67TE CON G R E SS SE N T E ‘ A t Session

TH E STRUGGLE OF THE I RI SH PE OPLE

AD D R ESS TO TH E

CONGR ESS O F TH E U N ITE D STATE S

AD OPT E D AT THE JA N UA RY SE SSI O N

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R ESE TED B AH P N BY M R. OR — I\I AY 2 1 92 1 . e e rre d t o t h e C o mmi e e o n o re n R e a ions , R f tt F ig l t a nd o rd e re d t o be printe d

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“ J UNI M Q? ! THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE.

TO t h e e lect e d Re p r e s e nt a t ives of t he p eop le of t h e Unit e d St a t e s of Amer ica !

t h e c t t t o f I c o nizin o u t h e We , ele ed represen a ives reland , re _ g in y ele c t ed Represen t at ives in Co ngress Of t h e p e o l e 0?t h e Unit ed St at es o f A c o ur t t h e c o o o r t t o t t h e meri a , bre hren in mm n e has en day w t h e n a t io ns w t o t t c o hen may d ell ge her in j us i e and in harm ny , have t h e t o o o t t o o u . h n r gree and address y — 1 . c t t t t h e t o f o ur o t h e f We—feel er ain ha s ruggle pe ple peo ple o Ireland against t h e aggressio n Of England is no t passing uno b

served by yo u . We c o ve t yo ur est eem as we wo uld value yo ur sympat hy and supp o rt and fearful leas t yo u be misled by t h e wide ’ t t o r o Of o o t o spread , persis en , and insidi us p aganda falseh d hr u h

' — whic h England seeks t o c reat e p r e j u ic e a ains t us dis t o rt ing t e c c t o f t h e c o t t we t t o e fo r e o u c t s o t t hara er n es , has en lay y fa s , ha c o t t rrec ly info rmed yo u may be able t o j udge j us ly . 2 f . The nat i o n whi c h we represent enj o yed o r o ver a t ho usand years t h e life o f an independent s o vereign St at e amo ng t h e St at es Of o o t — —w c c Eur pe . Then a neighb ring na io n England hi h had re eived t h e t Of c i t o c t o r t o o ur o t t o benefi s iv liza i n and edu a i n fi s fr m hands , l s t t o o w t t fo r our o o t gra i ude and h n r and burning i h lus p ssessi ns , burs

o , c o c c v t r o t h e c o u o f in up n us as a ns ien eless in ader , and h u h rse t o t o t o rt o ur o t annih gi a t e o ur many genera i ns s r ve subve p li y , language o ur c t o ur n o ur c t t and ul ure , suppress indust ry , rui agri ul ure , s eal o ur t o ur c o c e r i of t h e t o f o ur rade and mmer e , d p ve us advan ages o c o t o c ut Off o our c t t c o w t ge graphi al p si i n , us fr m an ien in er urse i h o t o r o b o ur o ur o t h e o Of her pe ples , revenues , and erase name fr m r ll nat io ns . in t c t t t Of c f o t 3 . o c Fail g a hieve hese ends af er en uries riminal e f r , t his nat io n ent ered int o s o lemn t reat ies ac kn o wledging o ur nat io nal c c o t c t t o c t it fo r t but t t independen e and n ra ing respe all ime , his mean t merely unt il o ur nat io nal defenses were dismant led . Then reat ies and c o n t rac t s were t reat ed as s c raps Of p aper and t h e c o mpac t t reac hero usly and bl o o dily vio lat ed . A t h o c o f o w t l t 4 . ll e res ur es a p erful and ru h ess yranny have been emplo yed sinc e in a desperat e at t emp t t o ut t erly des t ro y us as a h f o t we o nat io n . In t e c o urse o li t t le ver a c en ury have been r bbed ’ Of w t o t t o o w t W t eal h am un ing an empire s rans m , hils i hin living mem o r o t o Of t o w c w t t h e o y a p pula i n eigh and a half milli ns hi h , i h n rmal

t o f c wo t o - o t o o f o ra e in rease , uld have given us day a p pula i n s me t o r e d uc e d b ac t t o o o seven een milli ns , has been y enemy s f ur milli ns Our i a c rime un iq ue amo ng c ivilized nat io ns . island is surpass ngly t o o w t w t t fer ile , gener usly end ed by na ure i h every advan age and c t fo r t fo r t fo r c o c c Of o t fa ili y indus ry , rade , and mmer e , apable supp r o t t w t o o f o e t o ing in happiness and pr speri y en y milli ns s uls , y nly las t year it w a s public ly declared by t h e Offic ial head o f t h e usurping 3 4 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE .

English Go vernment t hat it w a s t h e c o nsidered p o lic y Of t—ha t Go vern men t t o banish fro m o ur c o unt ry t h e yo ung and s t ro ng t h e flo wer

Of t h e fo ur millio ns t hat ye t remain . t t t 5 . The Irish pe o ple have c o nsis en ly resis ed t his infam o us

t yranny t o t h e u t m o s t o f t heir p o wer . Almo s t every generat io n w t a t t o ne w t h e o has i nessed leas armed uprising , and hen pe ple were t o o weak t o resis t in arms t hey never c eased t o make c lear ’ t heir hat red Of t h e rule Of t h e fo reigner . Their o ppress o r s declara “ ! t io ns t hat t h e nat io nal sent imen t Of Ireland is guilt y Of disl o yalt y t o c o t t c n o w t Of t t English rule has been a ns an a k ledgmen his at it ude . The at t i t ude and t h e desire o f t h e present generat io n has been made

manifes t beyo nd q ues t io n . On 1 4 1 1 o f t h e 6 . c 9 8 c o De ember , , mindful prin iples pr fessed by t h e Go vernment o f England during t h e Great War and seeing in t h e applic at i o n o f t hese i rinc ipl e s a ready and a jus t means Of arriving a t c final t t t Of t own c t t t h a pea eful and se lemen heir en uried s ruggle , e Irish pe o ple dec lared by an o verwhelming maj orit y a t t h e p o lls fo r I an independent rish republic . t 7 . Ac ing o n t h e mandat e t hus ex pressly given by t his nat io nal c t c o u t t h e o w c plebis i e , arried under f rms and la s pres ribed by Eng ’ r t h e o c t t t on ~ land he self , pe ple s ele ed represen a ives assembled J anu ’ 2 1 1 9 1 9 o o c i d t h e t o c ary , , f rmally pr la me na i n s independen e and c t h e I de lared republic o f reland dul y est ablished .

8 . This legit imat e applic at io n Of t h e princ iple Of nat io nal self t n t o t c o x c o f t o de ermi a i n , his pea eful and rderly e er ise heir m ral and o c t c t t h e I o wa s m e t t h e t o dem ra i righ by rish pe ple , by Bri ish G vern t w t m men i h an im ediat e and murdero us exerc ise of brut al fo r c e . Tro o s and engines o f dest ruc t ion t hat fo r fo ur years had been e n gagepo n t h e Co nt inent o f Euro pe in t h e c ause Of t h e right s o f small t i o it wa s t h e n t c o f o c c na ns , said , and fu damen al prin iples dem ra y , w ere rushed t o Ireland . and used t o t rample o n t ho se very right s and t o s t rangle t hat very princ iple in t h e name Of whic h t hey had been o o enr lled and empl yed . Th f 9 . e reign o int ensified milit ary t erro rism t hat wa s t hus ins t i t u t e d t o o o t no t t t t h e o t , al h ugh rig r usly persis ed in , did in imida e v ers a t t h e ensuing muni c ipal and rural ele c t io ns fo r l o c al go verning o o f t h e o w t t c b o dies . The h mes pe ple ere raided sys ema i ally by day t c t o W r o t and by nigh , individual ele rs ere murdered b ay ne and ‘ b t w t t h e t o d r a e d o ff t o bulle , men ere aken by h usand and g g English t h e Of t h e wo c w c j ails , fears men and hildren ere mer ilessly played i o bu t t h e t o . t Of w n up n , err r failed The year , ins ead eakening , ’ c t h e t t o f t h e I o t n o t h e reased s reng h rish pe ple s de ermi at i n , and republic an represent a t i o n sho wed an inc rease o f 1 5 per c ent o n t h e “ previo us ele c t io ns t ho ugh t h e syst em Of pro p ort io nal represent a ! a w t t h e x f c it t io n had been p lied i h e press design o redu ing . t fur t fie r c c o t t t o ct o o n o ur t 1 0. To his pea eful and ns i u i nal a i n p ar , t h e fo r eign usurping Go v e r nm e nt r e plie d wit h a s t ill fi e r c e r and m o re vic io us bru t ali t y . t o o t c c t t 1 1 . t o c o Of The na i nal , p li i al , ul ural , and indus rial ass ia i ns w o c t h e o c . pe ple ere pr s ribed , and memb ership deemed a rime The w a s o t righ t o f public assembly ab lished and h e press gagged . The t t o f t h e t o w c i ele c t ed represen a ives na i n ere de lared a c r minal b o dy . All Of t heir number wi t h t wo exc ep t io ns were seized fro m t ime t o t ime and impris o ned in English j ails where t w o have already m e t

t heir deat hs . H E ST O H T RUGGLE F THE IRIS PEOPLE . 5

1 2 F o r o t wo t h e o Of I o t —. ver years pe ple reland b re pa ient ly t hese ever inc reasing burdens and perse c ut io ns wi t ho u t c o mmi t t ing a Single

- a c t Of o c t o r . I t t o vi len e , ei her in self defense in reprisal n ha peri d , t o w t o o t i o c t t o r o h usands ere rn fr m he r h mes and as in p is n , many t o f o t t t c t w died as a resul pris n rea men , and seven unarmed i izens ere w t h e t Of t h e o t illfully murdered by armed agen s En lish G vernmen , whi c h Op enly inc it ed t h e murders and enc o uraged t e mur derers wit h

rewards and pro mo t io n . B Of t h e o a t t c x t 1 . t c 3 u t t his p a ien e pe ple las b e ame e haus ed . A o it t h e wo r t t r t o t b and ned , as seemed , by ld , hey u ned defend hem t selves as bes t t hey c o uld . The Brit ish Go vernmen t hen p u t aside every res t raint Of c ivilizat io n and d e lib e r a t e lv res o lved t o pro c eed

l e t l o o se up o n an un

Neit her a g e n o r s e x no r nd t t c o f 8 li le hildren , ven ano int ed minis t ers breadwinner befo re t h e eyes Of his family and t h e mo t her wit h t h e c hild a t her breas t a t t h e t c c o t t o o . H o O c wo o c o age d r uses , ffi es , rksh ps , fa ries and reameries c were plundered and des t ro yed . To wns and villages were sa ked and h h f h t o w . o o f t e t e o o t e burned d n The h me farmer and h me ar isan ,

t h e o t h e t o t h e O c w o o t t o t h e fl . sh p , s re , ffi e ere l ed and given ames 1 t w t o 5 . Who le dis ric t s ere devas t at ed and t h e pro duc e des r yed in t h h t w e h o pe o f famishing t e p o pulat io n . Individual c i izens ere held up a t t h e p o int o f t h e rev o lver or b ayo ne t and r o bbed o n t h e public t t w i t o t w t t a c t Of s ree s , and h le hese u ra es ere being perpe ra ed every self - defense o n t h e p art o f t e vi c t im s w as advert ised by English o t c i t h e o o c pr p agandis s as a r me , and murderers and r bbers pr laimed l c hampio ns Of a w and o rder .

h t t t . 1 6 . At t e present mo men hese ab o minat io ns c o nt inue unab a ed ’ o t w t o ur c o t The English G vernmen s j ails are being filled i h un rymen , o o f w o t o t r u t t o t h e s me h m have been murdered herein , and he s p t o t t O o s Ne w c c t . r ure . api al ffenses are being rea ed The simple p sessio n Of firearms is a c harge o n whic h sever al Irishmen have been x o t c t t e ec ut ed . Pr minen i izens are c arried as h o s ages by English t o o t t x t o t o u r o t r ps in heir mili ary e pedi i ns agains pe ple , and heir lives forfeit if t h e unit wit h whic h t hey are t raveling be m o les t ed . The c t t t of t h e t o t h e o t h e r t Of ele ed represen a ives na i n , may rs and p esiden s o ur c c o c t h e c Of o ur c o t muni ip al and urb an un ils , hairmen un y and rural c o unc ils all t h e c hief Offic ers o n wh o m dev o lve t h e direc t i o n Of t o o c t t o O c t o f c a t t c na i nal and l al adminis ra i n are made bj e s spe i l a a k , t h e f o r ur o s e b e in t o t c o t c t t o uni m p p g preven ns ru ive legisla i n , and “ 6 THE STRUGGLE OF TH E IRISH PEOPLE .

fo r x t o r o ur o t c c f r t o c o . c b ing d mes i publi a fai s in ha s Su h , e ample , w a s t h e pur p o se t ha t lat ely pr o mp t ed t h e murder of o ne l o rd mayo r o f o t h e o t t t o f o t r o r d o o f o r k C rk , impris nmen ill dea h an he l may r C , and t h e impris o nment un t il his heal t h w a s permanent ly Impair ed Of t h e l o rd mayo r Of Dublin .

1 c wa r o o ur c o t I s b e m w wit - h 7 . This demo nia al up n mmuni y g aged no o t o o c t o t o ur t c o n o u r t o t her pr v a i n han insis en e na i nal righ , and ’ o ur fait hful adheren c e t o a prin c iple whic h even t h e dem o n s mas t ers t hemselves have pre t ended t o serve . 1 I o c n o o t t i t t o 8 . The rish pe ple laim m re han heir r gh as a na i n h o w t t o t r fo r t o . de e mine freely hemselves hey shall be g verned We , t heir Offi c ial s p oke s m e n h t h e ir elec t ed parliament and go vernmen t c all mankind t o wi t ness t hat o ur peo ple have ever been re a dy t o wel c o me peac e wi t h England o n t hat j us t basis .

1 t c o . no t 9 . On no o he—r basis is pea e p ssible We shall surrender o ur nat io nal right no r will fo rc e c o mpel us .

Our c ause is t h e c o mm o n c ause o f humankind . TO t hat c ause w e o o ur o t o t n t o have pledged urselves and pe ple remain fai hful u deat h . Y o u t h e t t o f t t o c an no t we , represen a ives a sis er na i n , , feel , be insensible t o t h e issue . f A o t a t t h e o O 1 9 2 1 . d p ed January sessi n Dail Eireann , (Signed !) o V d t t fo r t Eam n de alera , presi en , depu y Eas Clare and t o A t f t t fo r t Eas May ; r hur Gri fi h , depu y Eas Cavan o t w t ro L o t fo r and N r h es Ty ne ; James enn n , depu y o w o t P t fo r t Carl C un y ; aul Galligan , depu y Wes ’ O Hi ins t fo r t Cavan ; Brian gg , depu y Wes Clare ;

. . t fo r o t L B o t J J Walsh , depu y C rk Ci y ; iam de is e , ’ Ke ffe t fo r o t P . O e u t fo r o t depu y C rk Ci y ; , de y N r h H t t o T . fo r o t t o C rk ; un er , depu y N r E as C rk ; t t fo r t o o H David Ken , depu y Eas C rk ; J hn ayes , t fo r t o c o t f r depu y Wes C rk ; Mi hael C llins , depu y o ’ o t o o O D o h e r t t fo r o t S u h C rk ; J seph y, depu y N r h

' o o s e h w t fo r t o D negal ; J p S eeney , depu y Wes D neg al ; t " P . . fo r o t o R . J . J _ Ward , depu y S u h D negal ; Mul c t fo r o t t hn ahy , depu y Cl n arf , Dublin Ci y ; Jo T . ’ O Ke ll t fo r o r t y , depu y C llege G een , Dublin Ci y ; P t fo r H o t hilip Shanahan , depu y arb ur , Dublin Ci y ; Mc r t h o G a t fo r St . n t J seph , depu y James , Dubli Ci y ; c t t f Mi h o r St . c a ns t Mi hael S aines , depu y , Dublin Ci y ;

o t fo r St . t Th mas Kelly , depu y S ephens Green , t o t c Ma r ki e v iz t f o r t . Dublin Ci y ; C ns an e de , depu y S P t c t o Ma c Ne ill t f a ri ks , Dublin Ci y ; E in , depu y o r t o U t r t L w Na i nal niversi y and Der y Ci y ; Frank a less , deput y fo r No rt h Co unt y Dublin ; Ge o rge Gava n t fo r o t t Duffy , depu y S u h Co un y Dublin ; Desm o nd t t fo r P o o t Fi zgerald , depu y embr ke , C un y Dublin ; ’ o O M-a h o n t fo r o t e rm a J hn y , depu y S u h F n ag h ’ P a d r ui O Ma ille t y fo r o C o n t g , depu C nnemara , u y w c t fo r No r t h Galw a Gal ay ; Brian Cusa k , depu y y ; L Me llo we s t fo r t iam , depu y Eas Galway and Nort h t c a b t fo r o t Mea h ; Fran is F y , depu y S u h Galway ;

. o w t fo r o t A t t c J Cr ley , depu y N r h Kerry ; us in S a k , t y fo r t Ke rr v o a L ; y c t f r . depu Wes Fi n n n h , depu y o H E ST OF SH E T RUGGLE THE IRI P OPLE . 7

o t P Be a s l a i t fo r t e S u h Kerry ; iaras , depu y Eas K rry; ' " c t fo r o t Ar Daniel Bu kley , depu y N r h Kildare ; t ’ f r O Co nno r t o o t . . o , depu y S u h Kildare ; W T C sgrave , ’ t fo r o t O Ma r a t depu y N r h Kilkenny ; James , depu y fo r o t P t c Mc Ca r t a n t f S u h Kilkenny ; a ri k , depu y or

O o t . o t fo ffaly (Kings C un y) ; James N D lan , depu y r i . l v f L t o t P . Co e t t o r L c ei rim C un y ; M , depu y imeri k t o o t fo r t L c Ci y ; C rnelius C llins , depu y Wes imeri k ; R c H t fo r t L c o i hard ayes , depu y Eas imeri k ; J seph M i f r cGu nne s s t o Lo o o t . , depu y ngf rd C un y ; J J . ’ ll O Ke t fo r L o t o t . o w y , depu y u h C un y ; J Cr ley , t fo r o t o o Mc Br id e t depu y N r h May ; J seph , depu y fo r t o t fo r o t Wes May ; William Sears , depu y S u h f o . . t o r o t t May ; E J Duggan , depu y S u h Mea h ; t t t fo r o t o o n Ernes Bly he , depu y N r h M naghan ; J h Ma c E nt e e t fo r o t o , depu y S u h M naghan ; Kevin ’ O Hi ins t fo r L x o n t o gg , depu y ei (Q ueens C u y) Ge rge o o t P t t t fo r o t R o s co m N ble C un lunke , depu y N r h m o n H o t fo r o t R o c o o ; enry B land , depu y S u h s mm n ; f r . . c t o o t o A x McCa be J J Clan y , depu y N r h Slig ; le , t fo r o t o o McDo na h t depu y S u h Slig ; J seph g , depu y fo r o t A t fo r N r h Tipperary ; James , Burke , depu y

. f P . o o t o r o t Middle Tipperary ; J M l ney , depu y S u h t Br U h a t fo r t o Tipperary ; Ca hal g , depu y Wa erf rd o t L c Ginne ll t fo r t t C un y ; auren e , depu y Wes mea h o t R t fo r o t x o C un y ; James yan , depu y S u h We f rd ; - fo r t R o t . t on t c o w o ber C B ar , depu y Wes Wi kl ; J hn t R . f t c t o r c o w . E hingham , depu y Eas Wi kl

APPE N DI ! E S .

h Ever assert io n in t e fo rego ing address is fo un ded up o n fa c t s . h n x 1 l T ezfo owi g appendi es are int ended t o c o ver t h e mo re v t a .

D ! APPEN I A .

DEM CR T C F U ND T N OF TH E RE P BL C O A I O A IO U I .

Add ess a s . 6 7 and ( r , p r , ,

TH E N P B S I . ATIONAL LE I CITE .

G 191 8. ENERAL ELECTION ,

1 91 8 e ne ral t h e ld In De c ember , , a g elec ion for parliamentary candidates was in e very c onst it uen c y in Ireland . The result of that election was that Of t h e t ot 1 01 t e t al representatives e lected on h popular franchise (tha is , excluding 1 t h e privileged and duplicated university vote) . Th e Republicans secured

Th e l r - d e t e rmi na t i om s t s d i d no t Iris h Par iamentary Party , who we e self and o t h e of r t i opp se idea a epublic as such , but deemed it at the moment una ta nable

Th e o fficia l Unionis t s se c ure d The Independent Unioni sts secured

1 Th ere were 4 U niversity s e ats ! Th e National U niversity retur ne d 1 R e p ublican; t h e Dublin U niversity n returne d 2 Unionists ; t h e B elfast U niversity returne d 1 U ni o ist . 8 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE .

Thus the Republican representatives won in a majority of 2 % to 1 o ver all other parties . The self- d e t e r mina t ionis t s (Republicans and Parli amentari ans together) secured a Wi E majority of nearly 3% to 1 over those in favor of union th ngland . t 894 t I 2 0 t w Of the to al popular vote of , only tha s a bare per cen , ere E c ast for union with ngland .

V S BY PRO INCE .

2 7 e xc e In the Province of Leinster , of its members , every one elected with one p — 66— i tion and he by a majority of only 54 votes in a poll of was a Republ can . h i 2 4 i e xc e t e , p In— Prov nce of Munster of its— members , every one elected w th one - tion and he a self d e t e rmina t ionis t was a Republican .

‘

i 1 3 . In the Prov nce of Connaught , of its members , every one elected was a Republican i 37 2 0 2 In the Prov nce of Ulster , of its members , were official Unionists , and Inde ni 1 5 O E 1 0 pendent Unio sts . The remaining pposed the connection with ngland ,

5 N SO - d e t e rmi nat ionist s being Republicans and Parliamentary ationalists , and self .

U S BY CO NTIE .

Ireland is divided into 32 counties . 0 a l o In not one of these counties did the Unionists secure the entire r e p r e s e nt t n .

In only four did they poll a majority . 2 7 t On the other hand , the Republicans , who p olled a majority in coun ies secured 2 4 the entire representation in . 0 y i O f the six Irish boroughs , not one returned an entirel Unionist representat on . t h e In only one of the six is the Unionist representation a maj ority , whereas four of

Irish boroughs returned an entirely Republican rep resentation . i i E The Prov nce of Ulster , the attitude of which is so much m srepresented by nglish ni propaganda , has ne counties . In five of these counties the Republicans and self d e t e rmi nat io nis t s combined polled a majority ; in three they secured the entire rep re s nt at i n e o . ni t t o In no county , even in Ulster , did the Unio sts secure the entire represen a i n , t t . 1 4 and hey ob ained a majority in only four Outside Antrim County , of the mem bers elected for Ulster were opposed to the British connection and only 1 0 in favo r of that connection . In Antrim County alone , which includes the city of Belfast , did the Unionists secure anything approaching a homogeneous predomi nance . That 1 3 1 2 s . o county was allotted as many as representatives Of these , were Unionists , that over one - half of the tot al popular Unionist represent at ion in Ireland came from a single county . This extraordi nary degree of unanimi ty of Opinion was registered by the Irish o t h e t h e E people despite active interference and aggressi n on part of nglish forces , h both preceding and during t e election .

AS - E mi can be seen by these figures , the pro nglish nority in Ireland is relatively

i - less than the m nority in Schleswig Holstein who voted for union with Germany . Many of the newly established Republics in E urope contain larger mi norities in favor of a continuance of their political relationships of union with t h e Central E mpires E than the minority in Ireland in favor of union with ngland . The present c oalition government of E ngland was elected by what is regarded a s an almost unprecedented majority , yet the republican government Of Ireland can

-i . t ioni st s u Show as the basis of its right a far greater relative majority The Coal , incl d f ing the Independent Unionists and the National Democratic Party , secured a vote o only per cent of the total British register , whereas the Irish Republicans secur ed f per cent o the total Irish register . That there was no ambiguity about the issue put to the—electors is admitted gen e rall - E y and borne witness to by the Irish Unionist Alliance that is , the pro nglish

Party in Ireland . In a statement on the 1 9 1 8 elections this body Officially states ! “ 1 9 1 8 The general election of December , , was the first occasion when the numerical f strength of Sinn Fein could be o ficially known , for they contested all the c onst it u e nc ie s - against the sitting home rule memb e rs . They stood boldly on the issue of an E Irish republic , free from all connections with ngland , and on that issue swept t h e ! Home Rule Party out of existence . TH E STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE 9

F M Y P B S C . I I . ON IR ATOR LE I CITE

S 2 U 1 9 0. LOCAL CO NCIL ELECTION , More than a year after the national plebiscite the elections for local governing mi o . b dies were held The national issue was again the do nant one , and as the elec tions were carried out on the basis of proportional representation , the results are a trustworthy index of the popular sentiment .

P e r c en t . O f the city and urban councils

O f the rural district councils .

O f the boards Of guardians . O f the county councils

E t a were carried in favor of the republic , give allegiance to Dail ireann (the na ion l assembly) and carry out its decrees . mi t t The present British prime minister ad ed in the House of Commons in April , 1 92 0 “ I f t you ask the people of Ireland what they would accept , by an emphatic majori y ‘ ’ ! W t hey would say e want independence and an Irish republic . There is absolutely

t t . no doubt abou tha The elected representatives of Ireland now by a clear , definite ! majority have declared in favor of independence .

D ! APPEN I B .

D P P L F R L D E O U AT ION O I E AN .

Add e ss ar . ! r , p

The depopulation of Ireland during the last three ~quarters of a century is wit hout

a . p rallel anywhere in the civilized world . The following t able indicates ! ’

1 . Of i The growth Ireland s population during a comparatively peaceful per od , although one marked by frequent famines and increasing emigration . 2 m . The striking d epopulation of a later period in which famine and e igrat ion were intensified and accompanied by coercion and eviction .

a l la t i n a nd u la t i n er s u a e mile Tot p op u o p op o p q r .

W n . n n co a r e an . E ngl a d a d al es . S tl d I l d

Y e ar . P op ul ation P op u ation P op ul ation T ota T ota l T ot a p e are l p e are p e are a . n . p op ul ation . g p op ul tion p op ul atio mg g g gl iiqér

- n o - o n o o

O Q Q O Q O O O O O C D C Q O Q O D O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Thus we see that In the period 1 801 to 1 91 1 whilst the population of E ngland and Wales was more t than uadrupled , and hat of Scotland trebled , the p opulation of Ireland was reduced n - fiqt h o e . In the period 1 845 to 1 9 1 1 whilst the population of E ngland and Wales was more than doubled , and that of Scotland almost doubled , the population of Ireland was

s reduced by one half . T o appreciate how unique this appalling record is , one has only to study in compari son the population statistics Over the same period of the subj ect nations on the E ur o p ean continent . The liberation of these nations from the oppression of alien rule W Wa r was deemed a worthy objective in the great orld . “ 1 0 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE !

Austrian Poland

1 9 1 3 84 (increase , per cent) Ireland !

1 91 3 47 (decrease , per cent) Prussian Poland !

1 91 0 50 (increase , per cent) Ireland !

1 855 . 1 9 1 0 2 7 ( decrease , per cent) Russian Poland !

1 91 5 97 (increase , per cent) Ireland !

1 91 5 (decrease , per cent) B ohemi a !

1 91 3 75 (increase , per cent) Ireland !

1 91 3 e 43 (decreas , per cent) Finland !

1 91 4 99 (increase , per cent) Ireland !

1 91 4 36 (decrease , per cent) E st honia 1 856 1 9 1 5 54 (increase , per cent) Ireland ! 1 856 1 91 5 2 7 4 337 000 (decrease , per cent) , , w t The misrule of these nations has been a by ord , yet had Ireland fared under Bri ish rule as well as these nations under their oppressors her present population would be l about four times what it is . Had Ireland fared as we l as Austrian Poland under the 1 9 1 3 h Hapsburgs , for example , her population in would ave been not but

’ o The destruction of Ireland s population is even greater than the ab ve would Show , “ t h e in E for , with the exception of Holland , birth rate Ireland is the highest in urope , as is proved by the followi ng table issued in the year 1 91 0 by the statistical department of the Government of Bavaria ! — he bi t h a t e L it ma t b h r men T r r eg i e ir t s (p e wo ) . — — — — - — . 1 6 1 1 6 1 1 1 n 1 1 8 1 8 6 1 95 6 1 Country 87 885 88 895 896 905 Cou try . 876 8 5 8 8 189 905

243 E ngland a nd W ale s 2 50 S cotland 2 59 Ire la nd 2 1 6 B e lgium 2 2 d 6 H oll a n . 2 51 D e nmark Swe den N orway 2 32 P ortuga l . in F la nd . 2 34 S ervia

This con clusion is confirmed by the Report of the Pro c eedings of the London S t atis t i cal Society with the ad ition that ! “ d u O t a ows Ireland , among all countries from which fig res can be b ined , Sh ! an in creased fert ility . T O I H THE S RUGGLE F THE RIS PEOPLE . 1 1

G f Apparently , however , the British overnment are not satis ied with the destruction

they have already wrought . Lord French , the chief representative of that Govern ' v - e d ff t o ur sue ment , re eal the o icial mind and the policy it was intended p when in an int f y ie w r 2 3 1 92 0 with the special correspondent of Le Jou nal , Paris , on January , , he s a i g “ The main cause of the trouble is that during the last five years emigration has r a r p actically ceased . There e here to young men between the ages ! of 1 8 and 2 5 who in normal times would have expatriated themselves . E On this plane alone nglish rule in Ireland stands condemned . John Stuart Mill , a n E E ! nglishman , in his Principles of Political conomy , says “ The land of Ireland , like the land of every other country , belongs to the people ‘ ’ who inhabit it a nd when t h e inhabitants Of a country leave it en masse because a Government does not leave them room to live , that Government is already d ! judged and condemne .

D ! APPEN I C .

D ESTRUCT IO N OF WEALTH AND F I NANCIA L R O BB E RY .

Add ss a r . ! re , p

(A) O V ERTA ! ATION In 1 896 a commi ssion set up by the British Government reported that Ireland had b een taxed Since the year 1 800 by at least per ye a r ‘ o v e r and above the con t ribut ion f a c t O . t fixed by the union (See Repor of Financial Relations Commission ,

Blue Book , C . In 1 89 6 the Irish revenue contributed was For the year ending March 31 1 92 0 E n , , the revenue contributed was ngla d has , therefore , since sh e i t d scovered Ireland was overtaxed , multiplied the collection of axes in Ireland Si x times over . The followi ng table shows how Ireland ’ s taxation was increased since E ngland annexed t h e Irish exchequer at the close of the Napoleonic War s !

n R eve ue p e r he a d .

Y e a e ndin I a n . 5 1 82 0 r g , Y e a e nd n i Mar . 31 1 92 0 r g ,

nc e a s e ! e nd f n d' E n a nd o d a o e e o e . I r Ir l , urt f l ; gl , fiv f l The following table shows Irish revenue and expenditure during the past five ’ years and the surplus remaining in E ngland s hands . after deducting Irish e xp e nd i

.t 11r e f n d 2 45 1 3 1 1 9 . 2 39 a e NO . 6 9 (see British O ficial Returns , Whit Paper of , and Nos Of

n n M 1 Y e a e di a r . 3 n u us . r g R eve ue . S rp l

o o o o o o o o o o o o o £ 1 7 9 29 000 £ 1 2 597 000 , , , 23 766 500 1 2 686 000 , , , , 2 6 1 3 , ,

n n n n n n n n n n n 37 2 2 1 61 500 , , , 50 61 5 000 2 9 2 2 1 000 , , , ,

A great deal of the expenditure on alleged Irish services is really paid out to E nglish t i manufac urers to whom are allotted all the contracts for suppli es for Irish serv ces . E for e In addition , ngland pockets the whole of the surplus . The figures xpenditure also include such items as (for 1 92 0) for that portion of the army of occupa t ion known as the police force ; for the E nglish law courts in the country ; for the E nglish lord lieut enant ; for the E nglish chief secret ary in 1 2 THE STRUGGLE OF TH E IRISH PEOPLE .

Ireland ; for E nglish prisons in Ireland ; for public Offic es and insti t ut ions situated in E ngland ; for universities and schools in Great Britain and much of t h e remainder on the 50 ext ravagant and irresponsible boards which E h ’ ngland has set up to govern t e country in E ngland s interests .

0 SU S WA R T ( ) RPLU A ! ATION .

O ver and above the overt axation of per annum Ireland has paid in the last six years a sum of for the war to free small nations . That money E on was spent in nglish munition factories and to raise and equip huge armies , e of which is now used as an army of occupation in Ireland to murder liberty . The figures are !

d Revenue con t ribu t e . 0 Y i 31 ear end ng Mar .

Total ’ 1 91 4 Deduct six years taxation at rate ,

1 02 033 000 Balance , ,

( C ) CAPITAL LOS S I N P OPU LATION

One aspect of th e d epopulation of Ireland during t h e past half century is t hat it represents a loss in capital of at least The increase in Irish population from 1 82 1 to 1 841 is !

I sh la t n ri p op u io .

1 t h 6 basis of t his rate of increase the present population Of Ireland should be 1 7 %f) 0 000 , . The actual decrease in Ireland ’ s population between 1 845 and 1 91 1 is The real loss in population is Thi s represents a capital loss in money (at £ 2 50 per head) of

D o s I N B S R S ( ) L s A ENTEE E NT .

y E Ireland has paid in rents to absentee landlords , mostl resident in ngland a sum c alculated at not less t han This sum raised in Ire land and spent outside of Ireland has been a dead loss t o t h e co untry . U S MMARY .

If we ad d t hese various sums toget her !

(a ) Overtaxation at two and thr ee - quarter mi llions per year for 1 2 0

years (capital sum only , exclusive of interest) ( b) Surplus war taxation 6 ) Capital loss in population d) Absentee rents

4 584 533 000 Total , ,

W e thus fin d that E nglish domination has cost Ireland dur ing t h e past 1 2 0 years t h e almost increditable sum of i 42 The ent re German war indemnity of payable in years , is cal cul a t e d to have a present value of E 1 2 0 It is thus clear that ngland during the past years has robbed Ireland , a small c ountry Of square miles and a population of some Of a sum exceeding H E ST H T RUGGLE OF THE IRIS PEOPLE . 1 3 by the present value of the entire indemnity which the conference of the entente allies decided to exact from Germany , a sum which many experts contend it would impoverish even the great German E mpire to pay . If to the abo e be added the losses due to the repression of industry and the destruo v “ t ! ion of trade by the direct action of Britain , it will be seen that to say In the course ’ of little over a century we have been robbed of wealth amounting to an empire s ! — ransom is literal truth and not a rhetorical exaggeration .

D ! APPEN I D .

I B S W G THE S F F B ITI H G G SS IN D DU G . TA LE H O IN INTEN I ICATION O R S A RE ION IRELAN RIN

F O UR YEARS .

Add e ss a s . 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 ! r , p r , , , ,

’ The followi ng figures showing the activities of E ngland s forces in Ireland are sum ma riz e d from the reports published in the Irish daily press , which was subject to a 1 91 9 rigorous official British censorship during the five years ending September , , followed since b v a continuous and unrelaxing system of military terrorism !

Mur d e r of Irish cit ize ns Arme d a ssaults on un arm ed civili ans . R aids on I ris h h ouse s a nd I nstitutions . A f res t s ( p olitic al ) D e p ort ation of I rish c itizens C ourts - m artial S e nte nce s on p olitic al c h arge s Proclam ations and s up p res sions . Sup p re ssions of ne wsp ap e rs

1 ' ow Se e be l . II D S F O R 1 92 0 . ETAIL .

Outrages on the pe rson ! Deliberate assassinations of representative Irish citizens Murders of p risoners in custody after torture

Murders of Irish citizens by indiscriminat e firing .

Ci v ilians wounded by bullet or bayonet .

Civilians flogged and tortured . Armed assaults on unarmed civilians Political arrests

Deportation of Irish citizens . Courts - martial

Sentences on political charges . 61 3 9 Aggregate total of sentences imposed , years months . Outrages on property ! Raids on Irish homes and institutio ns

Houses deliberately destroyed or damaged .

Shops deliberately destroyed or damaged . Factories deliberately destroyed or damaged Creameries deliberately destroyed or damaged Farmsteads deliberately b urned Stores of farm produce deliberately burned Outrages on civ ic liberty and public property !

Proclamations and su pressions . Newspaper offices an printing works destroyed or damaged City and town halls destroyed or damaged Other public halls destroyed or damaged Acts of sabotage by E nglish forces " ST 1 4 THE RUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE .

III E U 2 J U Y A N D 1 9 1 . . AN AR F BR ARY ,

y Of t h e During the first two months , January and Februar , present year there has f a been a urther intensification of t h e E nglish terror . Amongst the reported ctivities of the E nglish forces in this period there have been ! Murders and assassinations Woundings of unarmed c itizens

Men and boys tortured . Me n and boys beaten with rifle butts Men and boys flogged in the public streets and squares

Private houses wholly or partially destroyed . Bank wrecked Irish school destroyed Shops wholly or partially destroyed Creameries wholly or partially destroyed Public halls wholly or partially destroyed Towns shot up ! t 0 . Crops on 6 farms burned ; many general raids , loo ings , and robberies

I B SH G G SS I N 1 91 7 AN D 1 91 8 v . RITI A RE ION .

'

Add e ss ar . 1 3 ! r , p

I nconnect ion wi th these tables of figures it is well to call attention to the fact that é the E nglish Government alleges that their r gime of . terror in Ireland is necessary because of the campaign of crime . An e xamination of the Irish newsp aper fil es for the years 1 91 7 and 1 91 8 shows that there was not in these years even an alleged cam h p a ign of crime . T ere was but one policeman killed in those two years ; he died as a result of in uries received while leading a baton charge to disperse a eac eful j p “ 1 91 7 2 2 E t . re public mee ing In , of the nglish assize judges in Ireland found a t markable absence of crime on their circuits , covering p rac ically the whole area Y t 1 91 8 1 6 . e of Ireland . In , of these judges had the same report to make during these two years E nglish . people and soldiers carried on a const ant and consistent campaign of aggression to p rovoke the people into retaliation . Public meetings of h wi t e people were supp ressed or disp ersed th batons or bayonets . There were

f 1 00 i - a people arrested for political o fenses , over civ lians were tried by court m rtial , — ’ men and women were given savage sentences as many as—5 years penal servi tude being infl icted for the reading of a Sinn Fein mani fest o 1 1 5 leaders of nationalist Opini on were dep ort ed to E nglish jails without charge or trial 1 5 national 6 7 ist papers were suppressed , men died as a result of p rison treatment , and men E were brutally murdered by nglish soldiers and police . The murderers were not v t only unpunished , but were selected for promotion in the ser ice of heir emp loyers .

V F W V V D . LIST O IRISH TO NS AND ILLA G ES RA A G E BY EN G LIS H TRO OP S FR O M SEPTE M B ER 1 1 T E U 8 2 9 9 9 O 2 1 9 0. , , F BR ARY ,

Add e ss a r . ! r , p

Fermoy , County Cork , sacked .

Kinsale , County Cork , partially sacked .

Cork city partially sacked .

r d . Thu les , County Tipperary , sacke i Three houses in Dubl n wrecked . t w . Thurles , Coun y Tipperary , partially recked u w . Several houses in Th rles , County Tipperary , recked u w Many ho ses in Cork city recked . h w Many s op indows in Dublin wrecked . d Kilcommon , County Tipperary , partially wrecke w Many houses in Limerick city recked . a t r Houses Thu les , County Tipperary , fired and bombed .

Houses at Bantry , County Cork , wrecked . u Kilmallock , Co nty Limerick , sacked . t Ban ry , County Cork , partially sacked . in Houses Limerick city wrecked . u Many houses in Bantry , Co nty Cork , wrecked and fired . H E ST O SH T RUGGLE F THE IRI PEOPLE . 1 5

C0 1 r . Fermoy , County k w ecked

is W . L more , County aterford , sacked u e wc a st l e W r fi Many ho ses at N est , County Limerick , w ecked and red .

Limerick city par t ially Sacked .

Newspa per offices at Limerick city wrecked and fired . i a r w Res dence at B llylanders , County Lime ick , bombed and recked

Co unt v Ke i r a y . Tralee , v ’, parti ll sacked l w 1 Ark o 1 . nt W . Houses at , Co y icklow , bombed and wrecked E r mly , Count y Limerick , creamery and houses w ecked

a . Tuam , County Galw y , sacked ’ E ‘ W x National Foresters Hall at nniscorthy , County e ford , wrecked .

Houses at Limerick city bombed and wrecked .

t . Leap , Coun y Cork , sacked

Caltra , County Galway , partially sacked .

U e i c h urch . p p , County Tipperary , partially sacked r Tipperary town pa tially sacked . i Business prem ses at Cork city sacked .

Many houses at Castlerea , County Roscommon , partially wrecked .

y . Doon , Count Limerick sacked .

d o t . Houses at Kil orrery C unty Cork , wrecked and loo ed W E o . Sinn Fein Hall at nniscorthy , County exf rd . wrecked

Limerick city partially wrecked . o unt Templemore y Tipperary , partially sacked Cre ame i e s Ca s t le in Lou h m ore at y , g , and Killea , County Tipperary , s t roye é Oram n r o e . , County Galway , sacked t Several houses a Dundalk , County Louth , wrecked . Kil a i u d . Kill , Co nty e wrecked l im Creamery at Knock ong , County L erick , destroyed .

Shanagolden , County Limerick , partially sacked . bb Co . , County Cork , sacked a h a Ball d e re e n . g , County Mayo , sacked I nni s arra c . County Cork , partially sacked

Tullow , County Carlow , sacked . w nd Several houses recked a fired in County Limeri ck . Se v e ra l h o us e s Salt h ill c at County Galway , wre ked and fired .

- o h - a Carrick Shannon , Count y Leitrim , partially s cked .

an . Balbrigg , County Dublin , sacked i m r . Dru shambo , County Leit m , partially sacked lwa at Ga . Houses Tuam County Galway , and y city , wrecked i E n . n stymon , County Clare , sacked i Lah nch , County Clare , sacked .

Miltown Malbay , County Clare , sacked

Houses at Galway city wrecked and looted . N f fi t ewspaper o ces and houses at Galway ci y bombed and wrecked . A W Several houses at thlone County estmeath , wrecked w Houses at Killorglin , County Kerry , recked .

Trim , County Meath sacked .

u . Silvermines Creamery , Co nty Tipperary , burned

Fifteen houses in Cork wrecked and bombed . k Co unt Cor . Mallow , y , sacked

Houses in Clonmore, County Carlow , wrecked and fired . I w Houses n Ballyshannon , County Donegal , recked .

Drimoleague , County Cork , houses sacked . G nm a sium c y , Listowel , County Kerry , wre ked .

u . Tubberc rry , County Sligo , sacked Ball a ra c Creameries at y and A honry , County Sligo , burned . Kilsh n an r e e . Houses at , Cashel , County Tippe ary, burned m ni Ba llina are R os c o on . g , County , sacked ’ ' M I r o l e t t st O e s . y s , Galway , wrecked and looted

r . Farmhouse , Meelick , County Clare , bu ned Liin ric s c e . Kildimo , Count y k, acked ; reamery burned i ’ . e . Mr Halp n s farmstead , Pallaskenry , County Limerick , burn d I r Houses n Blackboy Pike , County Limerick , bu ned .

Cork City Hall burned . ’

u E 8 n . H o ses on llis Quay, Dubli , wrecked H H E E E T E STRUGGLE OF T IRISH P OPL .

t t . Clifden , Coun y Galway , par ially sacked Athlone (Count y Westmeath) Printin g Works and s ome house s sacked and

burned .

Houses bombed in Dublin .

t . Tralee , Coun y Kerry, partially sacked

Houses in Tipperary wrecked .

t . Abbeydorney Creamery , Coun y Kerry, burned

t . Finuge Sinn Fein Hall , Coun y Kerry , burned

r . Th ee farmsteads in Kanturk , County Cork , burned

o . Leap, County C rk , partially sacked

Ne wce st on r e . Houses in and Coolanag h , County Cork , bu n d

C t e . Houses at Cussen Point , ounty Westmea h , burn d

Houses in Tipperary town , wrecked .

Bandon , County Cork , partially sacked . t Hosiery factory burned in Bandon , Coun y Cork .

Houses in Tubbercurry , County Sligo , wrecked . r Lixnaw , County Kerry , creamery partially bu ned .

r . Sinn Fein Hall , Derrylahan , County Westmeath , bu ned Cliffone Houses and farmsteads in y , County Sligo , burned .

Houses in Skerries , County Dublin , burned

Houses in Galway c ity burned . Ballint rillic k Creamery , County Sligo , burned .

Houses in Bandon , County Cork , bombed .

Houses in Shrule , County Mayo , burned . t d Houses and farmsteads , Lecarrow (Feakle) , Coun y Clare , burne .

Templemore , County Tipperary , sacked .

s t . Creamery and farmhouse , Littleton , Coun y Tipperary , burned

Tipperary town sacked .

t . Dungannon , Coun y Tyrone , partially sacked ’

i c . Tullamore , K ng s County , sa ked

t r . County Hall and business houses , Tralee , Coun y Kerry , bu ned

ur . Creamery and business houses , Ballyduff , County Kerry , b ned i s . K llybegs , County Donegal , partially acked E dgeworthstown , County Longford , partially sacked .

Tralee , County Kerry , partially sacked . ’

w . Houses in Clara , King s County , recked O ’ B i n ’ r e s . Bridge Village , County Clare , sacked

- i . Town Hall , M ltown Malbay , County Clare , burned

Farmsteads at Inch Listowel , County Kerry , burned . r Shops wrecked in Thu les , County Tipperary .

Houses burned in Dingle , County Kerry .

Temperance Hall , Longford , burned . ’ ’ O Brie n s . Houses and farmsteads , Bridge , County Clare , burned

Houses in Athlone burned . N enagh , County Tipperary , sacked . W u . Houses in Aub rn , Glasson , County estmeath , burned

W . Athlone (County estmeath) , Printing Works burned

Ballymote , County Sligo , partially sacked and creamery burned . '

Houses wrecked in Roscommon .

Tralee , County Kerry , again sacked .

Granard , County Longford , sacked . N a enagh , County Tipperary , p rtially sacked .

Business premises burned at Athlone , County Westmeath .

Garvagh Hall , County Leitrim , burned .

f . Shannon Vale Creamery , Ballydu f , County Kerry , burned

Houses bombed in Leap , County Cork . Y oughal , County Cork , partially sacked . s an W Co o . Houses and farmsteads in , County estmeath , burned

m d . Derry City , houses b o e and destroyed r Crops bu ned in Ballyduff district , County Kerry .

Houses wrecked , Ballintubber , County Roscommon .

Milford Creamery, County Cork , partially burned .

Houses and farmsteads at Gort , County Galway , burned . hn Tec ical school , Carnegie Library, and other houses , Tralee , County

Kerry , burned .

- u - 9 . o . Carrick Shannon , County Leitrim , partially sacked

TH E STRUGGLE OF TH E IRISH PEOPLE

1 92 0.

D C ae ra r . e c . Houses , logheen , County Tip y, burned

a h irc iv e e n w . Houses , C , County erry , recked

Killarney , County Kerry , sacked .

Houses , Fermoy , County Cork , burned .

Houses , Tipperary town , burned .

Gl e nc o ol e r . Houses , , County Tipperary , bu ned

i . Houses , K lty , County Clare , burned

n t r . Houses , Mountsha non , Coun y Clare , bu ned

Houses , Camp , County Kerry , burned .

. Houses , Castlegregory , County Kerry , burned

w . Temperance Hall , Dunleer , County Louth , recked

i . Village Hall , Geevagh , County Sl go , burned

r . Village Hall , Gleann , County Sligo , bu ned

b . Houses , Timoleague , County Cork , urned

Ki lb r o a n b . Houses , g Hill , County Cork , urned

t . Village Hall , Finuge , Coun y Kerry , burned

G . Houses at Race Course , alway , burned i W Houses at K lbeggan , County estmeath , burned .

Longford town , houses burned . l l n e t Ca s t e u k t . Houses at p , County Roscommon , burned

i . Houses at M llstreet , County Cork , burned Kil ro a n b . Houses burned , g Hill , County Cork

Cork city shot up and houses wreck ed .

Houses at Clonakilty , County Cork , burned .

o w . H uses , Tipperary to n , wrecked

- - o u y . Houses , Carrick Shannon , Count Leitrim , burned

N . Houses , ewton ( Oola) , County Limerick , burned

Rathcormack , County Cork , sacked .

C t . Houses , Granard , oun y Longford , sacked

r . Houses , Castlelyons , County Cork , bu ned

Houses , Cork city , wrecked . Ba llin ar Public Hall , g , Kings County , burned . n Houses , Ballinalee , County Lo gford , burned .

w . Camlough , County Do n , sacked

r . Houses , Newry , County Down , bu ned wn Gra nt st o . Houses , , County Tipperary , burned

u Clo se t o ke n ur . P blic Hall , , County Galway , b ned

Large section of Cork city burned .

t . Ballinalee , Coun y Longford , sacked t Houses , vicinity Kilcommon , Coun y Tipperary , burned .

r . Houses , Tipperary town , bu ned ’

o . H uses , Gallery s Cross , County Clare , burned

u a r . Ho ses , Kilfenora , County Cl re , bu ned

s u . Hou es , Ballina , County Clare , b rned ou Swamlinb ar t H ses , , Coun y Cavan , burned

s ar . Hou es , Tipper y town , burned

Houses in Tipperary burned . ‘ R r n n mh a t h o a u t ur . Far ouses , , Co n y Tipperary , b ned o rinsh e o Village Hall , C g , County Down , burned . ll mo unt o Sa . H uses , y , County Limerick , burned

N - t Farmhouses , ine Mile House , Coun y Tipperary , burned . u Shops , Castleblayney , Co nty Monaghan , wrec ked . “ ’ ! Freeman s Journal office , Dublin , partially burned . m o a t a o t me c . Two cre meries and far h uses , A he , C un y Li ri k , burned

Houses in Tipperary town burned . Ball d w e r Houses in y y , County Kerry , burned . w Houses , Tipperary to n , burned . t Houses , Beleek , Coun y Armagh , burned . wn Cush ins t o o a t ne . , Cooperative Hall , C unty Wexford , p r ially bur d

Houses in Bandon , County Cork , burned . “ ! fi r Freeman of ce , Dublin , pa tially burned .

Kilfe a c e t . Farm crops burned , Bansha and l , Coun y Tipperary s Cut t e e n Hou es burned at , Count y Tipperary . Kilm l a o e . F rm crops burned , y , County Tipperary TH E S E OF SH TRUGGL THE IRI PEOPLE . 1 9

' a— n i Seven houses and two shops , garage and e gineering works , burned at Mid l e

ton , County Cork . o Co os an W o u . Temperance Hall at , County estmeath , b rned m l - Six houses burned at Mee in . County Cork . n h O . e S p at Scariff , County Clare , burned z h E o . Two residences and a s op burned at lphin County Roscommon . r h f Five houses burned at Camloug , County Armagh . T rrar e e y u . Creamer at County Kerry . burned W w n . Tramore , Cou ty aterford . Sinn Fein Hall wrecked o s Houses burned at Ballinalee County Longford . h a rr aw G b n . 1 0. Farm ouses destroyed at y , County Monaghan

. Shop fronts wrecked at Ballina . n u na h a r 1 3 . o r Shop bur ed and three ho ses wrecked at Ballyb ay , County M g . '

h Vi e s t m e a t h . S op burned at Kilbeggan . Co unty m ’ m R ailwa e n s . y Recreation Hall Li erick , destroyed 1 5 . Residence burned at lnnishannon County Cork . a a whi t C e . Two shops burned in p p , County Tipperary

1 8 . v a O ne shop , six farmhouses , five pri ate residences , and the crops on six f rms , Ga destroyed at Headford , County lway . 1 9 . W . ine and spirit store burned at Cullyhanna , County Armagh

Temporary business premises burned in Tipperary . 0 t 0 a i n . . Shop fronts wrecked Ball na , Cou ty Mayo 1 2 4 1 6 One creamery , bank , shops , private residences , farmhouses . and

2 0 d e s t ro v e d - crops on farms at Six Mile Brid g e , County Clare . Cattle on

many farms shot .

Three shops destroyed in Cork City . a wh it e Ca . Business premises burned at p p , County Tipperary Clo u h e l e i h Farmhouses burned at g g , County Tipperary ' n i Furnit ure b urned at Borrisoleigh , Cou ty T pperary

Crops burned on farms at Togher , County Tipperary

Residence at Ballinure , County Tipperary , burned . ’ i ’ O Br e n s . Crops burned at Bridge , County Clare

Crops burned at Cl o nl a ra County Clare . W Farmhouses , residences , and crops burned at Moate , County estmeath .

a u . F rmhouses burned at Clones , Co nty Monaghan

' Stores and stabling destroyed at Mullinavat County Kilkenny . r Kin williams Two shops , grocery store , and d apery premises destroyed at g

town , County Kerry . w b ne d . Destruction of Cullenswood House , Dublin , by Mrs Pearse , mother W I 1 1 6 . . . n 9 of P . H Pearse and Pearse , executed n na h L e . Farmhouse burned at e g , County Cork

31 . . Hotel bombed in Galway City f r y Farmhouses burned at Kno c k u o Count Tipperary .

Two business premises burned in Castleisland , County Kerry . ’ Mahon s Hotel , Galway , fired into and burned .

Farmhouses burned at N ewport , County Tipperary .

Bur a t ia . House and public hall destroyed at g , County Cork

Houses destroyed at Ballinalee County Longford . Crops on one farm

destroyed . 0 o n 0 Four houses and e shop destroyed at Kingwilliamstown County Kerry . 0

0 o Ballinah a ss i . Three h uses destroyed at g , County Cork K One shop destroyed at ilbrittain County Cork .

P ‘ L N l Two houses and two shops destroyed in ew Pallas District , County

erick . R

Q E . Crops destroyed on four farms at mly , County Limerick J ' Dunc o mo u P . Houses destroyed at g e , County Limerick

S u . Several houses wrecked near Pallasgreen . Co nty Limerick O P . Many houses and farm produce burned at Claregalway , County Galway

W Houses burned in Ballinagh , County Cavan . O Q E Houses and farmsteads burned in mly , County Limerick . O C B nla h . Shop and crops on three farms destroyed at o y , County Longford O Q E Three farmsteads burned at mly , County Limerick . J—‘— r l E e . leven houses destroyed by fire in Abb ydorney , County Kerry

, Farm produce burned at Kanturk County Cork . a Houses and farm produce burned t Abbeydorney . i 1 2 . . Crops on five farms destroyed at K llenaule , County Tippera 2 0 TH E STRUGGLE OF TH E IRISH PEOPLE

Five houses destroyed by fire near Thurles , County Tipperary .

House destroyed at Douglas , County Cork .

E . Crops burned near nnistymon , County Clare

Gaelic Hall wrecked in Wexford town .

House in Balbriggan . County Dublin , burned .

Cro m o ue . House and Irish school burned in g , County Wexford

Public hall destroyed in Tralee , County Kerry .

Public hall destroyed in Downpatrick , County Down . Te e m or e Ten houses and a public hall burned in Rosslea and , County

Fermanagh .

Farm houses burned near Nenagh , County Tipperary .

Several houses and shops and a public hall wrecked in Donegal town . Cou nt v Several houses and business premises burned in Mountcharles ,

Donegal .

Twenty houses , including a creamery and business premises and private

houses . destroyed by fire at Ballylongford , County Kerry .

b y . Inver Creamery and Cooperative Stores . County Donegal . destroyed fire a nd Liss c a se Two farm houses stores of farm produce burned at y y , County

Clare .

I T F 2 70 I I H CITIZ E N U E E BY THE E N G I H O CE IN I E N V I . L S O R S S M RD R D L S F R S R LA D

U IN G THE P E I O J N U 1 1 92 0 TO E U 2 8 1 92 1 O N E . D R R D A ARY , , F BR ARY , , AL This list does not include any casualties sustained by the forces of the Irish Repub l ican army in action . It includes only the Irish citizens who were deliberately assassinated by special band s of murd erers employed by the E nglish Government or who were wantonly shot down or bayoneted whilst walking on the streets or employed on their daily work .

1 92 0. 2 0 Jan . Michael Darcy , Cooraclare , County Clare , while working in a field was

. i r fired on by police Running for shelter , he fell into a r ver , pu sued by

- . b e the police , who fired at the spot where he sank and also on his would

rescuers . ’ 2 O Dw e r h is o wn Feb . Robert y , Limerick city , shot dead in shop by soldiers i firing indiscrim nately in the streets . 2 Miss Helen Johnson , Limerick city , shot dead while on her way home by i soldiers firing indiscrim nately in the streets . ’ 1 2 O Brie n W James , Rathdrum , County icklow , shot dead by police while ’ conversing with a friend in the latter s door . Ma c r a in 2 0. Cu t Mar . Alderman Thomas , lord mayor of Cork , shot dead in the presence of his wife and yo ung family by disguised police who entered his i house at mi dn ght . E Miss llen Hendrick , Dublin city , shot dead by a riotous party of soldiers fir who broke barracks and ed indiscriminately in the streets . 2 2 a . Mich el Cullen , Dublin city , shot dead by a riotous party of soldiers , who h broke barracks and fired indiscriminately in t e streets . 2 M c Ca rt h b 7 . James y , Thurles , County Tipperary , shot dead in his home y

. . Mc Cart h disguised police His brother , Mr Michael y , a Republican ' ui member of Thurles Urban Council , had demanded an inq ry into police

rioting in the town . ’ O Dw e r m o Thomas y , Bouladuff , County Tipperary , a pro inent v lunteer , shot dead in his h ouse in presence of his sister by disguised police against ’ whom the coroner s jury returned a verdict of. willful mur der . ’ 1 Lo u h l n - 4 . i . O Apr James g , Miltown Malbay , County Clare , shot dead when police and milit ary fired on crowd singing round a bonfire to celebrate release

- of hunger striking prisoners from Mountjoy jail .

1 4 - . i t i Patrick Hennessy , M ltown Malbay , County Clare , sho dead under sim lar

circumstances . ’ ’ 1 4 . O Le a r A Thomas y, shot dead under similar circumstances . ( t the coroner s inquiry the jury returned a verdict of willful murder against police and i soldiers , named in ev dence . ) 1 4 . W Patrick Dowling , railwayman , Arklow , County icklow , shot dead by a

riotous party of soldiers , who broke barracks and fired indiscriminately

in the s t reets . THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE . 2 1

n Thomas Mulholland , D u dalk , County Louth , prominent Sinn Feiner , “ l was without provocat ion shot down in the street by a police patro .

1 , e O May 8 . James Saunders , Limerick city shot d ad by police , who pened fire on wi pedestrians in the public streets without warning and thout provocation . W n W ) , k Ju e 6 . Michael alsh years Cappoquin , County aterford , illed by mili tary motor lorry willfully driven into a group of people in the village

street . “ Dromba ne Thomas Brett , , County Tipperary , mortally wounded by a ' British Officer who fired at him in the public road without warning . ‘

- Cornelius Crowley , Bantry , County Cork , a cripple bed ridden boy , shot

dead in his bed by police wh o broke into his house .

. nih a n w 1 . Co u e July Miss M , Limerick city , fatally injured by police hen escaping

from her home in the offices of the Republican newspaper , the Munster i News , into which the police at m dnight had thrown bombs and petrol ,

firing and wrecking t h e premises .

Re a rcros s r 60 - i Richard Lumley , , County Tippera y , ag ed , a half w tted man , i i return ng from a wake in the early morn ng , shot dead by police and mili

' ta ry wit h o ut wa rning . n Michael Small , Upperchurch , Cou ty Tipperary , shot dead without warn

l . i ing , by troops and po ice At the inquest the British m litary authorities

refused to produce Officer in charge of firing party .

5 . n Ba llina t ra W James Dun e , y , Courtown Harbour , County exford , shot dead

in Ferns village by a policeman with whom he refused to drink , and who

sought to pick a quarrel with him .

Thomas Feery (aged Ballycommon , Kings County , shot dead without l ’ warning , by mi itary who fired into his house riddling the old man s body .

- James Burke , an ex soldier of Cork city , bayonetted in the stomach by

i i . m l tary , while halted with his hands above his head W Mc Gra t h — i illiam , an ex soldier of Cork , mortally wounded during prom s l c uo us firing by soldiers and police on unarmed civi ians in the streets . ’ Brie n 1 8 Old d John O , aged , shot dead in Cork city while assisting an la y i who was wounded during prom scuous firing in the streets by soldiers . Mc Grat h 1 8 n Cora c unna Daniel , aged _ years , one of a social gatheri g at i Cross , County Cork , which d spersed in terror on a shot being fired from M ra h n mi . c G t a litary lorry was shot dead when ru ning for cover . M D nn ll Thomas c o e shot dead under similar circumstances .

James Cogan , Oldcastle, County Meath , a Republican policeman , escorting i a noted cattle stealer who had been arrested , shot dead by m litary on

failing to obey order to halt . 1 0 C fir e James Duggan, aged , Bruree , ounty Limerick , shot dead by from mi litary motor lorries directed agains t pedestrians as a reprisal for an at f mi u tempted ambush o a litary patrol four hours previo sly . n Thomas Harris , Bruree , County Limerick , an epileptic and co firmed h is invalid , shot dead in house by military after he had obeyed their

order to put his hands up . ’ O Sulliv a n v t James , Da is Street , Limerick , mor ally wounded in his house

as a result of. police throwi ng bombs into and wrecking an adjoini ng house

at 2 a . m . mi James Mulcahy , Nicker , County Limerick , shot dead by litary patrol ’ r r who broke into his house . The coroner s ju y retu ned a verdict that “James Mulcahy was willfully and foully murdered wi thout provocation ! by military . 8 W E y u w Aug . . illiam Hartnett , ml , Co nty Limerick , shot dead ithout challenge

or warning by police patrol . 2 0 Thomas Farrelly , aged , Marys Lane , Dublin , shot dead without chal w lenge or warning by mi litary at a . m . while sitting ith others aro und the embers Of a bonfire lit in celebration of the arrival of the

R v . . Most e . Dr Mannix

Patrick Hospital , County Limerick , taken from his home by

military and shot dead in the road . w ’ E dward Paget , Limerick city , attacked ithout provocation in the People s

Park by police and savagely beaten . Collapsed on reaching home and

died following day wi thout regaining consciousness . ’ n ll De rr all on i John O Co n e , yg , County Cork , shot dead by m litary and police from whom he endeavored to escape when they came to arrest

him at his own house . E I 2 2 THE STRUGGL OF THE IR SH PEOPLE .

1 920. 1 7 And red . t Aug . Hayes , Tipperary own , overtaken by police on his way home and i shot dead w thout challenge or warning . 1 7 De rr a ll o n . Patrick Clancy , yg , County Cork , bayoneted while in custody

of military , who , when he was mortally wounded , jumped on him , break i n g several of his ribs . 2 0 Annas c a ul mi . Patrick Kennedy , , County Kerry , shot dead by a litary w h fire patrol , who it out challenge or warning opened on four young men

returning from a funeral . 2 6 . John Hynes (aged Shanagolden , County Limerick , shot dead on his r way home by police who fi ed promiscuously along the streets . 2 7 . John Buckley , Middleton , County Cork , shot dead while b eing conveyed w c with his brother , to whom he was bound ith ropes , in a overed lorry 2 0 under an escort of armed soldiers . His brother was dangerously

wounded . 2 W t w 8 . s George alker , Queen own , County Cork , a ounded and crippled ex soldier unable to rai se his hands rapidly enough when called upon b y r milita y , was promptly shot and after falling was bayoneted .

w - t . 5 . ur u Sep Patrick Hegarty , Ballyvo ney , Co nty Cork , shot dead hen machine gun fire was opened from an apparently de serted military motor lorry which i was being v ewed on the roadsi de by a crowd of young people .

Michael Lynch , Ballyvourney, County Cork , shot dead when cycling past an apparently deserted mi li tary motor lorry from which machine - gun fire was opened on a crowd of young people who were vi ewi ng i t by the ro a d

side . O John Mulvey , Galway city , shot dead by a policeman who pened fire i i w prom scuously and without warn ng a t Galway rail ay station . i t W h o James Qu rke , Galway city , shot dead in the stree by policemen

dragged him from his house at midni ght .

1 1 . m Patrick Gill , Drumsna , County Leitri , fired upon by a military sentry

wh ile walking on the public road with his sister and a la dy friend . Was

. w s bayoneted in the st omach after falling No c hallenge t o halt a heard .

1 4 . h is James Connolly (aged Kinlough , County Leitrim , shot dead in w O n house by military wh o came to arrest his son . Being deaf he did no t

hear an order to put up his hands .

1 6 . t o o w t Joseph Athy , Oranmore , County Galway , when driving his h me i h three compani ons was fired on without challenge or warni ng by poli c e

and mortally wounded .

2 0. . t J Healy (aged Abbeyfeale , Coun y Limerick , shot dead by a police f “ man wh ose salutation O Good night he did not answer . 2 0. Patrick Harnett , Abbeyfeale , County Limerick , shot dead by a policeman “ ! whose salutat ion of Good ni ght he did no t answer .

2 1 . ar W James Lawless (aged Balbriggan , County Dublin , m ried man ith

eight children , dragged from his home at dead of night by police , savagely t t t t assaul ed and sho dead , his body being afterwards shockingly mu ila ed

with bayonet thrusts . 2 1 . John Gibbons , Balbriggan , County Dublin , brought from his home by i i im lic a t pol ce , beaten with rifle butts for refusing to g ve information p

i n hi s . g others , and shot dead , body being afterwards mutilated 2 2 h t . John A . Lynch , county councillor , Kilmallock , County Limerick , s o n E a t 3 . . i dead in bed a m the Royal xchange Hotel , Dublin City , by E nglish secret service Officers . 2 2 E . Thomas Connole , nnistymon , County Clare , dragged from his house and fl Of hi s shot by police , his body being then thrown into the ames house

which was fired and destroyed . E i . hi s 2 2 . r Pat ck J Linnane , nnistymon , County Clare , taken from home and n murdered by the police on refusing to gi ve them i formation . E i . r a s t J Salmon . nn stymon , County Cla e , shot de d in the tree by police d ri n r k n u g the w ec i g by them of the town Of E nnist y mon , 2 2 Coiint i . Patrick Lehane , Lahinch , y Clare , murdered by police dur ng the n v and burning of the tow of Lahinch . The police had pre iously shot ’ seriously wounded this boy s father fo r refusing to disclose the where

abouts of his son . m 2 6 . . . John Gaynor , Springfield Road , Belfast , shot dead in bed at a , by

po lice who broke into his house . 2 n Mc F ad d e n 54 6 . o t . . J h , , Springfield Road , Belfast , sho dead at a m

by police who broke into his house . THE STRUGGLE OF TH E IRISH PEOPLE .

wh o E dward Trodden , Falls Road , Belfast , shot dead in his house by police

forced an entry at 2 a . m . wi n Oc t ugh Conway Cullen County Tipperary , when th others leavi g a ub . H , , p mi lic house by order of the litary , was fired upon and shot dead . ’ H anlon o wn b John O , Lackagh , County Galway , shot dead in his house y “ m ! po lice who told his mother t hey were out to ki ll hi . t o hi s w h is John Clifford (aged Derry City , when walking home ith r u w n mi mother , was fi ed pon ithout challenge or warni g by a litary sent ry

and shot dead . Lis na d ara h W Patrick Thompson , g , county estmeath , held up on the road t by a policeman , who shot him dead wi hout cause or provocation . Michael Griffin (aged Cork city,being deaf and not hearing a c hallenge m t . . o to hal in the street at p , was fired upon and m rtally wounded

by military . r . o f t h Prof Carolan , Drumcondra , Dublin , m tally wounded by officers O e E nglish Army intelligenc e staff for refusing to give the names of two men

who had escaped from his house . t mil Patrick Carroll (aged Royal Canal Terrace , Dublin , sho dead by i c t tary and poli e who opened fire on pedestrians in Talbot S reet , Dublin . i t a Joseph Corringham , Lower Gardiner Street , Dublin , shot dead by m li ry c O and poli e , who pened fire on pedestrians in Talbot Street , Dublin . o o mi t John C nn lly , Bandon , county Cork , found buried near the li ary bar e 1 5 racks where he had b en a prisoner in custody for days . t James Lehane , Ballymakeera , county Cork , aken from the shop where he ’

o . worked by p lice , who shot him dead near his father s house ’ t a rr ll c own Pe er O C o (aged Manor Pla e , Dublin , shot dead in his house t 2 t f i a . m . by auxiliary police on refusing to disclose the whereabou s o Is sons . ’ Ke ll wh h a Henry O y , Parnell S quare , Dublin , shot dead by military , o d

taken him into custody . ’ O R ourke t mi t o t Michael , Green Street , Dublin , sho dead by litary wi h u

c ause or warning when looking on at a raid in Parnell Square . ’ E O Dw e r v dward y , Ballyda id , county Tipperary , brother of Francis ’ D O w e r . y , dragged from his bed and shot dead beside his brother ’ r 0 F ancis Dwyer , Ballydavid , County Tipperary , dragged from his bed by ofii ce rs of the E nglish Army int elligence staff and shot dea d outside t h e ‘ door in the presence of his mother and sisters . Ba llina a re o sco o t a omhis Patrick Doyle , g , Castlerea , C unty Ro mm n , ken fr

ho use by polic e and shot dead outside the door . f t a . c o c o Mich el S Walsh , Republi an member Galway i y urban c uncil , O fi of E s t a dragged fro m his house by f cers the nglish Army intelligence ff , r hi wh o shot him t hrough the head and th ew s d e ad b o dy into the ha rbor . i t o M chael Burke , urban councillor , Athlone , Coun y Westmeath , fired up n ’ in t h s re e t by constabulary without cause or challenge and mort ally o npi é w u e ' E Cosh l a n o hi s o se Thomas gam , Athe ry , County Galway , fr m h u o dragged r by police and sho t dead in the presence Of hi s w fe . a n o - o s ot Ch rles Ly ch (aged Milt wn Malbay , C unty Clare , deliberately h hi dead by military who forced an ent ry into s house . c Curra h d uff o t hi w t Mi hael Ryan , g , C un y Tipperary , w le ill in bed i h o n h is f Of t h e pneum nia , shot dead in the prese ce of sisters by o ficers E n lish af h n hi Army intelligence st f , w o forc ed a ent ry int o s room at

1 z g0 a . m . o t t o o s a t William Glees n , Finaghy , Coun y Tipperary , aken fr m his h u e

30 . . f h l . a m by Officers o t e E ng ish Army intelligence st a ff and shot 3ead i 65 t t r Dan el Lehane , aged , Lahinch , Coun y Clare , sho in the t h oat by ’ police on September 2 2 for refusing t o give informat io n as t o his son s

whereabouts , died of his wounds . t t mi t s Hugh Moore , Derry City , sho dead in the public stree by a li ary ent ry t o t wi h u warning or challenge . a o t d hi J mes Sherl ck , Skerries , Coun y Dublin , ragged from s ho me

a . m . by auxiliary police and shot dea d in a field 400 yards from hi s ’ mother s house . E 2 4 THE STRUGGL OF THE IRISH PEOPLE .

i Michael Scanlon , national teacher , K lmallock , County Limerick , shot dead in a house in which he had taken refuge after escaping from t h e

police . He was manacled at the time . N E w t wo 1 . ov . . Mrs llen Quinn (aged Gort , County Galway , a woman ithin

months of childbirth , was shot dead by police in a passing lorry while

standing in front of her house , with a baby of nine months in her arms .

There had been no attack on the police and no provocation whatever . v There was no other person in the icinity . R t h nn r t e 3 . a c o o John Conroy , , County Roscommon , aken from his cottag in the early morning and shot dead by auxiliary police with blackened w faces , who held up his ife and nephews with revolvers and threatened

to shoot Mrs . Conroy if she approached her dying husband . ’ ’ 5 O Brie n e . Thomas , Nenagh , County Tipperary , taken from a friend s hous at midnight by auxiliary police and placed in a military motor lorry and

murdered by the police . ’ 5 O Brie n t . John , N enagh , Coun y Tipperary , murdered by auxiliary police ’ beside Thomas O Brie n in a military motor lorry . W 1 0 ’ illiam Mulcahy , Cork city , shot dead on his way home about o clock at night by a military patrol who opened fir e on him wit hout challenge

or warning . ’ 8 O Conne ll t t t t . Miss (aged Ardfer , Coun y Kerry , sho dead while s anding t h e t at her own door by soldiers who opened indiscriminate fire in s reets . 8 M c Guire t . Michael , Ardfert Coun y Kerry , arrested in his own home by mili m f t h v e . tary , put into a otor lorry handcu fed , and shot dead outside illage 8 w hi s . Michael Brosnan , Labourer , Ardfert , County Kerry, who thre down l t oo s and ran for cover on approach of military lorries , deliberately fir ed

upon and shot dead . w or 8 . John Cantillon , Ardfert , County Kerry , shot dead ithout challenge

warning by soldiers traveling in a lorry , as he was returning from a doctor who had treated him for wounds received during indiscriminate firing by

military in the vi llage . t n u Christopher Lucy , Cork city , raced to a house in Balli geary , Co nty

Cork , by police who forced an entry and shot him dead .

Frank Hoffman , a young Protestant farmer , Farmers Bridge , Tralee , County c h im Kerry , placed against a fence and shot dead by police who suspe ted

Oi b eing an Irish volunteer Officer . 1 l m a li Ba l c e l o t . John Herlihy , y g , County Kerry , assistant creamery manager l M M h n B l m . . ac a o a l a c e lli ot P , y g , County Kerry 1 W Ball m a c e lli ot . Thomas alsh (aged y g , County Kerry ’ O Ne ill n t h e Annie (aged Charlemont Avenue , Dubli ; shot dead in street by military who Opened fire promiscuously on some boys and men who ran away in fear when t h e soldiers jumped from their

1yoorurrnegs . t w t Patrick Lynch , Golden , County Tipperary , sho dead by military ithou

challenge or warning while walking along the road wi th his wi fe . M Mah 2 c on r . Michael , Sca iff , County Clare E 2 f John gan , Scari f , County Clare . 2 W . John Connolly , hitegate , County Clare 2 W . Michael Connolly , hitegate , County Clare t o f Patrick Hanley (aged Broad Lane , Cork city , sho dead by a party

policemen who entered his house during the night . ’ E O Conne ll Of t ugene , Broad Street , Cork city , dragged out bed and sho dead in the presence of his wife by masked police who smashed their way

into his house at midnight . s Jame Coleman , North Mall , Cork city , called to his door in the early hours of the morning and shot dead in the presence of his wife by police “ who after their victim had fallen wounded fired more shot s into him to n fi ish him . Killus t t Thomas Clancy , y , County Tipperary , deliberately sho by military h o r fus e d to allow his brother to go for a priest and threatened to murder K1 m agSO .

1 Ki e d b mili a wh o O e ne d fi re on a ou of e o e wh o r a n in e o w e n t h e s o di e s in mi i a ll y t ry p gr p p l , t rr r h l r l t ry o i e s da s e d u t o B all m a ce lli ot cre am e r w e o d l rr h p y g y re the s e p e p l e we re oing busines s . 2 T a ke n ri sone b o i ce a nd u c e e d 1 B d C 0 ou s a e on t h e ri e of Ki l a oe oun C a e . p r y p l b t h r h r l t r g l l , ty l r

H H E T E STRUGGLE OF T E IRISH PEOPL .

a an t C n c l n Martin Walsh ( ged inma e of lare Lu ati Asy um , not u der

t a n t . s anding challe ge to halt , was sho dead by a military raiding party ’ ar ll t t n Sean O C ro , Irish teacher , Ardee , Coun y Lou h , take from his house t t w and shot in the back by auxiliary polic e . He died in grea agony o

hours later . t Patrick Tierney , Ardee , Coun y Louth , dragged from his home by auxiliary p olice who th rew him on a rubbish heap and riddled hi s head with ll bu ets . De c n N t wh o . Carl Joh son , orwegian sailor , mor allywounded by auxiliary police a opened indis crimin te fir e on the quays in Cork city . c n Ne wt o wnd ran an f i Patri k Cla cy , g , County Tipperary , an o f cer of the ’ Irish Republican Army , dragged from a friend s house and murdered m on the roadway by a ilitary party . 8 J . Begley , Bandon , County Cork . 8 James Donoghue , Bandon , County Cork . 8 n . James Galvi , Bandon , County Cork w t h e Joseph Howley , Oranmore , County Gal ay , member of Irish republican t i army , sho dead by police who were ly ng in wait for him on arrival at w e w t i . as t Broadston rail ay sta ion , Dubl n When Howley sho and bleed ing t o d eat h the p olice by prearrangement signaled to a waiting mo t or

car and drove s t raight to Dublin C as tle .

Thomas Hand , Skerri es , County Dublin , taken from his bed in the dead of night by auxiliary p olice and shot dead in the presence of his crippled fi w w . brother and t o sisters . Four shot ( ere red into his head and neck

- Thomas Rooney (ex soldier) , Ballyshannon , County Donegal , shot dead by police wh o Opened fire wit hou t warning on a crowd of people in the publi c

street . s t o mi t Tho ma Curtin , Kilrush , County Clare , sho dead by p lice and li ary who sur rounded the house in which a republican court wa s sitt ing a nd opened fir wh o t h e e on those came from the courthouse on arrival of the lorries . 9 n . Thomas Lough ane , Gort , County Galway 9 w nr n . He y Lough ane , Gort , County Gal ay t t in t John Fleming , Ca tle Market Avenue , Cork ci y , died grea agony as t c t r a resul of wounds re eived when , wi h two brothers and a f iend , fire wa s suddenly opened on them from a passing police lorry as they were n t a t walki g along the stree p . m 2 1 Cla sh fla ck u m t a t Denis Regan , aged , , Co nty Cork , arrested by ili ary t t t Bandon , County Cork , and aken under heavy escor in a military mo or t h r t e . lorry in di ec ion of Clonakilty , County Cork His dead body was t w t h e found on the road later with a bulle ound in the back of head . t i . r w M chael J Mu phy , To er Street , Cork city , sho dead by auxiliary police , ’ i t r who opened fire on worshippers leav ng SS . Pe er and Paul s Chu ch . Wm 2 4 W . t a Owens , aged , Shankill , County icklow ; mili ary raided club n t . a where Owens was playi g cards He , wi h number of other young men , t was s anding with his hands up when he was shot t hr ough the brain . t Jeremiah Delaney , Dublin Hill , Cork ci y , aged a member of the Irish t t h e t t h e h is Republican Army , sho through hear in presence of family by i i t auxil ary pol ce who forcibly en ered his house at a . m . t an i James Lawlor , of Inchicore , Coun y Dublin , eng ne driver , while going w a t t t was t a t t to his ork Lismore , Coun y Wa erford , sho de d wi hou chal

lenge or warning by a military sentry . ’ O Lou h lin t h e Mullaunbra ck Thomas g , member of Irish Republican Army , , t l County Tipperary , mor ally wounded by auxiliary po ice as he escaped m i i t of t fro a house nto wh ch the police had forc ed an en rance . One hem ’ “ s e i z e O Lou h li n W i t Y o u r t h e t g h the words , a e man we wan . Come out sig e .

. t Very Rev Canon Magner (aged parish priest of Dunmanway , Coun y k Cor , forced to his knees on the public road , questioned for a quarter of t f an hour , and then sho dead by an auxiliary police o ficer . Auxiliary t wo t police in lorries were spec ators of the murder but did not interfere . When Canon Magner was killed they threw his body over t h e bank of a

field and drove away .

8 h o de a d b milit ar a o w i e wa kin a on t h d L f d f n d f t y p tr g g e roa . e t all nigh t on t h e roa ; ou o owin g S yo l h l l l ll morning b y civi l ians . 9 r es e N ov . 2 5 b mi i a nd i m A r t d y l t ry a p ol ce . Their oth e r in form e d som e d a s a fte rward s that h e r s ons w “ ! e in i n . e s a fe p so On D ec . 6 t h e de a d odie s we e o nd in a ond a t gort in a s ocki n s a e o f r r b r f u p , h g t t mu il a ion t h e fl es ein oose and t h e sk d in B f d u s a e e . h n i t t , h b g l ll b tt r e ore t e bodi es h a d be e h d e n in t h e ond an effo h ad ee n m ad t n m p rt b e o bur the . THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE . 2 7

1 92 0 . D e c . 1 5 Timothy Crowley , Dunmanway , County Cork , on the same occasion ques 1 0 mi t ione d on the public road for nutes , beaten in the face with the butt

end of revolver , and then shot dead by an auxiliary police officer . O ther

police who were witnesses of the murder did not interfere , but helped

to throw the dead body over the bank of a field . 1 Mc Go wa n 5 . John , Frenchpark , County Roscommon , taken from his bed at

night and shot dead by auxiliary police in the presence of his family . E Michael dmunds , Tipperary Town , taken from his bed by auxiliary police , who forced their way into his house after mid ni ght and shot him through y the brain on the hills near b . 2 1 1 8 . Cornelius Delaney , Dublin Hill , Cork City , aged , member of Irish

Republican Army , mortally wounded by being shot in the stomach and

. shoulder by auxiliary police who forcibly entered his house at a . m 1 1 on December . 1 0 1 8 . . James Looby , Dualla , County Tipperary 1 0 Wm R os e re e n . 1 8 . . Delaney , g , County Tipperary ’ n Ki ll nt i rna 1 9 . O Con or e e e . James Killarney , County Kerry , seized on the road i and taken into a passing police lorry . After travel ng some distan c e he

h hi s . was pitched out and s ots fired into body Seriously wounded , he ’ was removed t o a neighboring farmer s house where later he was shot

dead by the poli c e . 1 D e 9 c . 1 9 . Laurence Looby , aged , a brother of James Looby (see t aken ’ hi t d from a friend s house , w ch was raided by police , and Sho ead outside . 1 1 l a l 9 nh t . 1 . W C o Michael alton , y , County Tipperary 1 1 Cl nh alt . 1 9 . c o Patri k Conners , y , County Tipperary M D na h 1 9 . r c o Lau ence g , Aran Islands , shot dead by a party of police who t h e landed on the islands and fired indiscriminately on islanders , kill r ing two men and wounding many . The e had been no crime or di s h order o f any kind on the Aran Islands wit in memory . x 20. John Phelan , Ballyroan , County Queens . shot dead by au iliary police men after he had wounded and disarmed one of the party who entered ’ - - m s in 4 . . . hi fath er law s house at a , and demanded money 1 nan b y 2 . . H E J y , mly , County Limerick , arrested police and shot dead a

few hours afterwards while in custody . 2 2 Mc Nam ara a t . Michael , Doonbeg . County Clare shot dead Kilrush , County

r . Clare , while a p isoner in police custody

. n E 2 2 . W W J . Shanaha , est Clare , shot dead while a prisoner in nnis Jail ,

County Clare . 2 3 . . . Mrs M Ryan , Bridge Street , Callan , County Kilkenny , mortally wounded y by being shot at b police . Residents of Callan were ordered by polic e to remain indoors and keep their houses closed while the f uneral of a police man (who was killed in mistake b y an E nglish patrol) was passing W h u . through the town . en the f neral had passed her door Mrs Ryan

opened it to let out a customer . She was fired on and mortally wounded .

w fi . Mrs . Ryan was ithin two weeks of her con nement 2 3 i . Andrew Moyn han , Rathmore , County Kerry , shot dead on the roadside

by E nglish forces without provocation or warning . 1 2 2 5 Ball ma c e l li o t y . . John Leen , y g , Count Kerry 1 2 Ba ll m ac lli o t y 2 5 . e Maurice Reidy , y g , Count Kerry Kno c kna o sh e l y y 2 6 . James Hickey , g , Count Kerr , assistant in a drapery

establishment in Tipperary Town , shot dead while in custody in Tip

p e r ary military barracks . 1 3 f 2 6 . E . dward Moloney , Bru f , County Limerick 1 3 f 2 6 . . Martin Conway , Bru f , County Limerick

1 0 Arreste d b y military a nd a fter 4 da ys in custo dy ta ke n as hostage with a m otor p atrol Of milita ry wh o e t h e e ur f h were s e arching t h e c ountrysi de . Aft r r t n o t e p atrol L ooby a nd D e la ney were s hot de a d in t h e l orries . 1 1 d d mili a a nd olice wh o ue st n d d Shot e a b y t ry p q io e the m on t h e roa . 1 2 o de a d in t h e o s e o f Mrs . B ne B all d w e r Coun K e b A uxi ia o ice wh o ur s in Sh t h u yr , y y , ty rry, y l ry p l b t t h t h e door and a ft erwa rds s e t e house on fi re . 1 3 M ne e e an W a d and uin an s o d e a d b o ice wh o at midni aid e d a dance a t Ca e olo y , Sh h , r , Q l h t y p l ght r _ h r

la H ouse B rufi Coun Li me i ck . Conwa wa s wound e d b ut c aw e d fou mi e s om t h e ouse gui l ne , , ty r y r l r l fr h i m b . Th e o ce acc anie d h id im se in a o o b a ood oun d a cke d hi m d own . Conwa s and h lf g p l , y bl h , tr y h ot d d nd w s e n mu d e e d e t h e bloo h oun a a th r r b y t p olice . 2 8 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE

1 3 h . Daniel Shee an , Bruff , County Limerick 1 3 r y W . Hen ard , Bruff , County Limerick 1 3 ) f . John Quinlan , Bru f County Limerick (American citizen ’ O Brie n Ah e rlo w l Patrick , , County Tipperary , shot dead by mi itary on the ’ roadside as he was assisting a friend named D enis O Brie n who had been

fired on and wounded by a military sentry without challenge or warning . i Michael Sm th , Beleek , County Armagh , shot dead in his home by special

constabulary who raided his house .

Timothy B . Madigan , Shanagolden , County Limerick , a member of the Irish Republican Army shot dead by a p arty of police who met h i m on

the road . ’ O Doh e r t 1 6 y Joseph y, aged , Garvagh , County Derr , shot dead by police

who opened fire on a party of dancers in a school . In a subsequent search

Of u i . the p lace , no arms amm nition , or seditious l terature were found ’ O Doh e r t y did not belong to any political organi zation and was not a .

member of the Irish Republican Army .

E m . William Slattery , ly , County Limerick , shot dead at Rosborough , by a police guard who were conveying him handcuffed from his uncle ’ s house

m . at E mly , where he had been arrested , to Tipp erary ilitary barracks ’ Ba ll b roo k Richard Leonard , y , County Limerick , taken from his sister s

house in the early morni ng and shot dead by p olice .

1 4 i . Dav d Tobin , Ballingarry , County Limerick 1 4 Thomas Murphy , Ballingarry , County Limerick . b John Lawler , clerical student , Listowel , County Kerry , beaten to death y

police who without provocation set upon him in the street . l — Ma c Auliffe l Michael , Dysart , Lixnaw , County Kerry , shot dead by police

who opened fire without warning on a party of mourners at a funeral . O D e rr finan e O Jehr . Casey , y , County Cork , with some other boys who were

on the road , ran on the approach of military lorries and was shot dead . O ’ O P . Kennedy , Moneygall , King s County , fatally wounded by police , who

Opened fir e on mourners at a funeral . R Finb arr C Darcy , Riverstown , County Cork , arrested by military in the

1 . m . Imperial Hotel , Cork , at a , and afterwards shot dead while a prisoner

in the hands of the military . M wi All e n ri e . ac S ne 1 5 sb d 5 John y , aged , g , County Cork , ran away on the approach of a military lorry who fired upon and mortally wounded h im

in the stomach . N Mac urt ain 5 . . . C D Prendergast , Street , Fermoy , County Cork , dead body

found on Caryville Island , river Blackwater . Had not been seen alive inc e 2 1 2 December , 9 0, when arrested by auxiliary police in a house in gae rm oy . i 6 . Tubb e rke h t at Patrick Durr , g , County Roscommon , aken from his home i m dnight by auxili ary police and shot dead . l i Ba llina lis w . 1 s 9 Fe ix Mall n , aged 7 , , County Armagh , fired at ithout warn

ing by police and mortally wounded .

- E James Farrell , ex soldier , of the nglish Army , Pender Street , Dublin ,

shot dead by auxiliary police , who fired indiscriminately in the streets .

John Doran , Camlough , County Armagh , a prominent Sinn Feiner , taken

from his home by auxiliary polic e and shot dead . a t Miss Martha Nowl n , Connaugh Street , Dublin , shot dead by military , O ni W in who pened fire without war ng in estmoreland Street , Dub l . t Gerald Pring , Cork City , sho dead during indiscriminate firing by police in

the streets .

Patrick Sloane . 1 5 Joseph Tormey . a t m Thomas Collins , Kilkeel , County Galway , taken from his home idnight i l and shot dead by aux iary police .

1 3 Mo one e e a n W a d and uinl an s o d e a d b o ice wh o a t mi dni aide d a dance at Ca e l y, Sh h , r , Q h t y p l ghtr h r m i i ill a ne H ouse B rufi C oun Li e c k . Conwa wa s woun de d b ut c aw e d our m e s om t h e ous e gu , , ty r y r l f l fr h li m a nie b b o . Th e o c e acco d d d k d d C a nd hi d im s e in a a oo h oun ac e him own . onwa s o h lf g p , p y bl , tr y h t w n m e r b h e o i t h e bl oodh ound a nd a s t he ur d e d y t p l ce . 1 4 On unni n om a ous e in B a a nd e s C oun Lim e ic k on t h e a oac of a mili a o we e r g fr h llyl r , ty r , p p r h t ry l rry, r m e d u on Mur ein s o de a d a nd T o bi n o a wounde d . fir p , p hy b g h t rt lly 15 m m b of t h e I is R e u i ca n a m is one s in B a l kinl m d d s n Two e e s a Ca . o ea b a e r r h p bl r y, p r r l y r p Sh t y try wh o fire d a t the m a s the y were conve rsing with comr ad e s in an adj oinin g p ortion of t h e camp as the y h a d o btaine d p ermission t o d o . E TH E STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPL . 2 9

1 92 1 . 1 Jan . 9 . Thomas Lawler , Lyster Lane , Maryborough , County Queens , shot dead in b y his own home in the pres ence of his family a policeman . 1 6 H o a d e . Michael , Caherlistrane , County Galway 1 6 Ba llina s t a c k . James Kirwin , , County Galway 1 6 2 2 W l W s u . . i liam al h , Headford , Co nty Galway 2 1 5 i i 3 . Richard Foley , ag ed , Cork , shot dead by m litary while play ng in the

1 5 . street with another boy of , who was also wounded The troops opened

fire without warning . 2 Kilr uh a ne y w 6 . James Devaney , chemist , , Count Tipperary , shot dead ithout ’ c warnin g b y poli e as he was leaving a friend s house with two comrades . 2 7 d s . Michael Garvey . Belfast , shot dead by police who entered his lo ging

during the night . ’ O Me a ra La ffa nbrid e i Francis , g , County Tipperary , shot wh le in the w rifi custody of police who had previously battered in his head ith e butts . 2 W 8 . W E illiam gerton , Marmion , Lismore , County aterford , shot dead while walking to his home by constabulary who Opened fire on him without

warni ng .

2 . 8 . Th o as E R Blake , Limerick city , held up by nglish forces and shot out

ofml and . 1 n ‘7 1 7 3 . . Denis Ben ett , aged Mallow , railway man ’ 1 M ll n 1 7 3 . . O u a e . D . Mallow , railway man 1 1 7 3 . v . Patrick De itt , Mallow , railway man

. 2 56 W E Feb . Robert Dixon . aged , Milltown , County icklow , an ng lish justice of

the peace , shot dead in his house by police who came to loot his house . 70 Michael Farelly . aged , Ballinalee , County Longford , shot dead in his

home by auxiliary police . His home and farm produce were then burned

to the g round .

Patrick Crowley . Kilbrittain , County Cork , shot dead by police for refusing ’ to assist in the destruction of his father s shop . m an John Galvin , hotel proprietor , Listowel , County Kerry , an elderly ,

dropped dead after being compelled by police to repair roads . 65 E Daniel Moloney , aged , Lislevane , County Cork , shot dead by nglish forces as he was passing th rough a district where raids and arrests were i be ng carri ed out . ’ O Sulliv a n 1 7 Patrick , aged Broad Lane , Cork , shot dead by police who

opened fire on pedestrians in the streets . Ball m a c e lli o t e nd e a v Robert Browne , y g , County Kerry , shot dead when oring to escape from E nglish forces who had burned his house some time

p revi ous . i 4 L f William F tzgerald , aged , upper i fey Street , Dublin , shot dead by

military who fired indiscriminately in a Dublin street .

7 . . 1 4 Michael J Kelleher , ag ed , Knocknagree , County Cork , who while play h is ing with other boys of own age , ran away on the approach of military i . 8 1 1 lorr es and was shot dead Two other boys aged and years , were

wounded . O 1 8 C . Ald Thomas Halpin , Drogheda , County Louth . D 1 8 Q John Moran , Drogheda , County Louth . D 1 9 Q 1 8 Patrick Kennedy , ag ed , Corporation Buildings , Dublin . O 1 9 Q - James Murphy , Killarney Street , Dublin . ‘— l 1 7 Clo nd roh id Daniel Mahony , ag ed , County Cork , shot dead for failing l to halt when cal ed upon by police . 2 0 1 4 . f 1 9 y u . James Co f e , aged , Bandon , Co nty Cork f 2 0 2 2 Timothy Co fey , aged , Bandon , County Cork . 50 Denis Quinlan , aged , Hollyford , County Tipperary , shot dead by police , i who fired upon worshippers leav ng a church .

2 0. O oll e John Geoghegan , Rural Councillor , g , Moycullen , County Galway ,

taken from his bed and shot dead by auxiliary police . 2 1 1 8 Cecil Donovan , aged , Blackwater , County Limerick .

1 6 T k n om ei o m e s a nd s o d e a d a e fr th r h h t b y p olice . 1 7 o de ad b E n lis orce s w i e e n a e d a t e ir wo k a t Ma o w ail w Sh t y g h f h l g g th r ll r a y station . 1 8 T a ke n rom ei om e s a t mi dni b a uxili a o i ce a nd s d d f th r h ght y ry p l h ot e a . 1 9 A e s e d b E n lis o ce s a nd b o u t o D ublin C a s e s ubs e ue n a nd e d o e t o a olice e sc o rr t y g h f r r ght tl , q tl y h v r p rt

me s . ns e a o f t o b e l e ft a t their h o I t d bri nging the m t o their h om e s t h e e scort broug ht the m t o a n e mpty nd m u e e t l oot in Drum condr a a rd r d h em . ’ 2 0 e r m 2 T ke n from ei a s o e a t a . in . a nd s o d d a th r f th h h t e a b y p olice . 2 1 a i in t o O e an o de t o a b E n is o rc e s we e re d u n a d d a d F l g b y r r h lt y gl h f r fi p o n sh ot e . H E 3 0 T E STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPL .

2 1 1 4 . Aidan Donovan , aged , Blackwater , County Limerick Mc E lli o t t t o Robert g , Listowel , County Kerry , failed to respond to a call

halt and was shot dead by E nglish forces near Tralee , County Kerry . 2 6 Mary Harley , aged , Mountcharles County Donegal , found shot dead in her uncle ’ s yard after E nglish forces had burned and wrecked many

houses in the town . Gl e nc or E James Taylor , , Killorglin . County Kerry , shot dead by nglish

forces on making a dash for liberty after being arrested .

Joseph Stapleton , Borrisoleigh , County Tipperary , died from wounds

received without provocation during a raid on his house by E nglish forces . W Kic kh am u w illiam Kelly , Street , Th rles , County Tipperary , ith a num ber of other youths ran on the approac h of E nglish forces and was shot

dead . Liss c as e E h e John Conlon , y y , County Clare , shot dead by nglish forces as

was leaving church after mass . 1 . 8 P Cronin , aged , Dingle district , County Kerry , deliberately shot dead fri n l a n h a t a e d t o u c a b o . by military , who fired at him as he was assisting “ Malinb e Col umbkill e Michael Heeney , g , Glen , County Donegal , shot dead

near his own house by military , who came to raid his house .

OFFICIAL MILITARY MURDE RS

i m y h as re During th s period also the British Govern ent , whose authorit been ud iat e d p by the people of Ireland , and which maintains its forces as an alien invading “ ! army on active service on Irish soil , condemned to death and executed , in defiance

“ ! “ i i a in hm of the rules of c vil zed warf re , the follow g Iris en for the crime of levying war against the British forces whi ch seek to destroy the national independence of their c ountry or for t hat of being in possession of fir earms with which they might defend the right of their c ount ry to that national independence ! 1 20 9 . N v 1 i 1 8 t “ o . . . n Kev n Barry , aged , medical student , Dublin Ha ged in Moun joy s jail . He was one of seven members of the Iri h republican army armed E ifl with revolvers , who attacked eight nglish soldiers warmed with r es ;

one of these soldiers was killed in the encounter and Kevin Barry was . “ ! r hanged for mu der .

‘ Cornelius Murphy , Rathmore , County Kerry , shot in Cork jail for being in

ossession of firearms . p t n Jo n Allen , Bank Place , Tipperary , sho in Cork jail for being in possessio fir of earms . ’ 2 2 alla h an O C . Daniel g , Dripsey , County Cork ’ B i n 2 2 O r . Thomas e , Dripsey , County Cork

n . Joh Lyons , Aghabullogue , County Cork M a t h 2 2 c C r . Timothy y , Fornaught , County Cork ’ 2 2 O Ma h on Patrick y, Berrings , County Co

P P EN I E A D ! .

' COP Y OF LE I TER FR OM P RESIDENT DE V ALE RA TO EACH M EMB ER OF TH E CO ALITI O N I N THE E N G I H H O U E OF CO O N ON E U L S S MM S , F BR ARY

P . , H use o C mm ns L nd n o f o o , o o Lest on a plea of ignorance yo u should disclaim responsibility for what is being! i l of done here in your name , speak ng for the elected representatives of the peop e ! Ireland , I now bring directly to your notice the following fact s The troops in Ireland employed by your Government ar e not only waging an unj ust war t o f upon our people , but are carrying on that war in a manner con rary to all rules v ci ilized warfare . In defiance of these rules your forces are guilty of ! i 1 . The torturing of pr soners . 2 i . i The assass nation of men and boys in their homes , on the streets , and in pr son

2 1 F ai i n t o o e a n o de t o a b E n is o c e s we e e d u on a nd s d d l g b y r r h lt y gl h f r r fir p h ot e a . 2 2 C k i f r in w r in h B ri i Sh ot in or j a l o levy g a a g a st t e t sh force s . THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRI SH PEOPLE . 3 1

' 3 . ni i u d e rin . The g of women , of children , and of clerg ymen 4 Th . . e outraging of women and girls

5 . The flogging and maltreatment of groups of civilians taken in the villages and countrysides . “

i i i . d n 6 . The ssuing and enforcing of crawl ng and such like humil ating and degra i g orders . 7 d ut v w . The taking of men from their work and forcing them to do military or ork at mi litary labor as slave g angs . l h t h e 8 . The burning and looting of factories , creameries , shops , and dwel ing ouses e in l destruction of farmst ads and farm produce , and the killing and maim g of ive stock . ! In order to help you realize the Situation , it is necessary to restate this fact

The Irish people a r e a fr ee people . They acknowledge no right to dominion over t u them on the part of the Bri ish executive , the British legislat re , or the British people . h They are engaged in a lawful effort to defend a sacred right w ich you are invading . a it i Ab ndoning justice and reason , the only ground on which is possible for civil zed u peoples to come to an understanding , you are seeking to crush that lawf l effort by a blind barbaric violence . Although you have put your troops on active service in Ireland although you f il i war have sought to justi y many of the v e deeds comm tted as acts of , and although you are armed with the most deadly modern machin ery of war and protected by every w o u means kno n t technical skill , you now seek to p rchase immunity from defensive action on our part by making the possession Of firearms an offense for which Irishmen 2 3 and may , if arrested , be shot , and for which one has been shot ; by carrying Irish “ ! n citizens as hostages in your military expeditions agai st our people . The orders t o your troops are to shoot these hostages should the unit with which they are traveling be attacked . Already , under the specious pretense that they were trying to escape ,

i . many Irish pr soners have been brutally murdered by your troops Now , representa s u t tive Iri h citizens are to be murdered similarly on the gro nd , pretended or true , tha the party with which they are movi ng is attacked . i These things are done because it is your w ll they should be done . If you willed otherwise , they would cease . i It is you and not your troops who are pr marily responsible .

E AM ON D E VALERA . E U 1 2 1 92 1 F BR ARY , .

2 3 Severa l other Irishmen h ave bee n shot for t h e p oss e ssion of fi re arms since thi s letter was writte n .