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7(1 2) P1-60.Pdf A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE CHROMOSOMES IN DECAPODS, ISOPODS AND AMPHIPODS, WITH Title SOME REMARKS ON CYTOTAXONOMY AND SEX-DETERMINATION IN THE CRUSTACEA Author(s) NIIYAMA, HIDEJIRO Citation MEMOIRS OF THE FACULTY OF FISHERIES HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY, 7(1-2), 1-60 Issue Date 1959-12 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/21827 Type bulletin (article) File Information 7(1_2)_P1-60.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF H-IE CHROMOSOMES IN DECAPODS, ISOPODS AND AMPHIPODS, WITH SOME REMARKS ON CYTOTAXONOMY AND SEX-DETERMINATION IN THE CRUSTACEA HIDEJIRO NIIYAMA Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University CONTENTS I. Introduction ................................................................ 3 II. Material .................................................................... 5 III. Technique .................................................................. 6 IV. Part I. Comparative morphology of chromosomes in thirty-three species . 6 1) Penaeus japonicus (BATE) ............................................ 6 2) Panulirus japonicus (v. SIEBOLD) ..................................... 7 3) Cambarus clarkii (GIRARD) ........................................... 9 4) Cambaroides japonicus (DE HAAN) ..................................... 10 5) Nephrops japonicus TAPPARONE-CANEFRI ............................. 11 6) Nephropsis carpenteri WOOD-MASO.V ................................... 12 7) Cervimunida princeps BENEDICT ...................................... 13 8) Eupagurus ochotensis BRANDT ....... , .............................. , . 15 9) Coenobita rugosa H. MILNE-EDWARDS ................................. 16 10) Paralithodes camtschatica (TILESIUS) ................................... 16 11) Paralithodes platypus B~ANDT ........................................ 18 12) Matuta lunaris (FORSKAL) ........................................... 19 13) Philyra pisum DE H AAN ............................................. 20 14) Ranina ranina (LINNE) ............................................•.. 20 15) Macrocheira kaempferi DE HAAN ...................................... 22 16) Ovalipes punctatus (DE H AAN) ........................................ 23 17) Scylla serrata (FORSKAoL) ............................................. 24 18) Telmessus cheiragonus (TILESIUS) ..................................... 25 19) Atergatis floridus LI.vNE ............................................. 26 20) Pachygrapsus crassipes RANDALL ..................................... 27 21) Hemigrapsus sanguineus (DE HAAN) ................................... 29 22) Hemigrapsus penicillatus (DE HAAN) ................................... 30 23) Eriocheir japonicus DE HAAN ........................................ 31 24) Gaetice depressus (DE H AAN) ......................................... 33 25) Sesarma intermBdia (DE HAAN) ...................................... 34 26) Plagusia dentipes DE HAAN ......................... " ...... , ...... , " . 34 27) Megaligia exotica (Roux) ............................................. 36 28) Tylos granulata MIERS ............................................... 37 29) Cleantiella isops (GRUBE) ............................................. 37 30) Idotea japonica RICHARDSON .. ........................................ 38 31) Cymodoce japonicus RICHARDSON ...................•.........•....•... 39 -1- Mem. Fac. Fish., Hokkaido Univ. [VII, 1/2 32) Tecticeps japonicus IWASA ............................................ 41 33) Anisogammarus annandalei (TATTERSALL) ............................... 42 V. Part II. Chromosome morphology in relation to taxonomical classification of the Crustacea ................................................................ 43 VI. Part III. Sex-determining mechanism in the Crustacea . .. 51 Summary ........................................................................ 55 Literature cited . .. 57 Explanation of figures - 2 - 1. INTRODUCTION The present investigation was undertaken with a hope to discuss the bearing of cytology upon the mechanism and processes of evolution, and to make a new approach to classical problems of morphological taxonomy in certain groups of the Crustacea. At present, it is generally accepted that, so far as the higher animals are concerned, all evolutionary transformations have had their origin in the chromosomes, and that they furnish the material source of evolutionary changes, since they constitute the physical basis of heredity (White '57a). Therefore, any significant alteration in the structure and behaviour of the chromo­ somes represents an evolutionary change. The differences in chromosome numbers, and chromosome patterns which frequently distinguish one species from its relatives throw new light on the problem of taxonomy. These considerations will reasonably also be applicable for lower animals such as Crustacea. The problem how and why related species of organisms have acquired visibly different chromosome sets, or karyotypes, in the course of their evolution, has long attracted the prime interest of cytologists. The progress of genetics has led to the understanding that each of the characters of an organism represents the results of the interaction of genes (White '54). It should be stated therefore that the nature of organisms will be more exactly mastered from the viewpoint of cytological knowledge involving chromosome constitution than from the morphological standpoint. Cytologists are concerned with the cytotax­ onomic differences which exist between related species. Such differences may sometimes be used to distinguish sibling or cryptic species that cannot be separated on the basis of merely external characters. They are the results of chromosomal rearrangements which have arisen spontaneously and established themselves in the course of phylogeny. The cytogenetic data thus far presented have enhanced the development of cytotaxonomy which is based upon cytological and genetical criteria (White '57b). As early as 1885, the cytological study of Crustacea was initiated by Carnoy. He reported the chromosomes of four species of Crustacea. Probably due to poor fixation, however, he could not determine the precise number of chromosomes in those species. Following Carnoy's study, a considerable number of papers have been published on the chrom03omes of various species of Crustacea. The report pertaining to animal chromosomes published by Makino (,56) indicates that the morphology of chromosomes of about 150 sp~cies covering seven ordels of Crustacea have been reported by a number of investigators. In spite of the considerable amount of work done on the chromosomes of Crustacea, knowledge on those chromosomes has remained very limited, remarkably less progress having so far been made in this group of animals than in other groups of Arthropoda, e. g. Insecta. Reference to the literature shows that the majority of earlier works with respect to the chromosome morphology of Crustacea, have reported very meagre results, due probably - 3 - Mem. Fac. Fish., Hokkaido Univ. [VII, 1/2 to the technical difficulties. It is evident that basic data for understanding the evolution of the hereditary mechanism in Crustacea are incomplete. Thus, the need for more exact knowledge of the chromosome morphology in various groups of Crustacea is increasing for the sake of the establishment of the scientific taxonomy of this group of animals. In order to m':lke some contributions to this ,object, the present author has u"'1dertaken a comparative study of the chromosomes in three orders of Crustacea: Decapoda, Isopoda and Amphipoda, with particular regard to the karyological relationship to systematics, under the sugges­ tion and guidance of Dr. Sajiro Makino. The present paper will describe in the following pages the results obtained in this chromosome survey, with discussion on the deta presented by earlier investigators and with particular concern to the interrelationships of taxonomy. The present study is divided into three parts. Part I is devoted to the investigation of the morphology of chromosomes in 33 species covering three orders of Crustacea. Beginn­ ing with the work of Carnoy on the chromosomes of Crustacea, which appeared as early as 1885, a considerable number of works have successively been published in various species covering several orders of Crustacea by many investigators. The majority of earlier works are not satisfactory from present-day-standards of cytology. To obtain good preservation of chromosomes of Crustacea is a task very difficult, because of the fact that they are marine dwellers. The preservation of chromosomes of marine animals is a matter of difficulty in general. Further, many crustacean species have a comparatively large number of chromosomes which are generally small in size. To advance knowledge of crustacean chromosome morphology a considerable time has necessarily been devoted in the present study due mainly to technical difficulty, to discover the exact morphology of chromosomes. In Part II will be described the relationship between chromosome morphology and taxonomy of the Crustacea. Chromosome numbers vary considerably among the different orders. Further, the chromosome numbers vary notably among the subdivisions of the order. Attention in this study was directed to the problem of whether any relation exists between chromosome number and taxonomical classification considering the evolution of chromo­ some complexes,. Part III deals with the sex-determining mechanism in Crustacea in relation
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