CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

2.1 Android Technology

2.1.1 History

In October 2003, a team of four technology expert in Palo Alto, California joined as a group to establish Android Inc. Andy Rubin (Co-founder of Danger, Inc.), Rich Miner

(Co-founder of Wildfire Communication, Inc.), Nick Sears (Ex-VP at T-Mobile) and

Chris White (head design and interface development at WebTV) [6] [7] worked to create an for mobile devices that are aware of both user’s location and their personal preferences. At first, Android was meant to be implemented on digital camera devices, however the company recognized that cellular phones have higher demand of sale [7].

In August 2005, As Android gain popularity on mobile phones user, decide to acquired Android for an undisclosed price which is estimated to be about $50 million, since then the Google Mobile Division was born [7] [8]. On 5th November 2007,

Google announced the Open Handset Alliance (OHA), an association of technology manufacturers that would work together to create open mobile device standards [7].

At the outset, 34 companies were involved on the association that includes wireless telecommunications providers(T-Mobile), mobile handset makers (Motorola, HTC,

LG, and Samsung) and chipset makers (Texas Instruments, Qualcomm) [7]. This announcement than indicates that Android would be much different from the iPhone system in that it would not be limited to single mobile device manufactures [7]. Finally, in September 2008, T-Mobile announced the T-Mobile G1 as the first smartphone that uses Android Operating System. A month later, Google released the Android 1.0

8 source code which made it available to anyone [8]. Since then, Google keeps on updating the Android that represents a significant evolutionary steps and now point of reference for the smartphone market [8].

2.1.2 Android Version

Each Version was in alphabetical order and named after a candy or dessert.

I. Android 1.5 – Cupcake: April 27, 2009

II. Android 1.6 – Donut: September 15, 2009

III. Android 2.0 – Éclair: October 26, 2009

IV. Android 2.2 – Froyo: May 20, 2010

V. Android 2.3 – Gingerbread: December 6, 2010

VI. Android 3.0 – Honeycomb: February 22, 2011

VII. Android 4.0 – Ice Cream Sandwich: October 18, 2011

VIII. Android 4.1 – Jelly Bean: July 9, 2012

IX. Android 4.4 – KitKat: October 31, 2013

X. Android 5.0 – Lollipop: November 12, 2014

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2.1.3 Android Features

Since the Android source code has been release by Google in 2008, every phone manufacturer decides to create their own features that made their smartphone different from the others. Despite the fact that there are several features that made every Android phones signature. These include Tasker, Custom Home Launchers, Widgets, and etc.

[9].

 Tasker / Automation

Figure 2.1 Tasker / Automation [8]

The most powerful, useful Android apps is Tasker, an automation program that

allow user to turn settings on and off for certain applications, by location, time

of day, and other condition that the user can think of. Tasker can access the

deepest settings on Android phone, which cannot be done on other operating

systems [9].

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 Custom Home Launchers

Figure 2.2 Custom Home Launchers [9]

Android allow user to customize their home launchers with any applications

they wish to be displayed [9].

 Widgets

Figure 2.3 Widgets [9]

Even though it takes up a bit of space, there are some widgets that changes how

applications show their active task that take an “in your face” approach to

productivity, as they don’t require user to actually look the applications [9].

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2.1.4 Navigation Drawer

Navigation Drawer is a panel that displays the app’s main navigation options on the left edge of the screen. It is hidden most of the time, but will be reveled when the user clicks on “=” button or swipes a finger from left edge of the screen.

Figure 2.4 Navigation Drawer

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2.2 Curriculum Vitae

2.2.1 History

The first professional CV was created by Leonardo da Vinci in 1482. He outlined his skills and experience including rock flinging, creating lightweight bridges and etc. [10].

On 1500s, CV has gain popular to other nation and it develops from travelling workers to a local guildsman or even a King to introduce themselves [10]. As it evolves, CV has been formalized and expected during job applications. It includes personal information such as religion, marital status, and even weight [10]. On the late 1970s,

Technology companies start to produce the first CV content to a piece of paper written by computers [10]. By 1984, the first guide on developing CV is published, and creatively named as “How to Write Your CV” and as the time goes by [10], nowadays there are CV builders out there that helps applicants to create their CV with a given format.

2.2.2 Definition

Curriculum Vitae is an overview of oneself accomplishments in life, list of qualifications, work experience, achievements and progress during working career.

Personal hobbies and interest are also listed on a very small part of a CV [11]. The standard page length of a CV is about one to two pages that starts with name, address, phone numbers, and mobile phones. The next page should contain the most recent work experience with a date mentioned followed with previous job or work experiences in date order. The rest of the information may or not includes education and qualifications, personal interest, skill learnt, honors or awards, and etc. [12].

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2.2.3 Structures

 Name and contact details

Contain the applicants name, e-mail, address and telephone contacts numbers

[12].

 Profile

Contain a brief explanation of applicant’s characteristics.

 Work Experience

List any work that has been done from present to the first job. These may also

be separated into parts such as volunteer, laboratory, internships, and others

[11] [12].

 Project

List any projects that has been done previously.

 Education and Qualifications

List of qualifications with schools and colleges that has been attained by the

applicants. May be done in date order [12].

 Field of Interest

List of academic or non-academic interest and areas of intellectual [11].

 Skill Learnt

List of skills that have been learnt from previous job, colleges, schools, and

experience from an event.

 Achievements

List of all grants, honors and awards received through academic studies and

research. Organization honor may also mention in this section [11].

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2.2.4 Formats

In order to create a good CV, besides the information there should be a good format to produce an effective and interesting CVs. The format itself must not contain the words

“Curriculum Vitae” at the top as we know that it is obvious that the documents is a

CV [13]. For certain information such as address and nationality, there should be no title such as “Address” before the actual information [13]. Use bullet points and clean formatting to help draw the readers eye to key information [14]. The information must be listed in recent position first to showcase the current skills and knowledge that the applicants had [14]. Never use shorthand or text language in a CV which indicates unprofessional behavior of presenting data [14]. The font size itself must not be too small or too big, a size of 11 or 12 is a good example to draw a clear information to the readers. Most CVs begin with personal details then the personal statement such as personality profile followed by work experiences based on the relevant position that the CV are targeted for.

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2.2.5 Existing CV Format.

Figure 2.5 Student or Graduate CV Format [5]

This format is intended to be create by a student or a freshly graduated student to seek for a job. It contains the applicants name, address, phone and mobile numbers, and email as the title [5]. The opening of the cv should be a structure named as profile that briefly describe the applicant’s skills, academic and work experiences to show to the readers of what capabilities that the applicant’s has [5].

A fresh graduate student tends to have no work experiences, that is why Education and

Qualifications structures should be mention after the profile to shows the previous academic details about the applicant’s. This structure includes the name of university or school, the degree that applicant had achieve, and score or mark of the academic details [5]. The next structure must be the work experience section which explain about the recent work experience that applicant’s had. The rest of the document may contain field of interest, skills, achievements and others.

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2.3 Job Portal / Job Seeker Application

Job Portal is a website that serve user to find any job that companies are offering. It provides the candidates to register their applications or CV and search for a jobs. On the other hand, Companies who are willing to publish their available job position may register their job to the portal [15]. As time goes by, People have been moving on from

PC to smartphones that effect on the usage of job portal.

There is a survey on America that 68% of the adults

are now own a smartphone, and 41% of them used

their mobile phones in some aspect of a job search.

That work out to 28% of all Americans that uses

their smartphones as part of a job search in some way

or another [16].

53% of 18 – 29 years olds young adults uses their

phones to look out for a job search. This behavior is

not limited to just the youngest job seekers, as 37%

of 30 – 49 years olds have done so as well. This

research also shows that African American that tend

to use smartphones when looking for employment:

38% are smartphone job seekers, compared with 24%

of whites [16].

Figure 2.6 U.S. Survey on Smart phones usage [16].

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Americans with higher educational has higher levels to use a smartphone when looking for work. The survey shows that 35% of college graduates and 33% of those who have attended but not graduated college are smartphone job seekers, compared with 18% of those who have not attended college [16].

As a result of the survey, 47% of smartphone job seekers feels that their phone is “very important” to them and an additional 37% describe it as “somewhat important”. While it took only 13% for those who describe their phone as “not too important and 3% for

“not at all important” [16].

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2.4 Android Studio

Android Studio is the official Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for Android

Application development based on IntelliJ IDEA (The Most Intelligent Java IDE brought by jetbrains.com) [17]. These are the features that Android Studio Offers:

 Flexible Gradle-based build system

 Build variants and multiple apk file generation

 Code templates to help you build common app features

 Rich layout editor with support for drag and drop theme editing

 lint tools to catch performance, usability, version compatibility, and other problems

 ProGuard and app-signing capabilities

 Built-in support for Google Cloud Platform, making it easy to integrate Google Cloud Messaging and App Engine

 And much more [17]

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2.5 Technology

2.5.1 Java

Java is a programming language that was designed to have the “look and feel” of the

C+ language but in simpler way [18]. It can be used to create certain applications that may run on a single computer or on a server in a network. It was first introduced by Sun Microsystems in 1995 and gain its popularity instantly on that year and almost all major operating system developers (IBM, Microsoft, and others) have added java to their products [18]. The major characteristics of java are [18]:

 The programs created are portable in a network.

 The code is robust, means that it contains no references to data external to

themselves or other known objects.

 Java is object-oriented, which means that an object can take advantages of

other class and inherit the code that is common to the class.

 Java is easier to learn.

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2.5.2 iText iText is a programmable PDF library that are used in sales and marketing, legal and governance, finance, IT, operations, and HR by a diverse customer base that includes medical institutions, banks, governments and technology companies. It was first designed by Bruno Lowagie in 2000 and has grown in its 15 years of existence until the latest iText 5.5.8 on November 30, 2015 [19].

IText (Java-PDF Library) can be used to [20]:

1. Serve PDF to a browser

2. Generate dynamic documents from XML files or databases

3. Use PDF’s many interactive features

4. Add bookmarks, page numbers, watermarks, etc.

5. Split, concatenate, and manipulate PDF pages

6. Automate Filling out a PDF forms

7. Add Digital Signatures to a PDF file

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2.5.3 Backendless (Database)

Backendless is a Mobile Backend as a Service provider that are located in Texas. It was established in August 2012 by group of people who is directed by CEO, Mark

Piller. It supports developer to create an online database using Backendless libraries and API. This services provide some feature that developer can use in order to create their application which are:

- User Management

- Data Persistence

- Geolocation

- Media Streaming

- Publish / Subscribe Messaging

- Push Notifications

- Custom Business Logic

- Analytics

- Mobile Code Generation

Backendless SDK and Libraries

The SDK itself can be downloaded on https://backendless.com/downloads/ it contains the library to create, edit, or delete a data on the database. By simply initialize the application ID and the secret keys of the application created on http://backendless.com.

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2.5.4 Waterfall Methodology

Waterfall Methodology is also known as Linear Sequential Life Cycle Model [21]. It is one of the most popular methodology among the other 9 Software Development Life

Cycle (SDLC). In order to move on to the next phase, each phase must be completed.

This methodology usually used by the developers for a small project that require uncertain requirements. The first phase is Requirements followed by Analysis, Design,

Implementation, Testing, Deployment, and Maintenance.

Figure 2.7 Waterfall Methodology [21]

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2.6 Software User-friendliness

Software user-friendliness describes a software interface or hardware interface that is easy to use. It is stated as “friendly” to the user, meaning it is easy to learn or understand [22]. There are several common attributes found in user-friendly interfaces which are:

1. Simple to install

This applies to everything from operating systems to browser plug-ins [23].

These includes how the user do the installation as it is the first point of contact

between the user and the application, so it had better be a friendly process [23].

2. Easy to update

As with the installation, an updates should also be easy. If the updates are

complex, user will more likely skip the process. This can often lead to a

problem of an old version that might have not support the current updated

features. Security holes, memory leaks, and other problems might also occur.

Updates need to be simple and easy enough that user can do with only few

steps [23].

3. Intuitive

The application interface should require minimal explanation for how to use it,

otherwise user will have issues with using the product [22]. However,

developer must not depend on the GUI itself, the software still needs to work

as expected [23].

4. Efficient

The software must not only work as expected, it should be efficient [23]. It

should be optimized for specific architecture, it should have all memory leaks

plugged, and it should work without dependency [23]

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2.7 UML Diagram

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language was developed by Object Management

Group that can be used to model an application structures, processes, and behavior

[24]. Through the diagrams, these model represents a visual modeling language to visualize, specify, construct, and document software system including their structure and physical architecture [24]. In this study, there will be two types of diagram used to design the system:

 Use Case Diagram

Most known as a diagram that describe the behavioral UML diagrams [24]. It

gives an overview of the users / actors involved in the system. This diagram

will be useful as a visualization on what the system can do on each actor.

 Activity Diagram

Activity Diagram represents on how the workflow of one activity to another

activity in a graphical way [24]. It also describes the business workflow or

the operational workflow of any component in a system [24].