Mission Und Sozialhygiene. Schweizer Anti-Alkohol-Aktivismus Im Kontext Von Internationalismus Und Kolonialismus, 1886-1939

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Mission Und Sozialhygiene. Schweizer Anti-Alkohol-Aktivismus Im Kontext Von Internationalismus Und Kolonialismus, 1886-1939 Francesco Spöring Mission und Sozialhygiene Francesco Spöring Mission und Sozialhygiene Schweizer Anti-Alkohol-Aktivismus im Kontext von Internationalismus und Kolonialismus, 1886-1939 WALLSTEIN VERLAG Inhalt Kurzfassung . 9 Einführung . 11 Ein Netzwerk im Zeichen von Medikalisierung und Transnationalität . 15 Eingrenzung I: temporal . 18 Forschungsstand . 20 Globale Bezugspunkte . 23 Eingrenzung II: Auswahl der Akteure . 28 Alkoholgegnerische Rhetoriken im Fokus . 37 Sprachliche Anmerkungen . 43 1. Eine Verortung der international orientierten Anti-Alkohol- Akteure der Schweiz im internationalen Kontext . 47 1. Die Formierung alkoholgegnerischer Vereinigungen im 19. Jahrhundert . 48 Die Mäßigkeitsbewegung als transnationales Phänomen . 50 Hinwendungen zur Abstinenz . 53 Medizinische Problematisierungen des Alkoholgenusses . 56 Die Weltkriege als Zäsuren . 65 2. Die Basler Missionsgesellschaft . 68 Die Basler Mission als Teil eines evangelischen Netzwerks . 72 3. Auguste Forel als Botschafter der sozialhygienisch geprägten Abstinenzbewegung. 75 Die sozialhygienisch geprägte Abstinenzbewegung . 81 Zur Charakterisierung der sozialhygienisch geprägten . Abstinenzbewegung . 85 Der Guttemplerorden als Knotenpunkt sozialhygienischer Ansichten . 94 6 Inhalt 4. Die Internationale Konferenz gegen den Alkoholismus 1925 in Genf . 108 Das International Bureau against Alcoholism als global vernetzte NGO . 110 Ergebnisse und Folgen der Konferenz . 115 Die Resolution A.62 vor dem Völkerbund . 117 2. Die Rhetorik der Freiheit . 123 Innen / Außen: Eine prägende Distinktion . 125 Süchtigkeit und Selbstkontrolle . 127 Das autonome Subjekt und das Unbewusste . 128 1. Außen: ›Äußere‹ Selbstbestimmung als gesellschaftliche Mitbestimmung . 131 Der »legitime Handel« als Ermächtigungsstrategie . 134 Alkohol und Sklaverei . 136 Die Rolle der Basler Mission in der Debatte zum »überseeischen Branntweinhandel« . 138 Gesellschaftliche Mitbestimmung aus sozialhygienischer Perspektive . 145 Abstinenz und Demokratie . 149 Gleichberechtigung und Nüchternheit . 151 2. Innen: Innere Selbstbestimmung – Sittlichkeit und Süchtigkeit . 155 Sozialhygienische Geistigkeit . 161 Wille, Suggestibilität & Spiritualität . 164 Populäre Gegenpositionen: William James . 170 Freiheit und Liebe . 172 Sucht als medikalisierte ›Sklaverei des Geistes‹ . 174 Langfristigkeit & Weitsicht . 177 Zwischenfazit . 182 3. Die Rhetorik der Natürlichkeit . 185 1. Alkohol im »Zeitalter der Nervosität« . 188 Unreine »trade spirits« als internationaler Angriffspunkt . 191 Unreine Städte: Überbevölkerung, Schmutz und Prostitution 196 Inhalt 7 2. Bunges »Alkoholfrage« . 204 »Unsere Gewebe sind gar nicht darauf eingerichtet, mit jedem Material gespeist zu werden« . 208 3. Sozialdarwinistische Perspektiven und koloniale Kontexte . 215 Koloniale Bilder zum Alkoholgenuss . 220 Missionarische Verhaltenserklärungen zwischen Kultur, Klima und biologischer Prädetermination . 222 Koloniale Verhaltenserklärungen in den Medien des Blauen Kreuzes . 230 Sozialhygienische Erklärungen der Verhaltensunterschiede . 231 Alkohol in Afrika an den Internationalen Kongressen gegen den Alkoholismus . 234 Nachahmung und Tierhaftigkeit . 237 »Mordlust und Unmäßigkeit« als koloniale Denkfigur für gefährliche Instinkte . 243 Zwischenfazit . 245 4. Die Rhetorik der Wirklichkeit . 247 Wissenschaftlichkeit und »Autoritätenkalamität« . 250 1. Sozialhygienische Schauplätze der Wirklichkeit . 254 Produktion und Produktivität . 256 Sterblichkeit und Unfälle . 264 Kriminalität und kindliche Entwicklung . 267 Gesundheit und Medikalisierung . 273 2. Rudolf Fisch und die Blaukreuz-Bewegung in Ghana . 277 Rudolf Fischs Wirklichkeitsreferenzen . 286 Das erste Flugblatt . 287 Das zweite Flugblatt . 291 3. Branntweingenuss als Stigma konkurrierender Glaubenskonzeptionen . 293 Abrahamitische Konkurrenz . 300 4. Die Motive des Aberglaubens und des Eskapismus . 306 Zwischenfazit . 312 8 Inhalt 5. Schlussbetrachtung . 315 1. Koloniale Denkmuster im Schweizer Anti-Alkohol-Diskurs . 315 Verwobenheit von Innerer und Äußerer Mission vor dem europäischen Erfahrungshintergrund . 317 Koloniale Tropen in der ›Inneren‹ alkoholgegnerischen Mission . 320 Koloniale Tropen in der sozialhygienischen ›Mission‹ . 324 2. Ein Überblick und Ausblick zu transnationalen Medikalisierungsbestrebungen . 329 Aufstieg der transnational orientierten Anti-Alkohol-Verbände aus der Schweiz . 329 Alkoholgegnerische Denkfiguren, Argumente und Modi des Begründens . 333 Unterschiedliche Modi des Argumentierens . 334 Ausblick . 339 Anhang 1. Quellen . 343 1.1 Ungedruckte Quellen . 343 1.2 Gedruckte Quellen aus den untersuchten Periodika . 344 1.3 Gedruckte Quellen zur Anti-Alkohol-Bewegung . 353 1.4 Einflussreiche Texte . 361 2. Sekundärliteratur . 362 3. Abkürzungsverzeichnis . 385 4. Abbildungsverzeichnis . 386 Danksagung . 387 Kurzfassung Als eine der frühsten zivilgesellschaftlichen Bewegun gen mit globaler Reich- weite hat die Anti-Alkohol-Bewegung den gesellschaftlichen Umgang mit Trunkenheit und Berau schung mitgeprägt. Durch Einflussnahme auf in- ternationale Regulierungen von Rausch mittel, aber auch durch die Prägung eines spezifischen Sprechens darüber hat sie Spuren hinterlassen, deren Fol- gen sich noch heute bemerkbar machen. Diese Studie beschäftigt sich mit den Fragen, wie die Forderungen nach einer Eindämmung des Konsums von Alkoholika und anderen Rauschmittel dominant wurden und von wel- chen Vorstellungen und Denkmuster diese Argumente getragen wurden und werden. Ausgehend von einem internationalen Wissensaus tausch wird aufgezeigt, wie die unterschiedlichen Akteure Motive und Strukturen auf- nahmen, modifizierten und – mit zumeist globalen Geltungs ansprüchen – in einem die Landes grenzen überschreitenden Diskurs weiter verbreiteten. In einem ersten Teil (Kapitel 1) wird die Ausbreitung des alkoholgeg- nerischen Trans national Advocacy Network skizziert und aufgezeigt, in welche Stränge die verschiedenen, international orientierten Akteure der Schweiz eingebunden waren und welche Impulse sie aussandten. Dabei wird einerseits auf das evangelisch geprägte Anti-Alkohol-Kollektiv um die Basler Mission und das Blaue Kreuz fokussiert, deren Problematisierungen des Branntweinexports nach Westafrika von zentraler Bedeutung waren, um internationale Handelsbeschränkungen durch den Völkerbund einzu- fordern. Andererseits steht die sozialhygienisch geprägte Abstinenzbewe- gung im Fokus, deren Impulse zu einer »religiös neutralen« Auseinander- setzung mit der »Alkoholfrage« erstaunlich stark von Akteuren ausgingen, die in der Schweiz ansässig waren. In einem zweiten Teil (Kapitel 2 bis 4) werden die dabei verwendeten, zumeist ineinander greifenden Rhetoriken der Freiheit, der Natürlichkeit sowie der Wirklichkeit genauer betrachtet. Da diese Ideologeme prinzipiell unterschiedliche Lesarten zulassen, stellt sich die Frage, auf welche Lesart die Anti-Alkohol-Akteure diese positiv ausgelegten ›Container‹-Begriffe reduzierten. Welche Bilder, Motive und Denkfiguren setzten sie ein, um ihre Adressatinnen und Adressaten von der Richtigkeit ihrer Deutung zu über zeugen? Und wie räumten sie widersprechende Interpretationen von Freiheit, Natürlich keit und Wirklichkeit aus? 10 Kurzfassung Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung lassen sich anhand dreier Thesen knapp zuspitzen: Erstens war die Alkoholgegnerschaft der Schweiz im transnationalen Anti-Alkohol-Netzwerk besonders gut vernetzt und hatte bedeutenden Anteil sowohl an interna tionalen Anti-Alkohol-Kampagnen als auch an der Medikalisierung des Alkoholismus. Der Schweizer Blick- winkel auf die international ausgerichtete alkoholgegnerische Agitation hinterfragt damit das in der Geschichtsschreibung verbreitete Narrativ einer einseitig vom angelsächsischen Sprachraum ausgehenden Wissens- diffusion. Zweitens unterschieden sich sowohl die wissenschaftlichen als auch die religiösen alkohol gegnerischen Positionen in Bezug auf ihre pro- pagierten Weltanschauungen nicht so stark, wie ihre postulierten Abgren- zungsversuche nahelegten. Auffällig sind die drei Gemeinsamkeiten einer Ethik der Nächstenliebe, der Askese als Mittel der Selbsterkenntnis sowie des Denkens in langfristigen Zeithorizonten. Diese normativen Gemein- samkeiten erleichterten die Kooperation der verschiedenen Akteurskollek- tive und trugen damit zur Verfestigung eines permanent-reflexiven Per- sönlichkeitsideals bei. Drittens thematisier ten die untersuchten Akteure den Alkoholhandel in afrikanischen Kolonien ausgiebig, wobei die kolo- niale Konstellation mit den aufkommenden rassistischen Stereo typen um- gekehrt den Anti-Alkohol-Diskurs in der Schweiz verschärft hat. So wur- den ›unauf fällige‹ Alkoholkonsumenten in der Schweiz in ironisierenden Bezug nahmen auf derartige koloniale Pauschalisierungen als »Schweizer Neger« bezeichnet. Diese drei Beobachtungen illustrieren nicht zuletzt, wie globalhistorische Zugänge die Anti-Alkohol-Bewegung in der Schweiz und über die Landesgrenzen hinaus in einem anderen Licht erscheinen las- sen vermögen. Einführung Als der amerikanische Physiolo ge Elvin Morton Jellinek 1960 seine ein- flussreiche Mono grafie The Disease Concept of Alcoholism veröffentlichte, war dessen Botschaft in medizini schen Kreisen weitge hend etabliert: Al- koholismus stelle eine Krankheit dar. Jellinek trug damit die Idee der »Alkohol krankheit«, die er zuvor in die Expertengremien der World Health Organisation (WHO) eingebracht hatte, an eine Weltöffentlichkeit.1 Da- bei verdeut lich te er anhand eines internationalen Überblicks, dass die pro- pagierte
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