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A Guide to Glutamate Receptors
A guide to glutamate receptors 1 Contents Glutamate receptors . 4 Ionotropic glutamate receptors . 4 - Structure ........................................................................................................... 4 - Function ............................................................................................................ 5 - AMPA receptors ................................................................................................. 6 - NMDA receptors ................................................................................................. 6 - Kainate receptors ............................................................................................... 6 Metabotropic glutamate receptors . 8 - Structure ........................................................................................................... 8 - Function ............................................................................................................ 9 - Group I: mGlu1 and mGlu5. .9 - Group II: mGlu2 and mGlu3 ................................................................................. 10 - Group III: mGlu4, mGlu6, mGlu7 and mGlu8 ............................................................ 10 Protocols and webinars . 11 - Protocols ......................................................................................................... 11 - Webinars ......................................................................................................... 12 References and further reading . 13 Excitatory synapse pathway -
Selective Blockade of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Mglur5 Protects Mouse Livers in in Vitro and Ex Vivo Models of Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Selective Blockade of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor mGluR5 Protects Mouse Livers in In Vitro and Ex Vivo Models of Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Andrea Ferrigno 1,* ID , Clarissa Berardo 1, Laura Giuseppina Di Pasqua 1, Veronica Siciliano 1, Plinio Richelmi 1, Ferdinando Nicoletti 2,3 and Mariapia Vairetti 1 ID 1 Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; [email protected] (C.B.); [email protected] (L.G.D.P.); [email protected] (V.S.); [email protected] (P.R.); [email protected] (M.V.) 2 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, 00185 Roma, Italy; [email protected] 3 I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0382-986451 Received: 20 November 2017; Accepted: 22 January 2018; Published: 23 January 2018 Abstract: 2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP), a negative allosteric modulator of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) 5, protects hepatocytes from ischemic injury. In astrocytes and microglia, MPEP depletes ATP. These findings seem to be self-contradictory, since ATP depletion is a fundamental stressor in ischemia. This study attempted to reconstruct the mechanism of MPEP-mediated ATP depletion and the consequences of ATP depletion on protection against ischemic injury. We compared the effects of MPEP and other mGluR5 negative modulators on ATP concentration when measured in rat hepatocytes and acellular solutions. We also evaluated the effects of mGluR5 blockade on viability in rat hepatocytes exposed to hypoxia. Furthermore, we studied the effects of MPEP treatment on mouse livers subjected to cold ischemia and warm ischemia reperfusion. -
The G Protein-Coupled Glutamate Receptors As Novel Molecular Targets in Schizophrenia Treatment— a Narrative Review
Journal of Clinical Medicine Review The G Protein-Coupled Glutamate Receptors as Novel Molecular Targets in Schizophrenia Treatment— A Narrative Review Waldemar Kryszkowski 1 and Tomasz Boczek 2,* 1 General Psychiatric Ward, Babinski Memorial Hospital in Lodz, 91229 Lodz, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92215 Lodz, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disease with an unknown etiology. The research into the neurobiology of this disease led to several models aimed at explaining the link between perturbations in brain function and the manifestation of psychotic symptoms. The glutamatergic hypothesis postulates that disrupted glutamate neurotransmission may mediate cognitive and psychosocial impairments by affecting the connections between the cortex and the thalamus. In this regard, the greatest attention has been given to ionotropic NMDA receptor hypofunction. However, converging data indicates metabotropic glutamate receptors as crucial for cognitive and psychomotor function. The distribution of these receptors in the brain regions related to schizophrenia and their regulatory role in glutamate release make them promising molecular targets for novel antipsychotics. This article reviews the progress in the research on the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in schizophrenia etiopathology. Citation: Kryszkowski, W.; Boczek, T. The G Protein-Coupled Glutamate Keywords: schizophrenia; metabotropic glutamate receptors; positive allosteric modulators; negative Receptors as Novel Molecular Targets allosteric modulators; drug development; animal models of schizophrenia; clinical trials in Schizophrenia Treatment—A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 1475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ jcm10071475 1. Introduction Academic Editors: Andreas Reif, Schizophrenia is a common debilitating disease affecting about 0.3–1% of the human Blazej Misiak and Jerzy Samochowiec population worldwide [1]. -
Dynamic L-Glutamate Signaling in the Prefrontal Cortex and the Effects of Methylphenidate Treatment
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Neuroscience Neuroscience 2012 DYNAMIC L-GLUTAMATE SIGNALING IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND THE EFFECTS OF METHYLPHENIDATE TREATMENT Catherine Elizabeth Mattinson University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Mattinson, Catherine Elizabeth, "DYNAMIC L-GLUTAMATE SIGNALING IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND THE EFFECTS OF METHYLPHENIDATE TREATMENT" (2012). Theses and Dissertations--Neuroscience. 4. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/neurobio_etds/4 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Neuroscience at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Neuroscience by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained and attached hereto needed written permission statements(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine). I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless a preapproved embargo applies. -
The Effect of Intrahippocampal Injection of Group II and III Metobotropic Glutamate Receptor Agonists on Anxiety; the Role of Neuropeptide Y
Neuropsychopharmacology (2007) 32, 1242–1250 & 2007 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0893-133X/07 $30.00 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org The Effect of Intrahippocampal Injection of Group II and III Metobotropic Glutamate Receptor Agonists on Anxiety; the Role of Neuropeptide Y ´ ,1 1 1 1 Maria Smiałowska* , Joanna M Wieron´ska , Helena Domin and Barbara Zie˛ba 1Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krako´w, Poland Earlier studies conducted by our group and by other authors indicated that metabotropic glutamatergic receptor (mGluR) ligands might have anxiolytic activity and that amygdalar neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons were engaged in that effect. Apart from the amygdala, the hippocampus, another limbic structure, also seems to be engaged in regulation of anxiety. It is rich in mGluRs and contains numerous NPY interneurons. In the present study, we investigated the anxiolytic activity of group II and III mGluR agonists after injection into the hippocampus, and attempted to establish whether hippocampal NPY neurons and receptors were engaged in the observed effects. Male Wistar rats were bilaterally microinjected with the group II mGluR agonist (2S,10S,20S)-2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (L-CCG-I), group III mGluR agonist O-Phospho-L-serine (L-SOP), NPY, the Y1 receptor antagonist BIBO 3304, and the Y2 receptor antagonist BIIE 0246 into the CA1 or dentate area (DG). The effect of those compounds on anxiety was tested in the elevated plus-maze. Moreover, the effects of L-CCG-I and L-SOP on the expression of NPYmRNA in the hippocampus were studied using in situ hybridization method. It was found that a significant anxiolytic effect was induced by L-SOP injection into the CA1 region or by L-CCG-I injection into the DG. -
Acamprosate in the Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder: a Placebo-Controlled Trial
CE ACTIVITY Acamprosate in the Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder: A Placebo-Controlled Trial Susan L. McElroy, MD1* ABSTRACT obsessive-compulsiveness of binge eat- 1 Objective: To assess preliminarily the ing, food craving, and quality of life. Anna I. Guerdjikova, PhD effectiveness of acamprosate in binge Among completers, weight and BMI 1 Erin L. Winstanley, PhD eating disorder (BED). decreased slightly in the acamprosate 1 group but increased in the placebo Anne M. O’Melia, MD Method: In this 10-week, randomized, 1 group. Nicole Mori, CNP placebo-controlled, flexible dose trial, 40 1 Jessica McCoy, BA outpatients with BED received acampro- Discussion: Although acamprosate did Paul E. Keck Jr., MD1 sate (N 5 20) or placebo (N 5 20). The not separate from placebo on any out- James I. Hudson, MD, ScD2 primary outcome measure was binge eat- come variable in the longitudinal analy- ing episode frequency. sis, results of the endpoint and completer analyses suggest the drug may have Results: While acamprosate was not some utility in BED. VC 2010 by Wiley associated with a significantly greater Periodicals, Inc. rate of reduction in binge eating episode frequency or any other measure in the Keywords: acamprosate; binge eating primary longitudinal analysis, in the end- disorder; obesity; glutamate point analysis it was associated with stat- istically significant improvements in binge day frequency and measures of (Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44:81–90) Introduction The treatment of BED remains a challenge.5 Cogni- tive behavioral and interpersonal therapies and selec- Binge eating disorder (BED), characterized by recur- tive serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepres- rent binge-eating episodes without inappropriate sants are effective for reducing binge eating, but usu- 1 compensatory weight loss behaviors, is an impor- ally are not associated with clinically significant tant public health problem. -
Review Article Development of PET and SPECT Probes for Glutamate Receptors
Hindawi Publishing Corporation e Scientific World Journal Volume 2015, Article ID 716514, 19 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/716514 Review Article Development of PET and SPECT Probes for Glutamate Receptors Takeshi Fuchigami, Morio Nakayama, and Sakura Yoshida Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan Correspondence should be addressed to Takeshi Fuchigami; [email protected] Received 28 June 2014; Accepted 29 August 2014 Academic Editor: Masahiro Ono Copyright © 2015 Takeshi Fuchigami et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. l-Glutamate and its receptors (GluRs) play a key role in excitatory neurotransmission within the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Impaired regulation of GluRs has also been implicated in various neurological disorders. GluRs are classified into two major groups: ionotropic GluRs (iGluRs), which are ligand-gated ion channels, and metabotropic GluRs (mGluRs), which are coupled to heterotrimeric guanosine nucleotide binding proteins (G-proteins). Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of GluRs could provide a novel view of CNS function and of a range of brain disorders, potentially leading to the development of new drug therapies. Although no satisfactory imaging agents have yet been developed for iGluRs, several PET ligands for mGluRs have been successfully employed in clinical studies. This paper reviews current progress towards the development of PET and SPECT probes for GluRs. 1. -
Ultra-Micronized Palmitoylethanolamide Rescues The
Neurobiology of Disease 121 (2019) 106–119 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neurobiology of Disease journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ynbdi Ultra-micronized palmitoylethanolamide rescues the cognitive decline- associated loss of neural plasticity in the neuropathic mouse entorhinal T cortex-dentate gyrus pathway Serena Boccellaa,1, Claudia Cristianob,1, Rosaria Romanoa, Monica Iannottaa, Carmela Belardoa, Antonio Farinaa, Francesca Guidaa, Fabiana Piscitellic, Enza Palazzoa, Mariacristina Mazzitellid, Roberta Imperatoree, Lea Tunisic, Vito de Novellisa, Luigia Cristinoc, Vincenzo Di Marzoc, ⁎ Antonio Calignanob, Sabatino Maionea, Livio Luongoa, a Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy b Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy c Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Pozzuoli, Italy d Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX e Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Chronic pain is associated with cognitive deficits. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has been shown to ameliorate Spared nerve injury pain and pain-related cognitive impairments by restoring glutamatergic synapses functioning in the spared nerve pamitoylethanolamide injury (SNI) of the sciatic nerve in mice. SNI reduced mechanical and thermal threshold, spatial memory and LTP long term potentiation at the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC)-dentate gyrus (DG) pathway. It decreased also postsynaptic density, vo- PPARα lume and dendrite arborization of DG and increased the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 and 7 cognitive performance (mGluR1 and mGluR7), of the GluR1, GluR1s845 and GluR1s831 subunits of AMPA receptor and the levels of synaptogenesis glutamate in the DG. -
Hayward Et Al, 2016
Pharmacology & Therapeutics 158 (2016) 41–51 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Pharmacology & Therapeutics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pharmthera Associate Editor: F. Tarazi Low attentive and high impulsive rats: A translational animal model of ADHD and disorders of attention and impulse control Andrew Hayward a,⁎, Anneka Tomlinson b, Joanna C. Neill a,⁎ a Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK b Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6HG, UK article info abstract Available online 23 November 2015 Many human conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia and drug abuse are characterised by deficits in attention and impulse control. Carefully validated animal models are required to Keywords: enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders, enabling development of improved phar- Animal model macotherapy. Recent models have attempted to recreate the psychopathology of these conditions using chemical ADHD lesions or genetic manipulations. In a diverse population, where the aetiology is not fully understood and is 5C-SRTT multifactorial, these methods are restricted in their ability to identify novel targets for drug discovery. Two 5C-CPT tasks of visual attention and impulsive action typically used in rodents and based on the human continuous High Performance Low Performance performance task (CPT) include, the well-established 5 choice serial reaction time task (5C-SRTT) and the more recently validated, 5 choice continuous performance task (5C-CPT) which provides enhanced translational value. We suggest that separating animals by behavioural performance into high and low attentive and impulsivity cohorts using established parameters in these tasks offers a model with enhanced translational value. -
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 7 Modulates the Rewarding Effects of Cocaine in Rats: Involvement of a Ventral Pallidal Gabaergic Mechanism
Neuropsychopharmacology (2009) 34, 1783–1796 & 2009 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0893-133X/09 $32.00 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 7 Modulates the Rewarding Effects of Cocaine in Rats: Involvement of a Ventral Pallidal GABAergic Mechanism 1 1 1 1 1 ,1 Xia Li , Jie Li , Xiao-Qing Peng , Krista Spiller , Eliot L Gardner and Zheng-Xiong Xi* 1Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA The metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGluR7) has received much attention as a potential target for the treatment of epilepsy, major depression, and anxiety. In this study, we investigated the possible involvement of mGluR7 in cocaine reward in animal models of drug addiction. Pretreatment with the selective mGluR7 allosteric agonist N,N’-dibenzyhydryl-ethane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride (AMN082; 1-20 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently inhibited cocaine-induced enhancement of electrical brain-stimulation reward and intravenous cocaine self-administration under both fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio reinforcement conditions, but failed to alter either basal or cocaine-enhanced locomotion or oral sucrose self-administration, suggesting a specific inhibition of cocaine reward. Microinjections of AMN082 (1–5 mg/ml per side) into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) or ventral pallidum (VP), but not dorsal striatum, also inhibited cocaine self-administration in a dose-dependent manner. Intra-NAc or intra-VP co-administration of 6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-3-pyridin- 4-ylisoxazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-4(5H)-one (MMPIP, 5 mg/ml per side), a selective mGluR7 allosteric antagonist, significantly blocked AMN082’s action, suggesting an effect mediated by mGluR7 in these brain regions. -
Development of PET and SPECT Probes for Glutamate Receptors
NAOSITE: Nagasaki University's Academic Output SITE Title Development of PET and SPECT Probes for Glutamate Receptors Author(s) Fuchigami, Takeshi; Nakayama, Morio; Yoshida, Sakura Citation The Scientific World Journal, 2015, 716514; 2015 Issue Date 2015 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10069/35383 © 2015 Takeshi Fuchigami et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits Right unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This document is downloaded at: 2020-01-27T20:29:52Z http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp Hindawi Publishing Corporation e Scientific World Journal Volume 2015, Article ID 716514, 19 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/716514 Review Article Development of PET and SPECT Probes for Glutamate Receptors Takeshi Fuchigami, Morio Nakayama, and Sakura Yoshida Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan Correspondence should be addressed to Takeshi Fuchigami; [email protected] Received 28 June 2014; Accepted 29 August 2014 Academic Editor: Masahiro Ono Copyright © 2015 Takeshi Fuchigami et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. l-Glutamate and its receptors (GluRs) play a key role in excitatory neurotransmission within the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Impaired regulation of GluRs has also been implicated in various neurological disorders. GluRs are classified into two major groups: ionotropic GluRs (iGluRs), which are ligand-gated ion channels, and metabotropic GluRs (mGluRs), which are coupled to heterotrimeric guanosine nucleotide binding proteins (G-proteins). -
Development of Novel Ligands for PET Imaging of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5 (Mglur5)
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Development of novel ligands for PET imaging of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) Author(s): Kessler, Lea Janine Publication Date: 2004 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-004842638 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Diss. ETH No.: 15633 Development of Novel Ligands for PET Imaging of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5 (mGluR5) A thesis submitted to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich for the degree of Doctor ofNatural Sciences presented by Lea Janine Kessler Eidg. Dipl. Apothekerin born August 14th, 1974 citizen of Zurich, Switzerland accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. P.A. Schubiger, examiner Prof. Dr. G. Folkers, co-examiner PD Dr. S.M. Ametamey, co-examiner 2004 Diss. ETH No.: 15633 Development of Novel Ligands for PET Imaging of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5 (mGluR5) A thesis submitted to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich for the degree of Doctor ofNatural Sciences presented by Lea Janine Kessler Eidg. Dipl. Apothekerin born August 14th, 1974 citizen of Zurich, Switzerland accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. P.A. Schubiger, examiner Prof. Dr. G. Folkers, co-examiner PD Dr. S.M. Ametamey, co-examiner 2004 Table of Contents I TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS I LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS III SUMMARY V ZUSAMMENFASSUNG IX CHAPTER 1 1 Introduction 1.1 Glutamate Receptors 3 1.2 Positron Emission Tomography 11 1.3.