DOCSLIB.ORG

Vision Outcome with Antiglaucoma Therapy and Prognostic Factors in Canine Glaucoma: a 6-Years Retrospective Study in Title Japan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vision Outcome with Antiglaucoma Therapy and Prognostic Factors in Canine Glaucoma: a 6-Years Retrospective Study in Title Japan Vision outcome with antiglaucoma therapy and prognostic factors in canine glaucoma: A 6-years retrospective study in Title Japan Author(s) Kubo, Akira; Ito, Yosuke; Masuko, Arisa; Maehara, Seiya; Miyasho, Taku; Nakade, Tetsuya Citation Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 67(1), 93-102 Issue Date 2019-02 DOI 10.14943/jjvr.67.1.93 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/72747 Type bulletin (article) File Information p093-102 Akira Kubo.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research 67(1): 93-102, 2019 REGULAR PAPER Clinical Case Report Vision outcome with antiglaucoma therapy and prognostic factors in canine glaucoma: A 6-years retrospective study in Japan Akira Kubo1, 2,＊), Yosuke Ito1), Arisa Masuko2), Seiya Maehara2), Taku Miyasho3) and Tetsuya Nakade2) 1) Veterinary Eye Care Service, 1-1-8 Kita 13-jo-nishi, Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 001-0013, Japan 2) Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan 3) Laboratory of Animal Biological Responses, Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan Received for publication, June 6, 2018; accepted, September 17, 2018 Abstract Vision outcome provides invaluable information in clinical decision making in the management of canine glaucoma. In the present study, data of glaucoma dogs were retrospectively evaluated for vision outcome by treatment modality (with or without surgical implantation of the Ahmed glaucoma valve, AGV) and by type of glaucoma, sex and breed in cases of medically treated glaucoma. Among 1990 dogs presented with eye diseases between 2011 and 2017, 224 dogs (11.3%) were diagnosed with glaucoma at initial presentation and 228 eyes of 207 dogs have follow-up records of at least 30 days were included in the analysis. At the time of first presentation, 62/228 eyes (27.2%) were visual. Visual preservation rates were constantly significantly higher in dogs that received AGV placement with a median time to vision loss of 76.4 weeks vs. 9.6 weeks in dogs that received medical treatment alone. Among dogs treated medically, vision outcome was comparable between two types of glaucoma (i.e., primary and secondary) and between sexes. Medically treated Shiba dogs showed significantly lower vision preservation rates and a shorter median time to vision loss compared to other breeds. These results suggest that AGV implants result in better vision outcome compared to medical therapy alone and should be considered in dogs that are visual at the time of presentation and suitable for surgery. And Shiba dogs are considered as the factor that indicate poor vision outcome of medical treatment alone in the present study. Key Words: Antiglaucoma therapy, canine glaucoma, prognostic factors, vision outcome Introduction intraocular pressure (IOP) resulting in disrupted axoplasmic flow in the optic nerve and The canine glaucomas are a group of ocular degeneration or death of retinal ganglion cells diseases characterized by increased levels of and their axons that are detrimental to the *Corresponding author: Akira Kubo, Veterinary Eye Care Service, 1-1-8 Kita 13-jo-nishi, Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 001-0013, Japan Phone: +81-11-792-1722. E-mail: [email protected] doi: 10.14943/jjvr.67.1.93 94 VISION OUTCOME FACTORS CANINE GLAUCOMA JAPAN maintenance of vision and health of the eye. Materials and Methods Glaucomas can be classified into two types based on the possible etiology: primary, if the increase Subjects: Among 1990 dogs presented to a in IOP develops without concurrent diseases and referral ophthalmology practice (Veterinary Eye is hereditary or breed-related; and secondary, if Care Service) during the six years from October IOP elevation is associated with other ocular or 2011 to October 2017, 224 dogs (11.3%) were systemic disease15,16). diagnosed with glaucoma at initial presentation Glaucomas are incurable, and continued and 207 dogs (228 eyes) for which records of at treatment is needed to maintain vision and least 30 days of follow-up evaluation were control IOP. Especially in dogs, glaucomas may available were included in the study (Fig. 1). All still progress to the end stage despite various dogs had received a routine eye examination antiglaucoma therapies and result in uncontrolled including the menace response, dazzle reflex, IOP and vision loss. Thus, the main and IOP, slit lamp biomicroscopy and fundus important goal of canine glaucoma therapy is to examination. maintain suitable IOP and vision as long as possible. Current antiglaucoma treatment is Glaucoma classification and signalment: Subjects primarily based on medical therapy using topical were classified based on the cause of glaucoma: and oral antiglaucoma drugs. Recently, however, 1) primary glaucoma; 2) secondary glaucoma and new surgical devices and systems have been 3) glaucoma of unknown etiology, and the developed and provided longer IOP control and number of cases (eyes), age, sex and breed were vision maintenance than previous surgical analyzed. Breeds were reported only if there techniques. Commonly employed techniques among were at least 6 dogs, and breeds fewer than 6 veterinary ophthalmologists include anterior dogs were reported as “others/other breeds.” chamber shunts (e.g., Ahmed glaucoma valve, AGV, and ExPress device implantation) and Vision at initial presentation: Vision at the first endoscopic ciliary body photocoagulation. The presentation was analyzed by type of glaucoma, success rate and outcome of each technique have sex and breed. Eyes were considered visual when been reported previously2,17,21). However, these the menace response and/or dazzle reflex were reports mainly focus on the results of each present, nonvisual when both were absent, and surgical technique or combined techniques and inconclusive (one of menace response or dazzle do not provide a full perspective that every reflex was absent and another was inconclusive, practitioner needs when deciding the best or both were inconclusive). The dazzle reflex was treatment options. The purpose of the present examined by a handheld slit lamp (SL-15, Kowa study was to determine the prognostic factors of Company, Aichi, Japan) with the maximum light vision retention by retrospectively evaluating the output. outcomes of canine antiglaucoma therapies at a referral ophthalmology center. Factors evaluated Comparison of vision outcome: Vision outcomes included treatment modality (AGV implants or were compared between medical treatment alone medical treatment alone) as well as type of and AGV implants in glaucoma dogs that were glaucoma, sex and breed in cases that were visual at the time of initial presentation. Dogs treated only medically. that received medical therapy alone were further divided by etiology (primary or secondary), sex and breed for a comparison of vision outcome. The medical therapy regimen included topical β-blockers (0.25% nipradilol, 0.5% timolol maleate Akira Kubo et al. 95 Fig. 1. Flowchart of the subjects, the classification for comparison of vision outcome. Among 1990 dogs presented during the six years, 224 dogs (11.3%) were diagnosed with glaucoma at initial presentation and 207 dogs (228 eyes) for which records of at least 30 days of follow-up evaluation were available were included in the study. Vision outcomes were compared between AGV implants and medical treatment alone in glaucoma dogs that were visual at the time of initial presentation (①). Dogs that received medical therapy alone were further divided by etiology (②), sex (③) and breed (④) for a comparison of vision outcome. and 2% carteolol hydrochloride), carbonic anhydrase firocoxib and robenacoxib) and systemic diuretics inhibitors (1-2% dorzolamide hydrochloride and (50% oral glycerin and intravenous mannitol). All 1% brinzolamide), prostaglandin analogues AGV procedures were performed by the same (0.005% latanoprost, 0.0015% tafluprost and surgeon using a VFP8 valve (CARA Life, Rancho 0.03% bimatoprost), large conductance calcium- Cucamonga, CA, U.S.A.) and the standard activated potassium channel activators (0.12% technique4). isopropyl unoprostone), corticosteroids (0.05% difluprednate, 0.1% prednisolone acetate, 0.1% Statistical analysis: The analyses were conducted dexamethasone, 0.1% methylprednisolone), non- using BellCurve for Excel (Social Survey Research steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Information Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The mean (0.1% diclofenac and 0.1% pranoprofen) as well age was compared by Student’s t-test, while as oral prednisolone (1-2 mg/kg/day), intravenous contingency tables were used to analyze sex methylprednisolone sodium succinate (10-15 mg/ and breed about glaucoma classification. A kg), oral or subcutaneous NSAIDs (carprofen, Chi-squared test was used for comparison among 96 VISION OUTCOME FACTORS CANINE GLAUCOMA JAPAN Fig. 2. Types of glaucoma and breed. The overall incidence was highest in Shih Tzu (18.9%) followed by Shiba (17.5%) and Miniature Dachshund (MD) (12.3%). Shiba had a higher incidence of primary glaucoma than secondary glaucoma. Among breeds shown, MD was least likely to develop primary glaucoma, while Toy Poodle (TP) was more likely to have glaucomas of unknown etiology. ACS: American Cocker Spaniel. Single asterisk (*) indicates significant overrepresentation, and double asterisks (**) indicate
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Canine Red Eye Elizabeth Barfield Laminack, DVM; Kathern Myrna, DVM, MS; and Phillip Anthony Moore, DVM, Diplomate ACVO
    PEER REVIEWED Clinical Approach to the CANINE RED EYE Elizabeth Barfield Laminack, DVM; Kathern Myrna, DVM, MS; and Phillip Anthony Moore, DVM, Diplomate ACVO he acute red eye is a common clinical challenge for tion of the deep episcleral vessels, and is characterized general practitioners. Redness is the hallmark of by straight and immobile episcleral vessels, which run Tocular inflammation; it is a nonspecific sign related 90° to the limbus. Episcleral injection is an external to a number of underlying diseases and degree of redness sign of intraocular disease, such as anterior uveitis and may not reflect the severity of the ocular problem. glaucoma (Figures 3 and 4). Occasionally, episcleral Proper evaluation of the red eye depends on effective injection may occur in diseases of the sclera, such as and efficient diagnosis of the underlying ocular disease in episcleritis or scleritis.1 order to save the eye’s vision and the eye itself.1,2 • Corneal Neovascularization » Superficial: Long, branching corneal vessels; may be SOURCE OF REDNESS seen with superficial ulcerative (Figure 5) or nonul- The conjunctiva has small, fine, tortuous and movable vessels cerative keratitis (Figure 6) that help distinguish conjunctival inflammation from deeper » Focal deep: Straight, nonbranching corneal vessels; inflammation (see Ocular Redness algorithm, page 16). indicates a deep corneal keratitis • Conjunctival hyperemia presents with redness and » 360° deep: Corneal vessels in a 360° pattern around congestion of the conjunctival blood vessels, making the limbus; should arouse concern that glaucoma or them appear more prominent, and is associated with uveitis (Figure 4) is present1,2 extraocular disease, such as conjunctivitis (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma with Goniodysgenesis in a Beagle Dog Shin Ae Park1 , Dodd Sledge2, Colleen Monahan2, Joshua T
    Park et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2019) 15:75 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-1812-1 CASEREPORT Open Access Primary angle-closure glaucoma with goniodysgenesis in a Beagle dog Shin Ae Park1 , Dodd Sledge2, Colleen Monahan2, Joshua T. Bartoe1,3 and András M. Komáromy1* Abstract Background: Open angle glaucoma is the only type of primary glaucoma reported in Beagles. This case report describes a primary angle-closure glaucoma in a Beagle and its diagnostic and prognostic relevance. Case presentation: A 12-year-old, neutered male Beagle presented to the Michigan State University (MSU) Comparative Ophthalmology Service for evaluation of suspected visual impairment. Complete ophthalmic examination of the left eye (OS) revealed: blepharospasm, absent menace response, moderate episcleral congestion, mild diffuse corneal edema, mydriasis, asteroid hyalosis, decreased myelination and cupping of the optic nerve head, and mild retinal vascular attenuation. Examinations of the right eye (OD) were within normal limits. Intraocular Pressure (IOP) were 24 mmHg OD and 49 mmHg OS. Gonioscopy OD revealed a narrow iridocorneal angle with moderate pectinate ligament dysplasia characterized by broad-based pectinate ligament strands (fibrae latae) and solid sheets (laminae) throughout all 4 quadrants. DNA testing revealed that the dog did not carry the Gly661Arg ADAMTS10 mutation responsible for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in Beagles. The OS was medically managed with latanoprost 0.005% and dorzolamide HCl 2% /timolol malate 0.5% ophthalmic solutions for 7 months and then enucleated due to uncontrolled IOP. Histopathologic evaluation was consistent with goniodysgenesis with a broad, non-perforate, sheet-like band of uveal stroma bridging from the base of the iris to the terminal arborization of Descemet’s membrane.
    [Show full text]
  • How You Can Help Us Tackle Canine Glaucoma
    http://www.aht.org.uk/cms-display/february14enews.html#glau FEBRUARY E-NEWS HOW YOU CAN HELP US TACKLE CANINE GLAUCOMA This year, we are conducting a collaborative research project between our clinical ophthalmology and canine genetics services to investigate primary glaucoma in a number of breeds. Primary glaucoma in dogs is a painful and blinding disease and sadly, medical and surgical treatments are ultimately usually unsuccessful, with most affected dogs requiring the removal of their eyes on welfare grounds. The most common form of canine primary glaucoma in the UK is primary angle closure glaucoma; a highly heritable disease which affects at least 1,500 dogs in the UK each year and thus has a major impact on canine welfare. Commonly affected breeds in the UK include the Flatcoated Retriever, Basset Hound, Welsh Springer Spaniel, Cocker Spaniel, American Cocker Spaniel and English Springer Spaniel. James Oliver, one of our ophthalmologists has teamed up with Dr. Cathryn Mellersh, our Head of Canine Genetics, to investigate the disease in these breeds. During the course of the project James will perform eye examinations and collect DNA samples in the form of cheek swabs from these breeds. The team will then use sophisticated DNA technologies to identify mutations likely to be causative of disease. Last November, we hosted a highly successful free Flatcoated Retriever Day to help educate breeders and owners of the breed about primary glaucoma, and to also collect DNA samples to help with our research. On Friday 28 March, we will be hosting a free Welsh Springer Spaniel Day to do the same for this breed.
    [Show full text]
  • Localization and Expression of Et-1 Receptors in the Normal and Glaucomatous Dog Eye
    LOCALIZATION AND EXPRESSION OF ET-1 RECEPTORS IN THE NORMAL AND GLAUCOMATOUS DOG EYE By MARIA E. KÄLLBERG A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2003 Copyright 2003 By Maria E. Källberg Dedicated to my family and my friends who made this work come true. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank everyone who helped and supported my scientific work and my graduate education, especially those listed below. Dr. Dennis E. Brooks invited me to Florida and made the dream of my life come true. Thanks to Dr Brooks I will be able to dedicate my professional life to ophthalmology as a researcher and clinician. I thank him for his support through the years. The precious friendship we have developed will always help me whatever challenges life has to offer in the future. Dr. William W. Dawson guided me through the world of vision research and electrophysiology, which for me was unknown territory. He has inspired me not only by his knowledge but also by his way of questioning axioms and looking for new truths. I am thankful to Dr Dawson and his wife, Judyth, for their concern and warm generosity. Dr. Adrian M. Timmers meant a great deal to me and my project. He opened his laboratory for me and patiently taught and helped me through every necessary step of the molecular biology part of my project. His positive and supportive attitude was extraordinary. I would like to thank Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Canine Glaucoma Canine Glaucoma Is a Frustrating Disease in Many Ways
    VETcpd - Ophthalmology Peer Reviewed Obvious ophthalmology: canine glaucoma Canine glaucoma is a frustrating disease in many ways. Its presentation as a red painful eye can be confused with that of uveitis, but requiring a very different treatment regime. Its diagnosis is relatively simple as long as one has a tonometer, but made difficult by the price of the equipment required to measure intraocular pressure. Treatment can be similarly costly – and while it may be effective in the short term, preservation of vision and ocular comfort is rarely completely successful in the long term. Key words: eye, glaucoma, intraocular pressure, pain, blindness, tonometry Introduction Glaucoma is one of techniques for the surgical management the most taxing of of increased intraocular pressure and the ophthalmic diseases possibility of neuroprotective therapy to in the dog, and for ameliorate the optic neuropathy that is at different reasons, the heart of vision loss in glaucoma. perhaps also in man. Dr David L Williams MA In humans with a condition such as pri- Causes of canine glaucoma: VetMD PhD CertVOphthal mary open angle glaucoma the problem similarities and differences CertWEL FRCVS is often that early diagnosis is difficult, from the human disease with loss of visual fields occurring for David qualified from Cambridge in a significant period before a diagnosis • Human eye 1988, aiming to devote his professional is made and treatment instigated. In the The aqueous outflow pathway in the life to veterinary ophthalmology. dog, early signs may also be missed, but human eye involves the trabecular Having worked at the Animal Health the key feature of glaucoma in many dog meshwork lying, as it does, on the corneal Trust and Royal Veterinary College, breeds is that of a sudden onset red eye side of the iridocorneal angle.
    [Show full text]
  • Modified Trabeculectomy Using Ologen® Collagen Matrix with Or
    Modified Trabeculectomy Using Ologen® Collagen Matrix with or without A Cyclodestructive Procedure for Canine Glaucoma: A Retrospective Review of 14 Cases Sung-Jun Lee1 Joon-Young Kim2,† Soon-wuk Jeong1 1Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea 2Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea †Corresponding author: Joon-Young Kim Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea Tel.: 82-2-444-6150 Fax: 82-2-444-4396 E-mail: [email protected] KEY WORDS: canine glaucoma, photocoagulation (TSCP); and group 3 (four cyclodestructive procedure, filtering eyes), MTO with endocyclophotocoagula- surgery, intraocular pressure, ologen® CM, tion (ECP). Data pertaining to signalment, trabeculectomy pre- and postoperative intraocular pressure ABSTRACT (IOP) and visual acuity, preoperative man- agement, detailed surgical procedures, post- Trabeculectomy in the dogs has not gener- ally used because of filtering bleb failure operative treatments, follow-up duration, due to episcleral fibrosis and subconjuncti- surgical outcomes, and complications were val scarring for glaucoma. To overcome this retrospectively reviewed. The outcomes of filtering bleb failure, we applied a modified trabeculectomy and bleb formation were trabeculectomy using ologen® Collagen evaluated using ultrasound biomicroscopy Matrix (CM) with or without a cyclode- (UBM). IOP was successfully stabilized at structive procedure for dogs with medically < 25 mmHg at different time points in 12 uncontrolled glaucoma. This study was of the 14 (85.7%) eyes. Six of nine eyes performed as retrospective case series. 14 (66.7%) maintained vision after surgery, and eyes of 12 dogs with medically uncontrolled two of five (40.0%) eyes with preoperative glaucoma was evaluated from 2015 through vision loss regained vision after surgery.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of the FCI, National Kennel Clubs and Breeders Regarding 4-11 the Functional Health of Pedigree Dogs Astrid Indrebø
    Volume 23(3), Autumn 2013 Contents The role of the FCI, national kennel clubs and breeders regarding 4-11 the functional health of pedigree dogs Astrid Indrebø Canine Genetic Health - Roles and Responsibilities of the Veterinary 12-22 Profession Ake Hedhammar Hereditary Ocular Disease in the dog 23-41 Peter G C Bedford Hereditary oral disorders in pedigree dogs. 42-54 Proposals for their evidence and assessment J.Gawor Genetic background of acquired cardiac disease in dogs 55-69 Jens Häggström, Katja Höglund, Ingrid Ljungvall Chiari–like malformation and syringomyelia 70-89 Clare Rusbridge Screening for Orthopaedic Genetic defects Part 1 Patella Luxation in dogs 90-98 Herman Hazewinkel, Bernd Tellhelm, Peter Leegwater Part 2 Elbow Dysplasia 99-113 Herman Hazewinkel, Bernd Tellhelm, Peter Leegwater Part 3 Spondylosis in dogs 114-118 Herman Hazewinkel, Silke Viefhues, Bernd Tellhelm Prevalence, grading and genetics of hemivertebrae in dogs 119-123 E. Schlensker, O. Distl Icons Each scientific article is classified with one or more icons. These refer to the species (in green) of animal or the veterinary discipline (in blue) relevant for the article. Dogs Anaesthesia Cats Cardiovascular Dogs and Cats/Small animals Dental Rabbits Dermatology Less common pets Diagnostic imaging Digestive System Ear Nose Throat Genetics Internal Medicine Neurology Opthalmology Orthopaedics Practice Management Urogenital The role of the FCI, national kennel clubs and breeders regarding the functional health of pedigree dogs 23(3) P 4 COMMISSIONED PAPER (N) The role of the FCI, national kennel clubs and breeders regarding the functional health of pedigree dogs Astrid Indrebø1,2 SUMMARY The role of the world wide organisation FCI is to make overall goals and strategies on how to breed healthy dogs, conduct education programmes for breeders and show judges, and assure that the breed standards describe healthy dogs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Challenges of Pedigree Dog Health: Approaches to Combating Inherited Disease
    Edinburgh Research Explorer The challenges of pedigree dog health: approaches to combating inherited disease Citation for published version: Farrell, L, Schoenebeck, J, Wiener, P, Clements, D & Summers, K 2015, 'The challenges of pedigree dog health: approaches to combating inherited disease', Canine Genetics and Epidemiology, vol. 2, no. 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-015-0014-9 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1186/s40575-015-0014-9 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Canine Genetics and Epidemiology Publisher Rights Statement: © 2015 Farrell et al.; licensee BioMed Central. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
    [Show full text]
  • Pectinate Ligament Dysplasia and Primary Glaucoma in Dogs: Investigating Prevalence And
    Pectinate ligament dysplasia and primary glaucoma in dogs: investigating prevalence and identifying genetic risk factors James Andrew Clive Oliver A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Animal Health Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology 2018 1 Declaration I, James Oliver, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. James Oliver 2 Acknowledgments Acknowledgements The inception of this project sprung from my experience in treating canine primary glaucoma. The inability to save both the sight and the eyes of affected dogs and provide hope to their owners is a source of continued frustration. My quest, therefore, was to seek help in investigating the genetics of this devastating disease because, as they say, “prevention is better than cure”. At the culmination of this frustration, I was lucky to be practising at the Animal Health Trust (AHT), where Cathryn Mellersh, my primary PhD supervisor, and her world renowned Canine Genetics Research team reside. Without Cathryn’s encouragement, support and devotion to collaborative research to enhance animal welfare, none of this research would have been possible. Thank you Cathryn. I must also thank my UCL supervisor Alison Hardcastle who has always been there in the background to offer support and encouragement. I am also indebted to Paul Foster and David Sargan for performing my first year viva and providing their constructive criticisms which helped shape the direction of the project. My heartfelt thanks extend to Sally Ricketts, Louise Burmeister, Louise Pettitt and Rebekkah Hitti at the AHT for their patience and help in instructing a simple vet in the laboratory and statistical methodology required to perform this work which was an incredibly enjoyable, although at times steep, learning curve.
    [Show full text]
  • Glaucoma: Past and Present Management Techniques David M
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital Repository @ Iowa State University Volume 55 | Issue 1 Article 10 1993 Glaucoma: Past and Present Management Techniques David M. Tinsley Iowa State University Daniel M. Betts Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/iowastate_veterinarian Part of the Eye Diseases Commons, Therapeutics Commons, and the Veterinary Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Tinsley, David M. and Betts, aD niel M. (1993) "Glaucoma: Past and Present Management Techniques," Iowa State University Veterinarian: Vol. 55 : Iss. 1 , Article 10. Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/iowastate_veterinarian/vol55/iss1/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Iowa State University Veterinarian by an authorized editor of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GLAUCOMA: PAST AND PRESENT MANAGEMENTTECHNIQUES David M. Tinsley, D.V.M.* Daniel M. Betts, D.V.M., MSc., Dip.ACVO.** Abstract away from the globe. This conventional "corneoscleral" route accounts for 85-900/0 of the This article reviews the clinical signs and total aqueous outflow.2 The remaining 10-15% diagnostic modalities appropriate for glaucoma. exits via the unconventional "uveoscleral" Classification of this disease and currently outflow diffusing posteriorly through the iris, recommended treatment options are discussed. ciliary body, and choroid into the suprachoroidal 2 space and adjacent sclera. In order to have an Introduction increased lOP, there must be either an in­ creased production or decreased outflow.
    [Show full text]
  • RETINAL DISEASES of SENIOR DOGS Balicka, A., Lapsanska, M
    DOI: 10.2478/fv-2020-0040 FOLIA VETERINARIA, 64, 4: 71—77, 2020 RETINAL DISEASES OF SENIOR DOGS Balicka, A., Lapsanska, M., Trbolova, A. Small Animals Clinic University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice Slovakia [email protected] ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Aging consists of a physiological decline of an organ- An animal’s life can be divided into four stages: paediat- ism’s functional activity. During the aging process, the ric, adult, senior (mature, middle age) and geriatric (called structural and functional changes of the retina can be senior or super senior) [14]. The understanding of ageing observed. In most cases, progressive vision loss occurs varies between different authors [9, 14, 34]. The progress due to the age related changes of the anterior segment. of ageing in the individual species depends upon its size, Retinal diseases, characteristic for senior dogs are: ret- breed, genetics and conditions under which they exist. In inal detachment, hypertensive chorioretinopathy, sud- 2012, Fortney published “The current human pet analogy den acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS), chart”, that helps to assess an animal’s life stage, based on progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), glaucoma, retinopa- its weight and age. This chart has been widely used in many thy, cystoid degeneration and neoplasms. The examina- studies, which required assigning patients to different age tion of the retina in senior dogs is based on: ophthalmo- groups [14]. scopic examination, electroretinography, spectral-do- The main reasons for vision loss of geriatric dogs are main optical coherence tomography (AD-OCT) and if not only the commonly occurring cataracts or corneal dis- necessary, histopathological examinations.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomarkers of Canine Glaucoma
    Biomarkers of canine glaucoma Kathleen L. Graham A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney 2019 P a g e | 2 DECLARATION This thesis is submitted to the University of Sydney in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. This is to certify that the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not previously been submitted for any degree or other purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources has been acknowledged. Kathleen Graham 27/09/2019 P a g e | 3 DISCLOSURE AND AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS The following chapters have been re-formatted from manuscripts published or under review in peer-reviewed journals. For each of the manuscripts I was responsible for study design; obtaining and complying with animal ethics approval and requirements; recruitment; conducting clinical examinations and imaging; collating and interpreting data; statistical analysis; manuscript composition and submission. Co-authors Associate Professor Andrew White, Dr Christina McCowan, Dr Eve Diefenbach, Dr Pip Johnson, Professor Jacky Reid, Professor Mitchell Lawlor, Erica Barry, Dr Cameron Whittaker, Dr Evelyn Hall, Dr Kelly Caruso, Sarah-Elizabeth Byosiere, Lynna Feng, Dr Matthew Saunders, Professor Pauleen Bennett, Usha Pattamatta, Marisa Perez Orrico, Domenic Soligo, Dr Mark Billson, Dr David Donaldson, Dr Charles Caraguel, and Professor Frank Billson assisted with conduct of the studies, analyses and revision of the manuscripts.
    [Show full text]