Behavioural Analysis of Inventory Turnover
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Little's Law, a Fundamental Tool to Define Supply Chain Metrics
Little’s Law, a fundamental tool to define supply chain metrics Sangdo (Sam) Choi Harry F. Byrd, Jr. School of Business, Shenandoah University, Winchester, VA 22601, USA [email protected] Abstract We review Little's Law to define inventory turnover and other asset-turnovers. We relate Little's Law with EOQ model and turnovers. We suggest a new definition of cash-to-cash cycle for manufacturers, because the current one is for retailers. We analyze several industries using an earns-turns matrix based on Little's Law. Keyword: Little’s Law · Inventory Turnover · Earns-Turns Matrix IS INVENTORY AN ASSET OR LIABILITY? Supply chain professionals regard inventory as liability, whereas it appears as an asset on a financial statement, balance sheet. Inventory investments are substantial in a balance sheet, 10 ~ 30% of total investments for manufacturers, 25 ~ 40% for retailers. As a new technology or product penetrates in the market, the value of inventory decreases. Invested funds in inventories are tied up until sales occur. Physical spaces are required to keep inventories and information systems are used to keep track of inventory records. Funds tied up with inventories are hidden cash or reserves that, if managed efficiently, can be utilized to finance the current and future expansion of the business. The cash used to finance the account receivable and inventories should be freed as soon as possible and in amount as much as possible, so that the available cash can be invested in other more profitable avenues and thereby gain and hold a competitive edge over other players in supply chains (Attari and Raza 2012). -
Chapter 3 CT 1. A. If Inventory Is Purchased with Cash, Then There Is
Chapter 3 CT 1. a. If inventory is purchased with cash, then there is no change in the current ratio. If inventory is purchased on credit, then there is a decrease in the current ratio if it was initially greater than 1.0. b. Reducing accounts payable with cash increases the current ratio if it was initially greater than 1.0. c. Reducing short-term debt with cash increases the current ratio if it was initially greater than 1.0. d. As long-term debt approaches maturity, the principal repayment and the remaining interest expense become current liabilities. Thus, if debt is paid off with cash, the current ratio increases if it was initially greater than 1.0. If the debt has not yet become a current liability, then paying it off will reduce the current ratio since current liabilities are not affected. e. Reduction of accounts receivables and an increase in cash leaves the current ratio unchanged. f. Inventory sold at cost reduces inventory and raises cash, so the current ratio is unchanged. g. Inventory sold for a profit raises cash in excess of the inventory recorded at cost, so the current ratio increases. 3. A current ratio of 0.50 means that the firm has twice as much in current liabilities as it does in current assets; the firm potentially has poor liquidity. If pressed by its short-term creditors and suppliers for immediate payment, the firm might have a difficult time meeting its obligations. A current ratio of 1.50 means the firm has 50% more current assets than it does current liabilities. -
Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of Goods Sold Inventory •Items purchased for the purpose of being sold to customers. The cost of the items purchased but not yet sold is reported in the resale inventory account or central storeroom inventory account. Inventory is reported as a current asset on the balance sheet. Inventory is a significant asset that needs to be monitored closely. Too much inventory can result in cash flow problems, additional expenses and losses if the items become obsolete. Too little inventory can result in lost sales and lost customers. Inventory is reported on the balance sheet at the amount paid to obtain (purchase) the items, not at its selling price. Cost of Goods Sold • Inventory management Involves regulation of the size of the investment in goods on hand, the types of goods carried in stock, and turnover rates. The investment in inventory should be kept at a minimum consistent with maintenance of adequate stocks of proper quality to meet sales demand. Increases or decreases in the inventory investment must be tested against the effect on profits and working capital. Standard levels of inventory should be established as adequate for a given volume of business, and stock control procedures applied so as to limit purchase as required. Such controls should not preclude volume purchase of nonperishable items when price advantages may be obtained under unusual circumstances. The rate of inventory turnover is a valuable test of merchandising efficiency and should be computed monthly Cost of Goods Sold • Inventory management All inventories are valued at cost which is defined as invoice price plus freight charges less discounts. -
The Effect of Inventory Turnover Period on the Profitability of Listed Nigerian Conglomerate Companies
http://ijfr.sciedupress.com International Journal of Financial Research Vol. 11, No. 2; 2020 The Effect of Inventory Turnover Period on the Profitability of Listed Nigerian Conglomerate Companies Sunusi Garba1, Boudiab Mourad2 & Muhammad Adamu Chamo3 1 Department of Accounting, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa, Nigeria 2 Tunku Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy (TISSA), Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia 3 Department of Accounting, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria Correspondence: Mourad Boudiab, Tunku Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy (TISSA), Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia. Received: September 6, 2019 Accepted: December 31, 2019 Online Published: March 17, 2020 doi:10.5430/ijfr.v11n2p287 URL: https://doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v11n2p287 Abstract This study analyses the association concerning inventory turnover management and Nigerian conglomerate firms’ profitability. The study is used a historical panel data analysis. Data were generated from the yearly accounts of listed firms from 2007 to 2016. The population of the study consists of six conglomerate firms registered on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Feasible generalized least square (FGLS) regression was utilized as tools of analysis in the study. The findings establish that inventory turnover management affects Nigerian conglomerate companies’ profitability inversely associated to the profitability of the listed conglomerate firms in Nigeria. The study suggests that there must be regular stock-taking to determine eventually, the slothful stocks to dodge over venture in such stocks (if any). Furthermore, if there is no high demand for the goods the inventory needs to be reduce that are obsolescence. Management should also implement an extraordinary inventory management measures. Keywords: ITP, profitability, conglomerate companies 1. Introduction Inventory is a critical composition of firms’ current assets. -
SWOSU Business Affairs Capital Asset Inventory Review
SWOSU Business Affairs Capital Asset Inventory Review Scope and Objectives The scope of the inventory review includes all equipment purchased, owned, leased, or on loan to the university; regardless of the location of the equipment. The object is to maintain accurate records regarding cost, location, and disposition of the inventory. The objects are to: Assure all capital assets are properly located. Assure all capital assets are recorded with correct descriptions and dates acquired. Assure all capital assets are recorded at the correct amount or invoice cost. Assure that additions, deletions, and changes to capital asset inventories are recorded accurately and timely. Risk Assessment Inaccurate records regarding capital asset equipment can lead to loss and misuse of state equipment. Equipment Inventory Policy The policy is posted on the SWOSU website under Equipment Inventory Policy and is Attachment A to this document. Procedures In an effort to maintain accurate capital asset control, the following procedures will be administered by the Business Affairs staff. The Purchasing Coordinator/Inventory Control Clerk (ICC) will spend approximately 24 hours per month physically documenting the inventory in each building or department in this order: a) Comptroller will send an email to department head and administrative assistant to set up a date and time for the review. b) ICC will be furnished a list of capital assets for the department or building and a list of inventory assets for all grants. c) ICC will work with Administrative Assistants or others to locate the equipment. All notes on the equipment list will be initialed by the ICC and Administrative Assistant (Ref Attachment B). -
Reducing Inventory Through Supply Chain Coordination and Improved Lead Times
REDUCING INVENTORY THROUGH SUPPLY CHAIN COORDINATION AND IMPROVED LEAD TIMES by Randall Markham B.S., Operations Research, United States Military Academy, 2008 Submitted to the MIT Sloan School of Management and the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degrees of Master of Business Administration and Master of Science in Civil and Environmental Engineering In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology May 2020 © 2020 Randall Chase Markham. All Rights Reserved The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. MIT Sloan School of Management Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering May 8, 2020 Certified by…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Roy Welsch, Thesis Supervisor Professor of Statistics and Management Science, MIT Sloan School of Management Certified by…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Saurabh Amin, Thesis Supervisor Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Accepted by……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Maura Henson, Assistant Dean, MBA Program MIT Sloan School of Management Accepted by……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Colette Heald, Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate Program Committee Department -
Impact of JIT on Inventory to Sales Ratios By
Impact of JIT on inventory to sales ratios By: Timonthy B. Biggart and Vidyaranya B. Gargeya. Biggart, T. and Gargeya, V. B. (2002). Impact of JIT on inventory to sales ratios. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 102(4): 197-202. Made available courtesy of Emerald Group Publishing Limited: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635570210423235 ***© Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction is authorized without written permission from Emerald Group Publishing Limited. This version of the document is not the version of record. Figures and/or pictures may be missing from this format of the document. *** This article is (c) Emerald Group Publishing and permission has been granted for this version to appear here (https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/). Emerald does not grant permission for this article to be further copied/distributed or hosted elsewhere without the express permission from Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Abstract: Just‐In‐Time (JIT) production has received a great deal of attention, worldwide, since its introduction in Japan a few decades ago. It has been well documented that some of the main benefits of JIT implementation are reduction of inventories, lead‐time reduction, and cost savings. Most of the previous research on the impact of JIT on firm performance has either been anecdotal (one‐firm studies), or cross‐sectional (comparing JIT firms with non‐JIT firms at one point in time) in nature. This paper focuses on studying the impact of JIT on inventories to sales ratios prior‐ and post‐adoption based on actual performance of 74 firms as reported in COMPUSTAT data. -
Supply Chain Design
Supply Chain Design Chapter 4 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. 9 – 1 Operations As a Competitive Weapon Operations Strategy Project Management Process Strategy Process Analysis Process Performance and Quality Constraint Management Process Layout Designing Supply Chain Lean Systems Integrating the supply chain Location Facilities Inventory Management Forecasting Sales and Operations Planning Resource Planning Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. 9 – 2 Supply chain: The network of services, material, and information flows that link a firm’s customer relationship, order fulfillment, and supplier relationship processes to those of its supplier and customers. Supply chain management: Developing a strategy to organize, control, and motivate the resources involved in the flow of services and materials within the supply chain. Supply chain strategy: Designing a firm’s supply chain to meet the competitive priorities of the firm’s operations strategy. competitive priorities namely, quality, low cost, flexibility 9 – 3 Supply Chain Design Inefficient supply chain operations Area of improved operations Total costs Total Reduce costs New supply chain efficiency curve with changes in design and execution Improve perform- ance Supply chain performance Figure 9.1 – Supply Chain Efficiency Curve Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. 9 – 4 Supply Chain Design The goal is to reduce costs as well increase performance. Supply chains must be managed to coordinate the inputs with the outputs in a firm to achieve the appropriate competitive priorities of the firm’s enterprise processes. The Internet offers firms an alternative to traditional methods for managing the supply chain. A supply chain strategy is essential for service as well as manufacturing firms. -
The Effect of Application of ERP System on the Efficiency of Resources Use in Jordanian Companies' Case Study (Arab Potash Company)
The effect of application of ERP system on the efficiency of resources use in Jordanian companies' case study (Arab potash company) Dr Mah’d aljabali , Mr Osama Abdullah Hassan, Prof. Dr Ismat Elkurdi Alzaytoona university Key words: ERP system, turnover rate, inventory turnover rate, receivables turnover rate. Abstract: The study results showed that there is a statistical significant impact of ERP implementation on the fixed assets turnover rate , so that the ERP application explains 96.2 % of the variance of the fixed assets turnover rate ,and a significant impact at the significance interval of .05 for the impact of ERP implementation on the inventory turnover rate , so that the ERP application explains 76.9 % of the variance the inventory turnover rate , the results also showed that there is a significant impact at the significance interval .05 for the impact of ERP implementation on the total assets turnover rate significance interval of .05, so that the ERP application explains 70.4 % of the variance the total assets turnover rate. The study results showed that there is a statistical significant impact of ERP implementation on the receivables turnover rate significance interval of .05 , so that the ERP application explains 65.8 % of the variance of the receivables turnover rate. the results also showed that there is a significant impact at the significance interval .05 for the impact of ERP implementation on the liabilities turnover rate significance interval of .05, so that the ERP application explains 65.8 % of the variance the liabilities turnover rate. Where the t-calculated is 6.510 at the significance interval of 0.000, while the F value is 42.383 with the significance interval of 0.000. -
Using Throughput Accounting for Cost Management and Performance Assessment: Constraint Theory Approach
TEM Journal. Volume 9, Issue 2, Pages 763‐769, ISSN 2217‐8309, DOI: 10.18421/TEM92-45, May 2020. Using Throughput Accounting for Cost Management and Performance Assessment: Constraint Theory Approach Hatem Karim Kadhim, Karar Jasim Najm, Hayder Neamah Kadhim Department of Accounting, Faculty of Administration and Economics, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq Abstract – The paper aims to use throughput This approach provides management cost accounting as an approach for developing cost information in line with the current manufacturing accounting systems in the modern manufacturing environment and limited resources to improve the environment to evaluate the organization performance. operational performance of origination. It reduces The sample consists of (60) persons in organization for throughput time, operating costs and inventory. The examining the hypotheses. The findings show that information provided by throughput accounting helps beginning of the transition period is in the mid- in measuring costs and evaluate the efficiency and seventies from the last century in the area of finance effectiveness of performance in the organization. This and administrative science inside Goldratt's writings. approach supports planning and control processes to In the early 1990s, Throughput Accounting emerged maximize throughput and reduce inventory levels. The as a result of the development of the Theory of use of Throughput Accounting under the Theory of Constraint. Management needs knowledge in the Constraints leads to finding solutions to bottlenecks modern manufacturing environment. Throughput that affect the efficiency and effectiveness of Accounting is one of the modern approaches to cost performance. measurement and performance assessment. This Keywords – Throughput Accounting, Theory of approach provides a comprehensive vision of the Constraints, origination’s performance. -
The Effect of Working Capital Turnover and Profitability of Inventory Turnover Manufacturing Companies Listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange
Journal of Applied Accounting and Taxation Article History Vol. 3, No. 1, March 2018, 95-98 Received March, 2018 e-ISSN: 2548-9925 Accepted March, 2018 The Effect of :orking Capital Turnover and 3rofitability of Inventory Turnover Manufacturing Companies Listed in Indonesia StocN Exchange Seto Sulaksono Adi Wibowoa*, Eni Rohyatib aJurusan Manajemen Bisnis, Politeknik Negeri Batam, [email protected], Indonesia bJurusan Manajemen Bisnis, Politeknik Negeri Batam, [email protected], Indonesia Abstract. This research is to explain the relationship working capital turnover and inventory turnover on the level of profitability of manufacturing as well as how big the effect of working capital turnover and inventory turnover on the profitability of company. The effect the relationship between working capital turnover and inventory turnover on profitability (ROA) companies. Sample collection technique using purposive sampling method. Analysis of data using multiple linear regression. This study with multiple tested with multiple regression analysis, t-test, and test the coefficient of determination. Data used in this research is secondary data bay using the financial statement in the Indonesia Stock Exchange on 30 sample of company manufacturing period 2012-2014. The result of this study and discussion, it can be concluded that the working capital turnover indicator negative influence on profitability while inventory turnover indicator positive effect on profitability of the company manufacturing 2012- 2014 period. Keywords: working capital turnover, inventory, turnover on profitability, profitability Introduction balance means minimizing the company needed working capital to realize the revenue (Ganesa, 2007) Working capital management is an important factor There is a strong linear relationship between the that has a direct positive effect on profitability as well company's profitability and working capital efficiency as the liquidity of the company. -
Publication 538, Accounting Periods and Methods
Userid: CPM Schema: tipx Leadpct: 100% Pt. size: 10 Draft Ok to Print AH XSL/XML Fileid: … ons/P538/201901/A/XML/Cycle04/source (Init. & Date) _______ Page 1 of 21 15:46 - 28-Feb-2019 The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing. Department of the Treasury Contents Internal Revenue Service Future Developments ....................... 1 Publication 538 Introduction .............................. 1 (Rev. January 2019) Photographs of Missing Children .............. 2 Cat. No. 15068G Accounting Periods ........................ 2 Calendar Year .......................... 2 Fiscal Year ............................. 3 Accounting Short Tax Year .......................... 3 Improper Tax Year ....................... 4 Periods and Change in Tax Year ...................... 4 Individuals ............................. 4 Partnerships, S Corporations, and Personal Methods Service Corporations (PSCs) .............. 5 Corporations (Other Than S Corporations and PSCs) .............................. 7 Accounting Methods ....................... 8 Cash Method ........................... 8 Accrual Method ........................ 10 Inventories ............................ 13 Change in Accounting Method .............. 18 How To Get Tax Help ...................... 19 Future Developments For the latest information about developments related to Pub. 538, such as legislation enacted after it was published, go to IRS.gov/Pub538. What’s New Small business taxpayers. Effective for tax years beginning