Main Streets of the Nation

DEPARTMENT OFTHEINTERIOR BUREAU OF EDUCATION

1 BULLETIN,1923, No. 38

%. MAINSTREETSOF THE NATION

A SERIES -OF PROJECTSON HIGHWAY 6 TRANSPORTFOR ELEMENT- TARY SCHOOLS a

; By

FLORENCEC. FOX SPECIAUST IN EDUCATIONALSYSTEMS

BUREAU OF EDUCATION -

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CONTENTS. .

Page.

Foreword- Om. .1 IMM MINN 4111111.

Introduction_ IMO .. AN,1- @Am 1 ,e _ __ _ Chapter I.Lessons in geography .111M 3

A journey law S over the Lincoln Highway _ _ _ _ 3 A journey over the Lee Highway _ .. 5

A jilurneyoverthe Dixie Highway _ . ______6 A journey over the Ohl Spanish Trail__ __ 0 . Selection of highways forstudy _ 6 State study 7 Chapter H.LessonsInscience: Engineering problems in road construction , ______31

.._ Engineering problems in bridgeconstruotion __ _ __ INNS 22

. rhapter InLessons in civics .- _ a.=gm. moo AN. 24 i (;eneral outline of study _ 2-4

chapter IV.Lessons in historyand liternture...... ga ..rmm omo =dBsmillM 35 cietteral outline Ofstudy 35- .. Bibliographies .,' MP M . OM 1M QM 40

ILLUSTRATIONS. .419

Main fltreks of theNation (reliefmapof the United Statesin chalk modeling) 4______. Frontispiece. Portable blackboardmapof the .4niteil States 4

Countymapof the United Stakts______Imb _ ...... _ ____ .NA AW 4 The Lincoln Highwaythrough New Jersey__ _...... ,.....-.r...... A.e.a... 8 ,

goadlocatjon_____-__-_____-_------:MED 13 . Road drainage______J...._-:__--- on. ^- ______13 Road grading _ __ __ 14

Brick roads(Man laying bricks)______15 Brick roads (rolling bricks) __.___ WO/.I. IN 111. 16 Asphalt roads . 17

Macadamroads _ _. - 17 Concreteroads (pouring concrete into the forms) 19 Coneilbte roads '(theconcretemixei.) .I 19 A building projectby fifth-grade 'pupils . 21 Reproduction l'nbltickf;ottr4drawing (settleonthe Lincoln 'highway)._ 25 .1

ReproductionIn blackboard drawing (aiin-c.antourists' cdinp) 25 ft Effectof good roadson. rural schools 30 e TheMPchildren arrive at school dry and wtirm, readyto begin the day's t. (4 watt 31 , 44. Reproductionin coloredpapercutting 34 , UI :4 FOREWORD.

Thc natiOnal-highways.The automobile andthe tourist have p41.aedalargepart in the developme.nt ofourhighways.They created the demandand the Nation hasresponded. The g.reatnational highways,the Lincoln Highway,thtLee High- way,the DixieHighway, the OldSpanish Trail, iheNational 014 111-tilsRoad, andmanyOthers have- developed largely becausecross- .0 ty.atginentaltravel has becomesop.opularduring the la-st fewyears. failey thousandtourists speedoverthesepavements tind stopt4o spend aayift'one of the beautyspotsofOur couiltry.East- iswest. andwestiseast,onthe highway,. andstrangersceaseto exist, when . touristsmeetonthegreataventu'bs oftravel which theyand their, earshaVe broughtinto The" Mate Iriqhways.The. . Shite roadshave been extendeduntil they Penetrate:every Partof theCommonwealth. They makeaccesv sible Owlakes and mountains,the rivers and forests Ohichhavegois lung laili Itid4pfrom the tourist's e3;e. Michitian's good roads hitve reachedtothe innermdstrecessesof . her pineforests and haw disclose'dher beautiftilsystemof inland lakes.North Carolinaenticee. the ,touristto her mountainresorts by me.an-s Of hernew1,mrd-surfaced rdads.-Florida has- builther TamiamiTrailthrough'the Everglades.Oregon's ColumbiaHigh-. wayhas becomebile of the wontiler of the country./ Californa, beck- on's NNit-honeof the finestsystems of roads in the world.All these lines oftravelarefilled with tourists seekingtoseeandto know thé unboundedresoures the natural beauties ofour country. pd

THECIULD/S'RELATION. . Td THE HIGHWAY. 4

Theahighway is close.tli'reveryc1ii1d'.3 eiperience andplaysail important pitrt in..-the activities of his life.The infloenpe ofthe-stred is 'second: onlyto,that of the home.The 'highway prOjectholds, for that: refison;analksorbing interestiorchildren in the middle.: aua .. e appei* gradeaItpresentsawiderange of stibjoct'matter -andan optiorttin.ity-fcirmanyforgo qf .aet.iyit.Y.The plan. ofstud;for*.e.:..,

. Main Streets'of .the 'NO icine. is- given ip this' blilletitiis found -hi the 1 .. . a I, .. v.ef(51J9whig : , . 6 : tible . ,, . ._. . tS.4, . . 111. . . %. ... : . , , .4 ' ' . t 4k, I ., . e !/, 7140"..k.t " 4 r,%4SW:. "%:1' 14.'t". I.:OVA-PI. " VI FOREW0111)11 411A

Orgati (If subjectOft f lee

-.... I. 11. Iv. ICentralsubject Modei orstudy. Modes ofe\pnK- sion, Modes (ifjwign;01. ...111...... Gesture. Music.- I Science. Making.

(fleography. A 1otwervation. Modeling.. Form. The child'srelation to.. Hearing language. Painting. I Number.her., I History. I Reading. .1 1 )raw ing. Literature. Speech.t)t.a1 trading. Wring.

.M I. The centralsubjects representingt hevhIkI'sinterests6tiEt% enoes. II. The modesof study, throughwldch the child receiveshism tansof the centralsubjects. Ill. The modesof epression by which thechild reproduceshis i mpretssiAmsor the centralsubjects, Iv. The modesof judgmentby which t liechildmeasures his impressionsorthe centralsubjects.

. I.TI I F.CF.N 'FHA I.;l'ly1.4

1 Thecentralsubject4reptesent fivecenters Of studyasgiven in

tile outline . above.Thelessons inscienceincludesimpleengineering problems inroad antibridgeconstruction;those ingeography and history, theloco and earlyhistry ofpresentroutes of travel; in. civics,theuseof thehighways;amr-in 'literature,lippropriate songsand §torieswhich 80anartisticelementto the study. *.,

11. MODESkOFSTUDY.

The *lodesof stadylisted inthèoutlinie bywhichathechild gains hisimpressionsare,first, . , obsepvat ionsecond,hearing-language; and third,reading.Observation°is1).. farthemost important method ofstudy inasubfectofthis kind;-and ample !it opportunity should begivento the childrento exercikbthisfunction in field lessons- andbymeansofpictures,models,andspecimenswhichan)

, broughtinto.theschoolroom. . .. 3 -Thesecondmode, thatof hearind-language,functions inthe dis- . cussions and . repprtson . thehighway ., : byclassmatesand, teacherdur-

ing the4citation . I r 4. ' pOods, with t parents at home,orthroughaddresses:i .. , by offiCialsof14m highwaywhoaregladto spendWiriiour with the i children reportingon some particularphase ofthe work A:11kb theyareintereited. . .The thirdmethodof study,reading.presentsa greater difficulty, !oI because iolittlehas ityer been writtenonthehighway.For that reasonthe lessonsgiven inthis bulletinarein die.,form of reading , 111110 it For detailed discussion oforonisationof subjectmatteroee Bureau cifEd.Bajletls 'a: 1921,Nog. 30. MaJorProJectsIn-ElementarySchools. # , FOREWORD.

exercises wherever it. is ppssibletopresent tho content in thatman- ner.and it is hoped that the teaclwroftl'itighwayproject will have little difficulty in adapting themtoheruse. r 1 I.MODES OF EXPhESSION.

The modes of tbxpression,glIsttare,!mask', making,plodding, paint-

ing drawing, speech, 'andwritingcanall be,.use4 with ptoiitin this . Andy of the highways. Eachlesson in science,history,. geography,' civics, and literatue should bereproduced inone or moreof these modes of expression. Under.gesture the dramatizationof highwayconstruction anti highway safety and cleanlinessmaybe presented bythe pupils in.. the' form of playsand pantomimes.Pageants .of -.historicepisodes along the ancient tyaits(hiring tlm early.history ofour country may be given, and.aiipropriatestories andpoemsreproduced in posing - and acting. , fifiiidhig miniatureromiwaysonthe sand fableto illustrate differ- ent typesof highways andtheliwstmethods ofroadside improve-, 'men(will giveap_added interestto the study and *ill , help the childrento) solvesowOf tlw Problemswhich have. beendisctmed . in the dassroom. Theplanting oftrees and shrubs along theroad- side, the placing of.streetlamps anti methimisof lighting, theside- guarding. of travelersatcurvesand.corners itnall be worked.out 1. in'iletaii by makilv.niiniattnimodels ofthest problem§ inappro-- PrimeTat eria Is.Modell-np tile &rent kinds ofroads, concrete, hard gravel, sam1,2nd eitrthroads, beconies it.part of this building project anti helpsthe childrento understand something ofthecon- struction and theutility of .varioustypes of surface .foundon our highways. Reproductions colormaybe made by piinthiyhighway land-, scapesinwater color anti by cutting ¡ulster'sfront coloredpapers. Bblekboaredrateingsofscenesfrom the.highways, of hridges,and of parkways ghouldb:afrequently usedmodium throughwhich the diildrenmay expresstheir ideas pinvdfrom thiB study: Splech andrwriting 'are theJundamental modesof expression .and .

. are.of. universal applicatioh.Every, lessofi : . given in the micidl%

A h gradesinvolves speeph and.mayinclude writtep.. expre:ssion.Much . ... .: i . - . : : I.i :.discusgión.. , -coiwerning the' problems:which. a. . .,-study. of thé highviiy .. . . t

' 1 pownts isnecessaryin thee lessons, . .. . and to 'write . . .w °P. t .., out each day .a-fiw...,,,..,

of ..the. rioints considered tiddsgreatly to thechildren's :-....;' ,. I mastery of the .6ontent:,It, also enables their,to orkanize.. andarrange &leilia- :. . , - terial , .1 ;A:., :., , in ilogicd order and0, Ole . 1...... slime time. to.. t . : I .. 1 4 . acqu* proficiency '. ! 4;e: . . ; s' 4.4 ...I - : ..I. , .4.. '" , .; Ws. J.' I. '4.", 4,,'," ..-...... ,,.....,;..- ...., .., ' . - 9! , t t. ... r .1 7.,;.., '1-I, ,. ..!.. ..,: ,,.. .1 .:...... :;,.., -,p, c-: ., r.'' ', ...., :,.....' 4 '..14,..It:.'+f, ...... ,....".V..':`,.. ; 01 0'. .-`1;-,ior? ,-.1',0'''' t.ár-..%1 in writtenexpression: , . e,.;. 0.47,, l'A. ..*.1k..-,..-.1)i =.Vtl`i, 4,4 i.1-.,..4si -..e.....,. :: 4' k.',.....;' -.-.411 "A.' '1. .4., 44 .....li A 4,f4-is r(4YSt sti V..'1.Yii4.55.%1!..4.'";T,1%I. -i"....1., 1 i l.A ` i... 4 :1/4..'t 1- rrItStlik VIN .4111410' :;.k.;-.-. ...11;-"'1;;;1;;-"",....'...),:, ...... 7..'7. '1 ,I7. 1 - 4'. .3'...1.1i.:*"..1 '7'112"11,1.;. 2rt,'11-. ' l P414AA. , ,5 ..4-rVat if, hellit'. I,''.i.' '1`.? .:?441.;_i.;'::.,Y;:1:4.4.':::1{.:13:::::::;.:%1`.:91::14." t., ;,Ny. , 1.4.1i 4 4 .,Ai..k. 1 fr.:.' .s...... 0 1.0 , . P. 5101,26°23-2---2 I I ' .1:; ' . ,*;VV.A... k ~t `-'. ' "1.- -v - ; s P''Ilifl-j.^A1/4,4." 6.5", ¡"4,Rit: .(1 -4 V,)"J 7%.*

".'124's . ,...... "...".- 6-6 -.1 . 3294 . a T .. .:r FogEwout% ... . 4.t I i- 60 ft. gtiv.MODES OFJUDGMENT. 40 kde. . Number is"used throughoutthese lessonsasaittnitofmeasurement. Noattempt is madeto provide fornecessarydrills inthe funda- mentals.Those shouldcomein anotherperiod of thedailyprogram especiAllyset apart for that purpose.** In the high.ayproject, Appliednumber becomesanessential factor if thechild isto &acquireadefiniteimpressionorsize andpropor- tion andarealizationof comparatIvevalues in roadbuilding.The IN:Qrcip" Oherod lohg, 18 fot wide,and 10 feet high"mean very littleto him unless thesestatementsareverified hyactualmeasure- . .ments whicharefollowed byproblems baseduponthese data. Lessoifsonthe benefitsof pavedroads andof improvedlaghways- areOnly electivewhen they iirepresentedithrouOca studyofcon- crete sit.uations base4 'P uponnumber values.Gains in landvalues, expressed interms of dollars andcents; saving of timeirr hatilage, expressed interms .of hours, days,and weeks:the munber ofchil- drew.who,attend schoolbeforeand afteiahighway isimprovedare all tangibleexainMesofrthe clifficieiicyof good Fowl'building.Num- I.Jerprovesthe point.By -itthe childjudges justhowaccurateare his impressionsand howreliable arevhi.sconclusions. all of 01.' Note to' theTeacher: The blan oforganizationset forth inthis studyis de- ., signed fora one-teacher chkssroom, fora Aepartmental school,or for ove of the "platoonitype.As the highwayproject isstihdividvd inthis outlineintospit- I subjects of study,seknee,geography, el vies,history.nt lUI titerat are, it is . equally welladapted toany One of theseforms Of schoolorganization.

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1P, 81 MAIN STREETS*OF THENATI4.

!, ASERIES OF PROJECP01I HIGHWAYTRANSPORTATIONIOR ELEMENTARYSCHOOLS. 4

*INTRODUCTION. er DEMONSTRATIONLESSONS ON THEHIGHWAY IN THE FIFTH GRADE.

. The lessons givenill this bulletinhave beejirecell* demonstrated in ti class offifth-gradechildren In mie ofourcity school stems 4 )and bean' the impressof their reactionto the material here presented.The objectiveMethod used inthe presentationwas varied by!mansof'fieldlessons and 'bytheuseof pictures, models, and specimenswhichwere_brought into.the class by thechildren. Insome instances theofficial ofahighway,arepregentativ6 ofan . automobile industry,.acollegeoproffessor.of highwayengineering,cif atilt& officefgaveatalkto the children o:n hispartitular interest

in highwayfransportalion. isi The tiading,le§son;used by theclassweretyped*copies fromre- ports of highltacycommissioursorthe loon leavesfrom thevarious yearbooks. issuedby highwayassociations.Each child madehis owntextbook 4. this material, botvdtogether with outlinmaps; tiews ofscenery along the'highway;and shortreadink lessonson each subject. As the bookswereinprocessof making,the children . . tookthem homeand talke0overthe topicunder discussiolfatschool. with.the 'othermembers of thefamily. In the subjectofitritrimeticand the applicationof numbertp the .practicalquestions of higliway transportation'thechildren developed .'suchnroblemsjtgthese:If therailroadfare fromNew Yorkto --San.Francisco is$138.18, bow muchmore, orless., will itcost .,to tiotor throughon'the LincolnHighway thantogobytrain? '1The solutioninvolves .problemsin thecost. of grsoline, theweárand Wt.!' on.the machine,and the Any's hiringeNpenise en routiteds compared withcost 'of trAvel by rail. , . The regiqtratio44fe'esfòr ttutomobllestina trucks formeda*basis fotproblenne cost and.expens0tioownersin eaoh,$tate.andön thp. i. income: by the .Staite tor:usein "road buildiiig.Th6 riaderal , aidond the*at.inaterials.allottedto*each . .. Stlit.e by'. The FgderalGoy-, ,:.:.., . , , , . o . r ., q r ',

W I Il . ,.1. # , 4 AA . , t ._-;ItitiLI:a.et:Y21 J;:,'...: .. 4 !.... .10 i!I::;¡,144,:. ''. I a 2 MAIN STREETSOF THE NATION. A . ernmentwerealso computedto determine theamount of Statefunds expended duringagivenye!tr. . Cost of haulageover aroad beforeand afterimprovement,the Le. effect of goodroadsosnland values,onschoolattendance, andon crops, wereusednot onlyas abasis fornumber problems1.mt aisoits concrete examples of themanybenefits,both sckial andeconomic,

to be derived fromroad improw;fitent. . The children'sreproductionsóf the various givenarein. eluded here andarerepresented inthe followingmanner 'r Orallaiiguagebystenographicreports of the discussionsof the

. . lessons. . . Graphic reproductionby photographsofposters in coloredpaper cutt,ing. Drawingbyphotographs of1?lackboarddrawings. Makingbyaphotographofabuilding projectongood rolíds madeon asand table. . , Writingbya..number .ofessays OHdifferent phasesoftthe work . and by originalverses onthe highwayby the pupils.

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Chapter L LESSONS INGEOGRAPHY.

Plan. of 8tud1/.Thehighwayproject naturally offersabundant material for lessonsin geography.Map dui:V.4'1ndmapdrawing havea newinterest whenthe hierkaysaretraced¡across a mapof the United Statesand the,principal citiesarefocatedwith reference to their iodation toagreat, nationalthoroughfare., For this study withthe childetnarelief niiip ,ofNorth America wasdrawnonthe board,showing themountains, theplains, 'and the valleysas ahelp invisualizingthe enginettringproblem§ in- \AVM in buildingatranscontinentalroad from theeast coasts to

thewest. . . An outlinemapof theUnited Stateson aportable blackboardwas also used fortracing thediffereht highwaysand for márking inthe location cifthe.principal.cities throughwhich the highwitys.pass. Each-chiklin theclass becamesoproficient inthis exercise andwas so eagerto demonstratehis skill. thatmuch good-naturerivalry de- velopedwhenever t1tilessonAvas inprogress. . Muth pupilselectedaState for hisespecial study andtraced the highwaysThrough thesmapof hisownState, locatingthe principal 'cities, thebridges; andthe mountainsontheroute.of. thehikhways. He also , collected ailavailable material airoad .constructionin his.. , . the early history the lines of . . travel.., Theproducts and , induMries in each State,.were noted and the points ofinterest-and...-: biographies of notedmein jdentified 'with itshistorywereembodied in.". historystories which usilally depictedde.eds ofbravery anddaring...:..:... . The fonds for road .building,the registrationfeesfòrthe. State -.for .....:...; acertainyear,andasfatasPossiblethe expendituresfor roadbuild- r. ing forthatyear wereused ai basesfor studiepin number. 4 f , , I

A i # I , ? i a I . .. .#* 1' . J i 1 ., 05 . ! 4.: a;-'.I '7' r .1 -': ....J .11 :,:" .'<.i I:. /2 4. .. :,4 '..,' :. : ; .. t I- , ' /,, :'-: i. 0 ' 0 % .".:'i ' i . - .... 1' . I .. ! 41 ...r .:..I:. .1 :4. 1:?' : :1/4! . . . :4 I..- 4. ,t: ..;,_,...; ...... A JOURNEYr % OVER THE LINCOLN HIGHWAY.:I ...... ;.: % ..:..'4;;..-:# Thechildren takeimaginaryiotirneisoverOw LincolnHighway, the.LepHighway, andthe DixieHighway, and *otherimportant Tou,tesnowused for traiigeontipeotal v trod in theUnited. States. 4 . ; . Thqi.locate 'Me '.cities al4ng the *4padwrite andtalk bputthe*itsoitiona1, interest theyarepassing. 7.4,67,4A415i44.3 . . 4 MAIN STREETS OF THE NATION.

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PORTABLE BLACKBOARD MAP OF THE,UNITED STATES. Pupatrace the highwaysacrios.sthemaparid locate the principalcities.

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. COUNTY MAP deltP THZUNITED STATES. Course of highways through counties. .0 LESSONS INGEOGRAPHY. 5 On theLincolnEighwayhistoriclandmarksare met atevery step ofthe.journey intheeaste-rn part ofthecountry. The childrénleave Times Square inNew Yorkandcrossthe. Hudsoninto Jersey. gemories of theoldRevolutionarydaysarerecalledat Trpnton and atPhiladelphit?.AtGettysburgthe CivilWar and itsgreat leader arecommemorated,andat Pittsburghthe earlywarsof theFrench and Indiansarediscussedwhen theruins of theold Fort.Du Quesne arevisited. e Through theMiddleWest. thelines oftravel inIndiamiandIlli- noisoverwhichthe earlyexplorersforced theirwaynowforma por- tion of this famousroadway,midavision of'theintrepidPere Afar- pubttenla3.be vot4Iiiafedthe childrenastheyspeed witheaseand comfort alongsthepaths hiswearyfeet badtrayeled inthe early days ofourhistory. Across theNfississippithe cfiildrenfollow the oldIndian trails, nowtransformedinto spaciousboulevards,and theycrossthe Great Divide,Onsmoothlyroliink rubbertires, wherethe first sealers struggledthroughmountainpassesin theircovered.wagons.At last they reach theGoldenGate andstop to rest in Land's-End after 20 (1A of sceni6beauty. a a A JOURNEYOVER THELEE HIGHWAY. On theLee Highway'the chjldrenleave theZeroMilestoneORthe ellipSe in .1kashington,justsouth ofthe WhiteHouse, andpassdown PennsyivailiaAvenueandoverinto Vir.gini.a.Theystop at Luray Caverns andpause to honor theshrine ofLeeat 141xington.They *cross the. NaturalBridgeand followsouthwardtheopenroadway throughthe rnountaing-,which, fromtimeimmemorial,has beenused asthe mainstreet of travelthroughthuiAppalachiancountry. Down these broadand fertilevalleys.to Chattanooga theyspeed, wherethe earlytide ofemigratiton swept when theMiddld West . was opened to the whiteman ;wheretheelder Lincolnled hisfamily to their settlementtinKentucky;and whereKit CarsonandDavy Crocketttrapped the wildgame ontheAlleghenies. . . ThroughnorthernAlabamato MuscleShoalstheyjourneyand stop to viov Ibismightywaterpowerthat willbe ableto turn e'very .. ichtplin themiddleSouth whenit iscontrolledanddistributed. ThenonthroughnorthernMississippitheypass over the old D& SotoTrail,which leadsthem northto Chickasaw Bluffsin Memphis, Wherethe Spanishexplorer firstviewed theFatherofWaters. Theycrossthe Stateof Arkansas throfighthe citiésof LittleRock ....% andHot Springs at.ui.enter .the Indianreserv,ations of Oklahoma,. . , . Where.the wardsof the Nationareliving intheir .primitivevillages.' . . h MAIN STREETS OF THE NATION. ..

Into New Mexico theycome,through Federal forests, throughfertile fieldi*and blooming orchards, and.stop to rest besidesomeancient .ruin of the Aztecs. 'Along the ColoradoRiver they pas§ through ihe Cliff Dwellercountry and the Yuma-Valleyfields ofcotton until theyenter San Diego, the " Land ofHeait'sDesire." A JOURNEY OVER THE DIXIE HIGHWAY. . .. On the Dixie Hihway the 6hildren 'begintheir journeyat the Sauk Ste. Marie in northern Michigan,onthe shores of thegreat Superior.Passing south, they skirt the shores ofLake Huron and enterthe city of Detroit, tou,day thecenter of the world's automobile industry'aridin éiirly times the ouipost of Englishsettlements in this country. They ride due south thtough Ohioand Kentucky into Lexington, Tenh., thence through Asheville, N. C.,and through South Carolina and Georgia into Jacksonville, Fla., and doivn theeastern-coastof Floridato the lighway's terminus at Miami. - Or theymaystArt at Chicako and parallel thiseastern route,some 200 miles to the west, through Indiana, Tennessee, andGeorgia into Florida. A JOURNEY OVER *THE OLD SPANISH TRAIL. Me Old Spanish Trail coimects theplaygrounds of Floridawith the playgrounds of California.It revives the remarkable hisiory .of the.old.gpanish days whichcanbe traced along the entire lengthof theway,bymeansof their landmarks. The childrenonthis joutney live again the adventuresof. Colum- bus, Cortez, and Pizarro, and of Ponce deLeon. They follow in .the footsteps of De Soto and Coronado and visit _in imaginatiCmthe long line of missions whichwerescattered.(Alon.g the trail in theearly days .of Spanish rule in thiscountry. -1.

. Fromoceantooceanthis highway is lined with milestoneswhich remind the tourist of the cavaliers andconquerorswho imcecon- trolledourgreat. Southwest. In addition to its historical interest, it offersarouteof travel,which is .unsurpassed inthe beauty of -its

tropicalscenery.. . .' I o

, . SELECTION OF HIGHWAYS FOR STUDY. . . hi" 1 .., The selectipn ofaparticular highway for study by thepupils May be determined by its location in theirown,home State, but the study of this highway should be folle*ed byastudy ofoneinsomeaistant

.4=-1 partof thecountry bywayof contrast. Each section of- the United

tatesmaybe .studied bymeanspf thesegreat transcontinental d' ; 1 a% Dr): 10 1 , ,7 ' 4.. 14 "%-*.r",4.*» .1 I LESSONS IN GFIOGRAPHY. 7

I routes,andevery.State in the Unionmaybecdniideredaccording t9 the outlinegiven below. A list of *highways whichcrossall the States ecept Delaware, Connecticut, and RhodeIsland is: given helow.,.*with the.nanw of the di.rector of each, who will be gladto sendanyteacher all available mataialuponrequest.

: 1. LINCOLN HIGHWAY from New York to San Francisco through NeW Jersey, Pennsylva!ila, Ohio, 11)(11(111a, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, California.A. F. Bement, Detroit, Mich. 2. LEEHIGHWAYfrom WasliNgtonto-ruiliforniathrough Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi,. Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Arizomi, Cali- fornia.Dr. J. S. Johnson, Washington, D. C. 1, 3. DIXIE HIGHWAY from Mackinaw, Mich., to Miami, Flu., through Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Géorgia, Florida. V. D. L. Robinson, Cliattannoga, Tenn. . 4. OLD SPANISH TRAIL'fromJacksonville, Fla., to San Diego, Calif., through. Florida, Alabama,Mfssissippi,Louisiana, Texas, New..111exico, Arizona, Cali- fornia.H. B. Ayres, San Antonio, Tex, 5. NATIONAL V OLD TRAILS ROAD from Washington. to Los Angeles, Calif., through Maryland, Pennsylvania, WestVirginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,. Nils- souri, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico,,pArizona, California, 'Frank Davis, Rose- dale,Kans. . (3.*THEODORE ROOSEVELTINTERNATIONAL -HIGHWAY from Portland; Me.,.:to. Portland, Oreg., through .Maine, .New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylva.nia, Ohio,Indiiina,Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, NorthDakota,Monrana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon.J. W. Lee, Duluth,, Minn. %Z.PAciFic HIGHWAY fromVanc(;uver,.B.C., to San .Diego, Calif., through Washington, Oregon, California.Frank M. Fretwell, Seattle, Wash.

STATE STUDY. D. ; THE GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. The detailed outline of the geography and history of New Jerse, which follows is given-here lig.an illustration of the pupil's procedure in hisstudy ofoneof the Statesonthe Lincoln Highway. The pupil collected his material from varioussqurces,from refer- encebooks in the school library, from the city librtkryt from his home library, and from his textbooksonhistory add geography. His report to the class-onhis study of New Jerseycameduring the oral languageperiod andwasusually followed byan opendis-- D. cussion in the classonthe data which he presented. Dosing the writtenV1arilittgeperiod he prepared his outline and

developed from itaseries of reading lessons.onthe Linçoin High- . wayin New -Jersey.ThesewireafterwardsV mime'ographedand distributedtothe blassto be bound into their highwayreading books. The other Statesonthehigh-hyweretreated in much the 'sameway by other members of the clatis. .

-.1492e.28.4 , 9' a TIT 7 .-T-M4W*3t. 8 MAIN ,STREETSOFTHENATION, OWline studyof the Lincoln Highwdythroughthe Stateof NewJerxeib Geography: Pupilsconsultas manygeographiesandgeographical possible. readersas 1. NIaps: PAMtraces thehighwaythrougha map of 1%;(4Jersey counties. showing NEWJERSEY 0

t a / SUSSEX ./ . ,l(PASSAIC / \ /*°\--... I *am% 1. \ 1 / \\ /* \ ."' lit ROE 14

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r t1 %,.. . -Pvsneerer, / ..1 / , 4 \. / MIER R %*--N.1 . LtiorrevtHrif MONMOUTH- ,. e TIM4'ff .1 A a \./ \. ..f4 p. Burihitohl(

-. Nts ,.. \ A k. L \ OCEAN \ BURLING Ion- \ ftmla "7. \ ik. \,. .. \ CANOEN 1 \ 441- I tit GLOUCEST ill ...% i.. i .... .- \ ...... i S.,. `. \. / . L..\.. \ Y ) to SALEM /. . / N. ./\ ATLANTIC a - f.f aNi \ L ; nameeRLAND .1 )801111.0maim

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. , . . t THELINCOLN s. HIGHWAYTHROUGHNEWJERSEY. 2.. A Cities: 7. . Pupil ': ' . , .. , marks- theImportant .. - cities along ,,...,=::-....,.,.. theroute andwriteg the , b .;.I.2.5 4....1::::,.:1'..t name after.. : ,,..,eachJersey, -. - ,-:, ,. City,Newark, klizabeth, I, 4, r New Bruniwick,'.11 ' " , ..1.. b. ( 1 4.I 4 r. ' tgli Xs'...Princeton, ' N,'.14 ...:k.V.t. Lawrenceville, t o.f, IV: 1.11i.f.41f_ ,..;.11.* : t...i.. Trenton, .;,..-ii .ae....tir ...'::,.....ie., 1, 0,11. ..! Burlingtott,Camden" :Ili-CA/IV , , i;A9fil ..:4117:1';:r S'ailX/''7,ta.:4,1;"!tri .4 : .4...i'N'''1.%'. ut'A A. A.". It . %Zt :: t Nrir.1.4...4.4_:- 4 A... .-4 t\...,....71:,.., Op.:. NA i llt ,.: t-J.-',t . 1.; . ,4 4.4 -k. :91 Ir' . cif,5,,,414,9gi: ly "h"P'7431 ...... -g- ft,rt,.- TA I-. e l'Y'40-1:i$AV--- .'itit 2 / ''-',`'-fl'`,11A " £al ,a. ettt.^ .1t1:11, 40 :4 0 LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY. A

3. Rivers: Pupil traces theImportant riversoverwhich (he highway-passes and marksthé.jwidgesacrossthe streamsHudson,Delaware. 4. Population: The most densely populatedregion- inthe United States owing to its prqximityto New York City. Over 1,000automobilesan hourpass overthis roadfrom Newark to Philadelphiaduring daylight. 5. Pràducts: See productnmpsfrom the United StatesDepartment of Agri- culture and from the Bureau(if Mines. . .! . . -4=":-1, . !- . 4. sr (a) AgricultureTruckfarming qnd fruits. _ t,- %;V"ir - (b)MineralsZ* awlclay forliottsrynre .theinost 6: italustries:. Ita.nks first insilk manufactlires,in the smelting and refine- ment of cop¡wr, in making oil cloth,linoleum, _and sewing machinék ((i )Gasoline distilfeties,kindsugar refineries near Jersey City. (b) Jewelryfactorie'saiNewark.

((b). Sewing machinefaCtory at Elizabeth. ',. ((t) Pottery worksat Trenton. V iiis/m.y: Pupilsuse United States histories anda,history of.New Jersey. 1. Points. ofinterest:Pupils try tb visualize theseasthey read about them

And talk about them. . tapPedei-al shipyardsnearNewark. (b) Colgate'sclock- in Jersey CitY. (e) The Edison laboratoriesat Newark. ((I )Princeton University. (e) claríiegie Lake, thehIrgest artif)ciallake-inthe world. (1) Lawrenceville Academy. ..6 1 Ilograiale4; (0) Grover Cleveland. r (.I) Thomas Edison. 3.History*stories.: ; ((1 ) Waghington crossing the Delavitare 1 at Trenton. (b)It:bertFulton and theCiermontat Jersey City. 4. Early history: f .. % (a) Explored by HenryHudson.

O r. (b) Dutchestablishedatrading postnear New Jersey. (e) Royalgrant to (.'arteret. (d) Sold .toWilliamPenn.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

3. New Jersey.Department of Public Instruction.The history,geography, find civics.for 1920. Geographyof New Jérsey..Henry Snyder, JerseyCity, N.J.. Geographyand History of.New Jersey.Meredith and Hood. Regularschool supply of geographieRand histories and 'othercopies at libraries. S1ate8 onthe LincolnHighway: hexsonsinfinumber. New Jerseyregistration fees, withState commissionerof motor vehicles. - PaNsengerears: Per horsepowelito 29 $0. 40 Plus 29horsepower .50 Commercial vehiele8: . . a . Per the first 1,000pounds - . - . Jo. 00,. . t r. " : Per 2,000 p(r)wids..; do or anima NO el. Goorlw dig ism litin;MOin;;.1.,us Ip iip fibabipmbefteieip or ea ORO0:11:11O. IND alb Ws . ow ow woo. .... free. WIN* 0 ...... , , MOO .',. .' le . ip i: 4. . - 7t1.1; .{..f .... . 1 \-:k-- A . , 4 At . CA.; I f .1, .1 ''11a1033-141;:,.4 ; ',."11-P lo MAIN STREETSOF THENATION. CommercialvehielcaContinued.

Per 3,000 poundsdo. mob am...... 8. cow !m Gman wo.10 a) 411 ...... qv. ... 4m).1..O.....$15.00 Per 4,000poti rid_ _ _ _ _ s _ _ _ - - - . ------20, 00 Plus 4,000 pounds, gi M. 1,000 m ma AM. per MII ., =. 41.- O. ... ,...... 3. 00 C. Z. . 30,000 pounds ..11)P111..P On. ..z. 99. 00 i Total numberregistered,272,994;one for every12persons. , *Federal aid,'$4,208,169;war materials,' $1,700,000.

1 ,.. Problems: Ilb 1. I have . a 25-bdrsepowerpassenger catWhat ismy registration feeIri .4 New Jersey? .

1 -2. Mr. Jones hasa 30-horsepowerpassenger car. Whatis his registrationfee?. 3. Huw muchmore does hepuy for registration thanI? Generaloutline of studyfor theStateson anyhightail.

011. Geograbkiir , -1. Statemap, tracing the highwaythrough theState andlocatingthe ,principal citiesalong theroute. 2. Rivers, locatingthe principalrivers crossedby thehighway. 3. Population Ofthe State anddeterminingfactors. 4. Products,agricultural andmineral. . 5. Industries,.thefactoriesa child mightsee on a tripover the highway.

History: IA 1. Points ofinterest, naturaland educational. . 2. Biographies;greatmen identified with thehistory ofthe State. 3. History stories,associated withthe history of tileState. 4. Carlk history, bywhomexplored, settled, afidprogress due to whom. 4 a See Chap. IV. . ---

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4/ LESSONSIN SCIgNCE. ow*

GIP : I.ENGINEERINGPROBLEMS INROADCONSTRUCTION. Plan ofstudy.Theactivities ofroadconstructipnassume anew interest whentheyarediscussedin theschoolroom.Each childin the classhasan opportunityto add hisquota- to the' generaldiscus- sion, and isèncouragedto takepart ineveryexercise,no matter bow .-4rivia1 his cGntribuiionmay seem. Prohiems inroadconstruction fo.reveryState throughwhich the highwayspasshaveaninterests forthe children.They knowthat east and westonthe Lincolnand LeeHighways theengineermust face thedifficulties.of roadciinstructionthrough themountains. Buildingatrestleacross4aravineorskirting theedge ofaprecipice, tunnelingthroughamountain,orchiselingaroad alongits slope-- all thesefeats ofengineeringskillexcite theirwond!rand ad-

miratión., . In thefoothillsand inthe valleys,aswellitsin themountains, .tbejfrobientof gradingmust bemet.Through theNtississippiVal- ley therich bottomlandspresent their probleiuof drainage.Heavy rains visittheseregions,causing floodswhichspreadoutoverthe country, leaving thesoilwet and sticky. Theengineermust meet tbese difficulties withanexpert's iowl- edge oftheprinciples ofdrainage ifhe wouldbuildperm:ently overthisfoundation. 4111

e. GENERALOUTLINE OFSTUDYsbIN ROAliBUILDING.

h . 1. Roadlocation. . . , 2. Road.drairrage. fr -4- " - 3. lOadgrading. .. 4. Road buil4ig:(a) Brick roads;(b) asphaltroads;(0ma.% cad= roids;(d)concrete roads androadswidenedwithconcrete. , L Benefits ofpaved 'roads.(pioblemsin arithmetic):(a) Pounds of. pullper ton; (b) number ofmilespet hour; (c)cost Of haulage; (4) numberof milespergallon pf gasoirni?. r . r Sugge8tioti8to teochers.-:Thefollowingfacts -on road buildingcan be found' inthe AmericanAutomobileAssociation GreenBook for1921or 1922.It is 12 MAINSTREETS (W THENATION.,

A suggested that theteacher developtheselessOnsthrough informal question4and open discussions in the class,keeping the factsinreserve to beused4mi when adecisionmust b reached vddch is outsidethe children'sexperiences. Theteneherwill probably findthat her impilsare well informedon these principles of ioadbuilding throughtheirjiwn observation and thattheyhave clear ideasregurdingmost ofthe.proldems.involvedin these studies. lak

3. ROAD LOCATION. .

The firsthighwayswerelaidntalon.g the hne ofeasygoing.and asfaraspossibleareii1l Inuitintit'atway. They follow thebanks ofstreamsand thewandering pathsthrough woGds andmountain& They.arebuilt aroundthe hills rather than oN:(pirthemorthrough them. The highwayengineer makes shortcutswith low gradesand few curves,and, if possibte,without gradecrossings. He 'shortens linesof travel andadds.to the comfortand pleasure of the tourist wEereverpossible.Itcostsaboút,10centsamikbto =6 travel by.automobileoverthese highways,and" the shorter the 3 better" beconwsafavorite slogan withmostof these trakialers. Safety alongthewayis another featurewhich determinesthe kcation ofaroad.All shortcurvesand hair-pinturnsmustbe avoided.- .- Be.tity is also considerea.The road sbouldconformto*thetyve ,

I ofountry through which itPasses.Over level landstraight roads , *Mouldbe buiitt for'zigzag line is offensiveto theeyein the wide-

J, .16-ix.-ii stretchps ofcountry. . r;.. . .. -mountains the selectiovof the road i " . location is_an art as litel asascience,.Tht requirementsforagood .nountainroad are. . ,.. .., drainage,easygrades, andaselection of sites w.hidiwill give l, "tihtraieler the bestaview- of thescenerythat is possible with;the

. stpkalestalijiiunfof Iakr.r . . ._ . , :Snow,i9ône*of the. difficult froblemsin mountain-roadbuilding. The slope of atemoantain will beclear ofsnow"much longer during theyearthan.tile-north slotpv and thesouth slopeshouhl be chosen wheneverit is possible.. . . ,

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:2.,ROAÒ WiAiNAGE. ..

.. , .. p . Road drain:feis divideclftpinto surfacedrainageand subdrainage. .14 , :. . The surfacadrainage provides fcrthe drainageofwateronthe . .. . I surface of the ioadbed. , Therearethree features of surfacedrainage whichareessential to good road building.Theyare,the propeiroadcrown,which ini eludes theproperslope of the.sbouldersto the ditches. Then there must beproperoutlets for thewater from the ditchesthrough all.. t LESSONSIN _SCIENCE. a 18

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ROAD LOCATION_ , Tunic) ling tfirougha mountain. verts and small bridgestosomenat4ralbody ofwater. The hori- zontal slopeof the rpadmust also be provided for. Suixirainageprovidei3 for the drainageof water4hich lies below the surfacein die subsoil. It is usually effectedby. sinkingatile drain inatiench along the side of tbe road.Then the trench is filledwith rockorgravel and r.

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coveredoverwith earth. Thetile is laidin sectionsfrom.1to 2 fret long and6 inqliesthrough.Thewattnrseeps throughthe jointsof the tileihto the drainand is carriedoff. Road drainageis themost importantstep in good road building. Why?Bechuseno matterhow wellaroad *isconstructed,the weak placeinthe roadbedis usuallydueto the action ofwater. If thewater lies under theroadbed inthe subsoil,the heavytraffic breaksthrough thesurface,because it isnot su4stained andsupported byasolidfoundation.

3. ROADGRADING. IJr When anearth road is builtoverlevel landthe width oftheroadis firstpiked offsothat theditchescanbe properlylinedup.

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ROAD GRADING. a Tractionsteam shovelsare used.

The ditchesarethen plowedoutandthe earthmoved toN-vardthe center of the road. When theditchesarecut to the rightdepth theearth in themiddle of the roadis smoothedoff andshapedto the requiredcrown. On hillygroundWherecuts and fillsare necessary, plowsareused for breakinguphardsurfaces,andscrapersand dumpbottom wagonsfor haulingthe -earthto desired locations. Traction-steamshovelsareusbd forcuts where mate41needs to be takenout in large quantity. Dragsorroad gradersareusedto gpreadout thé soiloverthe surface ofthe road andfilluptheruts and hollowsuntilasmooth, evensurface is secured.Asasmallamount of materialis always LESSONS ?INSCIENCE, k 15 a pushedto the center,aslightlyrounded effectwill begivento the roads, whichmaybe increasMordecreasedasdesired by later dragging. 4. ROAD 'BUILDING. ((1)Brickroads.Roadbricksareblocks ofhard claywhich have been baked inan oven. 4 :3 Before the bricksarelaidonthe road thesurface isgraded. Then the curbsarebuilt andalayer ofconcrete is spreadoverthe roadbed if the drainagqisadifficult problem *andif heavy trafficis expected.Otherwisealayer of jrushed.stomemaybe usedas. a foundat ion.

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.114 p Al¡9,et L 40 e =is J. 15F 9.00 13F TEN . BRICK- ROADS. Thisman can lay 20,000 bricks inone day. A sandcushion,about one-halfinch deep,coversIleconcrete and completesthe foundation.This givesaswooth,evensurface uponwhichto lay the bricl. Great speedhas been developedinbuilding brickroads.Some mencanlay20,000 bricksaday andnot less than 75men arere- quiredtobuildabrick highway,counting thosewho help laythe concrete foundation.Everything isdone.to speedupthe work. A. machinetocarryWick isplaced behindthe builder.Thiscar- rier isalongnarrowplatfornibier whichaseries of smalfsteel cylinder*revolve. Whenabrick is placedontheupperend ofthe 'carrierit slides alongover41t,jiecylinders by gravityto the lower end. Thereit is placed inapilenearthe builder. Thereare men tofeed the carrierfrom the dump pile. Thereare other men-totake them off tlic;carrier andto pile themupwithin easyreach of the builder. - 51926*-23----4 a

16 MAIN STREETSOF THENATION. Oft

1 When thebricksarelaidonthe roada.heavysteam rollerisrun overthem f.ndeitherconcreteQrtar is pouredinto the jointsbetween the bricksand thisholds themtightlytogetber. Brick pavements have.been usedin Amerkanroadsin citystreets formany years.Sectionsof roadsimprovedwithbrickcanbe s found inalmosteveryState inthelJnion. TheNational OldTrails Road hasabrickpavement for 75miles leadingwestwardfrom Wheeling, W.Vq.. t. The subdrainageofabrick roadison e.of itsmost important.fea- v.* tures.Ifwater collectsin thesoil underthe road itloosens-th foundationand theToad breaksunder thewheels oftraffic. 4r .

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Er BRICK ROADS. Rolling bricks. APR (b) 4sphalt roadeAsph.altpavementsareusedmost frequently in cities, Adespeciallyin localitieswhere thenoise of tr;afficneeds to be° avoided. Theyarewater-tight arideasily cleaned,which mall'esthemsan- itary. "'Afteryearsof servicetheymaybe resurfacedand openedtotrafAc . inafew hoursafter construction. . Asphalt hasbeen usedfor roadWildingsince earlyhistQry. Liquidusphalt isamineralpitch.It is.black.anjsticky and is found'inanatuialstate in pocketsand-reservoirsunder thesurface of theearth. ..8 Manufacturedasphaltis madefrom 'petroleum. It is thethick,stickysubstancewhich is leftafter thegiseshave been diAtilledfrompetroleum. theasphaltstreets used in,gitiesarebuiltby spreadingalayer vf rushedstone mixedwith asphalt pp; a concrete foundation. 4

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.e. A -=..V 1 : lrikl,:f 2. AP.V4il 1 t :,..,- t",d, I .% ..,J. .¡Ip- ? il 1 41?...1A1447-7:12 ,L!' 's'itIttlivi'." :14i'l .: .;'.4.7.,1 i Ii 4:.-.-,- 11vii,,N1 -- ,A4r,r.r,,i .esrat ' .. Ilii eil . i';'0;.- i'id t ; ."f IV' ):Itijs?-0("!11$%9 ''' ''..,:'1.. "- . r, 4:.;$...../.1,...f 4 '' , : ir ,* 11114, kk,. MACADAM ROADS. , As,!?..# ; ,r1;,. 4. . ' it Pi,* iiPi I 1 - r,,,,p VI Aj,: -t-'I'''''' 411'1.7t i.°-1. ''f. L.,. f', ' Itai,-7,Ottiiir;%)'1'..',AV '1/ ( I %"../)4,,,--.1./ ...... -g- . ;f, , ,,, _ .,,, 1 4. . .,,... :40 a t ,. p.Spreading stòhe1ShoWing dumpwarm and sprinkler. N-.74,1::i,.'...1".. e,0.,..,i.7),44",si.:,14-ii,. .'il/....1.-4krZe4: .gO ,. ,. .. ,:.,,i, . . IA .4,, , y . . ,....,..,i ,.v LI-i,10:.4i .._7<,.,..,...fill 1,/, ,.,i Jr-IV...it,t.k fft II',illtti. I ; 1 kitr-, 4r!6f 3 hei:1 -4 ./ V 4 )415t .k A,0)._ gz.., J !,-.1 4%,"...e. .4 . '.1" ! '1? % ) 'IV°,..r Vp.7..ti,f 7 -s 't. .. 6-. .-6 Via"64 ',It, ,t1' V ¡I'll:. , ;IL it.ttit-ii6LIV fit& "-;``' t 1.r' t'1 4 . ,/.4- ilt , , --.--_----. .- . ) k.r.t... -.. 'kJ::,4....' 18 MAIN STREETS OF THE NATIOW. The materialsforthese layersareprepared by heating. Thestones and sandareheated inabig drum whichrevolves. The asphalt isheated and then mixedwith thestoneorsand ina mixer especially niade forthatpurpose. After the layersarespread the road is rolleduntil the surfaceis smooth andeven. (e) Macadamroads.Macadam roadsaremade oflayersof crushed stone thatare builtup onthe roadbed intwoorthreecourses. Firstalayer ofcoarsestone is spread'overthe surface of theroadbed, and then it isrolled byamachine ofat least 10 fons weight untilthe

stonesarepacked intoahardmass. AO Then it layerof smallerstones is spreadoverthe first cotirseand it is rolleduntil it is hardand smooth.The last-'courseisalayer of fine stones andstone dust, which is the binder.It is sprinkledwith water. which sinks down betweenthecoarserstones and binds them together. The macadamroadwasnamed for Sir John L.Macadam, who first advocated using small brokenstones tocover aroadbed. Hewasa noted Scotch engineer,whowasborn in 1756, just20yearsbe.forethe' American Revolution.

. Macadam roads.arewell adaptedto country roadways, but donot . wear 'aswell under heavytraffic.Theyarocomparatively inexpensive roads-to build andneed resurfacing oftenif traffic is heavy. The length of life ofawell-built maclidam roadilep(7ndsuponthe iindof trafficoverit ind the quality ofstone used. A-vrorn-out 4 macadamroad Makes, goodfoundation forahighertype of road and is frequently used. for thatpurpose. (d) Conmte 7oad8.----Roadconcrete is prepared by mixing grains of sand and pikes of crushedstoneorgravel with 'cement andwater. When thismassis spreadon aroadbed, it will hardenintotostorieT like surface. The Coneete niixer is likeagreat ice..cream freezer. The crushed stone and sand and gravel, with the cement,are putintoabig hollow dium. The_ water is poured and the drumturns around and around 'until thestones and cementare-thoroughly mixedtogether.Then it is spreadonthe roadbedto harden. The c.oncrete mixing issonietinos doll()atacentral plant, w.here the 'mateirialearehauled .by.motor trucks and mixed in the stationify concrete mixer. The concrete is simetimesrupinto side-dump industrialcarsand hauled outonthe job withagasoline locomotivean-ddumped directly , from thecarOtto theprepared. subgrade arid forms.' The longest

. .haul. atonetime igamiler. 'r.. ..,. , . . -go, . 1.f...!,-/,- . I ,'.,::,..,-.4;, .. . A . ..,. ...,- '. *. :1?I e , . ... 4,.. ,.,.. , , ' , '-4;!;-it-: e !.. ''' ! :j....:..# , r ;is.i.: . ..' r ..ir,v i,tr.,-,,...-,,-.,: ... 1..ii,,,ir t I . .. . : V .t.' LESSONS IN SCIENCE. 19 .4

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CONCRETE ROADS. it The funnelrevolves andpours the concrete Into the forms.

1 Sometimes theaincrete isdistributed throughalong funnelcon- nected withthe mixer.The funnelrevolves andpoursthe concrefe into the formsdirect from themixer. Theconcrete road isone-of thehighesttypes of road.It hasa smooth surfaceandalong life. Concrete isused in buildingother roadsaswell. Many roadsur- facesare nowbuilton aConcretebase. Brickroads and asphaltroads aregenerally laidover a concrete foundation. Reinforcedconcrete roadsareused where thedrainage problemis a difficult, one.Theconcrete in these ioadsis reinforcedby steel

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. _2 ; ,4415;$1-e;wii. :le . 1" -" je ' ):. V.;41114 WO' 7- i ""1: Xvivuh :1 1.t1 ik .ik4qt %. "t I CONCR ET EROADS. 'IßW tOVS", I OA11;jr,',.4 4 k?.r. A r r ,T 0:itinerati 414-. i " 10 AA AAm' 4 I A A 40 A ha iwfiNAiW-4174i1,2 . , 20 MAIN STREETS OF THE NATION. wires thatareembedded in it and thatsustain andsupport it against the weight of traffic.These roads will bear theheaviest weightsbe- causetheyayesupported%ythè hidden wires withinthe layerof concrete. 5. BENEFITS OF PAVEDROADS.

(a) Pounds of pullper ton. United States Governmenthas tested those roads incommon useto find theamount of " pull"re- quiredtomove aton loadoverthe .and, earth,gravel,ormacadam, and theconcrete road. They find that the sand roadrequiresmorepull thananyother and .that theconcrete road requires the léast.For instance: It requires 315 pounds of paltomove a tonloadover asand road; 150 pounds of pullover an'earth ro.ad; 80pounds of pullover ahard-gravel road; 30 pounds ofpullover a concreteroad. . Problem,: If it requires315 pounds of pullto,move a ton10.1(1ovir asand road and 30 pounds ofpull tomovethesameloadover aconcrete road, how muchmorepull is requiredfor sand than forconcretv roads? t. a . (b) Co8t of haulage.Thereare2,000,000 miles of earthroads in the United States.Thereare morethan 350,000,000tons of material hauledoverall the roads of theUnited States inone year. This haulagecostsontheaverage23 centspermile. Theaverage haul is 8 miles. Thecost of haulageoverpaved roads is13 centspermile. Problem: If thecost of haulageontheaverageis23.Centsperton, permile, and theaveragehaul is 8 miles,what is theapproximate cost of haulage in the United States? If the cost of haulageoverpaved roads is13 centsperton, perthile, what is the difference betweenaverage costand the

coston'lived roads? . , - (e) The number of mile*pergallon ofga80inf.Fivetwo-ton truckswereused totest the number of mi.les atflanQf gasoline when drivenovervarioustypes of roads.:..f't... . :1;:-'-.1.';''''''' A' .

The mileagepergallon._ of gasolineoneainilttifi*-ig-57.

. The mileagepergallonongood gravel niadsigN.

The mileage.pergallonon . . , .. good brick roadsis 14. . . 7,-.The mileagepergallononconcrete roada is 111 .. .,.. . .. ,.. . ,%. . .---. .., .., .. , Problem: How much fartherean5 twooton trucksrun on agallon - 6 . . .:.... 4 .., . . .. of gasoline---- . .c .: .-. --,. _, : . ,. qi ' Onaconcrpte road thanover anearth road 9

. Ona concrete Iit. . road thanbrick road ? . ,. 't A 1 »K.; : ':. on.a ¡ . . r ,..4 4: 71 coliéréte road. thanagravel road I AL , ,. .. a. a " What would .be.saVed in gasoline for the 15irÇstif** ea pJ -.,. . . .' ; ,;(0..4 .7 ;

. 'toad. 10 miles 16[T 1weréitvéd with .7,S.` k.:-/ ''.%41iff (," concrete I I tlik,/rlf;i1,13 It.' LESSONS IN SCIENCE. 21 oft Suggestionto the teacher.Thesedataonthe benefitsof paired roadsmaybe profitablyusedasmaterial fornumberproblems, foh lowing theiruse as information lessons. Oneortwo suggestive problemsareincluded here,but thé pupils should be encouragedto formulate theirown asfaraspossibleafter the material has been,presented bythe te.acherand discussedin the classrocw. ROAD BUILDINGBYTIMPUPILS. Alb Buildingroad8onthe sand 1a1)13,Grade5.In thisprojeckon the highway, thechildrenobserved thevarious toolswhichareused in

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road building.Theysawthesteam shovelsat workonthe roads. Theywatched theconcrete mixer rollingstones andcement together. Theysawthe side-dumpcarsfilled withcòncrete.Theysawthe workmendumping theconcreteonthe roadbed. Youmayask whatpracticalusethe childrenmade ofthese ob- servations.Theyread andwrote aboutthem. Theyworked number problemsabout them.They discussedtheamount of force ittakesto pullaloadoverfourkinds of roadbed, theearth, the sand,the hard gravel,and theconcrete.They foundthat ittakes315 pounds of _pullto move a ton.weight,overinearthro and thatit takes80 poundsof pulltomovea. ton weightovera. ecrete road .

1! ';

22 . MAIN STREETS OFTHE NATION.

. .In orderto test this force the childrenbuilt theseroadsona\12-foot A table. In buildingthese miniatureroads the-childrenmadeP.speed- . I wayalongtwo sides of the table.They builtariver throughthe I center whichwascrossed by threebridges. Theybuiltaparkway along thebanks of theriver withaprivet 116clgeborder.Theymade atin-can tourists'camp at oneend of theparkway. Oneof theboys madeitdelicatessenstore out ofacigar box andthe girlsmadeclay boxes offood and clindyandput themon the shelvesin thestore. . The pupilsfurnished thematerial for theroads. Theboysbegged theconcrete and the gravel fromthemenwhowereworkingina nearby building.They took thesand from theplaybox inthe school I. yard and9neof the boysbrought theearth from hisgarcten.There were6 feet ofconcrete road, 6 feetof hardgravel road,6 feetof sand road, and sixfeet of earth roadonthe tablewhentheywere .1 finished. . r 4 f Thechildren-didall theworktoactualmeasurement,reducing1 foottoiinch. Theyfirst measuredthe 'width ofthe roadnearthe school.Itwas18 feet wick;sothey built theirroad 9 incheswide. They measuredthe heightof thelampposts *nearthe school.They werelp feet high,sotheycut their lamp-posts-5 inches long.these weremadeout of flag sticks andwere painted black.The lamp i C. globesat the top of thepostswere14 feet in diameter.The children foundsomecandy ballswhichwerejust three-fourths r, ofaninch in, vdiameter.They used these for theirlamp globesby stickingthem !

I on one end of theirlamp-posts. Thetrunks of thetrees, theauto- , . mobile signsalong theroad, andthe bridgeswereall madein the .1 sameproportion. After theroadsonthe tablewerefinished thechildren triedout' afoyautomobileonthe sp'eedway.This littleflivverrantrue to form. It brokethe speed limitontheconcrete and hardgravel roads, and floundered inthe sand andthe earthjustas anysensible machine would doonthehighway.

'J 4 . ìi.ENGINEERINGPROBLEMSIN BRIDGE a 41. CONSTRUCTION: Plan of8tudy.Theplain, single-spanbridge,the basculebridge with singleordouble leaf, andthe swingbridge, eachrequiresa sep-

' Pa' urate adjustment. . . by 1.. . the engineerwho buildsacross a S;- ;ti ,t sluggish, liar- 21 ;t14..*;?.4:' ro, stream,amounfain:. e torrent,or anavigable riverwhere hemust; t .r-/ t accommoditte. both thehighway andthe watertraffic. ..**.: . " 4 . -. Field tripsto the highivayswing-bridge, to-abasculebridge). old to: asingle-spanbridge inthe neighborhoodwill makeastudy of the _ : ra.,'A construction., r!. ofthesetype bridges, fromthe ecofionlic N*21t* - and prictical , ,. r.1 4-il/Y`;;:-11 j r; standpoint, L.., both pertinentAttnd profitablé. ?: :_ . 4: ..4 7, 10 . i ' : .4, . . , 31 ..'C t 'ta 1 I re--; ,v.;, .-T ;-lk .. 31. = )1. *11 IA+' A r 41-141. rItit'-z !ir P%-: , r!. . - Zii-;-"atiz $44 1 _ 4i*.t6'44:4L' LESSONS INSCIENCE. 23 Camera clubsmaybe organize4within theclass andpictures taken of construction workalong thehighway andof the bridges visited during thetrip.Blue printsmade fromthe negativesof these pictures add greatlyto the interestof theclass intheir-study and funlish illustrations forthe writtenproductionofostudiesof this *kind. GENERAL OUTLINEOF STUDY,

44. L Single-spanbridges. 1. Old steel bridge replacedw!thconcrete bridge:Problem ofdetour. 2. Old wooden bridgereplaced withconcrete bridge:Problems ofcurve and grade anddetour.

II. (11.,0cule bridges. 1. Problem arest pier underminedby dredging. 2. Problem ofsubplers and "sand hogs." 3, Problem of bridgedetpurs.

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e Chapter III. LESSONS IN CIVICS. 4. Plan of study .Thesubject Of Ovies hasa newinterest for children wben-appliedto the highway. Thematterofwages,ofmnvici

labor, and,of thefinancing ofaroad-building project bythe Federal :- Governmetitorby prii-ate enterkiseopens awide field of research , and investittion.Howto obtainaright ofway,howtobonda townshipor countyfor the improvenuilltof its roads, and similar questionsareraised in the classroom andcarried homefor*Iurtier . discussion will). theparents. 41 The child's'ownrelation reittitshw- . tothe highway, the service it himitsregards his food and clothing,his plelsuises and convenience, areimp-tessedupon...him and itwake in hilla new ,senseof social responsibility. His esthetic c(kstiopsnessis.arousedasLe becomesin6r%.andmore awarethrough this study of the beautifulvieWs whicharide, along thecountry highway affordp. 11eseilsthe hills and valleys, the streams and rh!ers, therollitigfields, and the mountainswall anos;senseof the .141auty of the world *about: him.The comfortable honies,the cropsNie orchards, and all the evidenceof prosperity

along thewayhe obsei.ve.s and appreciates. - Dangers in the ejtystreets -and the nec!ssity for keeping the a 4 . streets cleanmaybe gnoredorminimized unless theyareimpressed

upon-the children by discussions and byprecepts in the schoolroom, I. where they effectively reinforce andsupport.admonitidnsgiven in the home. The reproduction ofsomeof these lessons.byafifth-grade class of l. pupilg is given here in the f9rni of writtenexercises, oral exercises 11 from stenogrjiphic report, and photograph§ of blackboarddrawings and of colored posters representing the dangers of çity.streks -and the need for keeping thestreets dean..

' s 1. , ; 4 , t . 4". : - , : 6.. 61 .6 ; ' -6. : , : .) GENERAOUTLINE or STUDY. . 4. " 4 0%. . . g f . - ; ; 41 .1 . I. ". /. -% kt;\ I. What does the highwaymeanto me? IL The Ideal section of the Lincoln Highway. III. The country highway.

6 6 1 O t , 4. 1. The road..( S. 6 6 - , 64 . - t':. - I. ;". k. .3' -. ....- , . t. (%.. . , ((7.)Landscape; fow, hilly,ormountainous., . - ,: s, 54. , .', 1.!:-. ,rq'S _. 6. .!.., N, 3 '' 4 : ...5.ti14. tA . .:. :' 4I r, :.. .' P. e . , r.:11..; rr.; .. -%. ;1.:. '' 1..-'% ., . .... ' J .. il t (b) Houses; barna; fences.... .,., 'e. .04.1..., -..4.- .rti ,. ,.. ..-,-.-.:::.:.t.---, --.,,...,...... ,..- . . 4;.. "'..et ,.1 , . -..,-.._.,...., "1....,...... :.; . 4 N , . : t._-_:;¡.(?...4i.l. . 1 .... è, , , . . !t.,...:; 1:4 , .( vr;. 04 57 1.7V.44.1;16f Soil; 'crops; oic4rds;gardens. . .4. I. ks7* I- V ir., 'tit* '" r .1.43 ,(a) ;NI . r '")..s" a"16 v. '1! `A 411,.*,,, , a 64.;t:i ..! t. 11VIYA-' Y'" - :. j°1"..4:LSe3lg;211;tkl 4:4114-: ' - %01. Stir: 1141.- 1- _ ). . 4.0.11 4-1_ a LESSONSIN civics. 25 III. The country highwayContinued. 1. Theroad- --CAmtinued. (d) Kind of road;earth, gravel,hrick,asphalt,macadam,concrete...... (e) Hillsand valleys. , , . , . (1)Bridiresand culverts.

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REPRODUCTIONIN BLACK4OAR,DDRAWING. A lin-cantouristscanfip

31111.4' e. 2. RoadsideImprovement (a) Treest.shrubs,etc. (b) Signs;lights;openditches. y. (C) Brushand weft"' (d) Poletvandwire*. 1. at! .1 26 MAIN :MEETS OF THE NATION. 3 of

Awe Iv. Benefitsof Improved roads.--7 1. Effect ofgood Fondsonhouse sind land values. (a, b) Problemsonland,values. 2. Effectonrural school& (a, b,c, d)Problemsonschool attendance, 3. Effecton costof jmulagp. (a, b) Problemson cost of hauling cotton. (e, d,e,fProblemson eostof hauling milk. V. The citystreet& 0 1. Dangers in thecity streets. .- 3 (a) Streetcars. (b) Automobilesand truck& (C) Bicycle& MID

(d) Railroad tracks. tis ISO I (0.Rollerskating. . (f) Stealing ride& 4 i. .(g) Jay walking. 9 P. (h) Fruit skins,etc. Ist ; 2. The policeman. (a) Duties. (b) Requirements. a (c) Kinds; Patrolman, traffic Officer,mounted police. (r. (d) Is the policemanour enemy or Ourfrielui? 3. Keeping thestreets clean. 46 (a) Garbage; ashes; rubblich: collector'swagon. (b) Street sweeping. JI (e) Smoke nuisance.- , od. (f) Flies and mosquitoes. 4. Regulations.

1. (a) Blocking the street. (b) Repaiting the street. (e) Injuriesonthestieet.

1 Mode8 of expresotion.--Theblackboard drawing andcolored-paper . cutting represented in this chapterarestriking examples of thepos-

sibilitiei for uptriiined .pupilsin theuseofartas a meansofex-

pressing their ideas. . t The written language represented by.achild's compositionon "Automobile regulations" andone on" Keèping the stivets clean" proveshow wellachildcanwritean essayif he has,asubject which is close to hitt interest and. his.experience.-. The oial langliage lessoniewhicharegivenasstenograpliic reports . , . .

of class exerisesaregraphic. . word pictures of. the reaCtion of chil: :.

dren .to ieseions io civics which touch. their -daily -lives and'appeal0;.. . '' , ..*.1,.t , ,. 1 .I : , ,:t 4, .. 4 . ..1.. r".

,.'-..,..,..1;....,..' .. _ ! %.11, .. L. These: ' their love of hpine and countrY. , werenot perfunctory m-- ,.,..,.._,...,..... :,.. t.. , . -f `... .,. . '' .,

1..:1,:: ';':' spoilses,VIA spontafieous, enthusiastic reactions to questions of vital . .. ''''":- . .. :.. .1.:. P.". ignificaticeto themselvesand totheirfriemk ._.. % . . . I,f. '. 'It. . tt4,..;...... - .,, :J. . r . ,1,....,....¡,....,.!...:,. .t- I .. r.3t1,!..74-5 *, .4. 4. r . . ...e - . 1,7.3. t *. t: S' 1' f. . . " h . 3 t '1... ; ,1,1e . Is. iirr.' '' .I' 8.,,4 .8-;1!.?,..,,r)-:-8.1 :-. -/::,..i.t4-t, .,-- ',I, ' ;:, . )-:4 4' - .*',.... 4 .1. . .:.t .::-...... '..---:.--..'.., '7" v.': -:,':..'.''1.:( '.!'''' .,...:...... -.:..;...-..',.,..:.'.,.,....,'" ..14 ,-44 lor' 4" .1

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I. WHAT DOES THE H RH! W.¡VIEiN TO 11E? SuppoSeyoulivedOnthe Lincoln Highway,what wouldyou see looming lby from lay today? Kiwi of traffic? OE* Kith!ofroadover which the trufflepasses. Who drives.byyourhouseoyer the highway? 11hat do they drive? W)wtdo they ciirry? Where do they take it? What (k) tpey bring back?- Whopaifor the road tluitrunsbyyour bousts? . - . What kind of11road is it?Earth?'Crave!tMacadam?Prick\Concrete? hiplants thetrees alongthe road? Who putsup the lights and keeps them goingeverynight? Who places themaria'brsalong the highway?.What do they-cost?Whopays for Mein? Why does thefarmeiuse thehighway? Why does the merchantusethe highway?

Why do the boy and girl,use thelifghway '4 What for? .Wily does the citygues.tusethe highway?- Are thereimanhillson the highway? Arts&theremany bridges? What kind of *soilison the highway? Are there.Aopen ditches at the side of the highway? loorains affect the highway:!toesfrost'f Doessnow? Doemthe sun? f Are there. curves in the highway? Are there fences along'the imrves? On .

Which side? Whx? .

I Arethereenibankméntssilongthe highway'?Are there fencesalong the

embankments? .

1.1.THEIDEALSECTIoN OF THELINCOLNII IGH WAY. Study in detail thewealxiliimebuilt in I MI idlpta.

01 1.It isto 1* easy of access. I Used forpurpose (.4% inspection; :I.Arranged for diversifiedtraffic, tooirry: ) monopassenger cars at 35 milesperhourper24-hourday. ( b) NW motor trucks at 10 milesperhourper 24-hour. day. .floastruction: , (a)40 feetconcrete pavement. reinforced steel imbedded.

(it)Fourlanes of travel: ... 1. For slow-movingtrucks, two lanes,oneeachway. . .

. . 2... For rapidly-movingpassenger cars two lanes,one eachway(28,000 ...-

. . . . ,. .. i))undson .. ..- 4.wheel9. : : I. .. . .:- , . , '':'...... f.:. .. , ...... , 4" A. .. . I . 4....: 4 -.. f 4,:d. I .:: 1!.Abantkaiopenditch. ,Subinergedtile under the earthshoulder . , pre . . . ii.

.! -.); -: --- *: vents danger of crowding Intotheditch, ., -...... -.i : -:::.: . ::::'..i...: [ -...::' ., 4. Abandoncurvesthutare unneeessary and . .. narrow;or flatarehint..'i'l::'' ...... -...,,,.,s flelently bankedor superelevated. 1 4

5. Abandon gicrIngheadlight*. : 1 IS, 41' . 6. Pedestrians: ; . . .: ' L . . . .(a) .Footpatil along eachor oneside of road. (b) Road well lighted. (e) 110 slow 0): No wires. A, 28 , MAIN $TREETSOF k THENATION.

, ,.... III. THECOUNTRYH 1411way. . 0 1, 1. Theroad. . .1 (a) Trees,markers,and lightsalonk 'thehighway. (b) Houses,barns, andfencesalong thehighway. (c)Craps inthe fields, circhards, andgardens. 11 (d) Rindof road.'Seelessons inscrence. (e) Hillsandvalleys. (1)Bridgesandculverts. On Campgroundsfor tpurists. .Many oftheseare found theentirelengthfit O thehighway. Groundsdonatedby lotal procuty-oulnerx, b,i.eosissv'reh,1 clubs,and other organizatioliS.4

IN . 1. Freecamping 4 grounds,usually ina grove oftrees and 2. ToUrists near a stream. establishtemporarycamp,opep lunchImskets, meals,set, prepare their up tents for thehight. : 3.Campprovideswell for_fresli water, brickstoves forcooking,tindtoilet. ow 4. Largesignboardsgreet the touristswhenthey enterlowit. 5.Benefit's to thetowntouristsbuyprovisions,stay .nights come hack and at, the hotel, . stay longer each .time,_tell theirfriends,cityenjoysthe . good willof thetourists. . t . d ;(1. Communrcationand acquaintancefosteredwith tO'people ofthetowns and Nir.ithothertourists. 7.Sympathiesbroadeued, -knowledge gained,andpleasu*reexperienced._ it8. Familylifestrengthenedby c.lose ot communicationduringthe 9.Estheticvalue bf the trip. . scenery, the changiteevievw,mindthe panorama. diversified lo. Travelcomfortableand fr inexpensive;..days. spent in theopen air. 11.Occupationsof Medifferentlocalijies:

.k 2. Roadsideiniprorenient. . . I . v .(a) Kindand locationof11*cmfromany people , .. . roadside imptWinetitcon- sists .ofpi/liltingrows of trees,but 4 thistimpressionIs partlywrong. It Consistsfirst oftheproper design . of.thp highwity. vie Itmust combinesafety andbeauty. . The . s locationoftelphone -NilesIn relationto thetreesInuit be The locationof consklered. poWer polesaneof*trees. mustbeconsidered. Thekind oftreesmust* beconsidered. .. Are thei,treesadaptedto the soil undclimitte?.. .. Howshall Thepeees ix;placed? Shall tli6y.be inrows,ingroups, or shall I spac&be leftfor over the pleasantviews . .andspe?, .( 4 All ofthese . thingsmust bei!onsiderel(iIn. theplantingoftwee Old . shrabs.. They willlast .for50 a to 100years andwe mustlook fpture whenwe plaq for forsvatdto the 1. roadsideimprovgment. .# b) $igns,lights,andopen ditches.---(Prom the Reportof theWayneColinty, Mich., Road*CommisAoners.9 . . Ourornamental irotedsignsmiunted .(m concrete postitiav 0.provedt)be 1, *4 . veryiiseful Ir. , toI the traveler' who 0. , Is b.,.... l n strangeron our roads. Z;' L.t I ,i14,...-. ...theseroadsignsarset utiat evéry . .4....-- ropdtrossing, tind 14 , whin . . new,road, . 0:0nitV-Iti:.10., ...f..,,.0/...v. , . , ... :,4410.;- tott,i-de4-01th"4,131gtE..-. 1. )1.% , 1,1 ' 4 L! ., . -.)....:{,=::4.;;-1.,:.i..;,...... ,-, ..-.,,,I...!...,,.. ., ...,s - .-;,,.. e LESSONS'llisTCIVICS. 29

It is necessary to paint themonceIn twit)years. '4

We haveour ownpaint shop anduse the very best grade of white lead and . oil andlampblack.. Accurding toan actof the legislatureonrcind signs, the countytoadcom- missioners.and therilfroad companiesare towork toeether in theerection of railroad crossingsigns'. The railroad companies furnish .thesign LI1 ready toset up!. The county road commissioners pfurnisli . the cedar posts andputup the (c) Brush and scceds.Brush ,and weeds shouldbe cutasoftenas necessary along the county road's rightofway from the'shouldersto the fence. This hnproves the grade undthe highway. It keeps the ditches freefrom growth whichstops the Ilow of water in them. The work is done with a tractor withamowing mahinQ attached. . This machine will.cut theveedsa1ong the roadside'next to the pavement. The weeds thatgrowin the ditches anaalong the fences haveto be cut 1:4, menwith scythes. : (Ad) Poles and wires.Many omplaintshave been madeon accountof the damageto trees along the roads by telephoneandpowerpoles. Trees that mighthave been saved have beencut downsalong tbe roadsideto makewayA* wires and poles, andothers have be,en.sobadly trimmedas to injure their growth. The poles should be p"lacedat the outer edge of the rightofway, leaving spacefor roadsidetrees that*will.notbe damaged by wires. Sometimes the polesmaybe set along theprivate propertyat theoutside* the road limitsso as not toihterfere withthe trees. 6

IV. BENEFITS OF IMPROVED. ROADS. I a

1. Effect of good roadsonhouse and land va1ue8. 6 Inone of the counties of Virginiathe land becamea wilderness. The farmers. ..wt4etoopoor to raise crops and to keep the land cleared. ` Theyhad timberto sell, but the roadswere iMpassapie and they could not haul itto market. 6 _

They couldnot Sell their landeven at $10 an acre. .

They, couldnotevenraise their foodon their farms.. Most of it was' shipped in, by fail. In 1910 they decidedto build better roads.The four districts1nthe' counly ' "r sold road bonds- andraisedabout $120,000... . If Is said thatwhen. the first inspeCtorwent to lookover the rpads his buggy got stuck In the mud.In. pulling It.out the liorSebrokeawhiffletree, and the

inspector had 'towalk .baCk,home...... e Thèfirstyear the new flood was builtaclearindofihehindwas beguniind 0 - 4 I ; .alarge -housewas built on (tile of the forma : 4 ..-',. :The secondyear all the land along thenew road was(Ilearedand severalnew..- , L . , ., .. e'" . r ;. .ts I' ;lionseiwerebuilt..' ...: ...... - -- ,;.,,...:.,.. J:-....-,...... ,...' ,, ,,: -...,.....:...:... ., f 7. (; .. :.::-...:.-t;.!..,....-,....,:: ,',..,-...,.;,::',;..:-.,..s.-;,..-,.!,.,..;,:t.,...t ,7 ' 1.... : l'...... :,;:."14: 4 .'. .1: .4;,.. ::"....r : :::- F. ' '.'..i !.:!1.1fi ,..-...; .-.e...... : :..;'.'.'-II ; .:.. ..1.: '.a. : .z.I:I:jithge 'Improvements Iiihiotticis Oldlands :Went.On *for touryears..Porches ''' - : .- ,,.. GI ri:i A .111ffeadded to houtifes. TheyWet* paintedWhi.te,and nei? fenCes*ere built. -:::.-. FarmsiLatbrought .$10an 'acrebefore simprovemelit.Of roads sold tor' $25att . . ,..., . ., i f. . , ..... ,. -.. '.: acre . . ...:., ,-- ,, .,.., 'lifter . . thenewroadswere. .built. .:.','.4:.. :; . . , s :'1. 1 . . . -_... ' ':"ki;V .if . .t.i.Prorbledi.11ilond values.-7.-1"Our.yeursafter the roadwasImpicAredthe 14n4

.. VII lues.ha4, Increaspd.'as _folliklys:- ... .- ...% : ...... ! '.. .-'.....'_-,', , N ' , . t(i.).-... A: taviii..ontdining .13:3acres ista4 :%'?,41u00at lir ;!....:25-,,rtif lk $t900.,.»Oorp..thie,oad. . kit 4 . e1-.1 ', ' fe, ,14.0 lItt ,f .t:.,4: ImOroyecto.:.'A*fotte,r,,'Of'.:$1:Q;(*.*i!i3mt410 , ... . 4.f,te-r thé ,r(.40 wasimpr4iisiv. 4...11 a . ,". ,.. n , tt.11.fi.f "i' ..-'. A I _ ' fifA',/;(..);:114P,s-:.;:,... .4... -!%,; c.i..sP'-'.` 0 ii. ./7114., : 2.. 1 Sk P ?1it.i,... ..,e,... t: ,Ji Avii31., 7.,-.E..1 k, 4 fitV-4.#1. ,....,,,,-,-..-,A.,e ..,,,,,.:,_, 441 -I II' r 44... :1444f. ' ./...41 1 AOd f/t4t 'i.:Vi. 'C ..41r-1105).441,?" it;itl,il''4, . gy .,'' 61.044Pa?" .-.../v 6 ,l-sri ....4,,,4.,,, ,-.:.1:.._,,,,.-. a. 4-0;141Z ' 4 .. tr.' ;,r 4*. 4,;/,,,cd&st. .e.i.1 t.:444'0It ` .se .-httil*,:',._t4.,,:t1:,,,_17 .14"-q41206 o .f ;h...- - . 30 :MAIN STREETSOF THE.NATION. .1

muchwas it worthper acre beforeimprovement of road?Howmuchafter . improvement?How muchmore was the farmworth afterimprovementthan before? Howmuch didtheimprOvedroad helpthe farmerin the'Value ()rids. I farm? . (b) A farm on the River Roadcontaining312acres, which sold beforeroad provements for $4,500, Wassold againafter roadimprovements for$10,500. How much didthe farmergain inselling hisfarm? Howmuch didhe gain per acre?J. thEff(17t, a on rural selwobt. 4. Goodroads havehad theireffecton theone-room rural schooland have revolutionized thesystems of educationin the 3: country tIchoola. The largerconsolidatedschool followsthe gliod-niadmovement .as iurelyand As logiwIlyus any effect followsa cause. .-4,01ustus soot's'as it becaine possibleto transportpuplls toschool atpublic expense over longdistances 'then thebenefits ofconsolidationbecamemore and

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Pio. 4 IX: go s j .9 ,arnr "r"- ) .111 16 44 61()- '.4. i I 44.. 4 WO 11%. 4 ..¡I /b.. 4. *: row nos Vir ;.- eamim r. . eerexere Vier. . Aat'. 7 , . -° . - . . . . , . p.,'." EFFECT OF.GOODROADS ONRURALSCHOOLS. I GOOD. ROADS MAKE t . .e - THIS POSSIBLE.I . 5*': . (FromFirestone Tire & Rubber Co.,BuI. 6.) . ik . a* o I . more apparent For thework of theone-room school has beenhandicapped by bad roadsas Much as the farmer'swork hasbeen. A long walkor buggy rideover a rough road in . , the earlymorning isa(Hs- . , ?-t, -... couttglngprospectr .and Isa . . . plausible . . excuse.. . for' nonattendance. at school. .. :_. -, . '''..."-' Add to.the ...... alreadY hadroads the . .. . . winter. ., . storms of , .. . . snow and sleet, the spring thaws, and thesummer heat ...... : aiddust, Irregularattendance.. ,. Issure to follow. Interruptedschool work is responsiWe . ,, :,. ..:.:. . , .. . . for loss of . . , . =?.. .;, .. , . . .. 'continuityin the daily !. sycnok .ofthe ichool, ,....:.. ,.: .- _ apathy ,.. . i-r,i , . on ...... ,"the part of thepupils, AnddiscOuragement for,....::-... i...p. s A l ...' e . i . : j .. , , . . , i.0;.,...,, - I.,-...-..t.L.. ," ""» 4' t.41. 4 ." !6.1.-.: . ;...... : . .i - .V` : 'ti.'t ,.-../.': ,'''% , . ..*0 :.ez' ...',(;;- I.'.''.,....,..,?... .:. i . . . -,:k.:',.i'', 1:,...: .;, th0 teacher. . ., ... ''. -a .-1; t - ts' : sle, `4.* 1 '1 -"i14. . ..i r 44: ."9- -Wbeh*apii, well 0.1',(1.,I. vntilatedbus stopsat the door, fprthe childrenor.when It waitsfor them , . I avfew stos,downthe road;then 4ie household . Welcomes.these ., ...... : " .,;.. . "' ,.,--. ,k , . 4 early., ...... 1.:,i341:,;,.... morning tilps ... e , . ,to t* MI school. ... , . I. V. :,. ;v..), 1,...3;...l ,,.';'.../ ,.... . , .-, . . ,;,. "'._,; ii . , I .g ,1 III; ., . r ' . .. g. li:1 - .1-'.' i . . A, n- . . /. .A létachéri for. . .S.M. - ea0 .gradet14rge, . welj.lighted'rpoinstnew elcitlipmePt! A.4911nantutn,, .400.000* .g7n3,17 , ,i'oe-01001.:eketelfges:'s , und. for.nelighborhodniee,tings enteiOin'mOn.41.00 .,ome of and the 4060000R*Iiich.,064:.ipado*briarto these. ..,;..' # ,, , . . _Jo 0' pomniiihitles thià-ughiheir éotliollOtitett4600, ::..tf .11.'../;,(;. ; -:,., ;1:$1 (tit , . 211.13t tltvi:r r .1 . , e 1 .i.:,._..___:_.,-Igik.iiia d ilit,(1. .,'..2,iLi 4+ ::".1L!..xli L4:1:',iA4'' '4'e 444-4 I

LESSONS INCIVICS. 31 Problemson schoolattendance. (a) Thereare 9,000 pupils enrolledin ti* ArfseCountyschools InVirginia. Before theroadswere improved three-fifthsof thesepupilswent toschool every day. Whatwas theaverage attendance? After theroadsWere improvednine-tentjisof thepupilswent toschool every day. Whatwas theaverage attendance? Whatwas the gain inattendance Liftertheroadswere improved? (b) One-lialf ofthe pupils enrolled in theLeé'sHillSchoolwent toschool every day before theroadwas improv0.Four-fifthsof them-went to school afterthe roads were improved.Whatwas the gain inattendance? .. L ; !15.-fa,7-1.115A') 705, 77"71-"pilif.' -. ,..-;- 7 '44i. ,. ...-- ...... 0.-it. ir. .--- -.. t.,'1.r.,,w,- --egA.b.- 01'l , .4,14.111 .36 -.tV" "1' mirk. - :VI, ° L. I' "4-7. 41.. _. vI"'" ;, -,..M.4,t1' . t N :,...101;r..,'. ...i, rt .4 .1 ..Vi,v.. 01 . 1)A. _. ` b..,1 4 ,,7.--..rit .1 ....*.;¡ faro :t.7-',1' 1.¡,5:.., . t. le o o ., Ir.-- -=114 / "...:t.,. t. 1., N.II &;. J19 : :, 't ..:.;:... . ,, ' ;, ,... - S1,1_ t -4,

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5 THESECHILDREN s. ARRIVE ATSCHOOLDRY ANDWARM, READYTO BEGIN THEDAY'S WORK. (FroMFirestoneTire &Rubber Co., Bul. 6.) 4. 4 (cIn theCourthouse .f. school 67per cent.,was the O average attendance before road . . Improvementand 75per efinteafter..Whi.dwas the gain inper cent .ofattendanceafter theroads improved? (d) Find the gaininper cent ofattendance forseven schools locatedon an . Improvedroad -inVirginia.Findtotal increase. . . . .;,.1. . . . ., 41 Schoolattfndanee. I I . . *. A r . .. , . . . . - ...... , . -:- -.: -.7 -'; 4, ,..t",1, . . . ..%; 4; ...... Befoie After. . Permit 4;! ." . . SchooL ...... Improve- . Improve.-ageo ...... I. . mont. ment. Inertial& . . 7 . serameamartamo** - 1 41. . 4 , A - ,...... r...... m...... *...... m.woor...... ~.....:4...... 4 ...... --..t...... i...... V -..",..... , .. 1 , . . . ., A . . ,71 g . . . . . 0 . ...., g . .I, 1 NO. 11 i 4,..6. l'er cent.l'er cent. '.1 .r . . 0 &V No.2. . . ' V 82. a. a' do 111.47 .. , No 3 4. . 75# 81 . . 4 , . # 67 11 No 4 t 75 e. . . I , . 044 i 4. rti' 71 No.'13 . t . 11...... ,16/0. 4 4 0.1 * .isp1%.;,;/.. . if:4 II. . ar or 4, 4 . : (14 Masao No.6,..6 4 0 No .1.! 4 ; :$4(.,: . . **** 444 .. 11.411,:.0qr . . . 1,110. 7 ' . 41 ...... '! . A ....'...1...... 104:1 4 audio * 6 11* si r.. , ; 4: 6, .1.1; .11.0.11 i, '..4..' 11. 11- ft11 1 l , , .. 66 6 4.006, isi 41:11. " 47,-. .*81.er 4 4 4,..,;'-' ' .! ' ...... 4 * 'rota! t'.1 o fq,re '0 . ...114461,4.*Absiditok.4110,1...1144.1 ' loolfp#aba 4 i. - . web. .44., ...sf e/ . ' . . I . / 41" :'''' vz.":71 -'1 ..itiri`kii:-r':_. ft;;''' !-:fr f.:1; *,- - 4A(VI!.....VVC. . .

32 MAIN STREETS OF THE NATION. q. ,4)

A 3. EffectOnCONI Of haulage: The farmer's problemon every farmis to raise produce and thento sell it. Unless hecan gethis produce to market andcansell it; he mightaswellnot ialse it. 1 Allhis labor andexpenseof plowing, sowing, cultivating, and harvestingwill be.wasted upless hecan get smne returnfor it. Thisis why the improved roadsare so necessarytAWm. Apoormarketnuiybe neiir his farm.If the roadsare poorhe will limato the nearest market and %will takealow pricefcrhis goods. . 'Therod marketmaybe much fartherawaybut with good roads hecanreach it moro easily and quickly than he*canreach thenearermarketover poor rowls. HeCanhaulalarger loadover agood 'road. *Hecanmakemore trips a day, forwhenafarmerpays$3aday fora man and team the length of time for the trip makesaprofitorloss.

-- .He hasachoice of markets. . . This has beenproven .in actual cost in dollars and cents,asIs showninthe If following instances. . , Hauling wheat toaskipping point: Jefferson (litTenn:,is thenearest ship- ping point for Dandrklgf, which is 20 milesaway. . a the county issued road bonds the roadswere sobad that 20 bushels, of wheat madeagood load foratwo-horse teamat almost imy time of the sear, and aday was required to makearound trip. Since the road has been shortened and surfaced with macadam 50 bushelsof wheatcanbe hauled iwer It withatwo.horse team in Jess thanaday. : On the old road it cost 15 cents a bushel to haulto the station. On thenewroad it coFt 4 Ontsabushel. Hauling Cotton to market: In Madison County, Tenn., before theroadswere improved, one bale of cottonwns aload foratwo-horse teamon some af theroads. NoW that the roadsareimproved 10 bales Isa commonload Or two horses. One farmer can..marketaload of 10 hidesongood roads while another farmercanmarketaload of 1 haleon a'poor road. Themanwithone.bale charges $3aday and themanwith 10 bales charges *3aday for hauling cotton.* man onthepoorroad $3a It costs theal" bale to market his cotten. It costs theman onthe good road 30 centsahale to market his cotton atone

load of cottonperday. .

. Problemsonhoulhig cotton: (a) (Hi the old roads inacounty in the State of -I Virginiatheaverage costof hauling cotton was 30 cents per ton-mile. On thenew road Itwas15 centsperton-mile. Whatwassavedperton-mile on thenewroad? e . r (b) The total hauling of cotton for theyear was610,060ton-miles.How muchwas*a!vkd by hauling oVer thenewroad? . ., . . . r . V.REPRODUCTION OF LESSONSON DANGERS OF CITY smvers AND ON KEEPING THE , . FI 4."

...OR 1. . / . . "es . . . .. 4, STIIEETM CLEAN.. ', f, .*:,;, , I e I O: . t -' , "- ` 1. e .1 6 I.iiI t ».4 ; .... : 1 .IP.', 1 .a... IP 1.1. I , ;iLtj:l'i; t.ei?,1. t.:''¡'1.:. s.."..7tiZ.4 ;;:."¡5:..1 i ''i ..,.. 4;;1;1.....e'1-1.; '*--, '. . . Thinpers.. . . in the City Streets.. z...... ,?:'-...;:',*.-.--; ....'. '.';pir4 . , . % , ..:4 ...... , ... A 4... : A4 4 :4, ..; V , ,+ .. ,.. - . . .'. 4'. :-"..,; ;'..:.4 .-:,/) 4:5-jr:rir'(.., . . . ,. .1 . - . ir X . : ,.I.' : , ..., . -,i4.1. ;:e..: ,,.. ...- -,::'...;., ..:..... -, ., : . ... ./ V; ' e . . ..'..I \..1.1'' 4,?ii, ' 1 . 1 4 ..' . . 6/4).-: - `,..e. 1$:''- ? ` ...... i .' II 4' 1,::r. .. . . 6...... :. it,. HUMOm. ..,i,..,; -61 i, 3 I ". ), ',, ;1!.., : The 1 : .-.., . . 4.,,,,.....0' , 4.. 4 . ..I' . . 4 al .11;.??.....il...4 ''if ,:i..:k ....-...1. *.:.:,.°1 .*" ..r, : '-f' 4- ."'a:.. ; -. 'i i ,. ., .. .. , 1, ''. 1. 1 r .i. 4 ...... 1 -.,- %.'/,...; ." , ' ...... '. : . P

;.1.(:*-1"4-1.:::: .s.j.. Disetsston byaclans of fi(th-grade children: Pupil ati (Fromasteno- . .. , %. .. . ., . 0 .' ,. e ... P.' % 1 . . , :, . , . , , _ ... 3. ?.' ,.. .''. ; 4' :11..1::.:grathic report.)j- .., 4 . .: , , -. r . -. .; , . ,4 .. !' I ... *: ' n../ ;.Y'' .4 st Pupil. What...b; theproper way to get on a car? . , -. 4, , :_ . ; . -, , t4 :f.:. ,' -! Pr 1.. . fistliert Well,youmilt Q for thecar, to, stop and when It stopsyou getbold re-Ay(' lq'''! /.. rr I';'':'. the.Cloorand stepup on'thecar,Do et jumpontheeitrbefore it stags or get 1; tiA. 4' ...... tL!,....4; -, .. 1..k».:.-}'-,`1/2*;, . Alr,/1/1047.- . . ,.. , 1.4!;/"!; 0 J. te; gItsv, 14 it44 ?11''',Vt } A#eA e'-14T.4.;el;4 '147; * '14;4% 1. '4-'-:C1+?kitiiSV4,;.¡; 4).; 1. . 74 I# 1 '1 . bitdrOt 10%11' A;t:'''.'7N;;./1 f .;* 4";: 44- *L- .8tope. ,,. ... r)vs' 44.if 7' i'40, \11; '!. .14 .tIV441-.1.'..;e: 4 tI 2 4 e " "It -1 -4.1,1 .4 »tylti;y vr.11;!.;e6i; P'1%SIC'I -4114; arri 4 1 '1! " ";.4.'1 ' 1!!4/741,4 $.44 '14'AZatt. fea' °LIC:441141.P11k-iid/5.1:40-tt` ; t t 014-,±t ..- {0.'giVinf tre,:11.14 , ire 0,10,11. LESSONS INCIVICS. 33 SecondPupil.Siniemen jump off beforetheenr stops. Theyshouldma Third Pupal Onerainyday 'Ventto jumpon a car.I fell down.in the mud. The car passedme. Bowie. Themen are ina hurry to get to workand ttiey don'tstop to Milk. The justrunand jumpon thecar, yourth Pupil. Iknowa man, ayoung fellow, whowas running to catcha car, missed it andwas killed. lloowe. Howmany peopleare killed by automobiles every year in this . country? Fif/h Pupi/.'-Everymonth itis in thepaper whether theyhave *gotmore or ..less deaths by 'automobiles. Sixth Pupil. Everyday in the'News itsays how manywereinjuredor killed. .Neenth Pupil,Isaw an accident theothetday.-kA ladywas between the tracks, she tooka step forward, triedtogo back,anZiwas knocke0 by thecar .and scratchedQ little. Earl.Twenty-two people'were killed. Bowie. Youmean Just 22 peoplewere killed this month,Earl, sincethe first ill Washington? Eighth Pupil. Myquestionsays inthiscountry.

2. Automobileregulations.

n (Reproductionin written languagtgrade 5.) We have 10,000,000registeredautomobiles inthe UnitedStates.Nine ihousandeight hundredand twentrOve.peopleare killeda year in thiscountry. They not only -livein citiesbutareUledwhilewalkingthe pikesor country roads. Wehave r!sgulationsip thiscityfor drivingon the right side of 'the' stnpt, sioppingwhen thetrolleycar stops, givehand signalswhen abouttooturn a. corner,turnifigonly,at theintersection oftwo streets,turnon your lights at dusk, onlydimones in the city. The*peed liniltin the Districtis IS milesper hour. Amotorist Whobreaksalaw Is takento court an.d Ismade topay a tine.Thefinemoneygoes to help get trafficsignals andpay policemèn. A boy ofgirlcan help keep roadssafe formotorists bypickingup any nailsor boards with projectingnails, byremovingsmall rocks, a limbs oftrees,or broken glass. 3. Keep theJared clean.

ID%

(Reproductionin writtenlanguage, grade5.) Onedaya little boywas eatingsome candy.Itwas in a bag.When he finishedhe threwthe hagdownOnthe sidewalk.After he hadgone another little boy ciline by and.Rit ts?the hag. Hepicked itup and put It in therubb!sh Can. Downon the streetsyouot.eerubbish. canswhichyou put all thetrash you don'twant tò.use. . Arid% nOtto throw It.on the sidewalk. greet 9r out Ift the Tho tresareintitreof the people:Thehaveto watch'outfor. thetrees *and don't let childrenor people climb the trjsor break the brancheSoff: The monuments .aeebuilt fortheremembranceof greatmen Iyho haVe doné .thingsfor our country andallover the world, 'likethemonup3en4 of Georgp. Washington,Abraham.Lincoln,.WilliamPenn;anaoti¡ers. 34 MAIN STREETS OF THE NATION,

The bridgesare tohe kept clean and attractive for everybodytosee.

O We havea "clean-up-day."46n thrlt day all the children cleanthe flirty places and pickupthe trashon the streets and put it in the rubbishcans.

.'.} , Ap. 7°7'4*IN."-4 1 izi ,-.. s- - .y. . vwkri . ..40. ... ., ,* . ) ql,.., A s - ',. ea.-,- .; 1 a,,c, - ., ,.. . -tr -. - C.Tt( it i. - 1 '!;.--aolt:f:-.0. ,4'.1:. 4.-ti,'_i .. r ... A ,: .. ',?. . 'ir .1v. I.; T., _irk....3 .i:-7*, ).-. 7'".' -' v..t- ; 4 .''<.... L ....0:),, . -, . .-,-- ,f' , . 01:ftek:.,'114)) s.4-:.; -ii4°-' "-:4(.....*'.....;''4'....:-' '.t., .7,.....:. 141, -...:::,Te.4.-..,..",..-"*''' *,-.4..- 1A. 1 .'1 -, .t-4 ' . I.,,-2% ...$ '..t., -,....9.1..,...4:: , .. -,-. . S row , . V' 1... e ',...t :. ! - ".. '',... ,t._. -., r 10. lit A,4.-1.":,:-. 'A...4 A ';,.$ /.-1` ioat i!..r.z. i:11-. '-:.4;`,1,,r 1:70-4i,. 1 tr%r,1; NA sktv 4'7-4- ,r, . 1.:44 "- 47';':..s.'-'1, .11':. :''.: r. 61- .?..s.-4..:::+11:gw.'.,...fi .-i.,,.,,,--..,,e... a ....,. .0 , i -:. . A N, 3P'14: trA-- -'.. . , , -:. . - .4 , .4....,7,, t .,,, ; a.. 1?. aV ...4 ::.4 . 0,.., 4 441411 rift.% ...t.+'.. .'e...P. 'i- ,...: C .4014 . 4 r -s .L., r" ---i t.Ik ,,,.. It..: ...-..,-. -.1.-e,.., wrO.i ....' IA;,..: ... , e ' V 1. ..L. 0.,".-.:. - ...-. .4 , 4i, .5- .r.*.ris., I'.i, i.:1' ,..1` )."1- - .1 . 'lee ' ; ,"jj, , h 4 4 ete./44.i". 1.*.f... :*,- . ,;4_ '.:I . ? I( 1 - ,I . 1 1 1, t. t Y..: ; 4-_17$ i ,;:c.t.*"....;::::''. .1' , :I....r..SiC:ft il. 4 re,:,.11;:t?.:,_, .,'...... t.,::::4.4.124,i17,..1:1...... _ ...... ,...... le'. ' )- 1'.4 ' -./1-:;:`: Y4 !. i .. '.. ..-.4'( . i , 14t-.45k.J. .2 ...,.?' P.:1*--... ..1, * % . ,, , 4,- w.fir:,..1:4 1, .... ,.. t 4i. .e...... v . ... , ...... ii . P '''Ir . . ./ ,T.A. ;pi, I: .u.. u_it 0 .iliti,,:" f..., ,1:. :*; *** ..- - :-..'4;4! '.4. / 6, o L 1 '4, t .: . . .. 4.10 I, 11 . I'1 l ... l' ''t ICI4... ,i,. 0 ,, ..,,,>,.. N.., : :I f 4114.."'Or1 :° % ,;it. 1'.:1:34, Ig%17.0 ; .f. 44k;-- .. ""4( .1,;.- j '..-441 't. ':. .,. :''Y, 'b.!. i. '','"..141:1,-.4` ;I. :IT '.0.. ..- --.--, .Pk: . ., . e , - -rI` ' ...... ii- 14 t - ... ..`t. Ck .. I( i " - ,.,'1,1. %. .: " tAl . j%.'. ....k.-,!,'.''... e'', .. , . , ,It. , . -_ 41.;...f '. '-i#4*".1g!' " . 1 ) ' 11:".&. 6.4' .. ,-- ... .'.."....+. '. . . . , , ' .71ttir!It 44.1 Pal e- % :..:.-- ,,. ,.4 t,:q. tii, :.., s 1 ..i.''... ''-, - .. ,,,.....i, , 1-,,..i- . ,-; .., .. !4.f....1.. , , .., . . .., .. , ...... if r i. v,,.;...,,, ...... ;., .., ,,,,,, ., tt 4 11 tr.*, .1%; r,./1. 1 ,, ,,,I , . .. . , . 4, % 4 44.:...4.;.-*,17.01 I ,:',:jp,.,,,:_,4: " f r,,` 4 1 i'lk I ..'*;!. f 4.14 --,_ 1, ..,' .4::',,..i , h..A Ja r4 .; :..: if .1.,t_*:;.`klils.. .4,fit ii...// .(-.-1'ell''' ..; 11 1j, .1*:47-41-t4, ?' ;5'4. 441i..;ti , s1:1;611:1r 4,4 :. ! . .1 r _ 44. N.4 V... . /8'4 ' "»1/4"7 tip; ..4 .11: 41, t. 4'-44 Oet-. re 7, ./. L: , _-: -,*(1,* " L-

I '

REPRODUCTION IN -COLORED PAPER CUTTING. Colored posterHow to keep the streets clean

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IP 4

011

1 1

. .: -. . -1 .- . . ' !: - 14.

Chapter IV.

"et LESSONSIN HISTORYAND LITERATURE. Plan ofRtudy.---Historyand literature, inthe formNtstories and' .ppems,enrichedthis studyand addedanartistic touchto theprac- tical lesson'sin roadbuilding whichthe childrenwerequicktoap- *elate.So muchso,infaCt,that they beggedtobe Olowedto b.ma6.up".versesofi the highwaywhenevertheir time would

permit. . : .

. "LetmeLive inthe Houseby the Side ofthe, Road," and"The Little Roadsays.'Go! '".and"The One-fhissShay,".aregoodex- amples ofstory-tellingKernsused in thisconnection. Tales oftravel andthe historyof early moaesof transportetion, the evolutionof the automobileand the building'ofthe first roadsin America broughtthe ,.subjectof the highwnysclose\to the cbildren through their,loyefor history siorieslind theirfondness forimagi- nativeliterature. GENERALOUTLINEOF STUDY. 1. Goodroads andwhat tbey do: History-1.Effectfin man's development. 2. Effecton a nation's prosperity. H. History of roadbuilding InAmerica: I. 11 istory-1.Prehbaitoricroads. 2. Pioneerroads. I. 3. Our natiofmlroads. M. Financingroad buildingin America: Ilistflry-1.Federal-aid roads. 2. Road bonds. The evolutionof the automibile:

V. 1. The Indiantravail. 2. TI le pilgrim'ssled. 3. The settler'scart. 4. The ¡prairieschooner. ti. Thestage coach. 6.. The firstrailway train. 74 The, Twentieth CenturyLimited.. 8. The first automobile..

L. 6009 ROAM AND WHATTHEY DO. Histpry:Goodroads have hadmuchto do withprogress.They ,haveaninfluenceon eveuypart )ofaman's life.tilecali.getbeiter . )4, . .. : ' , .t ' . .i. , s ,_.,. I T i ti, ... . t . ; , t I .., 1.'41t '. ' , . .' 4"&l..`'' 2.:::*, ti - "-Vr .-----i'-:'''' ..":°Wf::. 4 :-: t'Ar 1/4-'ifiti r4+.4, tit'..t-ttv4F ,t Alt " l''..t.....4àS41i.A0.110.1044 :,:t4tkVikPU)_;;;I:ifflY.let-Mrm 41:N'"'1 . 3

86. I MAIN STREETS OF THENATI9N.

G. 411, ,* and cheaper foodif he liveson agood road. Hecan getbetterand -cheaper clothestowea.He hasabetter houseand furnitureif he cansell goods easilyand quickly. This is alsotrue of nations.In the oldentimes therewereafew good roads in theworld and thosenations whobuilt thembecamethe

great peoples of the earth. .1) Egyptbatthe pyramidsbecause sheknew howvo buildgood roads. Rome becamethe leader Qfthe world inart and literature and_ ingovernment-largelybecause hercountrywascrossedandre- crossed by goodroads.France in thelatewargainedmanyvictorie by theuseof hergood roads, while with'outthem shewould have beeil helpless: Our peoPle inAmerica.arebeginningto-think thatgood roadsate necessaryifwe are to developour country and toprotect it in times - of danger. . Special study:FamouNroads in hiwtory. Remains. ofEgyptian roads. The AppianWay. ;

O. . The Road to' Athens. .. The Roadto Damascus. The road alongthe Wall of(Una. . '- Chomils Elygeos.

I II. !STORY OF ROAD NGIN AMERICA.

"1",

I 1. PrehiAtorieroads..--History:(a) Deerand bisonpath8 that led acrossthe plains andthrough the forestswerethe firstroa.lis inAmer- ic.a:They had been us-ed forhundredsof-years Mienthe whitenail I cametothiscountry andwere worpsmóoth andhard by thetramp6f, manyfeet through thecenturies. .1 (b).hididntrails followedthese pathsorwanderedalong the banks ofstreams andovertheportages. Many ofourearly- roads werebuiltonthese ckl trailsbecausethey offeredshort quick transit fromonepointto another throughanalmostimpassablewilderness. 2. Pioneer roads.---History:The :earlysettlerswerefamous road builders.They bhded. . their-waythrong* the 4 . 4 r forests and crossed thewestern plains in the face öf r danger,privation, antideath.Most ,

. ofour t ffahscontinentalI .highways followthe earlysc;adswhichlyere .

k openéd through.the'country by .tim -hardyfrofitiersnien.findthe intrepidpioneers. .¡ . . : : .. ir#*kI". 4: . . , A. ..- Our national roadi(a)Thefirst national u.mil . wasbuilt in tho United Statesin 1776.Itranfrom Philadelphia : to Ni3w York. . ,s, , ;C..' ;s7 . The secondwas Ki1:1 the famouspld road from New.York.to Boston.

Aft t. *. (b): The firOttesgeoStirintakh41ut,ay,was \Am iuggested by.,Heqry. Fr, lor 846 OhiowasOrifittectas tq into the Union. . 4 ..) yt*- , - 41. , : " " ." .r A . ' " . a 4 LESSONS INHISTORY ANDLITERATURE. 37 He urged Congressto*pass abillcompell¡ngOhioto set aside 5percent of the proceedsfrom kersalg, of publiclandsto build aroad from theOhioRiverto the Districtof-Columbia. Itwasbegun in1806 andwasthe firstroad builtat publicexpense in thiscountry. Itwasafterwardsextendedwestward fromthe Ohio Riverto Indianapolis.Now itcrossesthe continentfrom NewYork toLos Angeles andis knownas the OldNational Road. . ((i) The OldState Roadranfrom Albanyto Buffalo andthence. westward/throughClevelandto the prairielands of theMississippi Valley ((I) TheSanta FrTroll isthe originalhighwayacrossthewest- ernprairie7regionextending fromSt. Louisto Santa Fe, N.Mex. Thistraifiranalongthe ArkansasRir,Olenacross tothe Cimarron River iaadirect.line to Wagon MouiidN. Ilex.;and fromthtre *- toLas Vegas., San Miguel,and -StntaFeThe Old Nationatito4 .. follows thistrail inthe West. . 0 4

4 -.BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1A

Literature-(pow oambitandwhirt.ilicydo. Poems. Lippman,Julia M.Thesong of the mail Longfellow, H.W. Aboy'sthoughts. The roadto Camelot.(Fromthe Ladyof nalott.) &bollard,Clinton.As I eame tlowiifromIA11111011. Steyent4oIl, It. L.Windynight. Storico. Altslieler,J. A.Theyoung trailers. carruth,Hayden.Truck'send. Goi41ing,V.Story of IinvidLivingsion. ,Moffett,Cleveland.Careers ofdangerand daring.

FAMOI'S ROOSIN IfISTORY.1

Poemx.

Browning,Robert.How theybroughtthe goodnews from Ghentto Aix. Foss,S. W.Thesongof theroad. Vox, Florence. % Wheregoes the, road? i Longfellow,H. W.Patil.Revere's ride. ., i; '.. . 1.1 4, Peabody, Elizabeth .. . c The housearil theroad... . , . I . '. _;" , , .., ; l' Read, :..%... , . .. ,f4.1 r .i ON Al ro;43;.4 .. ' T. B...... , .... ., - . Sheridan'sa . ride. ' '."I .1. s .. . -: ...... ' ' ..7. ' .. 1 . . . 1 ' ? I:' -4. r , 1. . ..A 160, *.,. T., .. A.'. '..I St!nvenson, ' ... ; 1 1. ; . R. L.Thesong of the road. i I .f :' l. l':::: 0 ' '4 .." .r. I. J I e 4. 41-1414'*17: .. 1 .. r' 'whinier, . r.'r4..-. J. G. Barbarà ( . Frletehle....:.,...; 1 I .:. 'V . . ,..* Os. I - . '', . 6 r,*. . Songa.. I; . 1. .. kir .. . ; t".:4 : ' " -0-.1.. 1. . - 7 t, ....v.. . :.e/0,):1i. I.p5 ; 417% . Wing,Rudyard.r Onth6 road . to Mandalay. . - 4' _ .. .4-.0 4. , LodLomond.(Old Jr.,. ;;Y 4t'*5; 1. .0. 'Scotcht ballad.),, 4* .4,1. :".e.:;+T ". 1 ..-:4:41'1"*.r74-6.: t ' OAF,» . .f ; » &% t*.fI It* `;:t "" 110,..f. 4`' 4 f t t-01'. .*:. - bt#:'; ' -V1.. .1."* 1, - ; -11r '4'I -;:cr ..t.,-At6;', .. . . - t- "1 '12 ";7'tf gV r ; so- 0'rr;1:1;4_4/. A 144:. ! sio .. ;.;111.1'!'' ,Nssn'¡ . . ":1- . 4 ...,1-%".:441.;.,,' '» i-4,6 `It. : ..P11/4t , ...... 4.4tit4' 1.4 . .-.. i7 ;1.1.. .. , 1.4. e . . -I/0,1 - e -4- -' :¡.4 It, a', , . rr. eL I : ., 4,Z,v1n....41.1, %AAA r...1 :.sr.S.....s.;.&..1,4,:ir!-1.4..i;:.1 1.1.4:k .4: 38 MAIN STREETS OF..THE NATION.

.11

PRIM 181:IC ROADS.

k. /Poems?. Foss, S. W. The calf path. Longfellon:,H. W. The shooting of the red deer. (From Songs ofHiawatha.)

S1Orie.g. Grinnell, G. R.Jackamong thelnilhíns. Hough, Emerson. The long trail. Janvier, T. A.The Altec treasure hou.441%

! Achultz,J. W. With the Indians in the Rockies. V. Atoddard,W. O. *Twoarrows. .White, W. A. The magic forest. Ii tWinterburn. The Spanish Inthe Southwest. . Ii PIONEER MEWS. / Storicx.. 3

1 Abbott, J. S. C.Christopher t'argon. David Crockett. Altsheler, J. A.Homemen of the. plains. Mamm.m. .w.M1Y1a. The wilderness road. Theyoung trailer. Chapman. W. G.Greeniiinher trails. Cody, W. F.Adventures of Buffalo Hill. Cooper, J.The pathfinder. Hough, Pmerson. The coveredwagon.

I. a Kingsley.Lewis and Clarke. 7 Mason, Ac B. Tom Strong: Washinzton°4smut I . Miller, Joaquin.Kit Carson's ride. Parkman. The Oregon trail. Trowbridge, J. T.Theyoung surveyor. ;

M. FINAN('ING ROM) !WILDING IN MERT.C.%.

The good roadsmosernent hasgrownin America untiloneanda half billion dollars all told,arerOadytobespentonFederal, Shift,

. . . 'County, and township romis. h Road building \has become the.greatest _construction Industry in the United States.:The .Townsend bill, whichprovide.4 foran ap- propriation from Congress for. road building; becamealaw in 1921. it . .. . 'Under this tici there wastwopoopo availablefor Federal road building in 1922.Cohgress appropriatkl halfthissumand the States the other half:With thisamount 27000men can,bpem- ployed. Wheri these roadsarebuilt they will be long .enoughtoreach around the world if placed endto epd. 1. Our Federale7aid road8.--Thissystem of roads is fnuch like that in France. Federal aidm9anshelp received fromthe'National Gov 1 einmentrThe most imOortant"roads in the .Stiieand those that 'runfrom,StatetoState usually receive'Federal aid.Primary roads,

, 1 l- .1:04441ailitI LESSONS IN HISTORYAND LITERATURE. 39 11,

- areState rpads andconnect, the largest cities and towns-inthe 8tate. Secondary roadsarebuili,by the countiesand tertiaryroads by the town§hips.The townshiproadsare,usually earthroads that unthi.ough thetownshipandareoften hard .surfaced.Federal aid is given toacertain iwreentage.ofthe mileage of inter4atehigh- ways. 2.edera/aid inarmatt riakWhenthewar was overthe

Federal Government hadalarge quantity ofwar mateiidsonhand . for which it hadno use.This materialconsisted ofmorethan 300 items.Therewereautomotive. trucks andcars,lubricating oils, canvas,nails, picks,axes,blacksmith-shopequipm-ent,corrugated mewl, pipes, air drills,derricks,cranes,industrial railroadequip- ment, cement, bricks, andmanyother articles. . . The government hasdividN1 this materialamongthe severtil State-sforusein buildingroads.. 3. Roadbonds.Roadbondsare,bonds thatnreissued by the Statesto_ raisempneyfor buildingroa6.In other words0104 State borrowsmoneyfrom the peoplein thisway to payfor its road building and maintenance.Itpoysinterestonthese bondstothe people who buy them antiwhen the bondsbecome dueit pays 'thefull amount.It thesametime itleviesataxonthese peopl&to help paythe interest. If the people buy thebonds andarethen taxedfopaythe interest, it wouldseemlike.a poorinvestment.But the benefitcomesback to them in the form of improvedNads, whichare a great asset. The people benefitby theincrease in .the priceof theirproperty and the decreaseincost of transportation whenthe roadsarein good condition.They have gainedmuchmorethan ,thetax which-- they . «lY . , I , Some States haveraised50orGO million dollarsin thisway,an4 hardlyacounty is without its road bonds.Many townshipshave theirownfund for roadbuilding, whichis raisedbythe sale of . bonds.

1 , 4.. IV. TIIE EVOLUTION 00TIM ArtOMVIal:E.

I Closely connectedwith thedevelopment ofthe highwayis the history of,the evolutionof the wheeledvehicle. Whenthe roadwas apath throilgitthe forest theIndian usedtwi) long polesattaéhed Co his pony'sbackonwhich iocarryhis impinge.With thecoming o4f.thefirst settlers, theforestpiaithiswetewidened into highways,and % the sled *.and'cartwereiised for travel.*WhentfreWestwasopened to settlers the prairieschooner becamethemost convenient vehicle foralong journeyoverthe western.phlins.The first natiÓnallroads brought the,'stage 'coach intouse,whichyr,asthe forerunner .ofthe-,, ilroad traiii. Rapid dei*Qpniéi#of thesteam eligifieas ,a .1,xr s.: 4i.-.441QA; -=-1 -

6.4 L 40 MAIN STREETS OF THENATIpN,

power wasfollowed by theuseof thegasoline engine inthe horseless carriage. Noiv the automobile-andthemotor truckaremakingtheir insistent demands forabroader andmoredurable highway. 1. The Indiaii (a)llade oftwo, bmgpoles with endsfastened to the hack ofa10010

Other endsdragging along the ground. 4 (b) Used .for eurrying baggage,tents. etc. 2.The Pitgrita`x x/ed.. ) Aplatform seton a pair of runners. , (b.) Drawn hyayoke ofoxen. (e) The driver's voice andalong whip guideheoxen.

3.Thesettler'mcart, A er 0 (al Aplatformsetontwo wheels. I 14 (b)WbePrssolid, cut fromalog41f. tHod, Wheelsheavy andclumsy. TIT huh,the spokes,and thib rimwere developed later.

. ut. . (e) Drawn byayoke ofoxen or an os and a mule, 4, The prairiescrhotmer. 1 . . i. (a.) Longwagon box with eanval, tops14.it on four wheeiri. b) Drawn bysix horsei. Two drivers,MPinwagon with reins awlone walking withwhip. t (r)Usedashome during longtripSover the western plains.Furnished for sleephig and light!Mug(' keeping. (4) Sometimes "called Ship ofthe plains"onaccountof resemblance . to a schooner. 5.Thestagecoach. 4 . ((i)An inclosed bodyset upon foOr wheelswith windows amldoors at the side.

00 Drawnby fourhorseik .Twq drivers,one on the coachwith reins : and whip:one on the back ofone of the leaders. (r) Publicconveyance running between certainstationsonthe highroad. (4) Holding sixoreightpassengers, with baggagestrappedon the top. 6. The first railway train. (a) Tbreeor four stagecoaches formingarailwaytrain, runningon woo(Ienorironrails. I'V 0)Drawn byasmall'stem* fired withstove wood. (0 Each coacharrazige41like the oldstagecoach,thrryingsixor eight passengers with- baggage strappedon the top. 7. Twentieth CeiiturllLimited. (11) A long railway train of sixor eight conches, baggagecar, malland express cars, dining and fifeepingcars, runningon steelrail& (b)brawnbyapowerfulsteam engine.

8. The first automobile. I ' \ 1I . . . ( a.)Horsele$s 4 4 t Carriage with Woodenorwire' t wheelsfitted with rubber

. V . ;4'4 1:, 4. ;4. "i, % ',-; ,. 4t% . 7-641%..t.--tt *I. , tires, solidI at first, ,and laterpneuMatic. ....` -.41* "11 4P. ; .4, * a I . 1 14 - . 1 4 40 t " .... . ol,s (b)* .Propelled by , .., . electric engine ' ' orgasoline engine. f.4.*:.31;. A I. P , . . f 'IN I.' L' I;' .: % ' . ' l6;' '1 e 14I ") .'.1,....: ...*:;... .. I.:.. I ''' ... .."' i 6 ; 'z ;i . 4. ,.; ,..,f: - *.. . . ,;--A: -, 4' 4, L'i... .., 1 BIBLIOGRAPHIES. I II .4 I ,.. . t ,ee 4 ...... I4 .. . 4 ç. 4". . 4 e .t LiteratureTouringthe highway.

.,* . *. . so. Ruker, B. E.Fifteeninindred mil&miles. Outing,81. 184418,anuary,1923. Campbell, E. M.Motorroutes to southern skies. . gooper, ¶ä8Trail ofthe rintler.' Coiner's, 76:040,Septem ,16, 1922,

.I4. r . ±15. 81-B2OOKAPHIES. %* . 41

DIRT, G. 11.Redskins and redroadsters.Illustrated W9r11,37:862-41August,

FreestoneC. L NewAlpine highroadtkScribner's Nlagazine, 1: C.43-00, Julie, rbt*). 11 Helder, eTC.Infancy ofmotor 'cars.Independent, 109:133-4,September16, 19242. as. Hopkinson,K.(I.Vagaboàdholiday¡takers.NineteenthCentury, 1r2: 510-20, September, 1922. Irwin, Wallace.Pike's Peak,Lizzie,or bust.Saturday IllyeningPost, 195:14, october 7, 1922. --Mountain motoring.Saturday EveningPost, 195:37-8,November 11, 19.)62. Jahw-4In,H.This friendlylold road.Collier's, 70:23,August 19, 1922, jopp. F. G.Call oftheopen road.Illustrated World,37: 742-6, 902-51July- August, 1922. Powell, E. A.Motoring downto the Golden Horn.Century, 105:56-70,Novem- bet, 1922, Putnam, Nina Wilcox.Hittingonboth cylinder'.American.liagazine, 94:22- 23, July. 1922. # --Jitney guideto the Santa FeTrail. SaturduEvening Post,194:24;40, June 10,19:22. Saunders, C. F.Two motor vagabonds inOregon. ...Sunset,49:38-40, Sep- [ember, 194Z2. Trfaxell, M. A.Springs of ForestCounty, Wisconsin.Outing, 80:104-431June,

lt Alb Highways in. thcUnited Mates.

Arewe to haveatranscontinental highway?ScientificAmerican;127:281, December,1022. e Burton, C. P.America's billion-dollarIndustry. Harpers, ,145:24-34, June, 1922. Framrailroad tohighway. e1entJflc American.120:31647,May, 1922. Fuessle, N.Pulling MainStreet out ofthe mud.Outlook, 131: 640-3, August 10.1922. I. Highwaysancient and modernin thenew world.Bulletin PanAmerican Union, 55: 247-51, September,1922.' A yotionpictures showrOild building.American City,26: 358,April, 1922. Philadelphia'sservicetest rgad.American City,26:115-17,February, 1922. Schoolsand roads.World's Work,44: 16-17,May, 1922. Smith, E. G.Defects of modern highWays.Forum,68:939-44,November,1922, Smith,F. P.Parable ofthe three roads.American City,27 ; : 107-11, August, 1922. : . .! .. Whyhighwaysblowup.LiteraryDikest,71:21, December 10,1921. Willard,V.Highways,.trucks, and Mute . -. Sunset, 48: t1.11; ' . May, 1922. r , . , . . . I . -. . ,¡at'; . :Attt,:,,,..A.2: 4,1,,.,:,:;:lit',...:A v .1a . 3 .-4.. f14,t; , : ::; .4 ,` ,!...,,:1'..;kI..* ! . ... I ht t 04. %,,t .0. ....'f ..;. .... " .....1... i I -6"...... 441 4..ii .: ...;' I I t . 1 t-.V: '''a l:'%' .. '% nf:'," . ; ." Y. i 414 a 4. (, .. ,' 41-...;....:1 1.2. . . d t t..I .4 ./ . 't. 1,, ,. . ... a , .. t .* Automobiles andRoads. . . . ' A" ' . . tc.. ::%* . 1r 4. - t " . 't 't f I . #. . t ' 1 "t; i r, . t '2 . . ' 1 Of'. as earpenter,L. T. Motoring .1 . , , toa new11. world. Illustrated World,37,:. 3804,May, %. : ' . t . . '-. -1' L. .?'1 ltro,0011111 , - t " .1. .;.s I Claudy, I .1;i1 C. IL, . ..4 l" 11 and Frost, S.Your dividends . on good roads. Collier's,69 -:113479 - ..; '..C., "'t .;- .i. : ,- '' ' % r , .). ... -4. . - i.)...... ,I -..! ." :f A te. ...a i ,i,o, ....--- T t ". '4 ,.:,--4,' s i'. T.t .., . I./. , ' 6 January ! '' . i 4 ) r _ . - 1 7, 1922. 4V : 'f.:11 .,,. ..1".' ,* N ..T:1..-4, : . tt . T "::::....-'',`It':!'t,- !...4'- -r... .. ` ' -.. ,...I' 1.4.'It? ..-1 1'''-V541. ^ 1 '., ' f.):f'''t r) -?.! 8...t ;1-.. i ,.,: :4` Ir--t ',;.41,11, ' .....I..- 4 " ° -.: 4).. .:'.40.t .-.....-:-. .:r c',1... '4. .s...... I.4,../ ....4. 4 '. . 4.,:.., 01. 1 ....7.1,`"-.Jr 1--1, j% VI ,,,, '04.;;, .. * .` z;? .1 , 1114-. Motorist, _ it fi t t't-a', s spare that road!, . : . .2 Literary. Digest,. 72 614, MardiIS, 1022:f. flt U.' *. ts. .0.41 :. ,. 7 I. rTrainyour ,4+ eai It a for engine white.-1.41.terary, Digest, s ' . -" .'1 .. ,. 73:714,% May 6 F4.'41 A 4'41, `i . .r- b c 21,..1922. .;NIg vttt, ,itt. V:^k . . t44. Y,4ti!;14' :!! ;41, . '4):;¡` ,f')44t!èA, P .' yi 10. sk4f5i174i, rKvi , -r."1-`..10¡ Afit's 4.4%; 4,141 4 ^: q;0.:4 r: t f'.3',41. ft. 1 fy !Ap.. ' -L. I tiu461:ttii;n I. C. tz I. fg& -077-411 . et . . .42 MAIN STREETS. OFTHE NATION. s. 4 Aut4mobites.

, J. Hanson, D. L. Mons.Irons buysanautotimbile.System, 35: 806-9,-May,11919.' Holt, E.Dollars,sense, and this year'scrop. . . Illustrated World,31k: 193-96, April, 1919. - I. . - . ., ,. Watkins, M.W.Labor situation inDetroit.Journal of PoliticalEvolving, 28: 840-52,December, 1920. is ' AP r." .. utymobile Driving. Bad nfotoringnumners lead to prison offenses.Literary Digest,67:74-6, °eta.

her 9, 1920. 4 - '3 Fools 'who havedrivell,me, byan,agtedsix.Literary Digest,66: 80-4, August . 14, -1'920*. I Holmes, E. Il.Better besure than surly.Outlook, 126: 561,November 24,1920. ,., . % Shaw, J. J.Horn and thepedestrian.Outlook; 126 43:t,November 3,.1920. .1! - When friqviwife;tickedthenew boat.leiterarYDigest, 64: MaFch13, ..i., . , , 19°20. .. . -ih- .. r "..1 , AutomobileCampSiteN.

Eatofi, W.I.Tentingonthenew campgr6und.Nation, 113:'287, Septewber

14, 1921. . _ .'

Eustis,.1^.It.GipsOiNle luxe.Independent, 98: 184-5,Il1ayir3, 1919. a Nomads of the autonwhire.Literary Digest, tit , (;9:40---3, April 30,41921. Porter, R. N. Newhospitality:SvrIlmer's el . Atitgazine, 69:735-40, June,197 V

. Automobile Touring. A dab t' ., v it ..Gurney, V.Auto-burro honeymwou.Suliset, 43:40-2,July, 1919. I, !. . , elt Jessup:Flight gr tile_. tin-cantouristsOutlook,128: 166-9,May 25, 1921. 1 , Johnson, A.America, touring groundof the World.CountrYILify,37:25;34, : . January, 1920. . fp ik i Booksof Reference.r t2 .4 A. A. A. Yearbook, 1922. 11Acomp1etelAII0a14gu-ide'òfthe LiticOlnlliglway. A a 4,0 lityant's collectiopof andsong.'. et: Course of study,tiafety education.OregOn Statedepartment. Colirsof sttrdy;Detroit,inch., piiblIcschools. 44hk : . -

. :1 Cutrent,,magazinesfor 1931r1922,1923. .,, , -1 t, 14 Dephithient..ofAgriculturartarbook,1922. .. I. /' :1",t .. 17* f, Departtpent of .t g Agriculture.. Publicroads, ltdf, 1!E21,1922, .. 41 . ,.. .4i GeokraphiesOfUnited States and .... kf, , each State. lb, ... 6 a . .O ..:C11 0 ' e s .. e- . f. , Ilighwayo '¡reen s book, 1921, i 1922. ò i . . . , ..,i'r . ; I ,.i i:i406 . It' t Histories of;Untied'States and each I Sta0. . 0 S ': i Methods of.instruction. 4 Bureau. of safety,726-AdamsStreet, Chicago, Ill. i ;1 . 6 I sOurconnitunity,.Ziegler C, . . 011 Jaquette. s. . Philadelphia, J. Ç. W ikon.CÓ...... 4-i J :,.. 0, 3. ,.4. .e. tr ....-: /;! .0...,.,.. ,.1" .. ' ''''' i il ° 4t.r.,TrIr ; ,-Afivepell's r90 primer'for chtlaren.C.hi6agf.),Ill.,.A.:'(1..*McC1 i " '....I.40T. , ,,.,-.,-.,..,,-...:;(,.(ii-.--.41 -.11.1+.1s, ...,... .g.J. ---,_ % . g.,...; ,,,..., t.. ; 1.'-li#' p... ; .;41.f Sate037 fIrst-ibii..phi.iikeii. 6 e ' ... 1 .' ..,,4-';'.:0_JI vs e .:_ e , i. tl . .i5ePti1lio.,".garssoi.E:witet. .,.4.. I' ' 1 t . , = :s . . 11r1 slt.0-.. . 'V ¿It' Safety 'first: fok41tt1efolkg. t:Waldci.'. $ott'York,- Scribiia: "..%:;1'..s.d...... :::; 1.*r ''.'.' .;t.' ,-.; 1 : ,_ , '...... *.:...... :,:;:...... :4').:r..;,!,'.11.=.34) . : #:o' ^ . '.. ,) .._.. . .Safety . . I . fr ' "(*. fot.0.03 child.New. York, 'Republic-Booki,Co., J . . ..,... - . II/ -., . 00_, is !: its; ..!...... Stand#ra, . t 60 . books .6f poems'f6i , r I chilOren. ,' ,... s ...... i. .8,14.4 ,,. e ,. l''. .0 4 .,..,. .. . 4 A . ...::-.1; liI ...1. i :. I. .1.(4 6.1.4:":: Saepoplind 'sakety . woutii. .i., .4 &Mel?". 4Te'w . 4 0,_:. 1A,, g 'York, World I Book Co, ..- . e '.' 4:ei4¡!§11.4 Ag... )_,, r. Wiietxt

'railroads, sye.lvf-,:petv.:..,..Carteri.,.C., :., ,, 334" ..j F. New..York. and London,Henryliolt;' .. ''t .1!I'. s '.. 4,F,101,y, 'N'.,:: r:4+60.1. .Il 7 ? 1,4 f, : "14.'1 .4 I: . r, , 0.-.- .liv '.. .*:.,:-I- eillibooltsof. sti;-:4.ijob.;, *1 f ',--'....,..; ;..; ii;*- r i highliiii¡f'iiiisMatioi4. .: , X IA.* ,-4. ,...-_-...... ,. .. . i-.', 1 .114.... ,.. 4 - -,4 . . ' #.) i .,.':t-,':r...!,;/',...;;:.;;.,. t 4 O .. 3, ,,,,,?,,,,:.),,, 1 _,...j l al ', 'r I e ./.."'6.1fia4; .4.'14; .,II. t s'i hiA , 3 15. e'.1 i 1 Y 3.1.7i It. ;la .sir 1,Y1,4.104.1:,*.?-4.-;:ivi3A4k-:_*".:, "" ' 'S'.-*ill.'.1I . ' .4. ;--A i 4 4" '7''' st141.10 4 4At4-11..7 ;'rfcfA 4 )4. Z;.r9 ,),t41 (31:113 , it Pe "i". l'-.4.. .1f'.,, `-';'1--: ...r.,0 . .1 4)v,ortf,.43.44hieflt.4./..ri ' t... t».., tip!'t 0 ,,11 , ik kt\s'pt. I. 0 ,. vlf...4r,to-pi t' et,- -.9% 441 43 A..., f , A.0., it '1 Zvi ;ILi. 1, -4; *)ty ,s PIP 6.4 ff, '/ ifkg4)