative analysis .................................................................................... 67 6.- A CORPUS-BASED ANALYSIS OF SPELLINGS AND PRONUNCIATIONS RELATED TO RP DIPHTHONGS ............................................................................... 69 6.1- Quantitative analysis: frequencies of spellings and words related to RP diphthongs ............................................................................................................. 70 6.2.- Qualitative Analysis .......................................................................................... 77 6.2.1.- RP [aʊ] ....................................................................................................... 77 6.2.1.1.- Literary dialect spellings of [aʊ] ...................................................................... 77 6.2.1.2.- Literary dialect spellings <ar> / <ah> / <aa> ................................................... 78 6.2.1.3.- Literary dialect spellings <eaw> / <eau> ......................................................... 79 6.2.1.4.- Literary dialect spelling <u> ............................................................................ 81 6.2.1.5.- Historical origins .............................................................................................. 82 6.2.1.6.- Discussion ........................................................................................................ 83 6.2.2.- RP [aɪ] ........................................................................................................ 86 6.2.2.1.- Literary dialect spellings with Standard English
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