<<

RSPA_469_2153_cover.qxd 18/3/13 11:53 AM Page 2

GUIDANCE FOR AUTHORS Editor Sir Mark Welland FRS Selection criteria might include details of methods, derivations of equations, The criteria for selection are scientific excellence, originality large tables of data and computer programs. However, the Publishing Editor and interest across disciplines within mathematical, physical printed version must include enough detail to satisfy most Joanna Harries and engineering sciences. non-specialist readers. Supplementary data up to 10Mb is The maximum limit is 20 printed pages (about 540 words placed on the Society's website free of charge. Larger Editorial Coordinator or two figures per page). Papers over this limit will be datasets must be deposited in recognised public domain Raminder Shergill considered, up to a maximum of 28 pages, but will also be databases by the author. subject to page charges. Editorial Board The Editors are responsible for all editorial decisions and Conditions of publication they make these decisions based on the reports received Articles must not have been published previously, nor be Mark Welland FRS, Editor, Nanoscience Ian Horrocks FRS, Department of Peter Sammonds, Department of Earth from the referees and/or Editorial Board members. Many under consideration for publication elsewhere. The main Centre, Computer Science, University of Oxford Sciences, University College London more good manuscripts are submitted to us than we have findings of the article should not have been reported in the Mike Ashfold FRS, School of Chemistry, Chris Howls, School of Mathematics, Jerry Shan, Department of Mechanical and space to print, and we give preference to those that present mass media. Like many journals, Proc. R. Soc. A employs a University of Southampton Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University significant advances of broad interest. Submission of strict embargo policy where the reporting of a scientific Martin Barlow FRS, Department of Yonggang Huang, Department of Civil Antonio Sousa, Department of Mechanical preliminary reports, of articles that merely confirm article by the media is embargoed until a specific time. The Mathematics, University of British Columbia and Environmental Engineering and Engineering, University of New Brunswick Department of Mechanical Engineering, previous findings, and of articles that are likely to interest Editor has final authority in all matters relating to publication. Anthony Barrett FRS, Chemistry Scott Spector, Department of Northwestern University Department, Imperial College London Mathematics, Southern Illinois University only small groups of specialists, is not encouraged. All Susana Huelga, Institute of Theoretical Simon Benjamin, Department of David Stuart, Department of Applied articles are sent to Editorial Board members for an initial Electronic Submission details Physics, Ulm University Materials, University of Oxford Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, assessment of their suitability, and may be returned to The Royal Society’s electronic-submission and peer-review Lindsay Botten, Department of Giles Hunt, School of Mechanical University of Cambridge authors without in-depth peer review if this assessment service provides Proc. R. Soc. A authors with the facility to Engineering, University of Bath Mathematical Sciences, University of Zhigang Suo, School of Engineering and makes it seem unlikely that they will be accepted. submit their papers online. The service allows you to Technology, Sydney Graham Hutchings FRS, School of Applied Sciences, Harvard University upload files in a reliable and user-friendly way, using a Oscar Bruno, Applied Computational Chemistry, Cardiff University Michael Thompson FRS, Department of Publishing format Web-based system. When your paper is received, an Mathematics, California Institute of Anjan Kundu, Theory Group, Saha Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Technology Institute of Nuclear Physics Physics, University of Cambridge Proc. R. Soc. A articles are published regularly online and in immediate acknowledgement is sent that details how you Marc Cahay, School of Electronics and Bruce Lennox, Department of Chemistry, Henry Tye, Institute for Advanced Study, monthly print issues. Along with all Royal Society journals, can track your contribution online. Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati McGill University The Hong Kong University of Science and we are committed to archiving and providing perpetual Minghui Chai, Department of Chemistry, Paul Linden FRS, Department of Technology access. Although papers are limited to 28 journal pages For full submission guidelines and access to all journal Central Michigan University Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Matt Visser, School of Mathematics, in length, there is the facility for including Electronic content please visit the Proc. R. Soc. A website, see Stan Cowley FRS, Department of Physics University of California, San Diego Statistics, and Computer Science, Victoria Supplementary Material (ESM). Contents of the ESM rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org for further details. & Astronomy, University of Leicester Juan Lopez, School of Mathematical and University of Wellington Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University Darren Crowdy, Department of Graeme Wake, Institute of Information Mathematics, Imperial College London Richard Lueptow, McCormick School of and Mathematical Sciences, Anthony Davison, Institute of Mathematics, Engineering, Northwestern University Massey University Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Robert MacKay FRS, Mathematics Zhong-Lin Wang, School of Materials Michel Destrade, School of Mathematics, Institute, University of Warwick Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute Statistics and Applied Mathematics, David McKenzie, School of Physics, of Technology The Royal Society, the national academy of science of For further information on the Society’s activities, please National University of Ireland, Galway University of Sydney Chris Williams, School of Informatics, the UK and the Commonwealth, is at the cutting edge of contact the following departments on the extensions Brian Foster FRS, University of Hamburg Katsuhiro Nakamura, Department of University of Edinburgh scientific progress. We support many top young scien- listed by dialling +44 (0)20 7839 5561, or visit the Applied Physics, Osaka City University Chris Garrett FRS, School of Earth and Roderick Wong, Department of tists, engineers and technologists, influence science pol- Society’s Web site (royalsociety.org). Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria Tim Palmer FRS, ECMWF Mathematics, City University of Hong Kong icy, debate scientific issues with the public and much Marc Geers, Mechanical Engineering, Alun Preece, School of Computer Science Jun Xia, Key Lab. of Water Cycle & Related more. We are an independent, charitable body and Research Support (UK grants and fellowships) Eindhoven University of Technology & Informatics, Cardiff University Surface Processes, Chinese Academy of Mark Green, Department of Physics, Geraint Price FRS, Engineering and the Sciences derive our authoritative status from over 1400 Fellows Research Appointments (Fellowships): 2542 King’s College London Environment, University of Southampton Tao Xiang, Institute of Theoretical Physics and Foreign Members. Research Grants: 2223 Des Higham, Department of Mathematics Berc Rustem, Department of Computing, and , Chinese Academy International travel Grants: 2555 and Statistics, University of Strathclyde Imperial College London of Sciences Our mission: to expand knowledge and further the role Newton International Fellowships: 2559 of science and engineering in making the world a better Publishing Editor: Joanna Harries AIMS AND SCOPE place. Science Policy Centre (tel: +44(0)20 7451 2634; [email protected]) Proc. R. Soc. A publishes research articles across the mathematical, General enquiries: 2550 Editorial Coordinator: Raminder Shergill physical and engineering sciences. The emphasis is on high-quality, (tel: +44(0)20 7451 2694; [email protected]) original, fundamental articles of interest to a wide range of scientists, The Royal Society’s strategic priorities are to: Production Editor: Matthew Eland in emerging and interdisciplinary areas as well as established disci- Science Communication • invest in future scientific leaders and in plines. General enquiries: 2573 6–9 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AG, UK innovation, • COPYRIGHT © 2013 The Royal Society influence policymaking with the best scientific Library and Information Services Except as otherwise permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or trans- advice, Library/archive enquiries: 2606 mitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accor- • invigorate science and mathematics education, dance with the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. In particular, the Society permits the making of a single photocopy • increase access to the best science internationally, of an article from this issue (under Sections 29 and 38 of the Act) for an individual for the purposes of research or private study. and • inspire an interest in the joy, wonder and SUBSCRIPTIONS excitement of scientific discovery. In 2013 Proc. R. Soc. A (ISSN 1364-5021) will be published Subscription prices UK, Europe USA, Canada monthly. Full details of subscriptions may be obtained Europe 2013 calendar year and ROW and ROW either by contacting our journal fulfilment agent, Portland Customer Services, Commerce Way, Colchester CO2 8HP; Online only £1241 €1611 US$2335 tel: +44 (0)1206 796351; fax: +(0)1206 799331; email: Combined online Front cover: Da Vinci-style rendition of the Borromean Rings which have found expression in the field of chemical [email protected] or by visiting our website at £1737 €2255 US$3269 royalsocietypublishing. org/info/subscriptions. The Royal and print topology at a molecular level. Image courtesy of Aleksandr Bosoy, Gokhan Barin, Ross S. Forgan and J. Fraser Stoddart. See Proc. R. Soc. A (2012), 468, 2849–2880 (doi:10.1098/rspa.2012.0117). Society is Registered Charity No. 207043.

Typeset in India by Techset Composition Limited, Salisbury, UK. Printed in the UK by Cambrian Printers. This paper meets the requirements of ISO 9706:1994(E) and ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper) effective with volume 436, issue 1896, 1992. Proc. R. Soc. A (ISSN 1364-5021) is published monthly for $3269 per year by the Royal Society, and is distributed in the USA by agent named Air Business, C/O Worldnet Shipping USA Inc., 149-35 177th Street, Jamaica, New York, NY11434, USA. US Postmaster: Send address changes to Proc. R. Soc. A C/O Air Business Ltd, C/O Worldnet Shipping USA Inc., 149-35 177th Street, Jamaica, New York, NY11414.