DOCSLIB.ORG

Wireless Mesh Infrastructure Architectural and Engineering

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wireless Mesh Infrastructure Architectural and Engineering WIRELESS MESH INFRASTRUCTURE ARCHITECTURAL AND ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS Firetide Inc. – A Division of UNICOM Global 2105 S. Bascom Ave, Suite 220 Campbell CA, 95008 408-399-7771 – Phone 408-317-1777 – Fax www.firetide.com Revised - Dec. 28, 2015 Firetide: A&E Specifications Contents Firetide Product: Wireless Mesh Router HotPort 7000 / 7000-900 Series................................................... 3 1. General Requirements .................................................................................................................... 3 2. Networking Standards Supported ................................................................................................... 3 3. Radio Requirements ....................................................................................................................... 3 4. Networking & Interfaces ................................................................................................................. 4 5. Throughput Requirements .............................................................................................................. 5 6. QoS Requirements .......................................................................................................................... 5 7. Management Requirements ........................................................................................................... 5 8. Security Specifications .................................................................................................................... 6 9. Scalability Requirements................................................................................................................. 6 10. Mobility Requirements ................................................................................................................ 6 11. Power Requirements ................................................................................................................... 7 12. Physical & Environmental Requirements ..................................................................................... 7 Firetide: A&E Specifications PRODUCT CATEGORY: WIRELESS MESH INFRASTRUCTURE (a.k.a. mesh node or mesh router) Firetide Product: Wireless Mesh Router HotPort 7000 / 7000-900 Series 1. General Requirements ● The wireless mesh nodes shall be self-forming and self-healing. ● The wireless mesh infrastructure shall provide link redundancy and high reliability. ● The wireless mesh infrastructure shall provide distributed Ethernet switch functionality. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall be modular and not share any radios with access point functionality. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall comply with all Ethernet transport standards. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall be available in both indoor and outdoor models. ● The manufacturer shall provide one year warranty on the hardware. 2. Networking Standards Supported ● The mesh nodes shall support IEEE 802.3 Ethernet transport standards. ● The mesh nodes shall support IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n standards on the radio. ● The mesh nodes shall support IEEE 802.1p standards for Quality of Service and traffic prioritization. 3. Radio Requirements ● The wireless mesh node shall support up to two radios dedicated for backhaul switching capability. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall support IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n protocols. ● In the IEEE 802.11n, the wireless mesh nodes shall be capable of 3x3 MIMO with 2 streams. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall operate in 2.4GHz, 5GHz and the licensed 4.9 GHz band (Tri-Band) on the same hardware. ● The 7000-900 wireless mesh node shall operate with one IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n radio and the other with 802.11 based 900MHz non-MIMO Radios. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall be FCC, CE, Safety, RoHS certified and only 7020 outdoor model is certified for Railway application. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall support a maximum output power of 400 mW for Tri-band radio. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall support a maximum output power of 500 mW for 900 MHz band radio. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall support the following receive sensitivities: o 900 MHz, DSSS: ▪ 1 Mbps: -93 dBm ▪ 11 Mbps:-90 dBm Firetide: A&E Specifications o 900 MHz, OFDM: ▪ 6 Mbps: -91 dBm ▪ 54 Mbps:-71 dBm o 2.4 GHz, DSSS: ▪ 1 Mbps: -95 dBm ▪ 11 Mbps: -88 dBm o 2.4 GHz, OFDM: ▪ 6 Mbps: -90 dBm ▪ 54 Mbps: -73 dBm o 5 GHz, OFDM: ▪ 6 Mbps: -90 dBm ▪ 54 Mbps: -73 dBm o 2.4 GHz,(MIMO) 802.11ng HT40: ▪ MCS 0: -87 dBm ▪ MCS 7: -72 dBm o 5GHz, (MIMO) 802.11na HT40: ▪ MCS 0: -89 dBm ▪ MCS 7: -71 dBm ● The wireless mesh nodes shall provide ability to eliminate weak wireless links in the network. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall provide the ability to configure any channel in the supported frequency bands. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall provide software control over the two radios for different radio configurations. ● The wireless mesh node shall provide the capability to logically combine the two radios in “Bonded Mode” of operation for higher bandwidth to another wireless mesh node. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall provide the ability to recover neighbor radio nodes in different bands and frequencies. ● The wireless mesh node shall provide links over longer distances up to 30 miles. ● The wireless mesh node shall provide radio enable/disable and radio silencing to shut off wireless transmission. ● The wireless mesh node shall provide advanced features like contention control and congestion control, and multi-hop optimization. 4. Networking & Interfaces ● The outdoor (7020) wireless mesh nodes shall support three 10/100/1000 Base-T Ethernet ports using weatherproof connectors. Firetide: A&E Specifications ● The indoor (7010) wireless mesh nodes shall provide four 10/100/1000 Base-T Ethernet switch ports using RJ45 connectors. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall provide the ability to connect to other wireless mesh node over Ethernet. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall provide a mix of radio and Ethernet interfaces over the routing domain. ● The wireless mesh node shall provide the ability to seamlessly integrate with a backbone IP network. ● The wireless mesh network shall be capable of providing a dynamic backup network in case of failure in the wired network. ● The wireless mesh shall support up to 4094 configurable VLANs. ● The wireless mesh networks shall support configuration of static routes. ● The wireless mesh network shall support multicast capabilities. 5. Throughput Requirements Subject to deployment conditions, like topography and environment etc. ● The wireless mesh node shall support up to 300 Mbps throughput in a bonded mode of operation in MIMO configuration. ● The wireless mesh node shall support up to 200 Mbps sustained throughput across multiple hops (up to 14) within the MIMO mesh. ● The wireless mesh node shall support low latency of the order of less than 1 millisecond (on average) per hop. 6. QoS Requirements ● The wireless mesh network shall have simultaneous support for video, voice and data multi services. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall support port based QoS and 802.1p standards based QoS. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall support VLANs and VLAN Trunking Protocols. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall provide load balancing on alternate available routing paths between source and destination MACs. 7. Management Requirements ● The management system shall support a single point interface for full FCAPS capabilities for all Firetide mesh elements. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall provide management interfaces via GUI, SNMP, CLI and Native SNMP. ● The management architecture shall be client-server architecture with multiple clients logging into the server. ● The management station shall provide statistics, alarms and events. ● The hardware shall provide LEDs for power, status mesh radios and Ethernet. ● The wireless mesh node shall support remote software upgrade. ● The wireless mesh node shall support telnet/SSH access. Firetide: A&E Specifications ● Management traffic shall not be affected because of client traffic. ● The wireless mesh shall support advanced tools, like Antenna Alignment, Spectrum Analyzer and LCET (Link Capacity Estimation Tool). ● The wireless mesh node shall support node configuration backup and restore. ● The wireless mesh node shall support import and export of mesh configuration. 8. Security Specifications ● The wireless mesh nodes shall support login credentials based on user name and password for providing console access over Ethernet ports. ● The wireless mesh nodes radios shall support hardware based encryption. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall have the capability to distinguish between radios that are part of their network from radios that are not. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall support manufacturing based digital certificates on each node that authenticates within the mesh network. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall have digitally signed firmware files. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall have the configurable security mechanisms to lockout malicious users as they try to access the network. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall support 128 and 256-bit AES encryption for user data within the mesh. ● The security encryption standards on the wireless mesh nodes shall be FIPS certifiable. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall support ESSID encryption. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall support MAC address filtering. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall support broadcast and multicast rate limiting. ● The wireless mesh nodes shall support the ability to control the Ethernet ports using management interfaces. ● The wireless mesh node hardware shall
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Inter-Flow Network Coding for Wireless Mesh Networks
    Inter-Flow Network Coding for Wireless Mesh Networks Group 11gr1002 Martin Hundebøll Jeppe Ledet-Pedersen Master Thesis in Networks and Distributed Systems Aalborg University Spring 2011 The Faculty of Engineering and Science Department of Electronic Systems Frederik Bajers Vej 7 Phone: +45 96 35 86 00 http://es.aau.dk Title: Abstract: Inter-Flow Network Coding for This report documents the development and Wireless Mesh Networks implementation of the CATWOMAN (Coding Applied To Wireless On Mobile Ad-hoc Net- Project period: works) scheme for inter-flow network coding in February 1st - May 31st, 2011 wireless mesh networks. Networks that employ network coding differ Project group: from conventional store-and-forward networks, 11gr1002 by allowing intermediate nodes to combine packets from independent flows. Group members: CATWOMAN builds on the B.A.T.M.A.N Martin Hundebøll Adv. mesh routing protocol. The scheme Jeppe Ledet-Pedersen exploits the topology information from the routing layer to automatically identify cod- Supervisor: ing opportunities in the network. The net- Professor Frank H.P. Fitzek work coding scheme is implemented in the B.A.T.M.A.N Adv. Linux kernel module, and Number of copies: 4 can be used without modification to device Number of pages: 65 drivers or higher layer protocols. Appended documents: The protocol is tested in three different topolo- (2 appendices, 1 CD-ROM) gies, that are configured in a test network with Total number of pages: 71 five nodes. The coding scheme shows up to Finished: June 2011 62% increase in maximum achievable through- put for bidirectional UDP flows. The tests reveal an unequal allocation of transmission slots, when the nodes have different link quali- ties, with a preference for the node with the strongest link.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Wireless Mesh Networks
    Journal of Communications Vol. 8, No. 9, September 2013 Overview of Wireless Mesh Networks Salah A. Alabady and M. F. M. Salleh School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia ‎Email: ‎[email protected]; [email protected] Abstract—Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) introduce a new and have a continuous power supply. They normally stay paradigm ‎of wireless broadband Internet access by providing in static and supply connections and services to mesh high data ‎rate service, scalability, and self-healing abilities at clients. reduced ‎cost. ‎Obtaining high throughput for multi-cast applications (e.g. ‎video streaming broadcast) in WMNs is challenging due to the ‎interference and the change of channel quality. To overcome ‎this issue, cross-layer has been proposed to improve the ‎performance of WMNs. ‎Network coding is a powerful coding technique that has been ‎proven to be the very effective in achieving the maximum multi-cast ‎throughput. In addition to achieving the multi-cast ‎throughput, network coding offers other benefits such as load ‎balancing and saves bandwidth consumption. This ‎paper presents a review the fundamental concept types of medium access control ‎‎(MAC) layer, routing protocols, cross-layer and network ‎coding for wireless mesh networks. Finally, a list of directions for further research is considered. Index Terms—Wireless mesh networks, multi-cast multi- radio multi- channel, ‎medium access control, routing protocols, Wireless Wireless client channel assignment, ‎cross layer, network coding.‎ client Access I. INTRODUCTION point Nowadays, wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are Cellular Networks actively investigating with related applications and Wi-Fi services.
    [Show full text]
  • Mesh Sensor Networks Bridge Iot's Last Mile
    Internet of Things Internet of Things ADVERTISEMENT Fully Converged, Scalable Solution for an Intelligent Edge The solution is optimized for 1U and 2U rack environment, including a new 1U solution for 12x 3.5” hot-swap drive and 2U solutions for 24x 2.5” hot-swap drives. Features include redundant high efficiency power supplies, specially designed optimized cooling, and dual PCIe 3.0, Mini PCIe/mSATA and M.2 expansion slots for superior network and additional storage Mesh Sensor options. Supermicro Embedded Building Block Solutions: Lowest TCO for hyper-scale cloud workloads, storage, communications and security devices. Networks With the enormous growth of data and connected devices in mobile networks, carriers require a fully converged and scalable high-performance solution at the intelligent edge. Supermicro Figure 2: Supermicro® SC216 2U with 24x 2.5" and Supermicro® SC801 1U with 12x 12 3.5"Hot-Swap Drives Bridge is helping carrier providers address these edge convergence needs by introducing a converged yet scalable building block Powered by the Latest Intel® Xeon® Processor D Product solution with the new X10SDV-7TP8F embedded/server Family with up to 16 Cores motherboard design. The high-density hyper-scale Supermicro X10SDV-7TP8F IoT’s Last Mile provides scalable performance when paired the Intel® Xeon® Designed expressly for consolidating infrastructure at the processor D product family. Based on Intel’s 14nm process intelligent edge, this optimized solution offers exciting technology, these processors couple lower power consumption possibilities when paired with the latest Intel® Xeon® processor with the performance of up to 16 cores. The processor family D product family.
    [Show full text]
  • Hybrid Wireless Mesh Network, Worldwide Satellite Communication, and PKI Technology for Small Satellite Network System
    Hybrid Wireless Mesh Network, Worldwide Satellite Communication, and PKI Technology for Small Satellite Network System A project present to The Faculty of the Department of Aerospace Engineering San Jose State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering By Stephen S. Im May 2015 approved by Dr. Periklis Papadopoulos Faculty Advisor 1 ©2015 Stephen S. Im ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2 An Abstract of Hybrid Wireless Mesh Network, Worldwide Satellite Communication, and PKI Technology for Small Satellite Network System by Stephen S. Im1 San Jose State University May 2015 Small satellites are getting the spotlight in the aerospace industry because this earth- orbiting technology is well-suited for use in military service, space mission research, weather prediction, wireless communication, scientific observation, and education demonstration. Small satellites have advantages of low cost of manufacturing, ease of mass production, low cost of launch system, ability to be launched in groups, and minimal financial failure. Until now, a number of the small satellites have been built and launched for various purposes. As network simplification, operation efficiency, communication accessibility, and high-end data security are the fundamental communication factors for small satellite operations, a standardized space network communication with strong data protection has become a significant technology. This is also highly beneficial for mass manufacture, compatible for cross-platform, and common error detection. And the ground-based network technologies which fulfill Internet-of-Things (IOT) concept, which consist of Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) and data security, are presented in this paper. 1 Graduate Student, San Jose State University, One Washington Square, San Jose, CA.
    [Show full text]
  • Wi-Fi® Mesh Networks: Discover New Wireless Paths
    Wi-Fi® mesh networks: Discover new wireless paths Victor Asovsky WiLink™ 8 System Engineer Yaniv Machani WiLink 8 Software Team Leader Texas Instruments Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................1 Introduction .............................................................................................1 Mesh network use case .........................................................................2 General capabilities ...............................................................................2 Range extension use case .....................................................................3 AP offloading use case ..........................................................................3 Wi-Fi mesh key features ........................................................................4 Homogenous ........................................................................................4 Self-forming ...........................................................................................4 Dynamic path selection .........................................................................4 Self-healing ...........................................................................................5 Possible issues in mesh networking ......................................................6 WLAN mesh deployment considerations .............................................7 Number of hops ....................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • A Multi-Radio 802.11 Mesh Network Architecture
    A Multi-Radio 802.11 Mesh Network Architecture Krishna Ramachandran‡† Irfan Sheriff§ Elizabeth M. Belding§ Kevin Almeroth§ [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ‡Citrix Online 6500 Hollister Ave, CA 93117, USA Phone: +1-805-690-6400 Fax: +1-805-690-6471 §Dept. of Computer Science University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA Phone: +1-805-893-7520 Fax: +1-805-893-8553 Abstract. The focus of this paper is to offer a practical multi-radio mesh network architecture that can realize the benefits of multiple radios. Our architecture provides solutions to challenges in three key areas. The first is the construction of a Split Wireless Router that enables modular wireless mesh routers to be constructed from commodity hardware. The second is the design of a centralized channel assignment algorithm that considers the inter-dependence between channel assignment and routing in order to create high-throughput channel-diversified routes. Third is the design and implementation of several communication protocols that are necessary to make our architecture operational. Our system is comprehensively evaluated on a 20-node multi-radio wireless testbed. Results demonstrate that our architecture makes feasible the deployment of large-scale high-capacity multi-radio mesh networks built entirely with commodity hardware. Our implementation is available to the community for research and development purposes. 1. Introduction Static multi-hop wireless networks, or “mesh” networks, are seeing prolific deployment. In the US alone, there are 146 working wireless mesh deployments that provide metro-scale wireless connectivity1 . A capacity problem exists in these networks because 802.11 radios, when in each other’s carrier-sense range, interfere when simultaneously transmitting (Jain et al., 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Device Localisation Through Wireless Mesh Networks
    Bachelor Informatica Device localisation through wire- less mesh networks: A perfor- mance analysis Jason Kerssens June 17, 2019 Informatica | Universiteit van Amsterdam Supervisor(s): dr. R. G. Belleman; R. de Graaf 2 Abstract A wireless mesh network (WMN) is a type of wireless ad hoc network. It is an easily deployable, self-configuring network which does not make use of any preexisting infrastruc- ture. In this paper an implementation for a WMN making use of the Better Approach To Ad-hoc Networking advanced (batman-adv) routing protocol is described. An application to send GPS data over this network is described as well. A performance analysis is carried out to observe the impact that the number of hops and the signal strength have on metrics such as throughput, jitter, packet loss and round-trip time. We observe that the network's performance is impacted significantly by higher hop counts and lower signal strengths. 3 4 Contents 1 Introduction 7 1.1 Research question . .7 1.2 Structure . .8 2 Theoretical background 9 2.1 Wireless Mesh Network . .9 2.2 Localisation . 10 2.3 Routing protocol . 11 2.4 Related work . 13 3 Design 15 3.1 Network design . 15 3.2 Network hardware . 16 3.3 Wireless communication protocol . 17 3.4 Routing protocol . 18 4 Implementation 19 4.1 Setting up the network . 19 4.2 Messages . 19 4.3 Application . 20 5 Experiments 23 5.1 Round trip time . 24 5.2 Throughput . 24 5.3 Packet loss . 24 5.4 Jitter . 25 5.5 Signal strength . 25 6 Results 27 6.1 Round trip time .
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation and Performance Optimization of Mesh Networking in Zigbee
    Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences ISSN 2303-4521 Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2020, pp.790-801 Investigation and performance optimization of mesh networking in Zigbee Essa Ibrahim Essa1, Mshari A. Asker2, Fidan T. Sedeeq3 1Department of Networks, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Kirkuk 2 Departement of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Mathematics, Tikrit University 3 Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Kirkuk ABSTRACT The aim of this research paper is to perform a detailed investigation and performance optimization of mesh networking in Zigbee. ZigBee applications are open and global wireless technology that are based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard, it is used for sense and control in many fields like, military, commercial, industrial and medical applications. Extending ZigBee lifetime is a high demand in many ZigBee networks industry and applications, and since the lifetime of ZigBee nodes depends mainly on batteries for their power, the desire for developing a scheme or methodology that support power management and saving battery lifetime is of a great requirement. In this research work, a power sensitive routing Algorithm is proposed Power Sensitive Ad hoc On-Demand (PS-AODV) to develop protocol scheme and methodology of existing on-demand routing protocols, by introducing an algorithm that manages ZigBee operations and construct the route from trusted active nodes. Furthermore, many aspects of routing protocol in ZigBee mesh networks have been researched to concentrate on route discovery, route maintenance, neighbouring table, and shortest paths. PS-AODV routing algorithm is used in two different ZigBee mesh networks, with two different coordinator locations, one used at the centre and the other one at the corner of the networks.
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation of Routing Protocols in Wireless Mesh Networks Under Certain Parameters
    1 [MEE09:65] An Investigation of Routing Protocols in Wireless Mesh Networks under certain Parameters Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona Campus, Sweden Authors 1- Waqas Ahmad (830516-2557) [email protected] 2- Muhammad Kashif Aslam (800203-8498) [email protected] Supervisor 1- Alexandru Popescu (PhD Student), BTH Sweden [email protected] Examiner 1- Professor Adrian Popescu, BTH Sweden [email protected] 2 Abstract Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are bringing revolutionary change in the field of wireless networking. It is a trustworthy technology in applications like broadband home networking, network management and latest transportation systems. WMNs consist of mesh routers, mesh clients and gateways. It is a special kind of wireless Ad-hoc networks. One of the issues in WMNs is resource management which includes routing and for routing there are particular routing protocols that gives better performance when checked with certain parameters. Parameters in WMNs include delay, throughput, network load etc. There are two types of routing protocols i.e. reactive protocols and proactive protocols. Three routing protocols AODV, DSR and OLSR have been tested in WMNs under certain parameters which are delay, throughput and network load. The testing of these protocols will be performed in the Optimized Network Evaluation Tool (OPNET) Modeler 14.5. The obtained results from OPNET will be displayed in this thesis in the form of graphs. This thesis will help in validating which routing protocol will give the best performance under the assumed conditions. Moreover this thesis report will help in doing more research in future in this area and help in generating new ideas in this research area that will enhance and bring new features in WMNs.
    [Show full text]
  • 802.11S Wireless Mesh Network Visualization Application James Alexander Mauldin NASA Johnson Space Center, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee
    802.11s Wireless Mesh Network Visualization Application James Alexander Mauldin NASA Johnson Space Center, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee Abstract Targeted Application : Orion Camera System Methodology Results of past experimentation at NASA Johnson Several open source projects were integrated together Space Center showed that the IEEE 802.11s to develop a visualization solution. Two components standard has better performance than the widely from an existing visualization tool built for the implemented alternative protocol B.A.T.M.A.N B.A.T.M.A.N (Better Approach to Mobile Ad hoc (Better Approach to Mobile Ad hoc Networking). Networking). protocol were used, a daemon that 802.11s is now formally incorporated into the Wi- passed information between nodes named A.L.F.R.E.D Fi 802.11-2012 standard, which specifies a hybrid (Almighty Lightweight Fact Remote Exchange Daemon) wireless mesh networking protocol (HWMP). In and a server that collected next hop information on order to quickly analyze changes to the routing each node called Vis. The Vis server was significantly algorithm and to support optimizing the mesh modified to be compatible with the 802.11s routing network behavior for our intended application a protocol . Modifications were also made to collect and visualization tool was developed by modifying and display a data rate associated with each connection, to integrating open source tools. display possible connections as dotted lines and to display the routing protocol’s chosen routes as solid lines. The Vis server’s role is to insert the connection information into A.L.F.R.E.D via Unix sockets .
    [Show full text]
  • Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Cities: Network Design, Implementation and Performance Evaluation
    electronics Article Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Cities: Network Design, Implementation and Performance Evaluation Ala’ Khalifeh 1,* , Khalid A. Darabkh 2 , Ahmad M. Khasawneh 3 , Issa Alqaisieh 1, Mohammad Salameh 1, Ahmed AlAbdala 1, Shams Alrubaye 1, Anwar Alassaf 3, Samer Al-HajAli 4, Radi Al-Wardat 4, Novella Bartolini 5, Giancarlo Bongiovannim 5 and Kishore Rajendiran 6 1 Electrical Engineering Department, German Jordanian University, Amman 35247, Jordan; [email protected] (I.A.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (S.A.) 2 Computer Engineering Department, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; [email protected] 3 Software Engineering and Mobile Computing Department, Amman Arab University, Amman 11953, Jordan; [email protected] (A.M.K.); [email protected] (A.A.) 4 Research and Scientific Cooperation Department, Jordan Design and Development Bureau (JODDB), Amman 11193, Jordan; [email protected] (S.A.-H.); [email protected] (R.A.-W.) 5 Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (N.B.); [email protected] (G.B.) 6 Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Tamil Nadu 603110, India; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The advent of various wireless technologies has paved the way for the realization of new infrastructures and applications for smart cities. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are one of the Citation: Khalifeh, A.; Darabkh, K.A.; most important among these technologies. WSNs are widely used in various applications in our Khasawneh, A.; Alqaisieh, I.; daily lives.
    [Show full text]
  • A Lora-Based Mesh Network for Peer-To-Peer Long-Range Communication
    Communication A LoRa-Based Mesh Network for Peer-to-Peer Long-Range Communication Riccardo Berto , Paolo Napoletano * and Marco Savi Department of Computer Science, Systems and Communications, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; [email protected] (R.B.); [email protected] (M.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: LoRa is a long-range and low-power radio technology largely employed in Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios. It defines the lower physical layer while other protocols, such as LoRaWAN, define the upper layers of the network. A LoRaWAN network assumes a star topology where each of the nodes communicates with multiple gateways which, in turn, forward the collected data to a network server. The main LoRaWAN characteristic is the central role of the gateways; however, in some application scenarios, a much lighter protocol stack, relying only on node capabilities and without the presence of gateways, can be more suitable. In this paper, we present a preliminary study for realizing a LoRa-based mesh network, not relying on LoRaWAN, that implements a peer-to-peer communication between nodes, without the use of gateways, and extends node reachability through multi-hop communication. To validate our investigations, we present a hardware/software prototype based on low-power-consumption devices, and we preliminarily assess the proposed solution. Keywords: LoRa; ad hoc networks; mesh networking; peer-to-peer networking Citation: Berto, R.; Napoletano, P.; Savi, M. A LoRa-Based Mesh 1. Introduction and Background Network for Peer-to-Peer Long- The Internet of Things (IoT) has become an essential and pervasive means in our Range Communication.
    [Show full text]