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A Uthor Ab Stra Ct © by IAAF Optimisation of performance 22:2; 7-16, 2007 through kinematic analysis of the different phases of the 100 metres By Krzysztof Mackala´ The aim of this study was to Krzysztof Mackala,´ Ph.D., current- investigate the variability of ly works a Lecturer in the Depart- stride length and stride frequency ment of Track and Field at the between athletes of different per- University School of Physical formance levels in the 100m and Education in Wroclaw, Poland. He then verify the influence of these has been a sprints and hurdles kinematic parameters on the coach for more than 15 years and phases of the race and technical has worked with athletes in efficiency. Data from a group of 8 Poland, Canada and at University average male sprinters (mean of Montana in the USA. performance 11.18) and the men’s 100m finalists in 1991 IAAF World Championships in Athletics were compared. Based on statistical analysis of the kinematic param- AUTHOR eters, the author identifies differ- ent phase structures for the races of the two groups. The results suggest that stride length con- tributes much more to the veloci- ty curve of the 100m than stride frequency, which can no longer be Introduction considered the most important performance-determining factor he importance of stride length and in either average- or high- level stride frequency to the velocity curve performers. ABSTRACT T of the 100 metres is well document- ed in the sport science literature (MURASE et al., 1976; VOLKOV and LAPIN, 1979; MANN AND HERMAN, 1985; BRÜGGEMANN and SUSANKA, 1988; MORAVEC et al., 1988; BRÜGGEMANN and GLAD, 1990; GAJER et al., 1999; FERRO et al., 2001). However, it is not clear how these kinematic parameters affect the different phases of a sprint race. Little is known about how sprinters manipulate their stride patterns during the phases of accelera- tion, maximum velocity, and deceleration to New Studies in Athletics • no. 2/2007 reach optimal efficiency. Moreover, there is 7 Optimisation of performance through kinematic analysis Figure 1: Example of velocity curve (instantaneous speed) based on time measurement (0.02 sec intervals) for an aver- age sprinter (10.78) (MACKALA,´ 2004) the question as to whether the phase struc- observe the changes in velocity and estimate ture of the 100 metres is the same for ath- the proportionate effects of stride length letes of different levels of performance. and stride frequency by measuring both vari- ables and computing their influence using This is an important theme for research as appropriate statistics. information in this area will promote the understanding of the biomechanics of sprint- Methods ing and provide a basis for developing train- ing protocols that are specifically designed Eight male sprinters (average values: age = for individual athletes. 21.3 years, height = 179.9cm, weight = 74kg, 100m performance = 11.18 with best The purpose of this study was to determine result = 10.78sec) make up Group A. From the relevance of the variability of the main their performance level, these sprinters can kinematic parameters between athletes of be considered national- or average-level different performance levels in the 100 performers. metres and then verify their influence on the phases of the race and technical efficiency. The data for the analysis of Group A were obtained from recordings of eight individual Data obtained for a group of “average” time trials made with 10 video cameras sprinters was collected and compared with (operating at 50 frames/sec). The cameras published data for elite sprinters to under- were synchronised with the starter’s gun. The stand the relationships between stride cameras were placed perpendicular to the length and frequency, and then running running direction on special tripods at 10m velocity, and to determine the phase structure intervals along the track. Markers were for each group. To draw conclusions and placed at each 10m section to allow interval make recommendations it was necessary to times to be calculated by counting the New Studies in Athletics • no. 2/2007 8 Optimisation of performance through kinematic analysis Table1: Mean of selected parameters for 10m sections of the finalists in the men’s 100 metres at the 1991 IAAF World Championships in Athletics (Data from AE, ITO and SUZUKI, 1992) Place Name Variables 10m 20m 30m 40m 50m 60m 70m 80m 90m 100m 1 Lewis Stride Frequency 3.83 4.81 4.45 4.41 4.66 4.86 4.76 4.45 4.34 4.53 (USA) Stride length 1.39 1.92 2.44 2.55 2.56 2.42 2.50 2.71 2.65 2.57 Time 1.88 2.96 3.88 4.77 5.61 6.46 7.30 8.13 9.00 9.86 Velocity 5.31 9.26 10.87 11.24 11.90 11.76 11.90 12.05 11.49 11.63 2 Burrell Stride Frequency 3.59 4.81 4.61 4.43 4.41 4.50 4.57 4.50 4.34 4.23 (USA) Stride length 1.52 1.96 2.38 2.57 2.61 2.58 2.52 2.64 2.59 2.71 Time 1.83 2.89 3.80 4.68 5.55 6.41 7.28 8.12 9.01 9.88 Velocity 5.46 9.43 10.99 11.36 11.49 11.63 11.49 11.90 11.24 11.49 3 Mitchell Stride Frequency 4.28 4.96 4.61 4.70 4.92 4.94 4.74 4.60 4.67 4.61 (USA) Stride length 1.30 1.88 2.33 2.42 2.34 2.33 2.46 2.53 2.43 2.44 Time 1.80 2.87 3.80 4.68 5.55 6.42 7.28 8.14 9.04 9.92 Velocity 5.56 9.35 10.75 11.36 11.49 11.49 11.63 11.63 11.36 11.24 4 Christie Stride Frequency 3.89 4.95 4.65 4.48 4.54 4.72 4.84 4.75 4.44 4.20 (GBR) Stride length 1.39 1.91 2.34 2.51 2.59 2.46 2.40 2.48 2.50 2.71 Time 1.85 2.91 3.83 4.72 5.57 6.43 7.29 8.14 9.04 9.92 Velocity 5.41 9.43 10.87 11.24 11.76 11.63 11.63 11.76 11.11 11.36 5 Fredericks Stride Frequency 4.31 4.36 4.61 4.59 4.91 5.02 4.96 4.80 4.66 4.37 (NAM) Stride length 1.25 1.94 2.36 2.39 2.34 2.29 2.35 2.45 2.41 250 Time 1.86 2.92 3.84 4.73 5.60 6.47 7.33 8.18 9.07 9.95 Velocity 5.38 9.43 10.87 11.24 11.49 11.49 11.63 11.76 11.24 11.36 6 Steward Stride Frequency 3.37 5.02 4.85 4.79 4.90 4.97 4.83 4.55 4.58 4.73 (JAM) Stride length 1.43 1.86 2.27 2.35 2.38 2.31 2.35 2.52 2.43 2.35 Time 1.81 2.88 3.79 4.68 5.54 6.41 7.29 8.16 9.06 9.96 Velocity 5.52 9.35 10.99 11.24 11.63 11.49 11.36 11.49 11.11 11.11 7 da Silva Stride Frequency 3.96 4.91 4.49 4.27 4.36 4.61 4.73 4.69 4.36 4.16 (BRA) Stride length 1.32 1.92 2.40 2.63 2.60 2.44 2.35 2.45 2.55 2.57 Time 1.91 2.97 3.90 4.79 5.67 6.56 7.5 8.32 9.22 10.12 Velocity 5.24 9.43 10.75 11.24 11.36 11.24 11.24 11.49 11.11 11.11 8 Surin Stride Frequency 3.98 4.32 4.52 4.49 4.67 4.75 4.54 4.23 4.21 4.27 (CAN) Stride length 1.34 1.94 2.41 2.48 2.41 2.34 2.50 2.72 2.61 2.55 Time 1.88 2.95 3.87 4.77 5.66 6.56 7.44 8.31 9.22 10.14 Velocity 5.31 9.20 10.87 11.11 11.24 11.11 11.36 11.49 10.99 10.87 New Studies in Athletics • no. 2/2007 9 Optimisation of performance through kinematic analysis frames in the video. For each athlete, the Athens (BRÜGGEMANN, KOSZEWSKI and number of strides was counted and length of MÜLLER, 1999). The instantaneous running each stride measured in order to calculate velocity of the sprinters was calculated from the average stride length and stride frequen- the video by measuring the displacement of cy for each section. The methodology was the centre of mass for each 0.02sec (see Fig- similar (less three cameras) to that applied ure 1). Kinematics analysis was performed during finals of the 100 metres at the 1997 using the SIMI Motion Biomechanical Com- IAAF World Championships in Athletics in puter Program. Table 2: Comparison of the mean values for selected parameters of 10m sections and phase breakdown in the 100 metres for average sprinters (Group A) (MACKALA,´ 2004) Group A (n=8) Phase Distance Average Total Average X Stride X Stride X [m] Time velocity length frequency [s] [m/s] [cm] [Hz] 1 0-10 1.850 2.927 5.41 7.35 147.8 179.6 3.670 4.035 10-20 1.077 9.29 211.4 4.400 2 20-30 1.067 2.112 9.38 9.48 219.2 219.0 4.244 4.309 30-40 1.045 9.58 218.9 4.374 3 40-50 1.037 2.074 9.65 9.65 223.5 225.0 4.321 4.293 50-60 1.037 9.66 226.5 4.266 4 60-70 1.052 2.107 9.51 9.50 224.9 224.3 4.242 4.244 70-80 1.055 9.49 223.8 4.246 5 80-90 1.067 2.142 9.38 9.36 224.8 227.0 4.177 4.123 90-100 1.075 9.34 232.6 4.070 Table 3: Comparison of the mean values for selected parameters of 10m sections and phase breakdown in the 100 metres for elite sprinters (Group B) (data from AE, ITO and SUZUKI, 1992) Group B (n=8) Phase Distance Average Total Average X Stride X Stride X [m] Time velocity length frequency [s] [m/s] [cm] [Hz] 1 0-10 1.82 2.89 5.39 7.38 137.0 164.0 3.85 4.31 10-20 1.07 9.38 192.0 4.77 2 20-30 0.92 1.81 10.87 11.06 237.0 243.0 4.60 4.56 30-40 0.89 11.25 249.0 4.52 3 40-50 0.866 0.87 11.55 11.55 248.0 248.0 4.67 4.67 4 50-60 0.871 0.87 11.48 11.48 240.0 240.0 4.80 4.80 5 60-70 0.867 8.87 11.53 11.53 243.0 243.0 4.75 4.75 6 70-80 0.85 0.85 11.70 11.70 256.0 256.0 4.57 4.57 7 80-90 0.89 1.78 11.21 11.22 252.0 253.5 4.44 4.421 90-100 0.887 11.24 255.0 4.40 New Studies in Athletics • no.
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