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Design and Experimental Study of HTSG for Waste to Energy: Analysis of Pressure Difference

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Design and Experimental Study of HTSG for Waste to Energy: Analysis of Pressure Difference energies Article Design and Experimental Study of HTSG for Waste to Energy: Analysis of Pressure Difference Jeachul Jang ID , Sunhee Oh, Chongpyo Cho and Seong-Ryong Park * ID Energy Efficiency and Materials Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Daejeon 34129, Korea; [email protected] (J.J.); [email protected] (S.O.); [email protected] (C.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-42-860-3224 Received: 18 June 2018; Accepted: 5 July 2018; Published: 11 July 2018 Abstract: The purpose of the present study is to analyze pressure difference changes inside a high-temperature steam generator (HTSG), which produces steam using the heat generated by waste incineration and decreases the pressure of the produced steam while increasing its temperature. The high-temperature, low-pressure steam produced by a HTSG is used for hydrogen production. Therefore, the steam temperature must be at least 700 ◦C, and the pressure must be lower than 300 kPa; hence, a device is needed to increase the steam temperature in the boiler and decrease the steam pressure. The physical behavior of the device was modeled and experimentally validated. The modeling and experimental results demonstrated good agreement when the steam was not preheated; however, an additional pressure drop required consideration of the opposite case. Keywords: high-temperature steam generator (HTSG); superheater; waste to energy (WtE); sudden effect; pressure difference 1. Introduction Waste to energy (WtE) has the advantages of reducing waste and transforming the energy obtained during incineration to a new form of useful energy [1]. In addition, the waste heat that is dissipated during incineration can be used to generate steam in a waste heat boiler, which can then be used directly or supplied to a turbine for power generation [2,3]. In cases when steam is generated and used directly near demanding locations, the steam temperature typically ranges between 125 and 180 ◦C[4]. This temperature range is obtained without a superheater due to the requirements and economic feasibility. When a superheater is not installed, low-temperature corrosion needs to be considered because the water vapor in the air accelerates chemical changes [5,6]. WtE thermochemical technology typically includes incineration, thermal gasification, and pyrolysis methods. In the incineration method, waste is burned at temperatures above 1000 ◦C. However, the conventional temperature of the thermal gasification method is 750 ◦C, and the conventional temperature of the pyrolysis method ranges between 300 and 800 ◦C, which occurs at a higher pressure and in the absence of oxygen. However, the practical temperature and pressure at which the steam is produced in the waste heat boiler is approximately 400 ◦C and 40 bar, respectively, due to high-temperature corrosion problems [7,8]. Extensive research on materials has been recently conducted to overcome this challenge. Zieli´nskiet al. [9] introduced a material with an austenitic structure (HR6W, Sanicro 25) that has stability up to 750 ◦C. In particular, Sanicro 25 was proven to remain stable for more than 2000 h at 700 ◦C. Zeng et al. [10] investigated the tensile properties, microhardness, chemical composition distribution, and microstructure of the BTi-6431S titanium alloy, which can be used in applications up to 700 ◦C. Furthermore, Wright et al. [11] examined the properties of Alloy 800H and Alloy 617 for nuclear plants and asserted that their operating temperature range Energies 2018, 11, 1815; doi:10.3390/en11071815 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Energies 2018, 11, 1815 2 of 14 Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 14 temperaturewas 750–800 range◦C in thewas steam 750–800 generator. °C in the Dewa steam et generator. al. [12] also Dewa analyzed et al. the[12] fatigue also analyzed properties the offatigue Alloy properties617 and stated of Alloy that 617 its maximum and stated design that its temperature maximum design was 950 temperature◦C. was 950 °C. AmongAmong the the technologies technologies available available for for hydrogen hydrogen production, production, the the operating operating conditions conditions and and characteristicscharacteristics of of fuel fuel cells cells vary vary depending depending on on their their constituent constituent materials. materials. Some Some examples examples include include the the electrolyteelectrolyte-type‐type alkaline fuelfuel cell,cell, the the phosphoric phosphoric acid acid fuel fuel cell, cell, the the polymer polymer electrolyte electrolyte membrane membrane fuel fuelcell, cell, the the molten molten carbonate carbonate fuel fuel cell, cell, and and the the solid solid oxide oxide fuel fuel cell cell (SOFC). (SOFC). The The objective objective of of this this work work is isto to produce produce steam steam for for hydrogen hydrogen production production using using heat, heat, and and thus thus the the SOFC SOFC is considered,is considered, as as it hasit has an anoperating operating temperature temperature range range of of 600–1000 600–1000◦C[ °C13 [13].]. In In addition, addition, the the minimum minimum operating operating temperature temperature of ofthe the SOFC SOFC is is 700 700◦C, °C, and and the the efficiency efficiency increases increases along along with with the the heat heat source source temperature temperature [14 [14].]. TheThe use use of hydrogen andand powerpower generation generation technologies technologies that that exploit exploit the the steam steam obtained obtained from from the theheat heat generated generated during during waste waste incineration incineration is expected is expected to help to help reduce reduce the the effects effects of global of global warming warming and andenvironmental environmental pollution. pollution. Despite Despite their advantages,their advantages, hydrogen hydrogen production production technologies technologies that leverage that leveragewastes have wastes not have yet not been yet commercialized been commercialized owing owing to the to lack the lack of advanced of advanced technology technology required required to togenerate generate the the high-temperature high‐temperature steam steam (greater (greater than than 700 700◦C) °C) using using waste. waste. Therefore,Therefore, this this paper paper presents presents the the design design of of a a high high-temperature‐temperature steam steam generator generator (HTSG) (HTSG) having having aa structure structure that that can can be be inserted inserted into into an an incinerator incinerator to to produce produce high high-temperature‐temperature steam steam over over 700 700 °C.◦C. TheThe steam steam passing passing through through the the HTSG HTSG is is designed designed to to be be heated heated and and expanded expanded because because the the pressure pressure mustmust be be reduced reduced due due to to SOFC SOFC durability. durability. The The pressure pressure characteristics characteristics of of the the proposed proposed HTSG HTSG are are analyzedanalyzed herein. herein. 2.2. High High-Temperature‐Temperature Steam Steam Generator Generator (HTSG) (HTSG) Design WhenWhen the the steam steam generated generated using using waste waste incineration incineration heat heat is is used used directly, directly, the the steam steam temperature temperature rangesranges between between 125 125 and and 180 180 °C◦C[ [4].4]. Therefore, Therefore, the the design design temperature temperature considered considered herein herein is is 151.9 151.9 °C,◦C, whichwhich corresponds corresponds to to the the saturation saturation temperature temperature at at the the design design pressure pressure of of 500 kPa. The The processes processes illustratedillustrated inin Figure Figure1 are1 are required required to lower to lower the pressure the pressure below 300 below kPa while 300 kPa increasing while theincreasing temperature the temperatureabove 700 ◦C. above In Process 700 °C. A, In the Process steam is A, first the heated steam atis thefirst proposed heated at inlet the conditions, proposed inlet and theconditions, pressure andis subsequently the pressure reduced.is subsequently Contrarily, reduced. Process Contrarily, B first reduces Process the B first pressure reduces and the then pressure heats theand steam. then heatsProcess the A steam. generally Process exhibits A generally higher exergy exhibits than higher Process exergy B. However, than Process devices B. However, that expand devices the heated that expandsteam above the heated temperatures steam ofabove 700 ◦ Ctemperatures will face durability of 700 issues °C will and areface considerably durability issues more expensiveand are considerablythan those designed more expensive for relatively than those low-temperature designed for ranges.relatively As low a result,‐temperature the HTSG ranges. of this As a study result, is thedesigned HTSG consideringof this study the is designed aspects of considering both engineering the aspects and energy. of both engineering and energy. FigureFigure 1. 1. TheThe processes processes A A and and B B on on the the T T-s‐s diagram. diagram. In a typical closed‐loop system, the pressure and temperature rise simultaneously. Since the HTSG proposed herein heats the steam using the high waste incineration heat (1000 °C) [7], which is Energies 2018, 11, 1815 3 of 14 EnergiesIn 2018 a typical, 11, x FOR closed-loop PEER REVIEW system, the pressure and temperature rise simultaneously. Since3 of the 14 HTSG proposed herein heats the steam using the high waste incineration
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